Journal articles on the topic 'Sewage Waste minimization Massachusetts'
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1
Goldan, Elena, Valentin Nedeff, Narcis Barsan, Mihaela Culea, Claudia Tomozei, Mirela Panainte-Lehadus, and Emilian Mosnegutu. "Evaluation of the Use of Sewage Sludge Biochar as a Soil Amendment—A Review." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (April 28, 2022): 5309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095309.
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In recent decades, minimization and recycling/reuse policies were introduced to reduce the quantities of generated waste and for alternative waste recovery. Organic wastes represent 46% of total global solid waste. Possible uses of organic wastes include using it as fertilizer and amendment for soil, for energy recovery and for the production of chemical substances. Sewage sludge disposal and reuse are identified as future problems concerning waste. The total amount of sludge generated in the entire world has increased dramatically, and this tendency is expected to increase significantly in the years to come. In most developed countries, special attention is given to sewage sludge treatment in order to improve the quality and safety of using it on the ground surface. Sewage sludge pyrolysis is considered an acceptable method, from an economic and ecological perspective, for the beneficial reuse of sewage sludge. This method has many advantages because, during the pyrolysis process, the sludge volume is reduced by 80%, pathogenic agents and hazardous compounds from sewage sludge are eliminated, metals are immobilized in solid residue and organic and inorganic fractions are immobilized in a stabilized form of pyrolytic residues (biochar). The biochar generated by sewage sludge pyrolysis does not contain pathogenic agents and is rich in carbon and nutrients.
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Suschka, Jan, and Klaudiusz Grübel. "Nitrogen in the Process of Waste Activated Sludge Anaerobic Digestion." Archives of Environmental Protection 40, no. 2 (July 8, 2014): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aep-2014-0021.
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Abstract Primary or secondary sewage sludge in medium and large WWTP are most often processed by anaerobic digestion, as a method of conditioning, sludge quantity minimization and biogas production. With the aim to achieve the best results of sludge processing several modifications of technologies were suggested, investigated and introduced in the full technical scale. Various sludge pretreatment technologies before anaerobic treatment have been widely investigated and partially introduced. Obviously, there are always some limitations and some negative side effects. Selected aspects have been presented and discussed. The problem of nitrogen has been highlighted on the basis of the carried out investigations. The single and two step - mesophilic and thermophilic - anaerobic waste activated sludge digestion processes, preceded by preliminary hydrolysis were investigated. The aim of lab-scale experiments was pre-treatment of the sludge by means of low intensive alkaline and hydrodynamic disintegration. Depending on the pretreatment technologies and the digestion temperature large ammonia concentrations, up to 1800 mg NH4/dm3 have been measured. Return of the sludge liquor to the main sewage treatment line means additional nitrogen removal costs. Possible solutions are discussed.
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Strotmann, U. J., and W. Weisbrodt. "Wastewater Treatment and Integrated Environmental Protection at the BASF AG in Ludwigshafen, Germany." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 8 (April 1, 1994): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0407.
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A large chemical complex like BASF AG in Ludwigshafen has a high demand of process and cooling water. Therefore, water protection and wastewater treatment are predominant tasks. With the help of a dual sewage system for the separate discharge of cooling water and process water an efficient wastewater management is made possible. The cooling water is continuously supervised for contaminations and directly discharged into the river Rhine whereas the process water is treated in a central wastewater treatment plant. The daily amount of wastewater treated is up to 600,000 m3. The BOD5 removal is about 98% and the TOC and COD removal about 88%. As wastewater management is closely connected to waste minimization several examples for waste minimization processes are discussed. Furthermore, also important topics of environmental safety of the products produced at BASF AG are presented.
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Collivignarelli, Maria Cristina, Alessandro Abbà, Marco Carnevale Miino, and Vincenzo Torretta. "What Advanced Treatments Can Be Used to Minimize the Production of Sewage Sludge in WWTPs?" Applied Sciences 9, no. 13 (June 29, 2019): 2650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9132650.
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Similar to other types of waste, sewage sludge (SS) must be minimized, not only to respect the European Directive 2018/851 on waste, but also because the cost of sludge management is approximately 50% of the total running costs of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Usually, minimization technologies can involve sewage sludge production with three different strategies: (i) adopting a process in the water line that reduces the production of sludge; (ii) reducing the water content (dewatering processes) or (iii) reducing the fraction of volatile solids (stabilization). This review, based on more than 130 papers, aims to provide essential information on the process, such as the advantages, the drawbacks and the results of their application. Moreover, significant information on the technologies still under development is provided. Finally, this review reports a discussion on the impact of the application of the proposed processes in the sludge line on a WWTP with a capacity exceeding 100,000 population equivalent (PE).
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Chew, Chia, Yen, Nomanbhay, Ho, and Show. "Transformation of Biomass Waste into Sustainable Organic Fertilizers." Sustainability 11, no. 8 (April 15, 2019): 2266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11082266.
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The management of solid waste presents a challenge for developing countries as thegeneration of waste is increasing at a rapid and alarming rate. Much awareness towards thesustainability and technological advances for solid waste management has been implemented toreduce the generation of unnecessary waste. The recycling of this waste is being applied to producevaluable organic matter, which can be used as fertilizers or amendments to improve the soil structure.This review studies the sustainable transformation of various types of biomass waste such as animalmanure, sewage sludge, municipal solid waste, and food waste, into organic fertilizers and theirimpact on waste minimization and agricultural enhancement. The side effects of these organicfertilizers towards the soil are evaluated as the characteristics of these fertilizers will differ dependingon the types of waste used, in addition to the varying chemical composition of the organic fertilizers.This work will provide an insight to the potential management of biomass waste to be produced intoorganic fertilizer and the advantages of substituting chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer derivedfrom the biomass waste.
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Hahn, Hermann H. "Regional Sludge Treatment and Disposal Optimizing Reliability and Cost." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 5-6 (May 1, 1987): 847–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0263.
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Sewage sludge is the consequence of successful wastewater treatment. With the increasing number of wastewater treatment facilities and increasing intensity of treatment the amount of sludge produced will grow. The task of sludge treatment and disposal will therefore assume a significant place in environmental quality control. Sewage sludge is considered both a valuable resource possibly for agriculture, and a waste material which must be disposed of safely. Thus, regional solutions must be aimed for if available sites for agricultural application or a limited number of disposal sites are to be used wisely. Technically and economically feasible alternatives of treatment (and disposal) are numerous. The selection process to be discussed in this paper is a minimization of overall cost and/or an optimization of process reliability and cost. There exist proven mathematical tools for the solution of such optimization problems; in this instance dynamic programming routines have been utilized. The applicability of these methods, as well as their limits, are shown in a practical case study.
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Matsuska, O. V., M. V. Tsizhovska, and D. M. Khapko. "Perspective ecological processes of agricultural sewage water treatment when using non-traditional sorbents." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 21, no. 91 (November 6, 2019): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-a9109.
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The usage of natural sorbents in sewage water treatment technologies, in particular agro-industrial complex, has a number of environmental and economic advantages. Non-traditional sorbents, which are concentrated in many parts of Ukraine, are cheap raw materials for sewage water treatment. The sorption properties of the upland and lowland peat species of the Gamaliivka-Grybovychi deposit, which were studied early, indicate their high sorption capacity for ammonium ions, which, if they enter water bodies, cause a number of environmental problems. According to the results of the ecological assessment of sewage water of meat processing facility, the chicken processing facility and milk processing plant, it was found out the exceedance of the acceptable limits for the content of ammoniacal nitrogen, respectively: 1.3–3 MPC; 3.8 MPC and 2.5 MPC. This component is a water pollutant and a “crop” of yield in agriculture, since nitrogen is an important element of plant nutrition. The rational usage of natural resources involves the complex usage of natural resources. The nitrogen absorbed by ammonium peat, as well as the peat itself is a sufficient fertilizing land, so the use of used peat complex in agriculture allows to solve not only problems of fertilizers, but also to achieve greening in sewage water treatment technologies. Greening as a whole is a result of waste minimization, and today there are two main areas: new technological non-waste technology together with low-waste technology and waste regeneration. This paper presents a comparison of the physiological indices of plants, depending on the application of the species and form of Gamaliivka-Grybovychi peat deposit, Yavoriv district, when fertilizing the substrate (sand as a background) of the study areas. The influence on the quality of ascent and growth of vegetative culture – watercress, natural form of the top and lowland peat species, as well as their waste forms obtained as a result of the process of purification of ammonium ions, modeling the sewage water of the agro-industrial complex, was investigated. The mass of the harvest from the experimental fields was determined and compared. The differences of lowland and upland peat species are due to its origin, which significantly affects their chemical composition. The plants fuelled with peat are much higher in the mass than those crops that were grown with adding of peat substrate into the lowland. However, the used form of lowland peat provided a 1.57 times higher harvested crop yield than the used upland sample of the studied sorbent.
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Collivignarelli, Maria, Alessandro Abbà, Andrea Frattarola, Marco Carnevale Miino, Sergio Padovani, Ioannis Katsoyiannis, and Vincenzo Torretta. "Legislation for the Reuse of Biosolids on Agricultural Land in Europe: Overview." Sustainability 11, no. 21 (October 29, 2019): 6015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11216015.
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The issues concerning the management of sewage sludge produced in wastewater treatment plants are becoming more important in Europe due to: (i) the modification of sludge quality (biological and chemical sludge are often mixed with negative impacts on sludge management, especially for land application); (ii) the evolution of legislation (landfill disposal is banned in many European countries); and (iii) the technologies for energy and material recovery from sludge not being fully applied in all European Member States. Furthermore, Directive 2018/851/EC introduced the waste hierarchy that involved a new strategy with the prevention in waste production and the minimization of landfill disposal. In this context, biological sewage sludge can be treated in order to produce more stabilized residues: the biosolids. In some European countries, the reuse of biosolids as soil improver/fertilizer in arable crops represents the most used option. In order to control the quality of biosolids used for land application, every Member State has issued a national regulation based on the European directive. The aim of this work is to compare the different approaches provided by European Member States for the reuse of biosolids in agricultural soils. A focus on the regulation of countries that reuse significant amount of biosolids for land application was performed. Finally, a detailed study on Italian legislation both at national and regional levels is reported.
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Abbas, A. H., Shaharin Anwar Sulaiman, Mohmd Shiraz Aris, and M. Fadhil. "An Equilibrium Model of Dewatered Sludge Combustion Using ASPEN PLUS." Applied Mechanics and Materials 695 (November 2014): 495–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.695.495.
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.Dewatered sludge is one of the largest contributors of waste materials in Malaysia and it indirectly elevates local environmental problems. The use of this waste material as an alternative fuel can be an effective solution as it not only contributes as an energy source but also solves environmental issues related to sludge disposal. In this study Advanced System for Process Engineering (ASPEN) was employed to simulate the combustion reactions of dewatered sludge based on the minimization of total Gibbs energy of the system. Analysis of combustion products was carried out and compared with previous works. The simulation results showed good agreement with the results obtained by other authors. The results showed that NOx and SO2emission for poultry sludge is lower than that of coal and sewage sludge. Sensitivity analysis to study the effect of changing reactor temperature and excess air on the products concentration suggested that the operational parameters would be highly influential on the combustion products.
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Boyle, Carol, and Brian Baetz. "Household hazardous wastes: options for management." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 20, no. 4 (August 1, 1993): 543–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l93-071.
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Household hazardous waste (HHW) disposal contributes significantly to the cost of HHW collection programs. In addition, disposal of HHW can contribute to the toxicity of leachate from landfill, heavy metals in ash from waste incinerators, and heavy metals and toxic organic compounds in composted material and sewage sludge. Other options such as product substitution, waste minimization, reuse, or recycling should be considered to help reduce costs and disposal concerns. An estimate of the volumes and types of HHW accumulated by collection programs, their recycling and reuse options, and treatment and disposal requirements are presented.Recycling, reuse, or disposal of collected wastes depends upon the market for the recycled material, the availability of recycling or disposal facilities, transportation facilities, and the potential to reuse the waste material without treatment. The costs of disposing of HHW are relatively high but can be offset by co-funding from manufacturing associations and local businesses. A disposal fee could also be applied to household hazardous products, thus placing the cost burden on the purchaser.Public education can assist in reducing the volumes of HHW and public pressure is also forcing companies to eliminate hazardous compounds in household products. If effective consumer education continues, the increasing demand for non-hazardous substitutes will significantly reduce the volume of household hazardous products, consequently reducing HHW. Key words: household hazardous waste, waste disposal, waste recycling, waste reuse, waste management.
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Zelenko, Yuliia, Maryna Bezovska, Anna Leshchynska, and Alexandr Shnaiderman. "Disposal of technological sludge of railway infrastructure enterprises." MATEC Web of Conferences 294 (2019): 02006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929402006.
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The problem of improving environmental safety in the handling of oily waste and sludge is relevant for most industries. Significant amounts of waste oil adversely affect virtually all components of the environment. However, it is also a valuable hydrocarbon feedstock. Thus, a rational approach to the processing of sludge can have a significant environmental and economic effect. The shortcomings of traditional thermal technologies for the disposal of technological sludge and suggests using much cheaper mechanical methods were discussed in this article. For example, install decanters of various designs in a depot depending on the overall composition of the sludge and the composition of each of its main parts: the carbon-containing part, water and mechanical impurities. A modern scheme for the disposal of technological sludge from railway infrastructure enterprises has been proposed. Such a scheme allows to reduce the man-made load associated with their accumulation, circulation and minimization. The most promising example of the use of the proposed technology of utilization of oil sludge is its implementation at the local sewage treatment plants of locomotive and wagon depots.
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Gorazda, Katarzyna, Barbara Tarko, Zbigniew Wzorek, Anna K. Nowak, Joanna Kulczycka, and Anna Henclik. "Characteristic of wet method of phosphorus recovery from polish sewage sludge ash with nitric acid." Open Chemistry 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/chem-2016-0006.
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AbstractSewage Sludge Ash (SSA) is a concentrated source of phosphorus and can be successfully recycled via a number of different routes. This paper presents research results on phosphorus recovery from differently combusted sewage sludge with the use of nitric acid extraction. Different SSA forms from Polish thermal utilization stations were compared. It was revealed that sewage treatment technology as well as combustion technology influence many physical and chemical parameters of ashes that are crucial for further phosphorus recovery from such waste according to the proposed method. Presented research defines extraction efficiency, characterized extracts composition and verifies the possibility of using SSA as cheaper and alternative sources of phosphorus compounds. Gdynia, Kielce and Kraków SSA have the best properties for the proposed technology of phosphorus recovery with high extraction efficiency greater than 86%. Unsuitable results were obtained for Bydgoszcz, Szczecin Slag and Warszawa SSA. Extraction process for Łódź and Szczecin Dust SSA need to be improved for a higher phosphorus extraction efficiency greater than 80%.Phosphorus content in extracts varies from 1.6 to 103.4 g PO43− per 1 dm3, nitrogen content was 167,4 g per 1 dm3 while the K content reached 0.2 to 2.37 g per 1 dm3. The lowest content of Fe, Ni, Cr, Cd is noted in extracts after phosphorus recovery from Gdynia SSA, where the phosphorus content is also at the highest level.The proposed solution can be considered as waste minimization technology by the rational recycling of phosphorus and could be used in industry to produce fertilizers.
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Qian, J., F. Jiang, H. K. Chui, Mark C. M. van Loosdrecht, and G. H. Chen. "Industrial flue gas desulfurization waste may offer an opportunity to facilitate SANI® application for significant sludge minimization in freshwater wastewater treatment." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 12 (June 1, 2013): 2822–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.187.
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This paper reports an exploratory study on the use of a sulfite-rich industrial effluent to enable the integration of a sulfite–sulfide–sulfate cycle to the conventional carbon and nitrogen cycles in wastewater treatment to achieve sludge minimization through the non-sludge-producing Sulfate reduction, Autotrophic denitrification and Nitrification Integrated (SANI) process. A laboratory-scale sulfite reduction reactor was set up for treating sulfite-rich synthetic wastewater simulating the wastewater from industrial flue gas desulfurization (FGD) units. The results indicated that the sulfite reduction reactor can be started up within 11 d, which was much faster than that using sulfate. Thiosulfate was found to be the major sulfite reduction intermediate, accounting for about 30% of the total reduced sulfur in the reactor effluent, which may enable additional footprint reduction of the autotrophic denitrification reactor in the SANI process. This study indicated that it was possible to make use of the FGD effluent for applying the FGD–SANI process in treating freshwater-based sewage.
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El Khorassani, H., P. Trebuchon, H. Bitar, and O. Thomas. "Minimisation strategy of petrochemical wastewater organic load." Water Science and Technology 42, no. 5-6 (September 1, 2000): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0489.
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Industrial wastewater management is nowadays a reality in most industries and particularly in petrochemical ones. As a consequence, some treatment plants appear to be over designed because of waste minimization. Actually supplementary organic loads coming from incidents or external effluents have to be treated. As classical parameters or compound analyses are not well adapted, a new methodology based on the use of UV spectrophotometry is proposed. Starting from several samplesof wastewater in different points of sewage network, a procedure, called UVDIAG is used for the exploitation of the corresponding UV spectra. Some complementary measurements such as pH or conductivity can be carried out. This methodology allows a better characterization of wastewater including the detection of incidents and most often the determination of the major pollutant(s). Several months of application in a large petrochemical site located in the south of France have lead to a better knowledge of the waste production andthus to the reduction of organic load to be treated. At the same time, the company has decided to consider external wastes for treatment and to check the effluent conformity with the proposed procedure.
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Liu, Xiaoming, Asad Iqbal, Hao Huang, Feixiang Zan, Guanghao Chen, and Di Wu. "Life cycle assessment of deploying sludge minimization with (sulfidogenic-)oxic-settling-anaerobic configurations in sewage-sludge management systems." Bioresource Technology 335 (September 2021): 125266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125266.
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Kliopova, Irina, Edgaras Stunžėnas, Jolita Kruopienė, and Rimas Pranas Budrys. "Environmental and Economic Performance of Sludge Composting Optimization Alternatives: A Case Study for Thermally Hydrolyzed Anaerobically Digested Sludge." Water 14, no. 24 (December 15, 2022): 4102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14244102.
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Composting is one of the ways to return sewage sludge nutrients to the soil and thus keep them in the economic cycle. This well-known technique is still being developed in search of more advanced, optimal solutions. This study presents the results of an environmental and economic analysis of the sludge treatment processes used in a municipal wastewater treatment plant. The sludge (up to 4700 m3 per day) is subjected to thermal hydrolysis before anaerobic treatment. The energy produced is lower than consumed, mainly since 59% of the digested sludge is also dried. An even bigger problem is that the treated sludge does not meet the criteria for fertilizing products and can only be used for energy forests. Thus, three alternatives for composting thermally hydrolyzed anaerobically treated dewatered sludge with green waste from public areas were researched. The analysis revealed the environmental and economic benefits of such a decision, especially when using microbial inoculants in open composting and maintaining semi-anaerobic conditions. An increase in humic acids (by 63.4%) and total nitrogen (by 21.8%) concentrations, a minimization of NH3 emissions (by 26.6%), and the lowest cost price (53 EUR tonne−1 of sludge dry matter) are among the benefits.
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Ballester, Nicola A., Justin H. Fontaine, and Aaron B. Margolin. "Occurrence and correlations between coliphages and anthropogenic viruses in the Massachusetts Bay using enrichment and ICC-nPCR." Journal of Water and Health 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2005): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2005.0006.
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We evaluated a two-step enrichment procedure to detect coliphages and an integrated cell culture-nested polymerase chain reaction (ICC-nPCR) to detect human astrovirus, enteroviruses, rotavirus and adenovirus type 40 and 41 in marine water samples collected by the Massachusetts Water Resource Authority (MWRA). MWRA has been monitoring its receiving waters for coliphages, anthropogenic viruses and indicator bacteria in order to evaluate the impact of Boston's Deer Island Sewage Treatment Plant discharge. Coliphages and enteric viruses were originally assayed using single agar overlay and most probable number cell culture (MPN) methods, respectively. Reanalysis of these samples for enteric viruses by ICC-nPCR demonstrated that 46% were positive for at least one virus compared with 23% with the MPN method. Use of the enrichment method showed a 47% increase in the detection of male specific and somatic coliphages compared with the single agar overlay method. Correlations between the presence of coliphages, enteric viruses and indicator bacteria were based on proximity to the treatment plant discharge, seasonal variations and site levels. The presence of enteric viruses was significantly correlated to coliphages but not to indicator bacteria. Preliminary comparative results demonstrate that effective and efficient monitoring of anthropogenic contamination can be achieved using these more sensitive and specific techniques.
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Semenova, Galina. "Investment in ecology." E3S Web of Conferences 258 (2021): 06062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125806062.
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Investing money in environmental protection measures is an investment project. The ecological problem is one of the global problems of our time. Disposal of household waste and their pollution of the environment is currently one of the most serious environmental problems in Russia. Human waste products also significantly affect the pollution of water bodies, since water that is used in cities for the needs of the population from the sewage system often enters directly into open water bodies, bypassing the system of treatment facilities, the quality of which leaves much to be desired: most of them almost cannot cope with their functions due to outdated and deteriorated equipment. In Russia, the national project “Ecology” has been adopted, since the need for the introduction of new technologies that do not harm the environment has long been acute. The subject of the study is the investment of enterprises and organizations in environmental innovations for the preservation of natural resources. The purpose of the study is the necessity and significance of investments in high-tech projects to improve the environmental situation and reduce emissions of pollutants into the air. Methodology. The financial support of the new national project “Ecology” has been studied. The companies that successfully implement the latest technologies in their production, focused on reducing the harm caused to the environment, thereby attracting investments in their projects, are highlighted. Results. Enterprises will be able to attract investments for the development of their own production only if they are attractive to investors, for whom such aspects of work as the introduction of modern technologies, taking into account the minimization of harm to the environment, are extremely important.
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Semenova, Galina. "Investment in ecology to preserve the environment." E3S Web of Conferences 284 (2021): 11010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128411010.
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Investing money in environmental protection measures is an investment project. The ecological problem is one of the global problems of our time. Disposal of household waste and their pollution of the environment is currently one of the most serious environmental problems in Russia. Human waste products also significantly affect the pollution of water bodies, since water that is used in cities for the needs of the population from the sewage system often enters directly into open water bodies, bypassing the system of treatment facilities, the quality of which leaves much to be desired: most of them almost cannot cope with their functions due to outdated and deteriorated equipment. In Russia, the national project “Ecology” has been adopted, since the need for the introduction of new technologies that do not harm the environment has long been acute. The subject of the study is the investment of enterprises and organizations in environmental innovations for the preservation of natural resources. The purpose of the study is the necessity and significance of investments in high-tech projects to improve the environmental situation and reduce emissions of pollutants into the air. Methodology. The financial support of the new national project “Ecology” has been studied. The companies that successfully implement the latest technologies in their production, focused on reducing the harm caused to the environment, thereby attracting investments in their projects, are highlighted. Results. Enterprises will be able to attract investments for the development of their own production only if they are attractive to investors, for whom such aspects of work as the introduction of modern technologies, taking into account the minimization of harm to the environment, are extremely important.
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Suschka, Jan, and Klaudiusz Grübel. "Low intensity surplus activated sludge pretreatment before anaerobic digestion." Archives of Environmental Protection 43, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aep-2017-0038.
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AbstractSewage sludge (municipal, or industrial) treatment is still a problem in so far that it is not satisfactorily resolved in terms of cost and final disposal. Two common forms of sludge disposal are possible; the first being direct disposal on land (including agriculture) and the second being incineration (ash production), although neither of these methods are universally applied. Simplifying the issue, direct sludge disposal on land is seldom applied for sanitary and environmental reasons, while incineration is not popular for financial (high costs) reasons. Very often medium and large wastewater treatment plants apply anaerobic digestion for sludge hygiene principles, reducing the amount to be disposed and for biogas (energy) production. With the progress in sewage biological treatment aiming at nutrient removal, primary sludge has been omitted in the working processes and only surplus activated sludge requires handling. Anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge (WAS) is more difficult due to the presence of microorganisms, the decomposition of which requires a relatively long time for hydrolysis. In order to upgrade the hydrolysis effects, several different pre-treatment processes have already been developed and introduced. The additional pre-treatment processes applied are aimed at residual sludge bulk mass minimization, shortening of the anaerobic digestion process or higher biogas production, and therefore require additional energy. The water-energy-waste Nexus (treads of) of the benefits and operational difficulties, including energy costs are discussed in this paper. The intensity of pre-treatment processes to upgrade the microorganism’s hydrolysis has crucial implications. Here a low intensity pre-treatment process, alkalisation and hydrodynamic disintegration - hybrid process - were presented in order to achieve sufficient effects of WAS anaerobic digestion. A sludge digestion efficiency increase expressed as 45% biogas additional production and 52% of the total or volatile solids reduction has been confirmed.
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Liubarskaia, Maria A., Vadim S. Chekalin, and Irina A. Bachurinskaya. "Environmental footprint and its influence in the context of urban economy management." Vestnik MGSU, no. 10 (October 2020): 1461–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2020.10.1461-1472.
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Introduction. New needs and opportunities boost demand for development of urban infrastructure in a contemporary society. The emergence of innovative technologies enables infrastructural elements to better meet the requirements of comfort, sustainability, and safety. Cities are getting “smarter”, as they constantly improve the economic, social and environmental efficiency of their utility, power supply, and transport systems. In the meantime, growing private, industrial and service demands for versatile resources set the trend for bigger environmental footprints in big cities. The mission of this research project is to substantiate the need for and to identify methods of reducing environmental footprints in the course of urban infrastructure management.
Materials and methods. The subject of this research project is the correlation between management functions and stages of the life cycle of urban infrastructure. Special focus is placed on the analysis of the influence produced by urban power grids, water supply and sewage networks and urban waste treatment on environmental footprints of big cities. A combination of positivistic and phenomenological philosophies is employed for this purpose; their influence manifests itself in the substantiation of findings, arising out of the opinions expressed by Russian and foreign experts, and statistical data.
Results. The findings represent sources of negative influence of infrastructural elements on the scale of environmental footprints and environmental safety levels, as well as suggestions concerning stages and actions contributing to minimization of environmental footprints of developing infrastructural systems with regard for the current stage in the lifecycle of an infrastructural facility.
Conclusions. A quantity index, demonstrating the environmental footprint of infrastructural facilities in operation, can be introduced as a summarized criterion for the socio-economic assessment of operation of infrastructural systems in urban economies.