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Journal articles on the topic 'Sewage irrigation'
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1
Zhao, Q. L., J. N. Zhang, S. J. You, S. H. Wang, and L. N. Wang. "Effect of irrigation with reclaimed water on crops and health risk assessment." Water Supply 6, no. 6 (December 1, 2006): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2006.965.
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Irrigation with tertiary effluent, secondary effluent, and raw wastewater (sewage) were studied with tap water irrigation as the control. The effects of the irrigations on the qualities of three testing crops: cucumber, celery cabbage and maize were investigated. The contents of residual chloride ion, phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, and residual heavy metals in these irrigated crops were also examined. The results showed that the secondary and tertiary effluent had no significant effects on the crop qualities. However, irrigation with the sewage could lead to increase parts of nutrient components in the crops. Irrigation with the sewage caused accumulation of nitrate and heavy metals in the crops, indicating that sewage was not suitable for irrigation. The risk assessment results suggested that the health risk of the irrigations using sewage and secondary effluent exceeded the maximum acceptable risk level. Comparatively, the risk in the tertiary effluent irrigation was much lower than the acceptable level.
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Lv, Ye, Xiao Yan Guan, Ben Qing Ruan, and Yan Wei Wang. "Multifractal Characteristics of Soil Particle Size Distribution under Sewage Irrigation in Different Irrigation Years." Applied Mechanics and Materials 700 (December 2014): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.700.205.
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Soil particle size distribution (PSD) is one of the most important physical properties of soil due to its strong influence on hydraulic characteristic, fertility condition and erosion of soil, etc. Sewage irrigation causes the differences in soil PSD. Thus, there may be massive organic contaminants and suspended particles in soil. In this paper, the frequency and multifractal necessity of soil PSD under sewage irrigation in different years were analyzed. Soil PSD demonstrates a heterogeneous characteristic under sewage irrigation, and this heterogeneity can be characterized using the multifractal technique, which calculates the multifractal spectrum parameters. The results showed that the width of multifractal spectrum ∆α is directly proportional to clay content; a remarkable effect of sewage irrigation on multifractal parameters was observed. The soil structure quality decreased with increasing sewage irrigation years. However, the soil structure improved when the soil was irrigated with freshwater for a long period after sewage irrigation. Therefore, multifractal parameters may be potential indicators for the physical property and quality of soil.
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Chen, Jin Meng, Ying Xiang Jiang, and Wen Hao Sun. "Preliminary Study of Groundwater Pollution about Sewage Irrigation at Malong County." Advanced Materials Research 709 (June 2013): 942–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.709.942.
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It is a kind of low cost and also low power sewage treatment pathway for using sewage in irrigation, one of effective action to protect the water resources sustainable utilization in town. Using sewage in irrigation is a way of reducing operating costs at Malong County. As the yellow soil permeability is low at Malone County and the penetration rate is 1m/d. What’s more, the quality sewage used in irrigation can meet the class A demands, so this article predicted that sewage irrigation will has less impact on the groundwater at Malone County. We can get analogy method and drew experimental plan according to different influence results of water quality, soil and groundwater of Malone County.
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Sousa, Gonçalo, David Fangueiro, Elizabeth Duarte, and Ernesto Vasconcelos. "Reuse of treated wastewater and sewage sludge for fertilization and irrigation." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 4 (August 1, 2011): 871–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.658.
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The objective of the present work was to assess the short term potential of treated wastewater and sewage sludge for ornamental lawn fertilization and irrigation. A field experiment was performed and the following treatments were considered: sewage sludge application + irrigation with public water; sewage sludge application + irrigation with treated wastewater; irrigation with public water; irrigation with treated wastewater (TW). Irrigation with treated wastewater showed a positive effect on lawn installation through higher growth of grass (1,667 cm) and higher dry matter yield (18,147 g m−2). These results represent a significant increase in the grass yield compared with public water irrigation. The grass height (2,606 cm) and dry matter yield (23,177 g m−2) increased even more, when sewage sludge produced in the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was applied to soil, which proves once more its benefits as an organic fertilizer. At the end of the experiment, an increase of some soil parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, Ca2+, Na+, K+, Mg2+ and NH4+) was observed, indicating that treated wastewater irrigation can cause a soil sodization. This short term study indicated that use of treated wastewater and sewage sludge for ornamental lawn fertilization and irrigation is an environmentally sustainable option for re-use of the WWTP by-products.
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Sopper, William E. "Irrigation with Treated Sewage Effluent." Soil Science 153, no. 3 (March 1992): 258–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199203000-00010.
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Bouma, J. "Irrigation with treated sewage effluent." Agricultural Water Management 20, no. 4 (February 1992): 343–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3774(92)90008-k.
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Sheikh, B. "Irrigation with treated sewage effluent." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 47, no. 1 (October 1993): 75–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(93)90137-e.
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P, MALARVIZHI, and RAJAMANNAR A. "Efficient utilization of sewage water for improving the forage yield and quality of bajra-napier hybrid grass." Madras Agricultural Journal 88, september (2001): 477–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a00371.
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Field experiments were conducted at Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai to compare the effect of sewage effluent on yield and quality of Bajra Napier hybrid grass with two irrigation sources viz.. ordinary water (1,) and sewage effluent (1) as main plots and four N levels viz, 0, 50, 75 and 100 kg N ha-1 as sub plot treatment in a split plot design with three replications. BN 2 grass was grown as a test crop. Among the different levels of N, application of 100 kg N ha-1 recorded the highest green fodder (303 t ha-1). dry matter (61 ha-1) and crude protein (5.26 t ha-1) yield. Sewage effluent irrigation increased the green fodder, dry fodder and crude protein yield. The interaction effect between sewage effluent irrigation and N showed that 100 kg N ha with sewage effluent irrigation recorded the highest green fodder yield of 357 t ha-1, dry matter yield of 72 t ha-1 and crude protein yield of 6.37 tha. Sewage water irrigation showed increased total K, Ca, Fe, Mn and Zn content in BN 2 grass. The oxalic acid content was within the safe limit at all the levels of N tried (2.04- 2.08%) and with sewage effluent irrigation (2.14-2.61%). A decrease in crude fibre content was observed due to the increased addition of N at both the source of irrigation because of involvement of N in protein synthesis and consequent reduction in carbohydrate, ultimately leading to better digestibility of the grass.
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N, CHANDRA SEKARAN. "Varietals sensitiveness investigiation of cotton under sewage irrigation." Madras Agricultural Journal 91, December (2004): 378–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a00118.
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A field experiment was carried out to investigate the relative performance of different varieties of cotton (MCU 5, MCU 7, MCU 11, ADT 1, SVPR 1, TCHB 213 and CCH 51) under sewage irrigation at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during 1999. It was observed that MCU 5 was relativity more tolerant with better performance among the set of seven varieties. It was noted that the hybrids TCHB 213 and CCH 51 showed early good vigour but in the flowering and maturation phases suffered from lack of flower formation, flower shedding, boll settings and number of bolls per plant. On the other hand MCU 5, which performed lower than hybrids during carly stages showed greater tolerance during flowering and maturity phases. exhibiting better yield attributes. The varietal sensitiveness investigations under sewage irrigations gave evidences for the overall reduced growth behaviour of even relativity more tolerant crop like cotton. From the studies it appears reasonable to focus MCU 5 as an ideal variety for sewage irrigation; this variety gave seed cotton yield of 1183 kg la with fibre length value of 30.64 mm.
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Védry, B., M. Gousailles, M. Affholder, A. Lefaux, and J. Bontoux. "From sewage water treatment to wastewater reuse. One century of Paris sewage farms history." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 10 (May 1, 2001): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0592.
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The irrigation fields of Paris have been used for 100 years. Their soils mainly contain heavy metals in the topmost layer. Metals come from raw sewage as well as from digested sludge of biological treatment plants which have been diluted for years in raw water. Vegetables that are cultivated in the irrigation fields concentrate metals but their average contents, however, are lower than the recommended limit values. Some vegetables concentrate more specifically one type of metal. Corn seeds accumulate less metal than green vegetables. The SIAAP keeps operating irrigation fields by delivering clariflocculated water with a low metal content from the new Seine Centre plant, with the purpose of keeping some 2,000 ha of green zone in an otherwise heavily constructed area and to prevent a metal release from the soil should irrigation be interrupted. Maintaining irrigation fields also relieves the biological treatment plant and then contributes to preserve the quality of the Seine river, especially in summer.
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Ham, J. H., C. G. Yoon, J. H. Jeon, and H. C. Kim. "Feasibility of a constructed wetland and wastewater stabilisation pond system as a sewage reclamation system for agricultural reuse in a decentralised rural area." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2007): 503–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.014.
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The performance of a constructed wetland (CW) and wastewater stabilisation pond (WSP) system for sewage reclamation and paddy rice irrigation in a decentralised rural area was examined using a feasibility study. The CW was satisfactory for sewage treatment, with good removal efficiency even in the winter period, but the effluent concentration was relatively high in the winter period owing to the high influent concentration. The CW effluent was further treated in a WSP and the WSP effluent was considered safe for crop irrigation with respect to sewage-borne pathogens. Reclaimed water irrigation did not adversely affect the yield of rice; on the contrary, it resulted in an approximately 50% greater yield than in controls. The chemical characteristics of the soil did not change significantly during the experimental period of irrigation with reclaimed water. In the winter, CW effluent could be stored and treated in a WSP until the spring; the water could then be discharged or reused for supplemental irrigation during the typical Korean spring drought. Overall, sewage treatment and agronomic reuse using a CW-WSP system could be a practical integrated sewage management measure for protecting receiving water bodies and overcoming water shortages in decentralised rural areas.
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Rodrigues Gomes Filho, Raimundo, Simone De Oliveira Feitosa, Clayton Moura de Carvalho, Gregorio Guirado Faccioli, Tatiana Pacheco Nunes, Renisson Neponuceno de Araújo Filho, Silvaneide Lobo da Silva, et al. "Reuse of treated domestic sewage for biquinho pepper cultivation." Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias UNCuyo 53, no. 1 (July 7, 2021): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.48162/rev.39.017.
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This study aimed to evaluate the reuse of treated domestic sewage in biquinho pepper (Capsicum chinense L.) cultivation under different irrigation regimes. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, in a randomised block design with a 3 x 4 factorial scheme, with four replications. Forty-eight pepper plants were subjected to three treated domestic sewage concentrations (0, 50, and 100%) and four irrigation depths (75, 100, 125, and 150% of the crop evapotranspiration - ETc). Data for ETc estimation were obtained from an automatic meteorological station, which was installed in the greenhouse. The results showed that irrigation depths corresponding to 125 and 150% of the ETc at a concentration of 100% treated domestic sewage resulted in higher plants. Moreover, longer fruits were obtained when plants were subjected to 100% ETc at 100% treated domestic sewage. The studied irrigation depths influenced pepper fruit total weight and yield. No treated domestic sewage concentrations significantly influenced the variables analysed. Treated domestic sewage reuse can constitute an alternative for quality water saving and for chemical fertilisation of biquinho pepper crop. Highlights: The growing of beak pepper with domestic sewage treated can bring benefits in terms of providing nutrients to the crops; Adequate levels of water replacement with domestic sewage treated may promote good crop development. The use of treated domestic sewage can be an alternative to reduce the use of better quality water and chemical fertilization in the growing of beak pepper. Reduction of environmental impact may be possible with the replacement of chemical fertilizer by domestic sewage treated in the growing of beak pepper.
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Li, Yali, Hongjuan Zhang, Mengzhu Liu, and Hongwei Pei. "How to Minimize the Nitrogen Pollution Risk of Applying Reclaimed Sewage for Urban Turfgrass Irrigation." Water 16, no. 3 (January 31, 2024): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16030460.
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Reclamation of treated sewage is an important way to alleviate urban water scarcity and optimize ecological layout, especially in irrigating urban turfgrass. Nevertheless, the irrational use of reclaimed sewage could result in risk of excessive nitrogen (N) pollution, which requires a scientific understanding and assessment. This study examined the water-N transport process of the turfgrass system with a HYDRUS-2D model that was accurately calibrated and validated using a set of field experimental data in North China. By integrating 15 scenarios with different irrigation levels and N applications into the model, the turfgrass water flow and N fate characteristics were estimated. The results showed that the adjusted HYDRUS-2D model effectively simulated the volumetric soil water content, drainage water, N leaching, and soil N residual. The temporal variation in turfgrass water loss and N leaching consistently followed that of precipitation and irrigation, with more than 60% of the total drainage water occurring from June to August. The N leaching was at its peak during April and August, and total ammonium-N and nitrate-N leaching was 2.86 and 2.02 kg/hm2, respectively. In simulated scenarios, the turfgrass drainage water was significantly reduced by 26.82% under I60%S1/3-I60%S3 scenarios (I was 100%, 80%, or 60% of total irrigation and S was 1/3, 1/2, 1, 2, or 3 times the experimental sewage concentration), while root water uptake only decreased by 0.85%. Meanwhile, N leaching and soil N residual were significantly reduced by 3.94% and 26.56% under I60%S1/2, respectively. Furthermore, by the TOPSIS entropy weight method, I60%S1/2 was identified as an optimal turfgrass irrigation strategy for the semi-arid region of North China. These results provide a guiding basis for sewage green treatment and urban sustainable irrigation on turfgrass.
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Qadir, Sirwa A., Halmat A. Sabr, and Abdulqader M. Younis. "Growth Performance of Black poplar (Populus nigra L.) Under Drought Condition and Sewage Water Irrigation." Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences 35, no. 1 (February 23, 2022): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2022.35.1.02.
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The response of black poplar (Populus nigra L.) seedlings to the combination of both drought and sewage water irrigation have been investigated from 18-5-2019 to 18-8-2019. Two drought stress levels; D0; 90% or full water holding capacity (WHC) and D1; 30% WHC interacted with three sewage irrigation treatments; S0; 100 % of tap water as a control, S1; 50% of tap water and sewage water and S2; 100% of sewage water. The irrigation water quality index (IWQI) of S1 was 59.31 located under moderate restrictions class for irrigation purposes. Despite to its low pollution load index (PLI); 0.47. Fully irrigation to soil holding capacity with S1 (S1D0) led to a significant increase in seedling height, stem base diameter, fresh and dry biomass and moisture content in shoot system. In addition, the highest tolerance index (TI %) about 92.07 % of the seedlings recorded despite to the soil toxicity with Ni and Pb ions. Lowest accumulation and metal toxicity of Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and Mn in the soil and leaves have been determined. Thus, diluting sewage water; 1:1 can be used to irrigate black poplar trees with high water demand and moderate to high tolerance to salts for reforestation and urban vegetation.
15
Li, Jiale, Yihui Dong, Zhanxue Sun, and Huijun Ding. "Distribution of antibiotics in the vadose zone in Xiaodian Sewage Irrigation Area, Northern China." E3S Web of Conferences 98 (2019): 09016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199809016.
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Because of water shortages, the Xiaodian area in northern China had a long history of sewage irrigation. To study the distribution of antibiotics in the vadose zone, a sewage sample and 5 soil profiles were collected and analyzed. Macrolides and Fluoroquinolones were the main antibiotics observed in the shallow vadose zone. The contents of antibiotics in the soil profile nearby the sewage irrigation area were 2-3 times greater than in the groundwater irrigation area, indicating that sewage irrigation has had a significant impact on the contents of antibiotics in the soil. The elevation of antibiotic contents during the wet season is likely related to the fluctuating water level within the shallow vadose zone. The distribution of antibiotics is influenced by the flow direction of irrigation water. Moreover, the possibility of introducing antibiotics into the soil of the shallow vadose via the lateral recharge of sewage in the Beizhang Drainage Canal can not be excluded. Approximately 50 % of Fluoroquinolones were reduced in the upper 50 cm of the soil zone and 70 % at 80 cm depth. Tetracyclines may have experienced significant lateral migration. Macrolides and Sulfonamides (SMs) have similar soil profile distributions, with a concentration decrease down to 20 cm depth.
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Gabira, Mônica Moreno, Richardson Barbosa Gomes Da Silva, Caroline De Moura D’Andréa Mateus, Roberto Lyra Villas Boas, and Magali Ribeiro Da Silva. "EFFECTS OF WATER MANAGEMENT AND COMPOSTED SEWAGE SLUDGE SUBSTRATES ON THE GROWTH AND QUALITY OF CLONAL EUCALYPTUS SEEDLINGS." FLORESTA 50, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 1307. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v50i2.62952.
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This study aimed to evaluate the effect of substrates made of composted sewage sludge and irrigation depths on the growth and quality of E. grandis x E. urophylla cuttings to optimize water management for each substrate. The substrates were obtained from sewage sludge composted with sugarcane bagasse or Eucalyptus bark, namely: composted sewage sludge with sugarcane bagasse (1:3 v:v); sewage sludge composted with Eucalyptus bark (1:3 v:v) and a mixture of both substrates in a volumetric proportion 2:1 (v:v). Commercial substrate composed of Sphagnum peat, vermiculite and rice husk (3:1:1 v:v: v) was used as a control. The irrigation depths tested were 11, 14 and 17 mm, applied in two daily applications. The substrates were physically and chemically characterized and height, stem diameter, shoot, root and total dry mass, Dickson quality index and root system conformation were measured to determine the growth and quality of seedlings. The substrates obtained through the composting of sewage sludge with sugarcane bagasse or Eucalyptus bark are fit for producing Eucalyptus cuttings, however, the water specificity of each substrate must be considered. Although an 11mm irrigation depth is indicted for the mixture of both substrates (2:1 v:v), a 17mm irrigation depth is needed for the sewage sludge composted with sugarcane bagasse (1:3 v:v) substrate.
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Krzemińska, Alicja, Anna Zaręba, Mariusz Adynkiewicz-Piragas, Magdalena Modelska, Francisco Javier Grijalva, Rogelio Monreal, and Dan van der Horst. "Sewage Irrigation Fields—From Relict Landscape to Blue-Green Urban Infrastructure." Water 14, no. 16 (August 14, 2022): 2505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14162505.
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In this study, we examined the fate and future of sewage irrigation fields; historic urban wetlands that served as sewer drainage before modern sewage treatment plants were built. Our aim in this study was to reappraise sewage irrigation fields in the urban fabric of modern cities and to analyse the possibility of re-integrating them into the ecosystem services system, as well as into green and blue infrastructure, providing leisure and recreational opportunities, stabilising the city’s biodiversity and microclimate, and increasing water retention in these areas. The research was based on the identification of the location of sewage irrigation fields in green and blue infrastructure systems, determination of the scale and extent of their connections to the urban fabric and an analysis of their multi-functionality including: ecological, climatic, hydrological, landscape, spatial, environmental, cultural and social, educational, and tourist and recreational functions.
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Brar, M. S., S. S. Malhi, A. P. Singh, C. L. Arora, and K. S. Gill. "Sewage water irrigation effects on some potentially toxic trace elements in soil and potato plants in northwestern India." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 80, no. 3 (August 1, 2000): 465–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s99-106.
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Sewage water is used for irrigation to improve crop yields, but it may affect the soil and crop quality. The effects of discharging the effluents of a leather complex on the concentrations of some potentially toxic elements (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Al, As, Cr and Ni) in sewage water and the effects of irrigation with contaminated sewage water on the concentrations of these elements in soils and in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) leaves and tubers were studied near Jalandhar city, Punjab, in northwestern India. Two treatments were 10 yr of irrigation with 300 mm of sewage water + 300 mm of ground water per annum (SW) and with 600 mm of ground water per annum (GW). Soils of the study fields were Typic Ustochripts with sandy to loamy sand texture. The concentrations of all elements except As increased following the addition of leather complex effluents in the sewage water, with the biggest increase in the concentration of Cr (from 2.7 mg to 14.0 mg Cr L−1). The SW treatment increased concentrations of all elements in soil except As, and the increase was significant to 60 cm depth for Fe, Mn, Zn, Al and Ni and to 30 cm depth for Cu and Cr. Irrigation with SW also increased the concentrations of these elements in potato leaves and tubers and the increase was generally higher in leaves than in tubers. The proportional increase of Cu, Fe, Zn and Al was less in plants than in soils, that of Mn and Cr was almost similar in plants and in soil, and that of Ni was more in plants than in soil. These elements, which accumulate in soils and crops, may become health hazards to humans and/or animals. Therefore, continued monitoring of the concentrations of potentially toxic elements in soil and plants and/or treatment of sewage water before using for irrigation is needed. Key words: Irrigation, leather industry effluent, Solanum tuberosum, potentially toxic elements, sewage water
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Soni, Pooja Gupta, R. K. Yadav, Ashwani Kumar, Rakesh Kumar, Gajender Gajender, Taramani Yadav, Arpita Sharma, and Manish Kushwaha. "Effect of water quality regimes, irrigation schedules, RSC levels and neutralizer on physiological and biochemical behaviour of fodder sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90, no. 9 (October 28, 2020): 1702–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v90i9.106600.
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Two independent experiments were carried out to study the physio-biochemical responses of fodder sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) under different irrigation water quality, irrigation schedules, RSC levels and neutralizer. Both these experiments were conducted during kharif season of 2013 in micro-plots of CSSRI, Karnal. First experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of different water quality irrigations scheduled at varying ID/CPE ratios. This experiment was laid out in factorial randomised block design (RBD) with four replications, consisting of nine treatment combinations of three irrigation water quality levels [Tube well water, cyclic use of Tube well water : Sewage water and Sewage water ] and three irrigation schedules based on ID/CPE ratios (0.8, 1.0 and 1.2). Second experiment was carried out to assess the effect of RSC levels in irrigation water and their neutralization with gypsum and H2SO4. This experiment was conducted in randomised block design with four replications, consisted of five treatments of different RSC levels [control (No RSC), RSC – 5 meq l-1, RSC–10 meq l-1, RSC – 10 meq l-1 (neutralized with gypsum), RSC – 10 meq l-1 (neutralized with H2SO4)]. In first experiment, The sewage water recorded 19.18 and 11.73% higher chlorophyll a and total soluble protein at first cut and 9.56 and 11.92% at second cut compared to TW. The 1.2 ID/ CPE ratio increased the chlorophyll a (26.5 and 16.5 % ) and total soluble protein (22.9 and 25.4 %) compared to 0.8 ID/CPE ratio, at first and second cut, respectively. In second experiment, chlorophyll a and b was adversely affected with the application of RSC 10 meq l-1 water with the maximum reduction by 17.71% at 1st cut and 19.62% at 2nd cut in case of chlorophyll a and 41.94% at 1st cut and 39.98% at 2nd cut for chlorophyll b compared to control (No RSC). Our results concluded that sewage water irrigation scheduled at 1.2 ID/CPE ratio proved superior and thus it may be adapted as a choice for getting higher green fodder yield with better physiological responses. From second experiment, it was inferred that higher RSC of irrigation water negatively affected the performance of fodder sorghum. It should be neutralized either by gypsum or sulphuric acid for obtaining better physiology as well as for fodder yield.
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Kim, Minyoung, Hyejin Lee, Minkyeong Kim, Donghyeon Kang, Dongeok Kim, YoungJin Kim, and Sangbong Lee. "Wastewater retreatment and reuse system for agricultural irrigation in rural villages." Water Science and Technology 70, no. 12 (November 4, 2014): 1961–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.430.
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Climate changes and continuous population growth increase water demands that will not be met by traditional water resources, like surface and ground water. To handle increased water demand, treated municipal wastewater is offered to farmers for agricultural irrigation. This study aimed to enhance the effluent quality from worn-out sewage treatment facilities in rural villages, retreat effluent to meet water quality criteria for irrigation, and assess any health-related and environmental impacts from using retreated wastewater irrigation on crops and in soil. We developed the compact wastewater retreatment and reuse system (WRRS), equipped with filters, ultraviolet light, and bubble elements. A pilot greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate lettuce growth patterns and quantify the heavy metal concentration and pathogenic microorganisms on lettuce and in soil after irrigating with tap water, treated wastewater, and WRRS retreated wastewater. The purification performance of each WRRS component was also assessed. The study findings revealed that existing worn-out sewage treatment facilities in rural villages could meet the water quality criteria for treated effluent and also reuse retreated wastewater for crop growth and other miscellaneous agricultural purposes.
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Hamed, Shimaa Ragab, Raed Saed Al Wasify, Samar Ragab Hamed, and Aya A. Abd Elrahim. "Effect of Sewage-Contaminated Irrigation Water on the Bacterial Quality of Ready-To-Eat Fresh Vegetables; Watercress (Eruca sativa) and Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 13, no. 3 (March 10, 2024): 176–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2024.1303.017.
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In Egypt, some people illegally dump untreated sewage into irrigation canals. Farmers use these polluted canals and the water from the Bahr El-Baqar drain to irrigate farmlands. The bacterial content of irrigation water, agricultural soil, and ready-to-eat vegetables gathered from farmlands was evaluated. Watercress (Eruca sativa) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) were selected since they are major ready-to-eat vegetables in most Egyptian households and restaurants. A total of 80 samples (20 irrigation water, 20 farmland soil, 20 watercress, and 20 lettuce) were collected from four farmlands irrigated with partially treated sewage from the Bahr El-Baqar drain. Another 80 similar samples were collected from farmlands irrigated with canals polluted with illegally dumped untreated sewage. The efficacy of four different watercress and lettuce washing methods was also assessed. E. coli, E. coli O157:H7, and Salmonella sp. showed significant survival on watercress and lettuce for over 15 days. Regardless of the tested washing strategies, a vinegar-based washing strategy can reduce bacterial levels. In conclusion, using irrigation water polluted with untreated or partially treated sewage contaminated the ready-to-eat fresh vegetables with pathogenic bacteria, which is considered a high risk to human health.
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Dos Santos, Larissa Macedo, Marcelo Luiz Simões, Célia Regina Montes, Adolpho Jose Melfi, and Ladislau Martin-Neto. "VIABILIDADE DO EMPREGO DE ÁCIDO FLUORÍDRICO 10% PARA A REMOÇÃO DE ÍONS PARAMAGNÉTICOS EM AMOSTRAS DE SOLOS E SUAS RESPECTIVAS FRAÇÕES FÍSICAS." Eclética Química Journal 35, no. 3 (January 17, 2018): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.26850/1678-4618eqj.v35.3.2010.p55-60.
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Treated sewage effluent utilization for irrigation represents an antique, popularand attractive alternative to the common disposal of effluent to watercourses and includes three main purposes: effluent complementary treatment, water and nutrient source to the soil-plant system. However, because in Brazil no experiences in wastewater recycling exists consequently few scientific studies were carried out despite the importance of the subject. The present study aimed to evaluate by chemical and spectroscopy techniques the soil organic matter from soils irrigated with treated sewage effluent. Five treatments were evaluated: TSI (control) - irrigation with potable water and addition of the nitrogen as mineral fertilizer; T100, T125, T150 and T200 - irrigation with treated sewage sludge effluent and addition of the nitrogen as mineral fertilizer. The results obtained shown changes in the carbon contend and humification degree for the soils irrigated with treated sewage sludge effluent due to the increase activity of the decomposition of organic matter, stimulated by the increase of water in the soil.
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Sushil, Kiran Khokhar, K. K. Bhardwaj, Vikas, Rohtash, Roohi, and Vishal Goel. "Sewage Water Use in Crop Production and Its Effect on Physico-Chemical and Biological Properties of Soil: A Review." Journal of Experimental Agriculture International 46, no. 7 (June 10, 2024): 200–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i72575.
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The availability of freshwater for irrigation is dwindling, prompting the need for innovative solutions to tackle this critical issue. This research delves into comparing sewage water with fresh water, recognizing the immense volume of wastewater generated daily due to rapid population growth and industrial expansion. The current state of sewage water in India presents a formidable challenge, highlighting the imperative for proactive management strategies moving forward. The study explores methods to harness sewage water for agricultural use, aiming to enhance productivity while acknowledging the global significance of wastewater management. Sewage water composition varies depending on local industrial activities, often containing higher levels of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, organic carbon, micronutrients, and soil microbial content compared to regular water sources. Utilizing sewage water for irrigation can positively impact soil chemistry and fertility, although it may increase electrical conductivity, albeit usually within acceptable limits to mitigate soil salinity risks. However, sewage water typically contains elevated concentrations of heavy metals such as Cadmium, Chromium, Lead, and Nickel, posing potential hazards to soil and plant health if surpassing safety thresholds. Continuous use of sewage water may exacerbate the accumulation of these hazardous metals, posing risks to both soil quality and human health. Nonetheless, during periods of water scarcity crucial for crop growth, sewage water emerges as a vital resource, potentially saving agricultural productivity. In this context, sewage farming emerges as a promising approach to alleviate the demand for freshwater while addressing wastewater challenges. Embracing sewage water for irrigation holds the promise of significant advancements in curbing wastewater proliferation, underscoring its role as a sustainable solution for agricultural water requirements.
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Hadjivassilis, I. "Small Sewage Treatment Plants and Wastewater Reuse in Cyprus." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 3-4 (March 1, 1990): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0177.
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The rapid touristic development in the coastal areas of Cyprus resulting in higher water consumption, the protection of environment and water resources and the needs of reuse of wastewater, contributed to the improvement of local technology for sewage treatment and wastewater reuse for irrigation. In the last ten years, due to the lack of central sewerage systems, approx. two hundred small wastewater treatment plants have been installed, mainly in coastal areas of the island. The method applied for the biological treatment is the activated sludge extended aeration process. The tertiary treatment based on high-speed depth filtration consists of two vertical pressure multilayer filters, working in series. Additionally, chemicals are injected for disinfection, coagulation/flocculation allowing the production of high quality of water. Plants regularly maintained are operating with very good results, so that the treated water has the following characteristics:BOD5: < 5mg/lS.S.: < 5 mg/lTurbidity: < 3 NTUResidual chlorine: 1.0-1.5 mg/l The water can be used for unrestricted irrigation. It has been proved that the installation of small sewage treatment plants and the wastewater reuse for irrigation in Cyprus is a profitable investment, preventing at the same time the pollution of the environment.
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LEMOS, MARCÍRIO DE, MIGUEL FERREIRA NETO, JOSÉ FRANCISMAR DE MEDEIROS, NILDO DA SILVA DIAS, ÊNIO FARIAS DE FRANÇA E. SILVA, and RANIERE BARBOSA DE LIRA. "NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF FORAGE CACTUS FERTIGATED WITH DOMESTIC SEWAGE EFFLUENT." Revista Caatinga 31, no. 2 (June 2018): 476–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252018v31n224rc.
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ABSTRACT The northeastern semiarid region faces some of the droughts of the last centuries, resulting in serious reductions of agriculture yields. The water scarcity for agricultural requires rational use practices and reuse of water, such as use of domestic effluent sewage. Alternatively, the use of treated domestic sewage effluent utilizing for irrigation of forage species, such as the forage cactus, can be highlighted. In order to evaluate the effects of fertirrigation with treated sewage effluent on mineral nutrient composition of forage cactus (Opuntia Tuna L. Mill, Mexican elephant ear), an experiment was carried out utilizing a split plot 3 x (4 + 1) with a randomized complete block design randomized block and four replications, being three planting density (66,667.00, 52,282.00 and 33,333.00 plants ha-1) and two water sources associated with irrigation frequency of plates fixed on 3.5 mm per irrigation (Frequencies of 2.3 days with water tap and 7, 14 and 21 days with Sewage Effluent) and cactus cultivated in Rainfed agriculturerainfed (control). The analyze of the nutritional contents of cladodes indicated that there was a significant effect of the intervals from irrigation events only for Ca and Mg concentrations. The highest levels of Ca and Mg were found with the irrigation frequency of 2.3 using tap water. The macronutrients concentration in greater quantity by the forage cactus were N e, K followed by, Ca, Mg and P. The nutritional balance indicated excess of K and P and deficiency of N, Ca and Mg, in this order.
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Bouwer, Herman, and Emanuel Idelovitch. "Quality Requirements for Irrigation with Sewage Water." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 113, no. 4 (November 1987): 516–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(1987)113:4(516).
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Avnimelech, Yoram. "Irrigation with sewage effluents: the Israeli experience." Environmental Science & Technology 27, no. 7 (July 1993): 1278–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00044a001.
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Bezerra, Francicso M. L., Cley A. S. de Freitas, Alexandre R. A. da Silva, Suetônio de B. Mota, and Boanerges F. de Aquino. "Irrigation with domestic treated sewage and nitrogen fertilizing in sunflower cultivation." Engenharia Agrícola 34, no. 6 (December 2014): 1186–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-69162014000600014.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the productive performance of sunflower plants irrigated with different levels of domestic treated sewage and groundwater well with different doses of nitrogen. It was used randomized blocks design in split-split plots with four replications. In the plots, we evaluated the effect of two types of irrigation water, in the subplots we evaluated the five irrigation levels expressed as 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125% of the Class A pan Evaporation (CAE), and in the sub subplots, we evaluated the effect of four different doses of nitrogen (25, 50, 75 and 100 kg ha-1). The irrigation of sunflower with domestic sewage produced greater yield potential of grain and oil. The use of water from treated wastewater can replace up to 50 kg N ha-1 without affecting productivity. It is recommended for the commercial production of sunflower the use of treated sewage water with irrigation depth relative to 100% of CAE (296.64 mm) and nitrogen of 25 kg ha-1.
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FREITAS, CLEY ANDERSON SILVA DE, JOSÉ ADEILSON MEDEIROS DO NASCIMENTO, FRANCISCO MARCUS LIMA BEZERRA, and RONNEY MENDES MAGALHÃES DE LIMA. "USE OF TREATED SEWAGE AS WATER AND A NUTRITIONAL SOURCE FOR BEAN CROPS." Revista Caatinga 31, no. 2 (June 2018): 487–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252018v31n225rc.
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ABSTRACT Considering the relevance of the reduction or replacement of fresh water supplies for irrigation, to mitigate the use of agricultural fertilizers and to improve sustainability, this study aimed to evaluate water and nutritional efficiency of treated sewage in cowpea plots. The experiment was conducted in the city of Tianguá-CE, on land belonging to the Water and Sewage Treatment Company of Ceará. It used a randomized block design for the arrangement of split plots. The plots contained two water sources (treated sewage and well water). The subplots contained four irrigation levels based on potential evapotranspiration (50%, 75%, 100%, and 125% of ETc) and the sub-subplots contained four nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium (NPK) levels (0%, 33%, 66%, and 99% of the nutritional recommendations for cowpea cultivation). The yield variables, number of pods per plant, bean numbers per pod, and bean production, were improved with increased irrigation, regardless of the water source. Examining NPK levels in particular, yields differed depending on the water source. The use of treated domestic wastewater for bean irrigation can replace up to 100% of commercial fertilizers.
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Meng, Zhilong, Xinru Bai, and Xiuli Tang. "Short−Term Assessment of Heavy Metals in Surface Water from Xiaohe River Irrigation Area, China: Levels, Sources and Distribution." Water 14, no. 8 (April 14, 2022): 1273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14081273.
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The aims of this study were to determine the pollution characteristics of heavy metals and their potential harm to human health in the surface water of agricultural irrigation areas, China, over a short term. In this study, Cu, Zn, Pb, Hg, Ni, Cr, Cd, and As in surface water of the Xiaohe River irrigation area were detected and analyzed. The results showed that the concentrations of Pb, Hg, Ni, Cr, Cd, and As exceeded the national environmental quality standard for surface water in varying degrees. The concentrations of heavy metals in surface water in October were significantly lower than that in November and December due to the impact of extreme precipitation events. Point source pollution (industrial sewage, etc.) was the main factor affecting the spatial distribution of heavy metals. The main source of heavy metals in October was domestic sewage. Domestic sewage and industrial sewage were the main sources of heavy metals in November. The sources of heavy metals in surface water in December were relatively diverse, and industrial sewage was the main source. The temporal variation of heavy metal pollution sources changed significantly. Industrial sewage was the main pollution source of heavy metals in surface water in the study area. The impact of urban domestic sewage and agricultural activities cannot be ignored. The health risk of heavy metals in surface water mainly depends on Cr, Cd, and As. Policy recommendations were also proposed for better control of heavy metal pollution in the surface water of river ecosystems involving agricultural irrigation areas.
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BRITO, RAIMUNDO FERNANDES DE, MIGUEL FERREIRA NETO, MARIA ALCILENE MORAIS, NILDO DA SILVA DIAS, and RANIERE BARBOSA DE LIRA. "USE OF WASTEWATER IN THE PRODUCTION OF AROEIRA SEEDLINGS." Revista Caatinga 31, no. 3 (July 2018): 687–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252018v31n318rc.
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ABSTRACT The use of wastewater has emerged as alternative to control environmental pollution and a viable option to improved water availability in the arid and semiarid zones. In this study, the effects of irrigation solution with domestic sewage effluent and, of growing substrate on growth of Aroeira seedlings was examined in a greenhouse experiment. The effects of five irrigation solution (Public-supply water, PSW, domestic sewage effluent, DSE and the mixtures of 75% DSE + 25% PSW, 50% DSE + 50% PSW and 25% DSE + 75% PSW) and two growing substrate (75% soil + 25% bovine manure and, 75% soil + 25% coconut fiber) were used in a completely randomized block design, arranged as split plots with three replications for each treatment. The evaluations were made at 30, 60, 90 and 150 days after planting, and the parameters following were measured: stem diameter, shoot height, relationship between height and diameter, shoot/root dry matter ratio, dry matter of the root, shoot and total and, Dickson index. The analysis results indicated that the irrigation solution composed by raw sewage effluent or mixed with Public-supply water increased the growth and improved morphological index of Aroeira seedlings, being the better development found when plant of Aroeira were grown in bovine manure + soil substrate under irrigation with solution containing 100% domestic sewage effluent.
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Butler, J. E., R. F. Loveridge, and D. A. Bone. "Crop Production and Sewage Treatment Using Gravel Bed Hydroponic Irrigation." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 12 (December 1, 1989): 1669–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0140.
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A field scale two stage sewage treatment/crop production system was constructed using a series of gently sloping channels each lined with an impermeable membrane and filled with gravel aggregate. The primary stage was planted with a selection of reeds and grasses and fed with settled sewage. The secondary stage was planted with a commercial crop, sugar beet and received sewage from the reed system. During a six month period the performance of the primary system was examined principally by measurement of BOD and suspended solids. The secondary stage was similarly monitored but with the additional measurement of ammonia, phosphate and crop quality.
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P, MALARVIZHI, and RAJAMANNAR A. "Soil fertility management in fodder cultivated area through sewage water irrigation." Madras Agricultural Journal 88, september (2001): 472–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a00370.
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Field experiments were conducted at AC & RI, Madurai to study the effect of sewage effluent on nutrient availability in soils besides improving the fodder yield and quality" of bajra napier hybrid grass (BN 2). Field experiments were conducted in a spilt plot design with two irrigation sources viz., ordinary water (1,) and sewage effluent (1) as main plots and four N leves viz., 0, 50, 75 and 100 kg N ha as sub plot treatments with three replications. BN 2 grass was grown as a test crop. The analyses of sewage effluent collected at periodic intervals showed that the sewage effluent was alkaline in reaction (pH 8.3). non-saline (EC: 1.1-1.5 dSm-1). The total N, P, K, Ca and Mg contents ranged from 220-700 ppm, 3-14 ppm, 16-268 ppm, 18-292 ppm and 19-134 ppm, respectively. The micronutrients like Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe ranged from traces 0.18, traces- 0.06, 0.03- 0.21 and traces-12.84 ppm respectively. The heavy metals like selenium and cadmium were absent whereas lead, chromium and nickel were present in trace amounts. The bacterial, fungi and actinomycetes population in sewage water were 3.55 x 10'ml-1, 2.68 x 10'ml-1 and 5.55 x 10'ml, respectively. Periodic soil samples were taken after 2nd, 4th and 8th cuts during first year and after 4th and 8th cuts during second year. Addition of increased levels of N increased the available N content in soil. Irrigation with sewage effluent increased the organic carbon content (0.96%) compared to ordinary water (0.65%). A built up in soil available N, K and organic carbon content was observed due to sewage effluent irrigation.
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Uddin, M., S. Talukder, MS Hossen, and MT Hossain. "Physicochemical Analysis of Mymensingh Municipality Sewage Water and Old Brahmaputra River water." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 10, no. 2 (November 29, 2018): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v10i2.39019.
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The study was conducted to investigate the physicochemical properties of the Old Brahmaputra River and Sewage water in Mymensingh Municipality. To perform the study fifty samples were collected from five different stations from the river and surrounding sewage discharge points. The samples were analyzed to determine pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd). The mean value of pH was 7.1 and 6.8 for river and sewage water samples, respectively. Mean EC value was 183 μS/cm and 589.18 μS/cm for river and sewage samples, respectively signifies that EC of all samples were within the acceptable range. 66.32 ppm and 260.36 ppm were the mean TDS value for river and sewage samples, respectively indicates no harm to aquatic lives and irrigation water use. Mean DO and BOD values for river water samples were 4.21 mg/L and 6.02 mg/L, respectively. 3.08 mg/L and 9.98 mg/L were the mean DO and BOD values for sewage water samples, respectively implies that river water is usable for irrigation but sewage water is unfit for it. Mean Pb concentration for river and sewage water samples was 0.428 ppm and 0.467 ppm, respectively.J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 10(2): 105-108 2017
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TORRES-ROUFF, DAVID S. "Water Use, Ethnic Conflict, and Infrastructure in Nineteenth-Century Los Angeles." Pacific Historical Review 75, no. 1 (February 1, 2006): 119–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2006.75.1.119.
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Beginning in 1873, Los Angeles replaced zanjas, or open canals, with pipes for irrigation and sewage. From the city's founding, the zanjas had carried irrigation and waste waters between the Los Angeles River and the citizens. Whereas Mexican public philosophy supported maintaining the zanjas for open access and maximal use, European American newcomers championed enclosed pipes as a means to improve sanitation and enhance opportunities for revenue. Yet city governors did not distribute sewer services equally, denying sewerage to Mexican and Chinese Angelenos. In doing so, they established new relationships of institutional,infrastructural, and environmental inequality between brown residents and the city government.
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Nazário, Aline Azevedo, Ivo Zution Gonçalves, Eduardo Augusto Agnellos Barbosa, Leonardo Nazário Silva dos Santos, Daniel Rodrigues Cavalcante Feitosa, and Edson Eiji Matsura. "Impact of the Application of Domestic Wastewater by Subsurface Drip Irrigation on the Soil Solution in Sugarcane Cultivation." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2019 (March 4, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8764162.
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The agricultural use of domestic sewage is a viable alternative for recycling nutrients; however, there is concern regarding the impact of its use due to the concentration of chemical elements present in this type of effluent. The use of principal component analysis determines the existence or lack of anomalous samples and the relations between measured variables and their relative contribution among samples that help in monitoring the impact of the use of effluents on soil chemical components. Thus, the objective of this work was to identify nutrient ions present in the soil solution during the first ratoon sugarcane irrigated with treated domestic sewage applied by subsurface drip irrigation. The experiment was conducted under a randomized block design with 5 treatments and 5 replicates. The treatments were distributed according to the type of water applied in the irrigation system (water surface reservoir and treated domestic sewage), the installation depth of the drip tapes (0.2 or 0.4 m depth), and the treatment without irrigation. By means of soil solution, it was possible to identify an increase in the concentration of salts in the treatments irrigated with treated domestic sewage, which however did not affect the soil quality in the short term. The principal component analysis selected the variables Ca2+, Mg2+, NO3−, K+, and EC as soil solution indicators to monitor areas irrigated with treated domestic sewage.
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Sun, Wen Hao, Ying Xiang Jiang, and Xia Li. "Research of the Evaluation on Heavy-Metal Pollution in Rice by Sewage Irrigation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 1594–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.1594.
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This paper took the SongSan wastewater irrigation district of Liaoning Province, Anshan city as object of study. Base on the survey on the sewage irrigation situation, heavy metal concentration in rice grain and drinking water were measured through single pollution index evaluation and comprehensive pollution index evaluation (Nemerow index method). It could be served as the basis for environmental management and relevant laws and regulations. Experimental results showed that drinking water were not polluted by heavy mental. Sewage irrigation had a comparatively small impact on drinking water. According to the heavy mental determination results of grain crop seeds, it can conclude that the Cu and Pb content were above the national food quality standard. The pollution is serious, however, the content of Zn and Cd were below or close to the national food quality standard, which is in danger of exceeding the standard. Determined by comprehensive pollution index, it showed that the rice in the whole sewage irrigation is serious polluted by heavy mental. The heavy metal pollution presented the characteristics of extensive area-source pollution. Pollution intensity was strengthened and more difficult to be managed.
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Dyshlyuk, V. Ye. "Utilization of urban sewage waters for irrigation of agricultural lands in Ukraine." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 61 (September 18, 2014): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/61/2030.
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The research results of ecological passportization for the municipal treatment facilities sewage disposals were presented (its chemical composition and sanitary measurements). There were determined the availability of the sewage disposals for irrigation and the prospects of use in agriculture.
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Liang, Hao, Zafar Iqbal Khan, Kafeel Ahmad, Anam Nisar, Qaisar Mahmood, Abdol Ghaffar Ebadi, and Mohsen Toughani. "Assessment of Zinc and Nickel Profile of Vegetables Grown in Soil Irrigated with Sewage Water." Revista de Chimie 71, no. 4 (May 5, 2020): 500–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.20.4.8092.
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The current investigation assessed the nickel and zinc contents of the soil, and the vegetables grown in wastewater irrigated areas. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AA-6300 Shimadzu Japan) assessed the metal profile of the samples. The mean concentrations of metals in soil samples varied from O.O85 to 1.611 mg/kg for Ni and O.453 ~ O.9O8 mg/kg for Zn. In vegetables, the maximum Ni concentration was observed in Capsicum baccatum consequent to wastewater irrigation, while its minimum concentrations were noticed in Capsicum frutescens after canal water irrigation. Sewage water irrigation resulted in the highest Zn contents in Solanum lycopersicum and the lowest Zn contents were noticed in Capsicum baccatum after canal water irrigation. The daily intake values of Ni and Zn were higher caused by sewage water irrigation as compared to the canal water irrigation in all tested vegetable samples. Health risk index (HRI) values for Ni and Zn accumulation in vegetables fell within the permissible limit in Pakistan and these were regarded as appropriate for human intake.
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Mill, G. A., and J. A. Theophilou. "Effluent re-use in a tourist resort - larnaca sewage treatment and irrigation project - cyprus." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 9-10 (November 1, 1995): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0676.
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Designs for sewerage, sewage treatment and effluent disposal prepared in the 1980's, included for marine disposal of secondary treated and disinfected effluent via a 1.5 km long sea outfall. A reappraisal of the scheme in 1990 reviewed alternative options with a view to reducing costs and utilising effluent. An economic comparison showed that effluent storage and irrigation was an attractive alternative to marine disposal. A scheme was designed whereby all effluent will be given secondary treatment, stored in reservoirs until required for irrigation, withdrawn through sand filters, disinfected and pumped to an irrigation distribution system serving public amenity areas throughout Larnaca, including parks, gardens, road verges and hotel areas. A sea outfall will not be provided. The advantages of the scheme are conservation of water, improvement to the environment and prevention of marine pollution at a reduction in cost compared to the originally proposed scheme.
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Bouwer, Herman. "Ground Water Recharge with Sewage Effluent." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 10-12 (May 1, 1991): 2099–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0666.
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Sewage effluent is an excellent source of water for irrigation, especially in dry areas. Before it can be used for unrestricted irrigation, conventional treatment should be followed by treatment so that the water meets the agronomic, public health, and aesthetic requirements for unrestricted irrigation. This usually means reduction of nitrogen concentration to less than 10 mg/l, complete removal of pathogenic organisms, and essentially complete removal of suspended solids and biodegradable organic carbon. This can often be achieved with a groundwater recharge system, using the soil and aquifer materials as natural filters. Studies on two experimental projects in Phoenix showed that “soil-aquifer treatment” systems can reduce nitrogen concentrations from about 20 mg/l to about 7 mg/l, fecal coliform concentrations from about 3500 per 100 ml (chlorinated secondary effluent) to 0.3 per 100 ml, viruses from 21 plaque-forming units/l to 0, suspended solids from 15 mg/l to 1 mg/l, and total organic carbon from 20 mg/l to 3 mg/l. The latter represents mostly the nondegradable carbon. Hydraulic loading rates for sands to loamy sands were about 300 ft/yr. Thus, 1 acre of infiltration basin can renovate about 300 af/year of sewage effluent. The renovated water should be removed from the aquifer to avoid its spread into high-quality native groundwater.(Please note that af/year stands for acre feet/year.)
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Ankush, Mr, R. Prakash, R. Singh, Sachin Kumari, and V. Singh. "Micronutrients accumulation under pearl millet-wheat cropping system in response of salinity levels amended with sewage sludge." Journal of Environmental Biology 41, no. 6 (November 15, 2020): 1641–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/41/6/si-233.
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Aim: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of sewage sludge and saline water irrigation on micronutrients concentration in pearl millet- wheat cropping system. Methodology: The trial was conducted during 2017-2019 at Soil Research Farm, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Haryana in a factorial random block design with three replications. There were three salinity levels of irrigation water, i.e., canal water (0.35 dS m-1), 8 and 10 dS m-1 EC of saline water; and five fertilization levels, i.e., control (no fertilizer), sewage sludge(5 t ha-1), SS (5 t ha-1) + 50% RDF, SS (5 t ha-1) + 75% RDF and 100 % RDF. However, sewage sludge was applied in Rabi seasons only. Results: Based on pooled analysis of two years, micronutrients (Fe, Mn and Cu) concentration in grain and stover/straw of pearl millet and wheat crops significantly reduced on application of saline water irrigation (ECiw 8 and 10 dS m-1) whereas, Zn concentration was non significantly affected with salinity levels. However, highest concentration of Fe, Mn and Cu was recorded with canal water irrigation. There was a significant increase in micronutrients (Fe, Mn and Cu) concentration in both crops with sewage sludge application in comparison of RDF and control treatments but in case of zinc treatment SS (5 t ha-1) + 75% RDF and 100% RDF were at par with each other. Among treatments, significantly higher concentration of micronutrients was recorded with SS (5 t ha-1) + 75% RDF treatment being at par with SS (5 t ha-1) + 50% RDF. Interpretation: Salinity affects micronutrient availability adversely. However, zinc content was not affected significantly. In such case, sewage sludge application may prove a feasible option that serves as a supplement of nutrients as well as sorting out the problem of dumping waste.
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Nezakati, Roya, Nadiya Dehghan, Farshad Fasihi Majd, and Mahindokht Dehdashtian. "Water Consumption Reduction by Application of Treated Hygienic Sewage of Yazd Combined Fuel Power Plant to Irrigate the Green Space, Iran." Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (October 2011): 2038–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.2038.
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Recently, attention has been given to water shortage in Iran; especially in areas such as the province of Yazd, which has arid and semi-arid climate and is located in the central plateaus of Iran. In these situations, re-using sewage is one of the ways we can overcome the problem of water shortage. In order to combat the issue of water shortage and protect the environment, the Yazd combined cycle power plant has applied the effluent of the hygienic sewage treatment system (the active sludge system with extended aeration modification) for irrigation, which is the aim of this study. Studies show that every worker of this power plant uses 85 liter of water and produces 30 liter of hygienic sewage in every work shift. According to experiments that have been carried out on samples of raw sewage, pH, BOD5, COD and TSS were found in 6.9 , 306.45mg/l, 595.85mg/l, 376.35mg/l, respectively. The amounts of the same parameters were 7, 65.80mg/l, 139.1mg/l, 34mg/l in the samples exiting treatment system, which are in accordance with Iran Department of Environment standards and with the irrigation criteria either. The system efficiency in eliminating some parameters is as follows, 76 % COD, 78% BOD5 and 90 % of TSS. The most important effluent parameters in respect to irrigation water standards are SAR, Cl¯ and EC that have been measured in 6.15meq/l, 10meq/l and 1.882 µ mohs/cm, respectively. Based on comparisons between these amounts and the Wilcox diagram, the treated sewage is categorized as medium according to the quality of water used for irrigation. So it has been used to irrigate the green space within the ambit of the Yazd combined cycle power plant.
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Guo, Lijun, Jiusheng Li, Yanfeng Li, and Di Xu. "Nitrogen Availability of Sewage Effluent to Maize Compared to Synthetic Fertilizers under Surface Drip Irrigation." Transactions of the ASABE 61, no. 4 (2018): 1365–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12779.
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Abstract. Field experiments on maize ( L.) under surface drip irrigation were carried out during two consecutive growing seasons to examine the influence of water quality (groundwater and secondary sewage effluent) and nitrogen (N) application rate on growth and yield, N agronomic efficiency, and N availability of effluent. Pot experiments were conducted using the 15N isotope tracer method and the fertilizer equivalence (FE) approach to provide direct evidence of the effluent N availability derived from the field experiments. Four N application rates ranging from 0 to 180 kg ha-1 for field experiments and from 0 to 2.64 g pot-1 (0 to 210 kg ha-1 equivalent) for pot experiments were investigated with secondary sewage effluent (SW) and groundwater (GW). Results showed that either irrigation with sewage effluent or increasing N application rates from 0 to 120 kg ha-1 were conducive to increasing maize productivity. Nonetheless, SW irrigation reduced the agronomic efficiency of applied N compared to GW irrigation supplemented with fertilizers, suggesting greater potential N losses under SW irrigation. Effluent N that was absorbed by maize was negatively correlated to increasing N application rates. On average, the N contained in effluent was only 51% to 69% as available as an equivalent application rate of urea N in improving maize production. The organic N fraction of effluent (20%) and higher potential N losses from SW irrigation primarily explained the lower effluent N availability in comparison to fertilizer urea. Overall results recommended an economic and ecological N application rate of 107 kg ha-1 for maize under drip irrigation when applying SW, with an approximate 14% urea N reduction to attain a satisfactory yield in comparison to GW irrigation. Keywords: Agronomic efficiency, Fertilizer equivalence approach, Isotope tracer method, Secondary treated wastewater.
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Tiwari, Nidhi, Uttara Tiwari, and Ashish Tiwari. "Physicochemical Characteristics of Sewage Water of Bilaspur City for Suitability for Irrigation Purposes." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT 9, no. 03 (September 28, 2023): 218–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v9i03.05.
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The increasing demand for water due to population growth and globalization has led to sewage or wastewater being used to irrigatecrops. Irrigation with reused water has favorable effects on crops but also poses a threat to the ecosystem, soils, underground water,and human life. This research article presents an analysis of the physicochemical characteristics of sewage water in Bilaspur City todetermine its suitability for irrigation purposes. The study involved collecting and analyzing water samples from ten sampling sites inthe city. Results showed that the water had acceptable pH and salinity (Chloride). However, it has high turbidity, electrical conductivity,and biochemical oxygen demand, indicating poor quality of water. The levels of essential plant nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus,and potassium, were found to be within the acceptable range for agricultural use. Statistical analysis was performed, and Karl Pearson’scoefficient was determined and analyzed for various physicochemical parameters. The study concludes that the sewage water in Bilaspurcity may be suitable for irrigation purposes after appropriate treatment and management. This research provides valuable insights forpolicymakers and municipal authorities in promoting sustainable wastewater management practices for agricultural purposes.
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Barbosa, Eduardo A. A., Edson E. Matsura, Leonardo N. S. dos Santos, Aline A. Nazário, Ivo Z. Gonçalves, and Daniel R. C. Feitosa. "Soil attributes and quality under treated domestic sewage irrigation in sugarcane." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 22, no. 2 (February 2018): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v22n2p137-142.
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ABSTRACT Using domestic sewage to irrigate and supply nutrients to plants is a sustainable practice; however, due to the physical and chemical properties of the domestic sewage, soil attributes and quality may be changed with its application. The aim of this study was to evaluate soil quality after two cycles of sugarcane irrigated with treated domestic sewage and surface reservoir water via subsurface drip irrigation, with and without nutritional supplementation by fertigation, and a non-irrigated control with top-dressing fertilization. Soil quality was established by applying the methodology proposed by Karlen & Stott. Physical, chemical and microbiological indicators were selected to compose the basic soil functions used to determine the quality index. Application of treated domestic sewage with fertigation increased soil electrical conductivity, Na+ content and exchangeable sodium percentage. Reservoir water applications with fertigation increased microbial biomass carbon and reduced the metabolic quotient, besides promoting significant effects on soil acidification indicators in comparison to reservoir water irrigation without fertigation. Despite the alteration of some soil attributes, no significant changes in the soil quality index were observed among the treatments.
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He, Bihong, Weixue Xie, Yuhui Wang, Wentao Zhang, Xueyun Ma, Jianjun Liang, Ping Li, and Qiaohui Fan. "Distribution Characteristics of Heavy Metals and Pb Isotope in Profile Soils from a Mining and Smelting Area in Northwestern China." Adsorption Science & Technology 2021 (November 9, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5913182.
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The distribution characteristics of typical heavy metals (HMs) and Pb isotopic compositions in profile soils from different areas were investigated in Baiyin district, northwest China. The soil samples from the ore district and the sewage irrigation area showed an obvious enrichment of HMs in different depths, and the difference in the longitudinal migration depth of Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cd was insignificant, which might be due to the migration behavior of HMs mainly controlled by carbonate in alkaline soil. With the sewage irrigation activities, the content of soil organic matter was no longer the main controlling factor for the migration behavior of HMs. In ore district and sewage irrigation area, the HMs contents of nonresidual fractions in topsoil were much higher than that in the corresponding deep soil, which indicated that HMs activities in topsoil were significantly high. The Pb isotopic compositions of profile soils indicated that the long-term mining and smelting activities remained the main source of vertical enrichment of HMs in Baiyin district. Moreover, the Pb isotope ratios 206Pb/207Pb of nonresidual fractions (1.1359-1.1916) were all lower than that in the corresponding residual fractions (1.1641-1.2010), showing the characteristics that HMs input from anthropogenic source were in different degrees. The Pb isotopic compositions of residual fractions in the topsoil of ore district and sewage irrigation area (1.1641 and 1.1703) were between the two end-members composed of background soil and local mineral samples, which suggested that some anthropogenic HMs might enter into the residual components in the soil that was greatly affected by the input of HMs.
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Perumal, Siddhuraju, Dhanya Viswanathan, Haritha Thulaseedharan Nair, and Roopika Sivaraman. "Red Amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L.) Irrigated with Domestic Sewage Wastewater as a Source of Irrigation: Environmental Food Security and Safety Assessment Perspectives through Acute and Sub- Acute Toxicity Study." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 29 (2023): 261–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i02s.045.
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Water deficiency is one of the main factors for limiting sustainable agricultural development in most arid and semi-arid regions. There is a gradual decline in the availability of fresh water to be used for irrigation in developing countries like India. Sewage farming is quite common in all urban areas in India. The effect of its direct and long-term use for irrigation needs a thorough study. However, there is increasing concern about food safety and health risks, hence, a case study was undertaken to understand the long-term effect of domestic sewage wastewater irrigation on heavy metal concentrations in soil and plants. The study reveals the mineral and heavy metal composition of irrigated domestic sewage wastewater and it has been compared with the well water irrigated in the rural area, soil parameters and also the mineral and heavy metal composition of a cultivated plant, Amaranthus tricolor L. Transfer factor (TF) was calculated to understand the extent of risk and associated hazard due to wastewater irrigation and the consequence of heavy metals accumulation in the edible portion of experimented vegetables. The present study was carried out to assess the potential toxicity of acetone extract of A. tricolor with some essential parameters such as haematological and biochemical parameters, liver and kidney weight and their histopathological study. After conducting in vivo acute and subchronic toxicity experiments using the rat model, there was no toxicity or mortality observed between domestic sewage water and well water irrigated to red amaranth, A. tricolor.
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Tariq, Yasir, Nusrat Ehsan, Umair Riaz, Rabiya Nasir, Waqas Ahmed Khan, Rashid Iqbal, Shehzad Ali, Eman A. Mahmoud, Izhar Ullah, and Hosam O. Elansary. "Assessment of Heavy Metal(oid)s Accumulation in Eggplant and Soil under Different Irrigation Systems." Water 15, no. 6 (March 9, 2023): 1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15061049.
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Heavy metal(oid)s (HMs) contamination in soil directly related to food contamination and human health. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of HMs accumulation in eggplant irrigated through different water sources. Water samples were collected from three distinct sources, namely urban and rural sewage, urban and rural canal water, and urban and rural tube well water. A total of 20, 9, and 6 samples were obtained from each respective source. Soil samples were collected, with three replications each, from two layers i.e., 0–15 cm and 15–30 cm depth. Results depicted that, in irrigation water samples, turbidity was in this order: sewage water > canal water > tube well samples, while average total dissolved solids TDS) was in this order: canal water > sewage water > and tube well water. The overall HMs concentrations in all three sources of irrigation water samples were above the permissible limits of Punjab Environmental Quality Standards PEQs). The level of HMs in vegetables varies by the ability of plants to selectively translocate from the contaminated soil to the plant’s fruit (eggplant). Overall, the translocation factor of HMs in plant samples was in this order: Cadmium (Cd) > Zinc (Zn) > Nickel (Ni) >Iron (Fe) > Lead (Pb). On the basis of this study, it is concluded that irrigation source, especially sewage, is a major source of heavy metal contamination in eggplant. The study highlights the need for further research on gaps in the implementation of policies for irrigation water quality.
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Farid, M. Samir M., Samir Atta, Mohamed Rashid, Josefien Oude Munnink, and Ruud Platenburg. "Impact of the Reuse of Domestic Waste Water for Irrigation on Ground Water Quality." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 9 (May 1, 1993): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0189.
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Egypt planned to reclaim large areas in both the Eastern and Western desert fringes of the Nile Delta with an increasing use of sewage effluent from Greater Cairo. The Gabal el Asfar farm which has been irrigated with raw to primary treated sewage effluent for a period of seventy five years was selected as a pilot area to investigate the groundwater quality. This farm covering 3000 feddan (1250 ha), is located in the sandy area northeast of Cairo. The main objective of the study was to assess the impact of agricultural application of sewage effluent on groundwater quality. Observation wells were constructed and field and laboratory measurements were carried out in and around the Gabal el Asfar area. The water balance and mass balances have been assessed. The study yielded useful recommendations to decrease the impact on groundwater quality and possible risks in Gabal el Asfar, concerning 1) type and amount of pollution from sewage effluent, 2) design criteria to control possible spreading of pollutants, and finally 3) the use of groundwater in the area. The following comprises the main conclusions:*Irrigation with sewage effluent had a positive impact on salinity of the initially brackish groundwater. On the contrary, groundwater quality is negatively affected from sewage effluent with regard to nitrogen contents (ammonium and nitrate), phosphate, heavy metals and faecal coliforms.*The drinking water limit for nitrate is sometimes exceeded. Moreover, faecal coliforms are found in water from all shallow handpumps in the area. The general suitability of the groundwater is therefore limited while the use of handpumps for drinking water purposes should be avoided. High boron contents of sewage effluent indicate a risk for crops sensitive to boron.*The accumulation of heavy metals and phosphorus in the soil adversely affects the soil system.*Pretreatment of sewage effluent in Gabal el Asfar should be improved to limit the pollution of the aquifer. Industrial discharge in sewage effluent should be avoided.*Groundwater recharged by sewage effluent is mainly collected by drains in or at the borders of the area, so spreading of pollutants out of the area is largely controlled.