Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sewage Purification Heavy metal removal'
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Shetty, Ameesha R. "Metal anion removal from wastewater using chitosan in a polymer enhanced diafiltration system." Link to electronic thesis, 2006. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-050406-115241/.
Full textGu, Xiangyang. "Improving heavy metal bioleaching efficiency through microbiological control of inhibitory substances in anaerobically digested sludge." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2003. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/504.
Full textAndersson, Eva Lotta. "Analysis of Various Bioreactor Configurations for Heavy Metal Removal Using the Fungus Penicillium ochro-chloron." Digital WPI, 2000. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/814.
Full textChan, Lau Chi. "Bioleaching of heavy metals from anaerobically digested sewage sludge using isolated indigenous iron- and sulphur-oxidizing bacteria." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2001. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/279.
Full textRappaport, Bruce D. "Availability and distribution of heavy metals from sewage sludge in the plant-soil continuum." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71177.
Full textPh. D.
Ginige, Pushpa. "Decontamination of biosolids for land application : metals bioleaching and process impacts on the nutrient value of biosolids." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1998.
Find full textWilhelmi, Brendan Shane. "The removal and recovery of toxic and valuable metals from aqueous solutions by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004062.
Full textYang, Die Daisy, and 楊蝶. "Development of polymers for electroplating waste water purification, polymer-supported reagents for organic synthesis and heterogeneouscatalysts for aerobic alcohol oxidation reactions." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39848887.
Full textClements, William H. "Community responses of aquatic macroinvertebrates to heavy metals in laboratory and outdoor experimental streams." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53937.
Full textPh. D.
Heudiard, Alban. "Surexpression de métallothionéines dans Nicotiana plumbaginifolia: impact sur l'homéostasie et la détoxication des métaux lourds." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210591.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Hendricks, Nicolette Rebecca. "The application of high capacity ion exchange absorbent material, synthesized from fly ash and acid mine drainage, for the removal of heavy and trace metals from secondary co-disposed process waters." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
Full textNordin, Andreas. "Heavy metal removal from sewage sludge by pyrolysis treatment." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-8807.
Full textKulati, Thanduxolo Cullinan. "Evaluation of physiochemical qualities and heavy metal levels of the final effluents of some wastewater treatment facilities in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/1547.
Full textMack, Cherie-Lynn. "Screening of technologies for the recovery of rhodium (III) metal ions from a precious metal refinery wastewater." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004046.
Full textRusin, Patricia Anne. "Antibiotic resistance, heavy metal resistance, chlorine resistance and phage typing patterns of fecal coliforms isolated from secondary effluent." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184925.
Full textAgoro, Mojeed Adedoyin. "Evaluation of the physicochemical qualities and heavy metal regimes of the final effluents of some wastewater treatment facilties in Berlin, Alice and Bedford communities in the Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/5003.
Full textIslamoglu, Sezin. "Effect Of Ionic Strength On The Performance Of Polymer Enhanced Ultrafiltration In Heavy Metal Removal From Aqueous Solutions." Phd thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12607832/index.pdf.
Full textChinhoga, Nokuthula. "Defining a spectrum of metals biosorbed by Paenibacillus castaneae with respect to heavy metal contamination in Gauteng." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/21732.
Full textPaenibacillus castaneae isolated from acid mine decant (Gauteng, South Africa) was previously shown to tolerate high concentrations of lead (Pb). The ability of the bacterium to tolerate/resist other heavy metals is probable and suggests a role for P. castaneae as a biosorbent for their removal from contaminated wastewaters. The current study aimed at determining whether the bacterium is also resistant to other common metal contaminants specifically, zinc (Zn) and nickel (Ni), found in South African wastewaters for biosorption by P. castaneae. Additionally, the influence of the external factors pH and competing cations on the uptake of these metals by the bacterium was evaluated. Specific rates of metal uptake (Q) were calculated indirectly from quantifying (by spectroscopy) the residual ion concentrations post exposure to 3 mM metal after various treatments. P. castaneae was found to tolerate Zn but showed vulnerability towards Ni. In a binary metal system, the bacterium showed a preferential metal uptake in the order Zn>>Co> Mn with a highest Q of 26 mg Zn/g biosorbent biomass recorded in the presence of Mn at pH 7. On the contrary, in a multimetal complex solution, the order of preference shifted to Co>>Zn with no absorption of Mn at the same pH. The results indicate that both pH and the presence of cations have an effect on the uptake of Zn by P. castaneae that could favour or inhibit its biosorption. The present study confirms the ability of P. castaneae to remove additional metals such as Zn, Mn and Co. These findings further suggest the potential of P. castaneae as a biosorbent for greener clean-up strategies of contaminated water facilities around Gauteng in the way of bioremediation. Keywords: P. castaneae, biosorption, specific metal uptake, zinc, lead, nickel
LG2017
"Enhancement of metal ion removal capacity of water hyacinth." 2001. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5890617.
Full textThesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-103).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Acknowledgements --- p.i
Abstract --- p.ii
Table of Contents --- p.iv
List of Figures --- p.viii
List of Tables --- p.ix
Chapter 1. --- Literature Review --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Overview of metal ions pollution --- p.2
Chapter 1.3 --- Treatment of metal ions in wastewater --- p.4
Chapter 1.3.1 --- Conventional methods --- p.4
Chapter 1.3.2 --- Microbial methods --- p.5
Chapter 1.4 --- Phytoremediation --- p.6
Chapter 1.4.1 --- Rhizofiltration --- p.10
Chapter 1.4.2 --- Mechanisms of metal ion removal by plant root --- p.12
Chapter 1.5 --- Using water hyacinth for wastewater treatment --- p.15
Chapter 1.5.1 --- Biology of water hyacinth --- p.15
Chapter 1.5.2 --- Water hyacinth based systems for wastewater treatment --- p.21
Chapter 1.6 --- Biology of rhizosphere --- p.23
Chapter 2. --- Objectives --- p.26
Chapter 3 --- Materials and Methods --- p.28
Chapter 3.1 --- Metal ion stock solution --- p.28
Chapter 3.2 --- Plant material and growth conditions --- p.28
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Preparation of Hoagland solution --- p.28
Chapter 3.3 --- Metal ion resistance of water hyacinth --- p.31
Chapter 3.4 --- Effect of metal ion concentration on the bacteria population --- p.31
Chapter 3.4.1 --- Minimal medium (MM) --- p.31
Chapter 3.5 --- Isolation of rhizospheric metal ion-resistant bacteria --- p.34
Chapter 3.6 --- Metal ion removal capacity of isolated bacteria --- p.34
Chapter 3.7 --- Colonization efficiency of a metal ion-adsorbing bacterium onto the root --- p.35
Chapter 3.7.1 --- Suppression of the bacterial population in the rhizosphere by an antibiotic --- p.35
Chapter 3.7.2 --- Colonization efficiency --- p.36
Chapter 3.8 --- Effect of colonizing the metal ion-adsorbing bacteria on the metal ion removal capacity of roots --- p.37
Chapter 4. --- Results --- p.38
Chapter 4.1 --- Selection of optimum metal ion concentration for water hyacinth and rhizo spheric bacteria --- p.38
Chapter 4.1.1 --- Metal ion resistance of water hyacinth --- p.38
Chapter 4.1.2 --- Effect of metal ion concentration on population of rhizospheric bacteria --- p.43
Chapter 4.1.3 --- Selection for optimum metal ion concentration for water hyacinth and rhizospheric bacteria --- p.43
Chapter 4.2 --- Screening for bacterial strain with high metal ion resistance and removal capacity --- p.46
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Enrichment of the metal ion-resistant bacteria in the rhizosphere --- p.46
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Isolation of the natural bacterial population in rhizosphere --- p.50
Chapter 4.2.3 --- Determination of the metal ion removal capacity of rhizospheric metal ion-resistant bacterial strains --- p.52
Chapter 4.2.4 --- "Comparison of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ removal capacities of Cu2+-resistant bacterial strains" --- p.53
Chapter 4.3 --- Effect of inoculating Cu2+-resistant bacterial strain to the rhizosphere on the metal ion removal capacity of the root --- p.59
Chapter 4.3.1 --- Bactericidal efficiency of oxytetracycline --- p.59
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Effect of inoculating Cu2+-adsorbing bacterial cells into the rhizosphere --- p.62
Chapter 4.3.3 --- Effect of bacterial cell density of inoculum on colonizing efficiency --- p.63
Chapter 4.3.4 --- Colonizing efficiency and metal ion removal capacity of root by direct inoculation of metal ion-adsorbing bacterial cells into metal ion solution or pre-inoculation in Hoagland solution --- p.64
Chapter 4.3.5 --- Effect of inoculating Strain FC-2-2 into the rhizosphere on the removal capacity of roots --- p.64
Chapter 5. --- Discussion --- p.69
Chapter 5.1 --- Selection of optimum metal ion concentration for water hyacinth and rhizospheric bacteria --- p.69
Chapter 5.1.1 --- Metal resistance of water hyacinth --- p.69
Chapter 5.1.2 --- Effect of metal ion concentration on population of rhizospheric bacteria population --- p.70
Chapter 5.1.3 --- Selection for optimum concentration --- p.70
Chapter 5.2 --- Screening for high metal ion-resistant and -removal bacterial strains --- p.71
Chapter 5.2.1 --- Enrichment of the metal ion-resistant bacteria in the rhizosphere --- p.71
Chapter 5.2.2 --- Select metal ion-resistant bacterial strain from the natural population in the rhizosphere --- p.72
Chapter 5.2.3 --- Determination of the metal ion removal capacity of respective metal ion-resistant bacterial strain --- p.72
Chapter 5.3 --- Effect of inoculating Cu2+-resistant bacterial strain in the rhizosphere on the metal ion removal capacity of the root --- p.74
Chapter 5.3.1 --- Bactericidal efficiency of oxytetracycline --- p.74
Chapter 5.3.2 --- Effect of inoculating Cu2十-adsorbing bacterial cells into the rhizosphere --- p.75
Chapter 5.3.3 --- Effect inoculum cell density on the colonizing efficiency --- p.76
Chapter 5.3.4 --- Comparison of colonizing efficiency and metal ion removal capacity of root by direct inoculation metal ion-adsorbing bacterial cells into metal solution or pre-inoculationin Hoagland solution --- p.77
Chapter 5.3.5 --- Effect of inoculating strain FC-2-2 into the rhizosphere on the removal capacity of roots --- p.78
Chapter 5.4 --- Limitation and future development --- p.79
Chapter 6. --- Conclusion --- p.81
Chapter 7. --- References --- p.83
"Improvement of removal and recovery of copper ion (Cu²⁺) from electroplating effluent by magnetite-immobilized bacterial cells with calcium hydroxide precipitation =: 利用綜合化學生物磁力系統去除及回收電鍍廢水中的銅離子." 2001. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5890601.
Full textThesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 221-242).
Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese.
by Li Ka Ling.
Acknowledgements --- p.i
Abstract --- p.ii
Contents --- p.vi
Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Literature review --- p.1
Chapter 1.1.1 --- Heavy metals in our environment --- p.1
Chapter 1.1.2 --- Major source of metal pollution in Hong Kong --- p.2
Chapter 1.1.3 --- Chemistry and toxicity of copper ion --- p.9
Chapter 1.1.4 --- Removal of metal ions from effluents by precipitation --- p.12
Chapter 1.1.4.1 --- Metal ions in solution --- p.12
Chapter 1.1.4.2 --- Precipitation of metal ions --- p.13
Chapter 1.1.4.3 --- pH adjustment reagents --- p.15
Chapter 1.1.4.4 --- Precipitation of complexed metal ions --- p.19
Chapter 1.1.5 --- Other physico-chemical methods for the removal of metal ions --- p.21
Chapter 1.1.6 --- Removal of metal ions by microorganisms --- p.24
Chapter 1.1.6.1 --- Biosorption --- p.24
Chapter 1.1.6.2 --- Other mechanisms for the accumulation of metal ions --- p.28
Chapter 1.1.6.3 --- An attractive alternative for the removal and recovery of metal ions:biosorption --- p.30
Chapter 1.1.7 --- Factors affecting biosorption --- p.37
Chapter 1.1.7.1 --- Culture conditions --- p.38
Chapter 1.1.7.2 --- pH of solution --- p.39
Chapter 1.1.7.3 --- Concentration of biosorbent --- p.41
Chapter 1.1.7.4 --- Initial metal ion concentration --- p.42
Chapter 1.1.7.5 --- Presence of other cations --- p.43
Chapter 1.1.7.6 --- Presence of anions --- p.45
Chapter 1.1.8 --- Properties and uses of magnetite --- p.46
Chapter 1.1.8.1 --- Physical and chemical properties of magnetite --- p.46
Chapter 1.1.8.2 --- Use of magnetite for wastewater treatment --- p.48
Chapter 1.1.8.3 --- Immobilization of cells on magnetite for metal ion removal --- p.49
Chapter 1.2 --- Objectives of the present study --- p.54
Chapter 2. --- Materials and methods --- p.57
Chapter 2.1 --- Effects of physico-chemical factors on the precipitation of Cu2+ --- p.57
Chapter 2.1.1 --- Reagents and chemicals --- p.57
Chapter 2.1.2 --- Effects of equilibrium time --- p.59
Chapter 2.1.3 --- Effects of pH --- p.60
Chapter 2.1.4 --- Presence of anions and other cations --- p.61
Chapter 2.1.5 --- "Presence of chelating agent, EDTA" --- p.61
Chapter 2.2 --- Dissolution of metal sludge --- p.63
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Dewatering and drying of metal sludge --- p.63
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Dissolving of metal sludge by sulfuric acid --- p.63
Chapter 2.3 --- Culture of biomass --- p.65
Chapter 2.3.1 --- Subculturing of the biomass --- p.65
Chapter 2.3.2 --- Culture media --- p.66
Chapter 2.3.3 --- Growth and preparation of the cell suspension --- p.66
Chapter 2.4 --- Immobilization of the bacterial cells on magnetites --- p.66
Chapter 2.5 --- Metal ion removal studies --- p.71
Chapter 2.5.1 --- Preparation of concentrated Cu2+ solutions --- p.71
Chapter 2.5.2 --- Removal of Cu2+ in the concentrated Cu2+ solutions by magnetite- immobilized cells --- p.74
Chapter 2.5.3 --- Effects of EDTA --- p.76
Chapter 2.5.4 --- Effects of anions --- p.77
Chapter 2.5.5 --- Effects of other cations --- p.78
Chapter 2.6 --- Maximum removal efficiency of Cu2+ by magnetite-immobilized cells --- p.79
Chapter 2.7 --- Recovery of adsorbed Cu2+ from magnetite-immobilized cell --- p.79
Chapter 2.7.1 --- Desorption of Cu2+ from the immobilized cells using sulfuric acid --- p.79
Chapter 2.7.2 --- Multiple adsorption-desorption cycles --- p.80
Chapter 2.8 --- Treatment of electroplating effluent by magnetite-immobilized cells --- p.80
Chapter 2.8.1 --- Removal and recovery of Cu2+ from electroplating effluent collected from rinsing baths --- p.80
Chapter 2.8.2 --- Removal and recovery of Cu2+ from electroplating effluent collected from final collecting tank --- p.83
Chapter 2.9 --- Data analysis --- p.84
Chapter 3. --- Results --- p.86
Chapter 3.1 --- Effects of physical-chemical factors on the precipitation of Cu2+ --- p.86
Chapter 3.1.1 --- Effects of equilibrium time --- p.86
Chapter 3.1.2 --- Effects of pH --- p.86
Chapter 3.1.3 --- Presence of anions --- p.89
Chapter 3.1.3.1 --- Cu2+-S042- systems --- p.89
Chapter 3.1.3.2 --- Cu2+-Cl- systems --- p.89
Chapter 3.1.3.3 --- Cu2+-Cr2072- systems --- p.89
Chapter 3.1.3.4 --- Cu2+-mixed anions systems --- p.93
Chapter 3.1.4 --- Presence of other cations --- p.93
Chapter 3.1.4.1 --- Cu2+-Ni2+ systems --- p.93
Chapter 3.1.4.2 --- Cu2+-Zn2+ systems --- p.96
Chapter 3.1.4.3 --- Cu2+-Cr6+ systems --- p.96
Chapter 3.1.4.4 --- Cu2+-mixed cations systems --- p.99
Chapter 3.1.5 --- "Presence of chelating agent, EDTA" --- p.99
Chapter 3.1.5.1 --- Cu2+-EDTA4 -mixed anions systems --- p.102
Chapter 3.1.5.2 --- Cu2+-EDTA4--mixed cations systems --- p.102
Chapter 3.2 --- Dissolution of metal sludge --- p.105
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Dewatering and drying of metal sludge --- p.105
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Dissolving of metal sludge by sulfuric acid --- p.105
Chapter 3.3 --- Removal of Cu2+ in the concentrated Cu2+ solution by magnetite- immobilized cells --- p.109
Chapter 3.4 --- Effects of EDTA on removal and recovery of Cu2+ by magnetite- immobilized cells --- p.109
Chapter 3.4.1 --- Effects of EDTA --- p.109
Chapter 3.4.2 --- Effects of EDTA after precipitation --- p.112
Chapter 3.5 --- Effects of anions on removal and recovery of Cu2+ by magnetite- immobilized cells --- p.120
Chapter 3.5.1 --- Effects of anions --- p.120
Chapter 3.5.2 --- Effects of anions after precipitation --- p.120
Chapter 3.5.3 --- Effects of anions in the presence of EDTA after precipitation --- p.124
Chapter 3.6 --- Effects of other cations on removal and recovery of Cu2+ by magnetite-immobilized cells --- p.129
Chapter 3.6.1 --- Effects of other cations --- p.129
Chapter 3.6.2 --- Effects of other cations after precipitation --- p.137
Chapter 3.6.3 --- Effects of other cations in the presence of EDTA after precipitation --- p.137
Chapter 3.7 --- Maximum removal efficiency of Cu2+ by magnetite-immobilized cells --- p.142
Chapter 3.8 --- Multiple adsorption-desorption cycle --- p.148
Chapter 3.9 --- Treatment of electroplating effluent by magnetite-immobilized cells --- p.148
Chapter 3.9.1 --- Removal and recovery of Cu2+ from electroplating effluent collected from rinsing baths --- p.148
Chapter 3.9.2 --- Removal and recovery of Cu2+ from electroplating effluent collected from final collecting tank --- p.158
Chapter 4. --- Discussion --- p.167
Chapter 4.1 --- Effects of physical-chemical factors on the precipitation of Cu2+ --- p.167
Chapter 4.1.1 --- Effects of equilibrium time --- p.167
Chapter 4.1.2 --- Effects of pH --- p.168
Chapter 4.1.3 --- Presence of anions --- p.169
Chapter 4.1.4 --- Presence of other cations --- p.170
Chapter 4.1.5 --- "Presence of chelating agent, EDTA" --- p.171
Chapter 4.1.5.1 --- Presence of EDTA with anions --- p.174
Chapter 4.1.5.2 --- Presence of EDTA with other cations --- p.174
Chapter 4.2 --- Dissolution of metal sludge --- p.175
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Dewatering and drying of metal sludge --- p.175
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Dissolving of metal sludge by sulfuric acid --- p.175
Chapter 4.3 --- Metal ion removal studies --- p.176
Chapter 4.3.1 --- Selection of biomass --- p.176
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Removal of Cu2+ in the concentrated Cu2+ solution by magnetite- immobilized cells --- p.178
Chapter 4.4 --- Effects of EDTA on removal and recovery of Cu2+ by magnetite- immobilized cells --- p.182
Chapter 4.4.1 --- Effects of EDTA --- p.182
Chapter 4.4.2 --- Effects of EDTA after precipitation --- p.184
Chapter 4.5 --- Effects of anions on removal and recovery of Cu2+ by magnetite- immobilized cells --- p.185
Chapter 4.5.1 --- Effects of anions --- p.185
Chapter 4.5.2 --- Effects of anions after precipitation --- p.188
Chapter 4.5.3 --- Effects of anions in the presence of EDTA after precipitation --- p.190
Chapter 4.6 --- Effects of other cations on removal and recovery of Cu2+ by magnetite-immobilized cells --- p.192
Chapter 4.6.1 --- Effects of other cations --- p.192
Chapter 4.6.2 --- Effects of other cations after precipitation --- p.195
Chapter 4.6.3 --- Effects of other cations in the presence of EDTA after precipitation --- p.197
Chapter 4.7 --- Maximum removal efficiency of Cu2+ by magnetite-immobilized cells --- p.198
Chapter 4.8 --- Multiple adsorption-desorption cycles --- p.199
Chapter 4.9 --- Treatment of electroplating effluent by magnetite-immobilized cells --- p.202
Chapter 4.9.1 --- Removal and recovery of Cu2+ from electroplating effluent collected from rinsing baths --- p.202
Chapter 4.9.2 --- Removal and recovery of Cu2+ from electroplating effluent collected from final collecting tank --- p.205
Chapter 5. --- Conclusion --- p.213
Chapter 6. --- Summary --- p.215
Chapter 7. --- Recommendations --- p.219
Chapter 8. --- References --- p.221
"Removal and recovery of metal ions by magnetite-immobilized chitin A." 2008. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5893435.
Full textThesis submitted in: November 2007.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 145-158).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Acknowledgements --- p.i
Abstract --- p.ii
摘要 --- p.v
Contents --- p.viii
List of figures --- p.xv
List of plates --- p.xx
List of tables --- p.xxi
Abbreviations --- p.xxiii
Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Heavy metals --- p.1
Chapter 1.1.1 --- Characteristics of heavy metals --- p.1
Chapter 1.1.2 --- Heavy metal pollution in Hong Kong --- p.2
Chapter 1.1.3 --- Common usage of heavy metals --- p.4
Chapter 1.1.3.1 --- Copper --- p.4
Chapter 1.1.3.2 --- Nickel --- p.4
Chapter 1.1.3.3 --- Zinc --- p.5
Chapter 1.1.4 --- Toxicity of heavy metals --- p.5
Chapter 1.1.4.1 --- Copper --- p.6
Chapter 1.1.4.2 --- Nickel --- p.7
Chapter 1.1.4.3 --- Zinc --- p.7
Chapter 1.1.5 --- Treatment techniques for metal ions --- p.8
Chapter 1.1.5.1 --- Chemical precipitation --- p.9
Chapter 1.1.5.2 --- Ion exchange --- p.10
Chapter 1.1.5.3 --- Activated carbon adsorption --- p.10
Chapter 1.2 --- Biosorption --- p.11
Chapter 1.2.1 --- Definition of biosorption --- p.11
Chapter 1.2.2 --- Mechanism --- p.12
Chapter 1.2.3 --- Advantages of biosorption --- p.13
Chapter 1.2.4 --- Selection of biosorbents --- p.15
Chapter 1.3 --- Chitinous materials --- p.17
Chapter 1.3.1 --- Background of chitin --- p.17
Chapter 1.3.2 --- Structures of chitinous materials --- p.18
Chapter 1.3.3 --- Sources of chitinous materials --- p.18
Chapter 1.3.4 --- Application of chitinous materials --- p.20
Chapter 1.3.5 --- Mechanism of metal ion adsorption by chitin --- p.22
Chapter 1.4 --- Activated carbon --- p.25
Chapter 1.4.1 --- Characteristics of activated carbon --- p.25
Chapter 1.4.2 --- Applications of activated carbon --- p.26
Chapter 1.4.3 --- Factors affecting adsorption ability of activated carbon --- p.27
Chapter 1.4.4 --- Advantages and Disadvantages --- p.28
Chapter 1.4.4.1 --- Advantages (Adsorption) --- p.28
Chapter 1.4.4.2 --- Advantages (Regerneration) --- p.28
Chapter 1.4.4.3 --- Disadvantages (Adsorption) --- p.28
Chapter 1.4.4.4 --- Disadvantages (Regeneration) --- p.29
Chapter 1.5 --- Cation exchange resin --- p.29
Chapter 1.5.1 --- Usages of cation exchange resin --- p.29
Chapter 1.5.2 --- Characteristics of cation exchange resin --- p.30
Chapter 1.5.3 --- Disadvantages of using cation exchange resin --- p.30
Chapter 1.6 --- Magnetite --- p.31
Chapter 1.6.1 --- Reasons of using magnetite --- p.31
Chapter 1.6.2 --- Characteristics of magnetite --- p.31
Chapter 1.6.3 --- Immobilization by magnetite --- p.32
Chapter 1.6.4 --- Advantages of using magnetite --- p.33
Chapter 1.7 --- The biosorption experiment --- p.33
Chapter 1.7.1 --- The batch biosorption experiment --- p.33
Chapter 1.7.2 --- The adsorption isotherms --- p.34
Chapter 1.7.2.1 --- The Langmuir adsorption isotherm --- p.34
Chapter 1.7.2.2 --- The Freundlich adsorption isotherm --- p.36
Chapter 2. --- Objectives --- p.38
Chapter 3. --- Materials and methods --- p.39
Chapter 3.1 --- Adsorbents --- p.39
Chapter 3.1.1 --- Chitin A --- p.39
Chapter 3.1.2 --- Pretreatment of chitin A --- p.39
Chapter 3.1.3 --- Magnetite --- p.39
Chapter 3.1.4 --- Activated carbon --- p.41
Chapter 3.1.5 --- Cation exchange resin --- p.41
Chapter 3.1.6 --- Pretreatment of cation exchange resin --- p.41
Chapter 3.2 --- Chemicals --- p.43
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Metal ion solution --- p.43
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Buffer solution --- p.43
Chapter 3.2.3 --- Standard solution --- p.43
Chapter 3.3 --- Immobilization of chitin A by magnetite --- p.44
Chapter 3.3.1 --- Effect of chitin A to magnetite ratio --- p.44
Chapter 3.3.2 --- Effect of amount of chitin A and magnetite in a fixed ratio --- p.45
Chapter 3.3.3 --- Effect of pH --- p.45
Chapter 3.3.4 --- Effect of immobilization time --- p.46
Chapter 3.3.5 --- Effect of temperature --- p.46
Chapter 3.3.6 --- Effect of agitation rate --- p.46
Chapter 3.3.7 --- Effect of salinity --- p.46
Chapter 3.3.8 --- Mass production of magnetite-immobilized chitin A --- p.47
Chapter 3.4 --- Batch adsorption experiment --- p.47
Chapter 3.5 --- "Optimization of physicochemical condition on Cu2+,Ni2+ and Zn2+ adsorption by MCA, AC and CER" --- p.48
Chapter 3.5.1 --- Effect of equilibrium pH --- p.48
Chapter 3.5.2 --- Effect of amount of adsorbent --- p.49
Chapter 3.5.3 --- Effect of retention time --- p.49
Chapter 3.5.4 --- Effect of agitation rate --- p.49
Chapter 3.5.5 --- Effect of temperature --- p.50
Chapter 3.5.6 --- Effect of initial metal ion concentration --- p.50
Chapter 3.5.7 --- Adsorption isotherms --- p.50
Chapter 3.5.8 --- Dimensionless separation factor --- p.52
Chapter 3.5.9 --- Kinetic parameters of adsorption --- p.52
Chapter 3.5.10 --- Thermodynamic parameters of adsorption --- p.53
Chapter 3.6 --- "Recovery of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ from metal ion-laden MCA" --- p.54
Chapter 3.6.1 --- Performances of various solutions on metal ion recovery --- p.54
Chapter 3.6.2 --- Multiple adsorption and desorption cycles of metal ions --- p.55
Chapter 3.7 --- Statistical analysis of data --- p.55
Chapter 4. --- Results --- p.56
Chapter 4.1 --- Immobilization of chitin A by magnetite --- p.56
Chapter 4.1.1 --- Effect of chitin A to magnetite ratio --- p.56
Chapter 4.1.2 --- Effect of amount of chitin A and magnetite in a fixed ratio --- p.59
Chapter 4.1.3 --- Effect of pH --- p.59
Chapter 4.1.4 --- Effect of immobilization time --- p.59
Chapter 4.1.5 --- Effect of temperature --- p.59
Chapter 4.1.6 --- Effect of agitation rate --- p.64
Chapter 4.1.7 --- Effect of salinity --- p.64
Chapter 4.1.8 --- Mass production of magnetite-immobilized chitin A --- p.64
Chapter 4.2 --- Batch adsorption experiment --- p.67
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Screening of adsorbents --- p.67
Chapter 4.3 --- "Optimization of physicochemical condition on Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ adsorption by MCA, AC and CER" --- p.70
Chapter 4.3.1 --- Effect of equilibrium pH --- p.70
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Effect of amount of adsorbent --- p.74
Chapter 4.3.3 --- Effect of retention time --- p.78
Chapter 4.3.4 --- Effect of agitation rate --- p.82
Chapter 4.3.5 --- Effect of temperature --- p.82
Chapter 4.3.6 --- Effect of initial metal ion concentration --- p.86
Chapter 4.3.7 --- Summary of optimized conditions for three metal ions --- p.87
Chapter 4.3.8 --- Cost analysis of metal ion removal by three adsorbents --- p.87
Chapter 4.3.9 --- Performance of reference adsorbents (AC and CER) --- p.87
Chapter 4.3.10 --- Adsorption isotherms --- p.99
Chapter 4.3.11 --- Dimensionless separation factor --- p.103
Chapter 4.3.12 --- Kinetic parameters of adsorption --- p.106
Chapter 4.3.13 --- Thermodynamic parameters of adsorption --- p.113
Chapter 4.4 --- "Recovery of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ from metal ion-laden MCA" --- p.113
Chapter 4.4.1 --- Performances of various solutions on metal ion recovery --- p.113
Chapter 4.4.2 --- Multiple adsorption and desorption cycles of metal ions --- p.117
Chapter 5. --- Discussions --- p.121
Chapter 5.1 --- Immobilization of chitin A by magnetite --- p.121
Chapter 5.1.1 --- Effect of chitin A to magnetite ratio --- p.121
Chapter 5.1.2 --- Effect of amount of chitin A and magnetite in a fixed ratio --- p.121
Chapter 5.1.3 --- Effect of pH --- p.122
Chapter 5.1.4 --- Effect of immobilization time --- p.122
Chapter 5.1.5 --- Effect of temperature --- p.122
Chapter 5.1.6 --- Effect of agitation rate --- p.123
Chapter 5.1.7 --- Effect of salinity --- p.123
Chapter 5.2 --- Batch adsorption experiment --- p.123
Chapter 5.2.1 --- Screening of adsorbents --- p.123
Chapter 5.3 --- "Optimization of physicochemical condition on Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ adsorption by MCA, AC and CER" --- p.124
Chapter 5.3.1 --- Effect of equilibrium pH --- p.125
Chapter 5.3.2 --- Effect of amount of adsorbent --- p.126
Chapter 5.3.3 --- Effect of retention time --- p.127
Chapter 5.3.4 --- Effect of agitation rate --- p.128
Chapter 5.3.5 --- Effect of temperature --- p.128
Chapter 5.3.6 --- Effect of initial metal ion concentration --- p.129
Chapter 5.3.7 --- Summary of optimized conditions for three metal ions --- p.130
Chapter 5.3.8 --- Cost analysis of metal ion removal by three adsorbents --- p.132
Chapter 5.3.9 --- Performance of reference adsorbents (AC and CER) --- p.133
Chapter 5.3.10 --- Adsorption isotherms --- p.133
Chapter 5.3.11 --- Dimensionless separation factor --- p.135
Chapter 5.3.12 --- Kinetic parameters of adsorption --- p.136
Chapter 5.3.13 --- Thermodynamic parameters of adsorption --- p.139
Chapter 5.4 --- "Recovery of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ from metal ion-laden MCA" --- p.140
Chapter 5.4.1 --- Performances of various solutions on metal ion recovery --- p.140
Chapter 5.4.2 --- Multiple adsorption and desorption cycles of metal ions --- p.141
Chapter 6. --- Conclusions --- p.143
Chapter 7. --- References --- p.145
"Heavy metal accumulation in free and immobilized pseudomonas picketti." Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1990. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5886589.
Full textThesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1990.
Bibliography: leaves 234-259.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.i
ABSTRACT --- p.ii
CONTENTS :
Chapter CHAPTER 1: --- GENERAL INTRODUCTION --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Our Environment Is Polluted --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Heavy Metal Contamination --- p.3
Chapter 1.3 --- The Effect of Cadmium and Some Related Metals on Environment --- p.5
Chapter 1.4 --- The Uses of Microorganisms in Cleaning Up Environment --- p.9
Chapter 1.5 --- Mechanisms of Cadmium Uptake in Cadmium Accumulating Strains --- p.10
Chapter 1.6 --- Techniques for Cell Immobilization --- p.13
Chapter 1.7 --- Prospect --- p.20
Chapter CHAPTER 2: --- ISOLATION OF CADMUIM ACCUMULATNIG MICROORGANISMS --- p.22
Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.22
Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.25
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Recipes Used for Growing Various Organisms --- p.25
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Methods Used for Collecting Organisms to be Tested --- p.27
Chapter 2.2.3 --- Observation of Samples by Microscope --- p.28
Chapter 2.2.4 --- Enrichment of Cadmium Resistant Microorganisms --- p.28
Chapter 2.2.5 --- Selection and Isolation of Cadmium Resistant Microorganisms --- p.29
Chapter 2.2.6 --- Purification of Microbial Colonies --- p.30
Chapter 2.2.7 --- Preliminary Classification of Selected Microorganisms --- p.30
Chapter 2.2.8 --- Screening of Cadmium Accumulating Strains --- p.30
Chapter 2.2.9 --- Cadmium Analysis --- p.31
Chapter 2.3 --- Result --- p.32
Chapter 2.3.1 --- Selection of Cadmium Resistant --- p.32
Chapter 2.3.2 --- Cadmium Resistance of Isolates --- p.36
Chapter 2.3.3 --- Screening of Cadmium Accumulating Microorganisms --- p.38
Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.39
Chapter CHAPTER 3: --- GENERAL CHARACTERIZATION OF STRAIN 1000A --- p.43
Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.43
Chapter 3.1.1 --- Various Factors Affecting the Accumulation of Cadmium of Strain 1000A --- p.43
Chapter 3.1.2 --- Identification --- p.44
Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.45
Chapter 3.2.1 --- "Preparation of Solutions, Antibiotics and Reagents" --- p.45
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Culture Media Used --- p.47
Chapter 3.2.3 --- Growth Kenetics Determination --- p.48
Chapter 3.2.4 --- Determination of the Effect of Cadmium Concentration on Cd-uptake in Free Cells --- p.49
Chapter 3.2.5 --- Determination of the Effect of Phosphate Concentration on Cd-uptake in Free Cell --- p.49
Chapter 3.2.6 --- Determination of the Cd-uptake in Free Cells in Continuous Cultures --- p.50
Chapter 3.2.7 --- Determination of Antibiotic Resistance of Strain 1000A --- p.51
Chapter 3.2.8 --- Dstermination of Relationship between Chloramphenicol Resistance and Cd-uptake --- p.52
Chapter 3.2.9 --- Cadmium Analysis --- p.52
Chapter 3.2.10 --- Determination of Inorganic Precipitation of Cadmium --- p.53
Chapter 3.2.11 --- Assimilation Tests --- p.54
Chapter 3.2.12 --- Identification of Strain 1000A --- p.55
Chapter 3.3 --- Result --- p.55
Chapter 3.3.1 --- Growth Kinetics of Strain 1000A in Cadmium Supplemented Peptone Medium --- p.55
Chapter 3.3.2 --- Cd-uptake of Strain 1000A at Various Cadiuin Concentration --- p.65
Chapter 3.3.3 --- Effect of Phosphate concentration on Cd-uptake of Strain 1000A --- p.65
Chapter 3.3.4 --- Cd-uptake of Strain 1000A in Continuous Cultures --- p.70
Chapter 3.3.5 --- Inorganic Precipitation of Cadmium Phosphate --- p.75
Chapter 3.3.6 --- Determination of Antibiotic-Resistance of Strain 1000A --- p.78
Chapter 3.3.7 --- Effect of Chloramphenicol on Cd-uptake and Cadmium Resistance of Strain 1000A --- p.82
Chapter 3.3.8 --- Determination of the Effect of Tetracyclin --- p.85
Chapter 3.3.9 --- Assimilation Tests --- p.94
Chapter 3.3.10 --- Identification of Strain 1000A --- p.94
Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.97
Chapter CHAPTER 4: --- DETERMINATION OF CADMIUM UPTAKE MECHANISM IN P. PICKETTI 1000A --- p.102
Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.102
Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.105
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Preparation of Solutions and Reagents --- p.105
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Preparation of Reagents for SDS-PAGE --- p.105
Chapter 4.2.3 --- Recipes for Growing Cells --- p.107
Chapter 4.2.4 --- Protein Determination --- p.108
Chapter 4.2.5 --- Examination of Cadmium Accommodation in P. picketti 1000A by Transmission Electron Microscope --- p.108
Chapter 4.2.6 --- SDS-polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoretic Determination of Protein Profiles --- p.109
Chapter 4.2.7 --- Phosphate Assay --- p.111
Chapter 4.2.8 --- Orthophosphate Estimation --- p.112
Chapter 4.2.9 --- Sulphide Analysis --- p.112
Chapter 4.2.10 --- Cadmium Analysis --- p.113
Chapter 4.2.11 --- Cd-binding Determination through Column Separation --- p.113
Chapter 4.2.12 --- Cd-binding Determinate ion through SDS Electrophoresis --- p.114
Chapter 4.2.13 --- Determination of Cadmium Distribution of Cells --- p.115
Chapter 4.3 --- Result --- p.116
Chapter 4.3.1 --- SDS-PAGE Determination of Protein Profiles of P. picketti 1000A --- p.116
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Determination of Cd-binding Protein of P. picketti 1000A --- p.121
Chapter 4.3.3 --- "Determination of the Relationship of Cellular Cadmium, Sulphide and Phosphate" --- p.131
Chapter 4.3.4 --- Examination of Cadmium Accumulation of P. picketti 1000A by Transmission Electron Microscope --- p.142
Chapter 4.3.5 --- Cadmium Distribution of Cadmium-Accommodated Cells --- p.148
Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.152
Chapter CHAPTER 5: --- CORRELATION AMONG METALS IN HEAVY METAL UPTAKE --- p.158
Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.158
Chapter 5.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.158
Chapter 5.2.1 --- Preparation of Solutions --- p.159
Chapter 5.2.2 --- "Determination of Effect of Zn+2 ," --- p.160
Chapter 5.2.3 --- Determination of Effect of Cu+2 . --- p.161
Chapter 5.2.4 --- "Correlation among Cd+2, Cu+2 and Zn+2" --- p.161
Chapter 5.2.5 --- Growth Kenetics Determination --- p.162
Chapter 5.2.6 --- Cell Sample Preparation --- p.162
Chapter 5.2.7 --- Orthophosphate Estimation --- p.162
Chapter 5.2.8 --- Metal Analysis --- p.163
Chapter 5.3 --- Result --- p.163
Chapter 5.3.1 --- Effect of Zn+2 --- p.163
Chapter 5.3.2 --- Effect of Cu+2 --- p.173
Chapter 5.3.3 --- "Correlation among Cd+2, Cu+2 and Zn+2" --- p.178
Chapter 5.4 --- Discussion --- p.195
Chapter CHAPTER 6: --- HEAVY METAL UPTAKE OF IMMOBILIZED CELL --- p.197
Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.197
Chapter 6.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.199
Chapter 6.2.1 --- Preparation of Solutions and Medium --- p.199
Chapter 6.2.2 --- Harvesting of Cells --- p.199
Chapter 6.2.3 --- Immobilization of Cells --- p.199
Chapter 6.2.4 --- Determination of the Effect of Temperature --- p.200
Chapter 6.2.5 --- Determination of Optimum Cell Concentration in Polyacrylamide Gel --- p.201
Chapter 6.2.6 --- Determination of pH Effect on Cd-uptake --- p.201
Chapter 6.2.7 --- Pretreatment with 70% Methanol --- p.202
Chapter 6.2.8 --- Combined Pretreatment with Methanol and NaOH --- p.202
Chapter 6.2.9 --- Effect of Phosphate on Cd-uptake of Immobilized Cell --- p.202
Chapter 6.2.10 --- Comparison of Cadmium- and Copper-uptakes in Cells Immobilized in K-carrageenan and in Polyacrylamide --- p.203
Chapter 6.3 --- Result --- p.204
Chapter 6.3.1 --- Effect of Temperature on Cd-uptake --- p.204
Chapter 6.3.2 --- Determination of Optimum Cell Concentration in Polyacrylamide Gel --- p.204
Chapter 6.3.3 --- Effect of pH on Cd-uptake of Immobilized Cells --- p.207
Chapter 6.3.4 --- Effect of Methanol on Cd-uptake --- p.210
Chapter 6.3.5 --- Combined Effect of pH and Methanol on Cd-uptake --- p.213
Chapter 6.3.6 --- Effect of Phosphate on Cd-uptake of Immobilized Cells --- p.213
Chapter 6.3.7 --- Comparison between Cadmium- and Copper-uptake of Cells Immobilized in K-carrageenan and in Polyacrylamide --- p.220
Chapter 6.4 --- Discussion --- p.228
Chapter CHAPTER 7: --- CONCLUSION --- p.232
REFERENCES --- p.234
"Effects of heavy metals on microbial removal of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus from secondarily treated sewage effluent." Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1989. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5886191.
Full text"Development of seaweed biomass as a biosorbent for metal ions removal and recovery from industrial effluent." 2000. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5890420.
Full textThesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 134-143).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Acknowledgements --- p.i
Abstract --- p.ii
Contents --- p.vi
List of Figures --- p.xi
List of Tables --- p.xv
Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Reviews --- p.1
Chapter 1.1.1 --- Heavy metals in the environment --- p.1
Chapter 1.1.2 --- Heavy metal pollution in Hong Kong --- p.3
Chapter 1.1.3 --- Electroplating industries in Hong Kong --- p.7
Chapter 1.1.4 --- "Chemistry, biochemistry and toxicity of selected metal ions: copper, nickel and zinc" --- p.8
Chapter a. --- Copper --- p.10
Chapter b. --- Nickel --- p.11
Chapter c. --- Zinc --- p.12
Chapter 1.1.5 --- Conventional physico-chemical methods of metal ions removal from industrial effluent --- p.13
Chapter a. --- Ion exchange --- p.14
Chapter b. --- Precipitation --- p.14
Chapter 1.1.6 --- Alternative for metal ions removal from industrial effluent: biosorption --- p.15
Chapter a. --- Definition of biosorption --- p.15
Chapter b. --- Mechanisms involved in biosorption of metal ions --- p.17
Chapter c. --- Criteria for a good metal sorption process and advantages of biosorption for removal of heavy metal ions --- p.19
Chapter d. --- Selection of potential biosorbent for metal ions removal --- p.20
Chapter 1.1.7 --- Procedures of biosorption --- p.23
Chapter a. --- Basic study --- p.23
Chapter b. --- Pilot-scale study --- p.25
Chapter c. --- Examples of commercial biosorbent --- p.27
Chapter 1.1.8 --- Seaweed as a potential biosorbent for heavy metal ions --- p.27
Chapter 1.2 --- Objectives of study --- p.30
Chapter 2. --- Materials and Methods --- p.33
Chapter 2.1 --- Collection of seaweed samples --- p.33
Chapter 2.2 --- Processing of seaweed biomass --- p.33
Chapter 2.3 --- Chemicals --- p.33
Chapter 2.4 --- Characterization of seaweed biomass --- p.39
Chapter 2.4.1 --- Moisture content of seaweed biomass --- p.39
Chapter 2.4.2 --- Metal ions content of seaweed biomass --- p.39
Chapter 2.5 --- Characterization of metal ions biosorption by seaweed --- p.39
Chapter 2.5.1 --- Effect of biomass weight and selection of biomass --- p.39
Chapter 2.5.2 --- Effect of pH --- p.40
Chapter 2.5.3 --- Effect of retention time --- p.41
Chapter 2.5.4 --- Effect of metal ions concentration --- p.41
Chapter 2.5.5 --- Effect of mix-cations and mix-anions on the removal capacity of selected metal ions by Ulva lactuca --- p.43
Chapter 2.5.6 --- Recovery of adsorbed metal ions from Ulva lactuca (I): screening for suitable desorbing agents --- p.44
Chapter 2.5.7 --- Recovery of adsorbed metal ions from Ulva lactuca (II): multiple adsorption-desorption cycles of selected metal ions --- p.45
Chapter 2.5.8 --- Removal and recovery of selected metal ions from electroplating effluent by Ulva lactuca --- p.45
Chapter 2.6 --- Statistical analysis of data --- p.46
Chapter 3. --- Results --- p.47
Chapter 3.1 --- Effect of biomass weight and selection of biomass --- p.47
Chapter 3.1.1 --- Effect of biomass weight --- p.47
Chapter 3.1.2 --- Selection of biomass --- p.58
Chapter 3.2 --- Effect of pH --- p.58
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Cu2+ --- p.58
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Ni2+ --- p.61
Chapter 3.2.3 --- Zn2+ --- p.61
Chapter 3.2.4 --- Determination of optimal condition for biosorption of Cu2+ ,Ni2+ and Zn2+ by Ulva lactuca --- p.67
Chapter 3.3 --- Effect of retention time --- p.67
Chapter 3.4 --- Effect of metal ions concentration --- p.73
Chapter 3.4.1 --- Relationship of removal capacity with initial concentration of metal ions --- p.73
Chapter 3.4.2 --- Langmuir adsorption isotherm --- p.73
Chapter 3.4.3 --- Freundlich adsorption isotherm --- p.77
Chapter 3.5 --- Effect of mix-cations and mix-anions on the removal capacity of selected metal ions by Ulva lactuca --- p.81
Chapter 3.5.1 --- Effect of mix-cations --- p.81
Chapter 3.5.2 --- Effect of mix-anions --- p.85
Chapter 3.6 --- Recovery of adsorbed metal ions from Ulva lactuca (I): screening of suitable desorbing agents --- p.91
Chapter 3.6.1 --- Cu2+ --- p.91
Chapter 3.6.2 --- Ni2+ --- p.91
Chapter 3.6.3 --- Zn2+ --- p.91
Chapter 3.7 --- Recovery of adsorbed metal ions from Ulva lactuca (II): multiple adsorption-desorption cycles of selected metal ions --- p.94
Chapter 3.8 --- Removal and recovery of selected metal ions from electroplating effluent by Ulva lactuca --- p.97
Chapter 4. --- Discussion --- p.106
Chapter 4.1 --- Effect of biomass weight and selection of biomass --- p.106
Chapter 4.1.1 --- Effect of biomass weight --- p.106
Chapter 4.1.2 --- Selection of biomass --- p.107
Chapter 4.2 --- Effect of pH --- p.109
Chapter 4.3 --- Effect of retention time --- p.112
Chapter 4.4 --- Effect of metal ions concentration --- p.114
Chapter 4.4.1 --- Relationship of removal capacity with initial concentration of metal ions --- p.114
Chapter 4.4.2 --- Langmuir adsorption isotherm --- p.114
Chapter 4.4.3 --- Freundlich adsorption isotherm --- p.115
Chapter 4.4.4 --- Insights from isotherm study --- p.117
Chapter 4.5 --- Effect of mix-cations and mix-anions on the removal capacity of selected metal ions by Ulva lactuca --- p.118
Chapter 4.5.1 --- Effect of mix-cations --- p.118
Chapter 4.5.2 --- Effect of mix-anions --- p.120
Chapter 4.6 --- Recovery of adsorbed metal ions from Ulva lactuca (I): screening of suitable desorbing agents --- p.122
Chapter 4.7 --- Recovery of adsorbed metal ions from Ulva lactuca (II): multiple adsorption-desorption cycles of selected metal ions --- p.124
Chapter 4.8 --- Removal and recovery of selected metal ions from electroplating effluent by Ulva lactuca --- p.126
Chapter 5. --- Conclusion --- p.131
Chapter 6. --- Summary --- p.134
Chapter 7. --- References --- p.134
Chapter 8. --- Appendixes --- p.144
"Removal and recovery of metal ions from electroplating effluent by chitin adsorption." 2000. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5890286.
Full textThesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 161-171).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Acknowledgements --- p.i
Abstract --- p.ii
Abbreviations --- p.vii
Contents --- p.ix
Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Literature review --- p.1
Chapter 1.1.1 --- Metal pollution in Hong Kong --- p.1
Chapter 1.1.2 --- Methods for removal of metal ions from industrial effluent --- p.4
Chapter A. --- Physico-chemical methods --- p.4
Chapter B. --- Biosorption --- p.7
Chapter 1.1.3 --- Chitin and chitosan --- p.11
Chapter A. --- History of chitin and chitosan --- p.11
Chapter B. --- Structures and sources of chitin and chitosan --- p.12
Chapter C. --- Characterization of chitin and chitosan --- p.17
Chapter D. --- Applications of chitin and chitosan --- p.19
Chapter 1.1.4 --- Factors affecting biosorption --- p.22
Chapter A. --- Solution pH --- p.22
Chapter B. --- Concentration of biosorbent --- p.24
Chapter C. --- Retention time --- p.25
Chapter D. --- Initial metal ion concentration --- p.26
Chapter E. --- Presence of other cations --- p.26
Chapter F. --- Presence of anions --- p.28
Chapter 1.1.5 --- Regeneration of metal ion-laden biosorbent --- p.28
Chapter 1.1.6 --- Modeling of biosorption --- p.29
Chapter A. --- Adsorption equilibria and adsorption isotherm --- p.29
Chapter B. --- Langmuir isotherm --- p.33
Chapter C. --- Freundlich isotherm --- p.34
Chapter 1.2 --- Objectives of the present study --- p.36
Chapter 2. --- Materials and methods --- p.37
Chapter 2.1 --- Biosorbents --- p.37
Chapter 2.1.1 --- Production of biosorbents --- p.37
Chapter 2.1.2 --- Pretreatment of biosorbents --- p.39
Chapter 2.2 --- Characterization of biosorbents --- p.39
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Chitin assay --- p.39
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Protein assay --- p.40
Chapter 2.2.3 --- Metal analysis --- p.41
Chapter 2.2.4 --- Degree of N-deacetylation analysis --- p.43
Chapter A. --- Diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy --- p.43
Chapter B. --- Elemental analysis --- p.43
Chapter 2.3 --- Batch biosorption experiment --- p.44
Chapter 2.4 --- Selection of biosorbent for metal ion removal --- p.45
Chapter 2.4.1 --- Effects of pretreatments of biosorbents on adsorption of Cu --- p.45
Chapter A. --- Washing --- p.45
Chapter B. --- Pre-swelling --- p.46
Chapter 2.4.2 --- "Comparison of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ removal capacities among three biosorbents" --- p.46
Chapter 2.4.3 --- Comparison of Cu2+ removal capacity of chitins with various degrees of N-deacetylation --- p.46
Chapter 2.5 --- "Effects of physico-chemical conditions on Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ adsorption by chitin A" --- p.48
Chapter 2.5.1 --- Solution pH and concentration of biosorbent --- p.48
Chapter 2.5.2 --- Retention time --- p.48
Chapter 2.5.3 --- Initial metal ion concentration --- p.49
Chapter 2.5.4 --- Presence of other cations --- p.49
Chapter 2.5.5 --- Presence of anions --- p.51
Chapter 2.6 --- Optimization of Cu2+,Ni2+ and Zn2+ removal efficiencies --- p.53
Chapter 2.7 --- "Recovery of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ from metal ion-laden chitin A" --- p.53
Chapter 2.7.1 --- Performances of various eluents on metal ion recovery --- p.53
Chapter 2.7.2 --- Multiple adsorption and desorption cycle of metal ions --- p.54
Chapter 2.8 --- Treatment of electroplating effluent by chitin A --- p.54
Chapter 2.8.1 --- "Removal and recovery of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ from electroplating effluent collected from rinsing baths" --- p.54
Chapter 2.8.2 --- "Removal and recovery of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ from electroplating effluent collected from final collecting tank" --- p.55
Chapter 2.9 --- Data analysis --- p.56
Chapter 3. --- Results --- p.58
Chapter 3.1 --- Characterization of biosorbents --- p.58
Chapter 3.1.1 --- Chitin assay --- p.58
Chapter 3.1.2 --- Protein assay --- p.58
Chapter 3.1.3 --- Metal analysis --- p.58
Chapter 3.1.4 --- Degree of N-deacetylation analysis --- p.62
Chapter A. --- Diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy --- p.62
Chapter B. --- Elemental analysis --- p.62
Chapter 3.2 --- Selection of biosorbent for metal ion removal --- p.67
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Effects of pretreatments of biosorbents on adsorption of Cu2+ --- p.67
Chapter A. --- Washing --- p.67
Chapter B. --- Pre-swelling --- p.67
Chapter 3.2.2 --- "Comparison of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ removal capacities among three biosorbents" --- p.67
Chapter 3.2.3 --- Comparison of Cu2+ removal capacity of chitins with various degrees of N-deacetylation --- p.70
Chapter 3.3 --- "Effects of physico-chemical conditions on Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ adsorption by chitin A" --- p.70
Chapter 3.3.1 --- Solution pH and concentration of biosorbent --- p.70
Chapter 3.3.2 --- Retention time --- p.78
Chapter 3.3.3 --- Initial metal ion concentration --- p.80
Chapter 3.3.4 --- Presence of other cations --- p.93
Chapter 3.3.5 --- Presence of anions --- p.93
Chapter 3.4 --- "Optimization of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ removal efficiencies" --- p.104
Chapter 3.5 --- "Recovery of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ from metal ion-laden chitin A" --- p.104
Chapter 3.5.1 --- Performances of various eluents on metal ion recovery --- p.104
Chapter 3.5.2 --- Multiple adsorption and desorption cycle of metal ions --- p.109
Chapter 3.6 --- Treatment of electroplating effluent by chitin A --- p.117
Chapter 3.6.1 --- "Removal and recovery of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ from electroplating effluent collected from rinsing baths" --- p.117
Chapter 3.6.2 --- "Removal and recovery of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ from electroplating effluent collected from final collecting tank" --- p.121
Chapter 4. --- Discussion --- p.128
Chapter 4.1 --- Characterization of biosorbents --- p.128
Chapter 4.1.1 --- Chitin assay --- p.128
Chapter 4.1.2 --- Protein assay --- p.129
Chapter 4.1.3 --- Metal analysis --- p.129
Chapter 4.1.4 --- Degree of N-deacetylation analysis --- p.130
Chapter A. --- Diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy --- p.130
Chapter B. --- Elemental analysis --- p.132
Chapter 4.2 --- Selection of biosorbent for metal ion removal --- p.133
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Effects of pretreatments of biosorbents on adsorption of Cu2+ --- p.133
Chapter A. --- Washing --- p.133
Chapter B. --- Pre-swelling --- p.133
Chapter 4.2.2 --- "Comparison of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ removal capacities among three biosorbents" --- p.134
Chapter 4.2.3 --- Comparison of Cu2+ removal capacity of chitins with various degrees of N-deacetylation --- p.136
Chapter 4.3 --- "Effects of physico-chemical conditions on Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ adsorption by chitin A" --- p.137
Chapter 4.3.1 --- Solution pH and concentration of biosorbent --- p.137
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Retention time --- p.138
Chapter 4.3.3 --- Initial metal ion concentration --- p.139
Chapter 4.3.4 --- Presence of other cations --- p.141
Chapter 4.3.5 --- Presence of anions --- p.143
Chapter 4.4 --- "Optimization of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ removal efficiencies" --- p.147
Chapter 4.5 --- "Recovery of Cu2+, Ni2+and Zn2+ from metal ion-laden chitin A" --- p.148
Chapter 4.5.1 --- Performances of various eluents on metal ion recovery --- p.148
Chapter 4.5.2 --- Multiple adsorption and desorption cycle of metal ions --- p.149
Chapter 4.6 --- Treatment of electroplating effluent by chitin A --- p.150
Chapter 4.6.1 --- "Removal and recovery of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ from electroplating effluent collected from rinsing baths" --- p.150
Chapter 4.6.2 --- "Removal and recovery of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ from electroplating effluent collected from final collecting tank" --- p.152
Chapter 5. --- Conclusion --- p.154
Chapter 6. --- Further studies --- p.156
Chapter 7. --- Summary --- p.158
Chapter 8. --- References --- p.161
"Removal and recovery of copper ion (Cu²⁽) from electroplating effluent by pseudomonas putida 5-X immobilized on magnetites." Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5888810.
Full textThesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 118-130).
Acknowledgement --- p.i
Abstract --- p.ii
Content --- p.iv
Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Literature review --- p.1
Chapter 1.1.1 --- Heavy metals in the environment --- p.1
Chapter 1.1.2 --- Heavy metal pollution in Hong Kong --- p.2
Chapter 1.1.3 --- Electroplating industry in Hong Kong --- p.6
Chapter 1.1.4 --- Chemistry and toxicity of copper in the environment --- p.7
Chapter 1.1.5 --- Methods of removal of heavy metal from industrial effluent --- p.9
Chapter A. --- Physico-chemical methods --- p.9
Chapter B. --- Biological methods --- p.9
Chapter 1.1.6 --- Methods of recovery of heavy metal from metal-loaded biosorbent --- p.17
Chapter 1.1.7 --- The physico-chemical properties of magnetites --- p.18
Chapter 1.1.8 --- Magnetites for water and wastewater treatment --- p.19
Chapter 1.1.9 --- Immobilized cell technology --- p.24
Chapter 1.1.10 --- Stirrer-tank bioreactor --- p.26
Chapter 1.2 --- Objectives of the present study --- p.28
Chapter 2. --- Materials and Methods --- p.30
Chapter 2.1 --- Selection of copper-resistant bacteria --- p.30
Chapter 2.2 --- Culture media and chemicals --- p.30
Chapter 2.3 --- Growth of the bacterial cells --- p.32
Chapter 2.4 --- Immobilization of the bacterial cells on magnetites --- p.32
Chapter 2.4.1 --- Effects of physical and chemical factors on the immobilization of the bacterial cells on magnetites --- p.34
Chapter 2.4.2 --- Effects of pH on the desorption of bacterial cells from magnetites --- p.34
Chapter 2.5 --- Copper ion uptake experiments --- p.35
Chapter 2.6 --- Effects of physico-chemical and operational factors on the Cu2+ removal capacity of the magnetite-immobilized bacterial cells --- p.35
Chapter 2.7 --- Transmission electron micrograph and scanning electron micrograph of Pseudomonas putida 5-X loaded with Cu2+ --- p.36
Chapter 2.7.1 --- Transmission electron micrograph --- p.36
Chapter 2.7.2 --- Scanning electron micrograph --- p.37
Chapter 2.8 --- Copper ion adsorption isotherm of the magnetite-immobilized cells of Pseudomonas putida 5-X --- p.37
Chapter 2.9 --- Recovery of adsorbed Cu2+ from the magnetite-immobilized cells of Pseudomonas putida 5-X --- p.38
Chapter 2.9.1 --- Effects of eluents on the Cu2+ removal and recovery capacity of the magnetite-immobilized cells --- p.38
Chapter 2.9.2 --- Batch type multiple adsorption-desorption cycles of Cu2+ using ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) --- p.39
Chapter 2.10 --- Removal and recovery of Cu2+ from the electroplating effluent by a bioreactor --- p.39
Chapter 2.10.1 --- Batch type multiple adsorption-desorption cycles using the copper solution and electroplating effluent --- p.39
Chapter 2.10.2 --- Continuous type bioreactor to remove and recover Cu2+ from copper solution and electroplating effluent --- p.40
Chapter 2.11 --- Statistical analysis of data --- p.43
Chapter 3. --- Results --- p.44
Chapter 3.1 --- Effects of physical and chemical factors on the immobilization of the bacterial cells on magnetites --- p.44
Chapter 3.1.1 --- Effects of cells to magnetites ratio --- p.44
Chapter 3.1.2 --- Effects of pH --- p.44
Chapter 3.1.3 --- Effects of temperature --- p.44
Chapter 3.2 --- Effects of pH on the desorption of bacterial cells from magnetites --- p.49
Chapter 3.3 --- Copper ion uptake experiments --- p.49
Chapter 3.4 --- Effects of physico-chemical and operational factors on the Cu2+ removal capacity of the magnetite-immobilized bacterial cells --- p.49
Chapter 3.4.1 --- Effects of pH --- p.49
Chapter 3.4.2 --- Effects of temperature --- p.53
Chapter 3.4.3 --- Effects of retention time --- p.53
Chapter 3.4.4 --- Effects of cations --- p.53
Chapter 3.4.5 --- Effects of anions --- p.57
Chapter 3.5 --- Transmission electron micrograph of Pseudomonas putida 5-X loaded with Cu2+ --- p.62
Chapter 3.6 --- Scanning electron micrograph of Pseudomonas putida 5-X loaded with Cu2+ --- p.62
Chapter 3.7 --- Copper ion adsorption isotherm of the magnetite-immobilized cells of Pseudomonas putida 5-X --- p.68
Chapter 3.8 --- Recovery of adsorbed Cu2+ from the magnetite-immobilized cells of Pseudomonas putida 5-X --- p.68
Chapter 3.8.1 --- Effects of eluents on the Cu2+ removal and recovery capacity of the magnetite-immobilized cells --- p.68
Chapter 3.8.2 --- Batch type multiple adsorption-desorption cycles of Cu2+ using ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) --- p.74
Chapter 3.9 --- Removal and recovery of Cu2+ from the electroplating effluent by a bioreactor --- p.74
Chapter 3.9.1 --- Batch type multiple adsorption-desorption cycles using the copper solution and electroplating effluent --- p.74
Chapter 3.9.2 --- Continuous type bioreactor to remove and recover Cu2+ from copper solution and electroplating effluent --- p.81
Chapter 4. --- Discussion --- p.89
Chapter 4.1 --- Selection of copper-resistant bacteria --- p.89
Chapter 4.2 --- Effects of physical and chemical factors on the immobilization of the bacterial cells on magnetites --- p.89
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Effects of cells to magnetites ratio --- p.89
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Effects of pH --- p.90
Chapter 4.2.3 --- Effects of temperature --- p.91
Chapter 4.2.4 --- Effects of pH on the desorption of bacterial cells from magnetites --- p.92
Chapter 4.3 --- Copper ion uptake experiments --- p.93
Chapter 4.4 --- Effects of physico-chemical and operational factors on the Cu2+ removal capacity of the magnetite-immobilized bacterial cells --- p.94
Chapter 4.4.1 --- Effects of pH --- p.95
Chapter 4.4.2 --- Effects of temperature --- p.96
Chapter 4.4.3 --- Effects of retention time --- p.97
Chapter 4.4.4 --- Effects of cations --- p.98
Chapter 4.4.5 --- Effects of anions --- p.101
Chapter 4.5 --- Transmission electron micrograph of Pseudomonas putida 5-X loaded with Cu2+ --- p.101
Chapter 4.6 --- Scanning electron micrograph of Pseudomonas putida 5-X loaded with Cu2+ --- p.102
Chapter 4.7 --- Copper ion adsorption isotherm of the magnetite-immobilized cells of Pseudomonas putida 5-X --- p.103
Chapter 4.8 --- Recovery of adsorbed Cu2+ from the magnetite-immobilized cells of Pseudomonas putida 5-X --- p.104
Chapter 4.8.1 --- Effects of eluents on the Cu2+ removal and recovery capacity of the magnetite-immobilized cells --- p.104
Chapter 4.8.2 --- Batch type multiple adsorption-desorption cycles of Cu2+ using ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) --- p.105
Chapter 4.9 --- Removal and recovery of Cu2+ from the electroplating effluent by a bioreactor --- p.107
Chapter 4.9.1 --- Batch type multiple adsorption-desorption cycles using the copper solution and electroplating effluent --- p.107
Chapter 4.9.2 --- Continuous type bioreactor to remove and recover Cu2+ from copper solution and electroplating effluent --- p.108
Chapter 5. --- Conclusion --- p.110
Chapter 6. --- Summary --- p.112
Chapter 7. --- References --- p.115
"Removal of copper ion (CU2+) from industrial effluent by immobilized microbial cells." Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5886893.
Full textThesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991.
Includes bibliographical references.
Acknowledgement --- p.i
Abstract --- p.ii
Chapter 1. --- Objectives of the Study --- p.1
Chapter 2. --- Literature Review --- p.2
Chapter 2.1 --- Heavy Metals in the Environment --- p.2
Chapter 2.2 --- Heavy Metal Pollution in Hong Kong --- p.3
Chapter 2.3 --- Chemistry and Toxicity of Copper in the Environment --- p.6
Chapter 2.4 --- Conventional and Alternative Methods for Heavy Metal Removal --- p.10
Chapter 2.5 --- Heavy Metal Removal by Microorganisms --- p.14
Chapter 2.6 --- Factors Affecting Biosorption of Heavy Metals --- p.27
Chapter 2.7 --- Applicability of Biosorbent in Heavy Metal Removal --- p.31
Chapter 3. --- Materials and Methods --- p.36
Chapter 3.1 --- Screening of Bacteria for Copper Removal Capacity --- p.36
Chapter 3.1.1 --- Isolation of Bacteria from Activated Sludge --- p.36
Chapter 3.1.2 --- Selection of Copper Resistant Bacteria from Water Samples --- p.37
Chapter 3.1.3 --- Pre-screening of Bacteria for Copper Uptake --- p.37
Chapter 3.1.4 --- Determination of Copper Removal Capacity of Selected Bacteria --- p.37
Chapter 3.2 --- Effect of Culture Conditions on Copper Removal Capacity of Pseudomonas putida 5-X --- p.39
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Effect of Nutrient Limitation --- p.39
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Effect of Incubation Temperature and Culture Age --- p.41
Chapter 3.3 --- Determination of Copper Uptake Mechanism of Pseudomonas putida 5-X --- p.41
Chapter 3.3.1 --- Effect of Glucose and Sodium Azide on Copper Removal Capacity --- p.41
Chapter 3.3.2 --- Transmission Electron Micrograph of Pseudomonas putida 5-X after Copper Uptake --- p.43
Chapter 3.4 --- Effect of Pretreatment of Cells on Copper Removal Capacity of Pseudomonas putida 5-X --- p.43
Chapter 3.5 --- Physico-chemical Characterization of Pseudomonas putida 5-X as Biosorbent for Copper Removal --- p.43
Chapter 3.5.1 --- Determination of Copper Uptake Kinetics --- p.43
Chapter 3.5.2 --- Determination of Freundlich Isotherm for Copper Uptake --- p.44
Chapter 3.5.3 --- Effect of pH on Copper Removal Capacity --- p.44
Chapter 3.5.4 --- Effect of Metal Ions on Copper Removal Capacity --- p.44
Chapter 3.5.5 --- Effect of Anions on Copper Removal Capacity --- p.45
Chapter 3.6 --- Copper Removal by Immobilized Cells of Pseudomonas putida 5-X --- p.45
Chapter 3.6.1 --- Effect of Retention Time on Copper Removal Capacity of Immobilized Cells --- p.47
Chapter 3.6.2 --- Efficiency of Copper Recovery from Immobilized Cells by Various Eluants --- p.47
Chapter 3.6.3 --- Performance of Immobilized Cells on Multiple Copper Loading-elution Cycles --- p.48
Chapter 3.6.4 --- Treatments of Effluent from an Electroplating Factory by Immobilized Cells --- p.48
Chapter 4. --- Results --- p.49
Chapter 4.1 --- Screening of Bacteria for Copper Removal Capacity --- p.49
Chapter 4.2 --- Effect of Culture Conditions on Copper Removal Capacity of Pseudomonas putida 5-X --- p.49
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Effect of Nutrient Limitation --- p.49
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Effect of Incubation Temperature and Culture Age --- p.52
Chapter 4.3 --- Determination of Copper Uptake Mechanism of Pseudomonas putida 5-X --- p.52
Chapter 4.3.1 --- Effect of Glucose and Sodium Azide on Copper Removal Capacity --- p.52
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Transmission Electron Micrograph of Pseudomonas putida 5-X after Copper Uptake --- p.52
Chapter 4.4 --- Effect of Pretreatment of Cells on Copper Removal Capacity of Pseudomonas putida 5-X --- p.56
Chapter 4.5 --- Physico-chemical Characterization of Pseudomonas putida 5-X as Biosorbent for Copper Removal --- p.56
Chapter 4.5.1. --- Determination of Copper Uptake Kinetics --- p.56
Chapter 4.5.2 --- Determination of Freundlich Isotherm for Copper Uptake --- p.56
Chapter 4.5.3 --- Effect of pH on Copper Removal Capacity --- p.60
Chapter 4.5.4 --- Effect of Metal Ions on Copper Removal Capacity --- p.60
Chapter 4.5.5 --- Effect of Anions on Copper Removal Capacity --- p.60
Chapter 4.6 --- Copper Removal by Immobilized Cells of Pseudomonas putida 5-X --- p.60
Chapter 4.6.1 --- Copper Removal Capacity of Immobilized Cells and Breakthrough Curve for Copper Removal --- p.60
Chapter 4.6.2 --- Effect of Retention Time on Copper Removal Capacity of Immobilized Cells --- p.65
Chapter 4.6.3 --- Efficiency of Copper Recovery from Immobilized Cells by Various Eluants --- p.65
Chapter 4.6.4 --- Performance of Immobilized Cells on Multiple Copper Loading-elution Cycles --- p.65
Chapter 4.6.5 --- Treatment of Effluent from an Electroplating Factory by Immobilized Cells --- p.65
Chapter 5. --- Discussion --- p.72
Chapter 5.1 --- Screening of Bacteria for Copper Removal Capacity --- p.72
Chapter 5.2 --- Effect of Culture Conditions on Copper Removal Capacity of Pseudomonas putida 5-X --- p.73
Chapter 5.2.1 --- Effect of Nutrient Limitation --- p.73
Chapter 5.2.2 --- Effect of Incubation Temperature and Culture Age --- p.74
Chapter 5.3 --- Determination of Copper Uptake Mechanism of Pseudomonas putida 5-X --- p.75
Chapter 5.3.1 --- Effect of Glucose and Sodium Azide on Copper Removal Capacity --- p.75
Chapter 5.3.2 --- Transmission Electron Micrograph of Pseudomonas putida 5-X after Copper Uptake --- p.75
Chapter 5.4 --- Effect of Pretreatment of Cells on Copper Removal Capacity of Pseudomonas putida 5-X --- p.76
Chapter 5.5 --- Physico-chemical Characterization of Pseudomonas putida 5-X as Biosorbent for Copper Removal --- p.77
Chapter 5.5.1 --- Copper Uptake Kinetics --- p.77
Chapter 5.5.2 --- Freundlich Isotherm for Copper Uptake --- p.78
Chapter 5.5.3 --- Effect of pH on Copper Removal Capacity --- p.78
Chapter 5.5.4 --- Effect of Metal Ions on Copper Removal Capacity --- p.79
Chapter 5.5.5 --- Effect of Anions on Copper Removal Capacity --- p.80
Chapter 5.6 --- Copper Removal by Immobilized Cells of Pseudomonas putida 5-X --- p.80
Chapter 5.6.1 --- Copper Removal Capacity of Immobilized Cells and Breakthrough Curve for Copper Removal --- p.80
Chapter 5.6.2 --- Effect of Retention Time on Copper Removal Capacity of Immobilized Cells --- p.82
Chapter 5.6.3 --- Efficiency of Copper Recovery from Immobilized Cells by Various Eluants --- p.82
Chapter 5.6.4 --- Performance of Immobilized Cells on Multiple Copper Loading-elution Cycles 的 --- p.83
Chapter 5.6.5 --- Treatment of Effluent from an Electroplating Factory by Immobilized Cells --- p.84
Chapter 6. --- Conclusion --- p.85
Chapter 7. --- Summary --- p.87
Chapter 8. --- References --- p.89
Phetla, Tebogo Pilgrene. "Removal and recovery of heavy metal from multi-component metal effluent by reduction crystallization." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/4940.
Full textThe removal and recovery of heavy metals from effluents has been a subject of significant importance due the negative impact these toxic metals have on human health and the environment as a result of water and soil pollution. Precipitation is the mostly widely used wastewater treatment method because it is the most economical and easier to implement and operate on a large scale. However, traditional precipitation methods using lime, sulfides or hydroxides recover metals in the form of a sludge which is not reusable and has to be disposed in landfills creating a potential environmental hazard and resulting in loss of valuable minerals. The current focus in effluent treatment is now on the recovery and re-use of these heavy metals rather than removal and disposal. This study investigated the use of hydrazine as a reducing agent to remove and recover Ni2+, Cu2+, Co2+ and Fe2+ from effluent by reduction crystallization. In this process chemically reduced aqueous metal ions were plated on to a base substrate (nickel powder) with no electrical current required for deposition. A feasibility study was carried out to test the efficiency and find the optimum operating conditions for this method and generate an understanding of the chemical and particulate process occurring. The results obtained indicate that hydrazine is an effective reducing agent for removal and crystallization of Ni2+, Cu2+, Co2+ and Fe2+/ Fe3+ into their elemental states with nickel powder as a seeding material. Over 99 % of metals were removed from the effluent in all the systems (Ni-only, Ni-Cu, Ni-Fe and Ni-Fe). Breakage, aggregation and molecular growth were identified as the predominant mechanisms occurring during the reduction crystallization process in Ni-only, Ni-Cu, Ni- Co systems and there was evidence of nucleation in Ni-Fe solution. These finding were confirmed by analysing the scanning electron micrographs of the powder obtained. A nearly spherical structure powder with wide distribution in particle size and evidence of fragmentation was obtained in all the experimental runs. vii The residual concentrations obtained were far below the required limit for effluent discharge into sewer where 20 mg/L Ni, 20 mg/L Cu and 20 mg/L Fe and the total metal concentration of 50 mg/L for Fe, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn and Cd is stipulated. Reduction crystallization using hydrazine as a reducing agent can be utilized for controlling environmental pollution and eliminating hazardous metals from the environment.
Kamika, Ilunga. "Tolerance limits of selected protozoan and bacterial isolates to vanadium and nickel in wastewater systems." 2013. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000741.
Full textPollution of water sources with heavy metals is currently a global concern due to the detrimental effect of these metals on both human and animal health. To address this issue, biological treatment methods have been seen as the most effective and eco-friendly option of the available treatment processes of wastewater. The aim of this study was to compare the ability of selected bacterial isolates and indigenous protozoan to tolerate nickel and vanadium in wastewater systems in order to determine which group of organisms might play a major role in the removal of nickel and vanadium, even at high concentrations, in wastewater treatment systems.
Mellem, John Jason. "Phytoremediation of heavy metals using Amaranthus dubius." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/355.
Full textPhytoremediation is an emerging technology where specially selected and engineered metal-accumulating plants are used for bioremediation. Amaranthus dubius (marog or wild spinach) is a popular nutritious leafy vegetable crop which is widespread especially in the continents of Africa, Asia and South America. Their rapid growth and great biomass makes them some of the highest yielding leafy crops which may be beneficial for phytoremediation. This study was undertaken to evaluate the potential of A. dubius for the phytoremediation of Chromium (Cr), Mercury (Hg), Arsenic (As), Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu) and Nickel (Ni). Locally gathered soil and plants of A. dubius were investigated for the metals from a regularly cultivated area, a landfill site and a sewage site. Metals were extracted from the samples using microwave-digestion and analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Further experiments were conducted with plants from locally collected seeds of A. dubius, in a tunnel house under controlled conditions. The mode of phytoremediation, the effect of the metals on the plants, the ability of the plant to extract metals from soil (Bioconcentration Factor - BCF), and the ability of the plants to move the metals to the aerial parts of the plants (Translocation Factor - TF) were evaluated for the different metals. Finally, A. dubius was micro-propagated in a tissue culture system with and without exposure to the metal, and the effect was studied by electron microscopy.
Setshedi, Katlego. "Bio compatible nano-structured hydrotalcite for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater." 2011. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000293.
Full textIn this study, nano-structure hydrotalcite material was used as an adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals of lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd) and cobalt (Co) from wastewater. It was observed that, in comparison with single component system (Ni, Cd and Co only), the presence of co-ions reduced the Ni (II), Cd (II) and Co (II) adsorption suggesting suppression of the desired ion by the presence of co-existing ions. The kinetic data fitted well to pseudo-second order model while the equilibrium data were satisfactorily described by Langmuir isotherm. The adsorption capacities of Ni (II), Cd (II) and Co (II) at pH 6.0 were found to be 142.8, 200 and 142.8 mg/g at 25oC.
Nleya, Yvonne. "Removal of toxic metals and recovery of acid from acid mine drainage using acid retardation and adsorption processes." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/21051.
Full textThe remediation of acid mine drainage (AMD) has received much attention over the years due to the environmental challenges associated with its toxic constituents. Although, the current methods are able to remediate AMD, they also result in the loss of valuable products which could be recovered and the financial benefits used to offset the treatment costs. Therefore, this research focused on the removal of toxic heavy metals as well as the recovery of acid using a low cost adsorbent and acid retardation process, respectively. In the first aspect of the study, three low cost adsorbents namely zeolite, bentonite clay and cassava peel biomass were evaluated for metal uptake. The adsorption efficiencies of zeolite and bentonite, was found to be less than 50% for most metal ions, which was lower compared to the 90% efficiency obtained with cassava peel biomass. Subsequently, cassava peel biomass was chosen for further tests. The metal removal efficiency using the cassava biomass was in the order Co2+> Ni2+> Ca2+> Mn2+> Fe3+> Mg2+. The highest metal removal was attained at 2% adsorbent loading and 30 ˚C solution temperature. Amongst the equilibrium models tested, the experimental data was found to fit well with the Langmuir isotherm model. Column studies using the immobilized cassava waste biomass suggested that the breakthrough curves of most metal ions did not resemble the ideal breakthrough curve, due to the competitive nature of the ions present in the AMD used in this study. However, the experimental data from the column tests was found to correlate well with the Adam-Bohart model. Sulphuric acid recovery from the metal barren solution was evaluated using Dowex MSA-1 ion exchange resins. The results showed that sulphuric acid can be recovered by the resins via the acid retardation process, and could subsequently be upgraded to near market values of up to 70% sulphuric acid using an evaporator. Water of re-usable quality could also be obtained in the acid upgrade process. An economic evaluation of the proposed process also showed that it is possible to obtain revenue from sulphuric acid which could be used to offset some of the operational costs.
M T 2016
Setshedi, Katlego. "Removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater using polymer clay nanocomposites as novel adsorbents." 2014. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001683.
Full textThis research aims to improve the current state of wastewater treatment technologies by exploiting the characteristics and capabilities of nanomaterials. Also, it aims at protecting the environment and human health by minimizing exposure of toxic contaminants found in waters sources by treatment with cheaply engineered materials. The nanocomposites that will be employed in this study have shown to be effective for removing a number of heavy metals from aqueous solutions during trial experiment. The study is therefore carried out to reduce the water scarcity in South Africa by minimizing the contamination of remaining water resources. With industrial effluents the main targets, the aim is to design systems that will enable industries to recycle their wastewater instead of discharging into the environment. This study will therefore benefit the communities who solely depend on surface and ground water and again it will safe industrial bodies high costs of treating their wastewater with ineffective conventional methods. The research focuses on the application of polypyrrole-clay nanocomposites for removing heavy metals from wastewater streams. The research conducted hereby highlights the application of polymer based nanocomposites as suitable adsorbents for the remediation of the toxic chromium(VI) [Cr(VI)] from water. The work describes the preparation and characterization of the nanocomposites, their application to wastewater laden with Cr(VI) in both batch and continuous adsorption and finally understanding the adsorbent-adsorbate interactions and sorption mechanisms under various physico-chemical conditions.
Muthui, Muliwa Anthony. "Magnetic adsorption separation process for industrial wastewater treatment using polypyrrole-magnetite nanocomposite." 2013. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001106.
Full textAims at demonstrating the application of semi-continuous and continuous magnetic adsorption separation (MAS) techniques to extract Cr (VI) ions from wastewater streams using PPy-Fe3O4 nanocomposite. Specifically, the research aims to achieve the following objectives: to design, synthesize and characterize new generation PPy-Fe3O4 nanocomposite with varied magnetite composition for hexavalent chromium removal ; to generate batch adsorption kinetic data in a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) and apply existing kinetic models to aid in water treatment system design.; to design and construct magnetic adsorption separation (MAS) device that can operate in a semi-continuous and continuous mode and explore their performances and to optimize the systems' performance.
Van, Der Walt Hendrik Stephanus. "Die invloed van sekere swaarmetale op groeiverskynsels van Euglena gracilis." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/9212.
Full textPhaal, Clinton B. "Complex soil-microorganism-pollutant interactions underpinning bioremediation of hydrocarbon/heavy metal contaminated soil." Thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/9147.
Full textThesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1996.
Maharaj, Saroja. "The accumulation of heavy metals by aquatic plants." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/2082.
Full textThe pollution of water bodies by heavy metals is a serious threat to humanity. The technique known as phytoremediation is used to clean up these polluted water bodies. The accumulation of heavy metals by aquatic plants is a safer, . cheaper and friendlier manner of cleaning the environment. The aquatic plants -studied in this project are A.sessilis, P.stratiotes, R.steudelii and T.capensis. The accumulation of heavy metals in aquatic plants growing in waste water treatment ponds was investigated. The water, sludge and plants were collected from five maturation ponds at the Northern Waste Water Treatment Works, Sea Cow Lake, Durban. The samples were analysed for Zn, Mn, Cr, Ni, Pb and Cu using ICP-MS. In general it was found that the concentrations of the targeted metals were much lower in the water (0.002 to 0.109 mg/I) compared to sediment/sludge (44 to 1543mg/kg dry wt) and plants (0.4 to 2246 mg/kg dry wt). These results show that water released into the river from the final maturation pond has metal concentrations well below the maximum limits set by international environmental control bodies. It also shows that sediments act as good sinks for metals and that plants do uptake metals to a significant extent. Of the four plants investigated it was found that }t.sessi[ir (leaves, roots and stems) and }A.sessilis (roots and stems) are relatively good collectors of Mn and Cu respectively. These findings are described in the thesis. The concentration of heavy metals in the stems, leaves and roots of the three plants were compared to ascertain if there were differences in the ability of the plant at different parts of the plant to bioaccumulate the six heavy metals studied.
M
Sekhula, Mahlatse Mapula. "The use of maize tassel as a solid phase extraction sorbent for the recovery of copper, gold and silver from aqueous solution." 2011. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000465.
Full textInvestigates the possibility of using maize tassel powder as a solid phase extraction sorbent for the recovery of Ag, Au and Cu from aqueous solution. The surface characteristics of maize tassel and its ability to remove Ag, Au and Cu from aqueous solutions needed to be established before the preparation of maize tassel beads.
Songo, Morongwa Martha. "Wastewater treatment using magnetic metal doped iron oxide nano particles." 2014. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001512.
Full textThe lack of clean and fresh water has become a worldwide problem because of water pollution caused by industrialization. Contamination of natural water sources by heavy metal is a worldwide public health problem, leading to waterborne outbreaks of infectious hepatitis, viral gastroenteritis, and cancer. Therefore it very important to remove these toxic metal ions from municipal and industrial effluents in order to protect plants, animals and human beings from their adverse effect before discharging into natural water bodies. Although, several separation methods such as filtration, reverse osmosis and membrane technology have been developed to remove these toxic heavy metal ions from wastewater, however these conventional treatments technologies were found to be expensive on a sustainable basis. Adsorption process was identified as the most effective, and extensively used essential process in wastewater treatment, and in order for adsorption process to feasibly remove pollutants from wastewater, there should be a need for a suitable adsorbent which will have a large porous surface area, and a controllable porous structure. Through the application of nanotechnology, nano adsorbents can be developed as effective adsorbents to treat wastewater. The main objective of this project was to apply magnetic metal doped iron oxides as an efficient adsorption media for the removing of Cr(VI), Cd(II) and V(V) ions from wastewater.
Desta, Tsegazeab Goje. "Humic acid pretreatment for enhancing microbial removal of metals from a synthetic 'wastewater'." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/3576.
Full textThesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2004.
Zaal, Steven Michael. "Passive treatment of acid mine drainage through permeable concrete and organic filtration." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/20998.
Full textThe aim of this research was to reduce heavy metal and sulfate content of acid mine drainage (AMD) through the methods of passive filtration by combining permeable concrete and organic materials. This was to achieve a low cost, yet effective temporary treatment method for rural/poor communities who are affected by AMD. The acids are filtered through layers of alternating pervious concrete and biological composting layers. The concrete layers target removal of heavy metals such as iron, manganese, potassium, and magnesium, etc. through precipitation as well as reduce sulfate content to a small degree along with total dissolved solids. The concrete layers also aid in raising the pH of the AMD to more acceptable levels. The biological layers achieve sulfate remediation through the metabolism of sulfatereducing- bacteria (SRB). This process however required time and the organic layers were thus thicker and less permeable than the concrete layers in order to allow seepage to take place at a reduced rate. A wide variation of composting layers were tested, including cow manure, chicken manure, sawdust, straw, zoo manure, and leaf compost to find an optimum mix of materials which allows for the greatest sulfate reduction through sulfate reducing bacteria in the shortest possible time. Short as well as Long-term testing of rigs was undertaken to establish effectiveness, limitations and lifespan of the filtration systems. AMD from a mine in the Mpumalanga coal fields with exceptionally high sulfate content was used to test effectiveness of the organic materials over a short period of time. With long term testing conducted with a synthetic AMD, due to limited supply from the mine. The short term testing yielded removal of sulfates in the order of 56% when using kraal manure as the biological reagent mixed with sawdust for added organic carbon. The mix percentages by volume were 80%Sawdust to 20%manure and this setup was able to achieve the 56% removal of sulfates within 14 days. The filter also successfully raised the pH to 8 while removing a significant portion of heavy metals. The long term tests showed complete (100%) remediation of sulfates after a period of approximately sixty days. The tests are continuing to determine their finite lifespan and limitations. The results show promise for using the technology as a low cost, temporary measure to protect locally impacted groundwater, especially for isolated and/or rural communities while a permanent long term solution is sought.
Iloms, Eunice Chizube. "Investigating industrial effluent impacts on municipal wastewater treatment plant." Diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/25877.
Full textEnvironmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental Science)
Meyer, Angela. "Bioremediation of heavy metal polluted waters." Thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/9249.
Full textThesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermartizburg, 1995.
De, Kock Luéta-Ann. "Hybrid ion exchanger supported metal hydroxides for the removal of phosphate from wastewater." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/15093.
Full textPhosphorus in the form of phosphate needs to be removed from the aqueous environment as it is primarily responsible for eutrophication of water bodies. In an attempt to limit the discharged of phosphorus into the aqueous environment, the phosphate discharge limits for wastewater treatment plants have been decreased. These limits are not easily or economically met by current phosphorus removal technologies. In addition phosphorus is a non-renewable resource. To ensure the ongoing quality of water bodies and security of food production it is vital that phosphate in water be removed and recovered. In order to address these issues, novel hybrid metal oxide ion exchange resins based on Fe(III), Cu(II), Mn(IV and Ti(IV) oxides have been prepared and their phosphate adsorption characteristics determined.
Mthombo, Sydney Thabo. "Polymer-zeolite nanocomposites : preparation, characterization and application in heavy-metal removal." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8603.
Full textPolymer nanocomposites are a new class of composites in which at least one dimension of the particles dispersed in the polymer matrix is in the nanometer range. Recently, different types of zeolite minerals, either natural (Clinoptilolite, chabazite, modernite) or synthetic (A-type, X-type, Y-type) are being employed as particulate fillers into the polymer matrix. Owing to their unique ion exchange phenomenon, zeolites have been widely studied as heavy metal adsorbents, but very few researchers have focused on the sorption of heavy metal ions on zeolite-filled polymer nanocomposites...
Leswifi, Taile Yvonne. "Removal of Lead, Fluoride and Chromium from water using Metal oxide nanostructured adsorption media." 2010. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001339.
Full textDiscusses the application of nanotechnology process to offer wholesale benefits in water and wastewater treatment, extremely very few researches have been conducted in this field. Even with the few, studies have mainly focused on using single ion aqueous solution. Such approach is novel but the results may not give true picture of performance of nano-materials. It's known that water quality adversely affect sorption process. It's thus product to use real field water and wastewater to get valuable results. Presently, there is almost no information is open literature regarding the application of nano-scale adsorbents in treating real water and wastewater.
Akinsaya, Nurudeen Akinwale. "Analysis of Heavy Metals and Persistent Organic Pollutants in Sewage Sludge from Thohoyandou Wastewater Treatment Plant and transfer to Vegetables." Diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1112.
Full textDepartment of Hydrology and Water Resources
Sewage sludge (biosolids) from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) has been widely used as a soil improver in Europe, United States of America and some developing countries including South Africa. It has its benefits for farmers as a good source of organic matter and minerals, however, sludge after treatment still contains pathogenic organisms, heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The POP and heavy metal contaminants that accumulate in sludge may transfer through the food chain and cause adverse effects on human beings. In this study, a field experiment was carried out on farmland fertilized with sewage sludge from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) that vasically receives domestic wastewater and storm water. Vegetable spinach (Spinacia oleracea) was used for this study and was planted on a farmland under controlled conditions. Ten ridges each of dimensions 20 m × 0.3 m was made and dry sludge weights of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50 kg were applied as manure on each of the ridges, respectively. Representative samples of sludge and soil were taken for analysis of heavy metals and POPs. At maturity, in twelve weeks, the root and leave samples of the vegetable were taken from all the ridges including the control. The soil, sludge, and vegetable samples were analyzed for total heavy metal content (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Co, Zn, Al, Fe, Mn), speciated heavy metal content and POP (PAH, PCB). Soil and sludge samples were also analyzed for total organic content, pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), conductivity and alkalinity. The analysis for total heavy metals and speciated heavy metal content was carried out using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrophotometer (ICP-OES), and CEC analysis was carried out using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). A two-dimensional gas chromatograph with time of flight mass spectrometry detector (GC X GC TOFMS) was used for POP measurements. pH measurement was made using a pH meter and conductivity measurement using a conductivity meter. Alkalinity and total organic content analysis was performed using titrimetric apparatus. The highest total heavy metal concentration of 378.9 mg / kg was recorded in Fe metal in soil and Leaf sample while the lowest total metal concentration of 0.0003 mg / kg was in Cu metal in root sample. The highest heavy metal concentration of 1002 mg / kg in speciated forms was in Mn metal in F1 fraction and the lowest of 0.0004 mg / kg was in Cd metal in F5 fraction. PAHs were only found in soil samples and their concentrations ranged from 2.53 mg / kg to 146.5 mg / kg. There were no PCB detected in all the samples analysed. The results indicated that the trace metals concentrations found in the exchangeable fraction were higher than those observed in any of the preceding extractions except in the case of Cd, Cr, Fe and Pb where Fe-Mn oxide and organic matter fractions predominated and were closely followed by exchangeable fraction.
Mukosha, Lloyd. "Enhanced adsorption of base metal, phenol and aldehyde from aqueous solutions on low-cost activated carbon." 2014. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001749.
Full textAims of this research project was to add value to largely wasted South African sawdust by development of low-cost AC of high efficiency for removal of toxic Cr (VI), phenol and glutaraldehyde from dilute aqueous media. The main objectives of the research project were: a) To develop low-cost AC based on South African P. patula sawdust using economical physical superheated steam activation.Characterization of carbon samples for selection of optimum preparation conditions for development of low-cost AC of effective microporosity mesoporosity and surface functionality for enhanced adsorption capacity of Cr (VI) and/or phenol and/or glutaraldehyde from dilute aqueous solution. Acid-amine surface groups modification of optimally developed AC for further enhancement of adsorption capacity for mixed polarized glutaraldehyde molecules from aqueous solution. b) To evaluate the aqueous phase batch adsorption properties of developed AC for Cr (VI) and phenol and, of acid-amine modified developed AC for glutaraldehyde. Determination of optimum pH for adsorption; accurate adsorption isotherm modelling for determination of maximum adsorption capacity, comparison of maximum adsorption capacities for Cr (VI) and phenol of developed AC with commercial AC and literature ACs, and attempt to establish average micropore size for enhanced capacity for Cr (VI) and phenol from dilute aqueous solution.Kinetics reaction and diffusion modelling for determination of adsorption rate constants and diffusion parameters; and determination of adsorption thermodynamic parameters.Evaluation of equilibrium selectivity of developed AC for Cr (VI) and/or phenol in binary aqueous solutions. c) To evaluate aqueous phase fixed-bed adsorption characteristics of developed AC for single Cr (VI) and mixed solution using Rapid Small Scale column Tests (RSSCTs). Generation of breakthrough curves at optimum adsorption conditions for evaluation of column performance indicators at different process conditions, bed regeneration-reusability potential, and dynamic adsorption selectivity of developed AC for Cr (VI) from solution of base metals. Determination of column diffusion parameters; accurate mass transfer and empirical modelling of breakthrough data; determination of applicable RSSCT scaling equation; and optimization of breakthrough data for accurate RSSCT scale-up.
Saad, Dalia. "Development and application of polymeric materials for heavy metal ions recovery from industrial and mining wastewaters." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/11225.
Full textContamination of water bodies by heavy metals and metalloids is an established problem and several studies have been conducted to deal with it. South Africa is amongst those countries whose water systems are most affected as a result of intensive mining activities. This research was dedicated to the development of insoluble chelating polymers for use as adsorbents to abstract heavy metal ions from mining and industrial wastewater. Branched polyethylenimine (PEI), well known for its metal chelating potential, was cross linked by epichlorohydrin in order to convert it into a water-insoluble form. The water-insoluble property gives the advantage of being used in situ and a possibility of regeneration and re-use, making it a more feasible and cost-effective method. Its surface was also modified for selective removal of specifically-targeted heavy metal and metalloid ions. The binding affinity of the synthesized materials to heavy metal and metalloid ions has been determined as well as their ability to be regenerated for reuse. These processes demonstrated that cross-linked polyethylenimine (CPEI) exhibited good complexation ability with high affinity to Cr and some divalent metal ions such as Fe, Zn, and Ni. On the other hand, it showed very poor ability to bind oxo-anions such as SeO32- and AsO2- which has been attributed to the unavailability of suitable functional groups to interact with these ions. The observed order of complexation was: Cr > Zn> Fe >> Ni > Mn > Pb >> As > U > Se. The phosphonated polyethylenimine (PCPEI) showed high selectivity for As, Mn and uranyl ions. The observed order of removal was: U > Mn> Ni > Zn > As >> Cr > Pb > Fe >> Hg > Se; whereas the suffocated polyethylenimine (SCPEI) exhibited high affinity to Se, and Hg. The observed order of adsorption was: Hg > Se >> U > Zn >Pb > Ni >> As > Cr > Fe. v The adsorption behaviour of these polymeric materials involved more than one mechanism such as complexation, normal surface charge exchange, and anion replacement and all these mechanisms are governed by the functional groups. The nitrogen atom on the chelating group (-NH) in the cross-linked polyethylenimine; the phosphorus atom on the chelating group (-PO3H2) in phosphonated cross-linked polyethylenimine; and sulphur atom on the chelating group (-SO3H) in suffocated cross-linked polyethylenimine act as Lewis bases and donate electrons to metal cations which are considered Lewis acids. The existence of the chelating groups in SCPEI and PCPEI facilitate the removal of oxo-anions through anion replacement since they exist as bases in solution and hence cannot be electron acceptors. Thus, the expected mechanism is the normal anion replacement. This mechanism can explain the high removal of Se by SCPEI since Se has similar chemical behaviour as sulphur and are in the same group in the periodic table. As such they can easily replace each other. Sulphur is released from the polymer into the solution by replacing the selenium ions in the polymer. Similar behaviour occurs between phosphorus in PCPEI and arsenic ions as As and P belong to the same group in the periodic table and hence have similarities in their chemical behaviour. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used to interpret the adsorption nature of the metal ions onto synthesized polymers. The Freundlich isotherm was found to best fit and describe the experimental data describing the adsorption process of metal and metalloid ions onto the synthesized polymeric materials The kinetic rates were modelled using the pseudo first-order equation and pseudo second-order equation. The pseudo second-order equation was found to explain the adsorption kinetics most effectively implying chemisorption. vi The thermodynamic study of the adsorption of metals and metalloids by the synthesized CPEI, PCPEI and SCPEI resulted in high activation energies > 41 KJ mol-1 which confirm chemisorption as a mechanism of interaction between adsorbate and adsorbent. So far, the developed polymeric materials showed good results and have potential to be applied successfully for remediation of heavy metal-polluted waters, and they have potential for use in filter systems for household use in communities that use borehole water impacted by mining and industrial waste waters. The desorbed metals can be of use to metal processing industries.
Dimpe, Mogolodi. "Sample preparation techniques for determination of total metal content in wastewater treatment plants in Gauteng Province." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13709.
Full textProsperity for South Africa depends on the sound management and utilization of many resources, with water playing a crucial role. Located largely in a semi-arid part of the world, South Africa’s water resources are, in global terms, scarce and extremely limited. A key environmental problem facing South Africa is water pollution. This arises from many sources, including mining and industrial effluents, and runoff of biocides, nutrients and pathogens from agricultural lands, urban areas and informal settlements with poor sanitation. The consequences are often severe, including among other impacts, habitat destruction, reduced oxygen levels, fish kills and loss of human life. Inorganic and organic pollutants as well as microbes are the main constituents of the effluent from the domestic, mining, agriculture, metal electroplating, petrochemical and transport industries. The presence of pollutants in environmental systems is of concern because ultimately, they are incorporated into drinking water and various food chains. Therefore, the overall focus of this study was mainly metals analysis in wastewater systems before and after treatment processes so as to establish the efficiency of the treatment processes....