Dissertations / Theses: 'Sewage irrigation'

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Shrivastava, Vikram. "Creek water quality impacts : irrigation tailwaters and sewage discharges." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0006/MQ44277.pdf.

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Aziz, Edriyana A. "Fate and transport of oestrogenic compounds from sewage effluent irrigation water." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2010. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=12761.

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3

Hayes, A. R., C. F. Mancino, W. Y. Forden, D. M. Kopec, and I. L. Pepper. "Irrigation of Turfgrass with Secondary Municipal Sewage Effluent: Soil and Turf Aspects." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/216076.

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This field experiment evaluated the use of secondary municipal sewage effluent for irrigation of two turfgrass species. In April 1987 common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.) was seeded to a gravelly sandy loans soil and maintained under fairway conditions. Perennial ryegrass (Loliman perenne L.) was overseeded in the fall to maintain an actively growing turf. Plots were irrigated identically with either effluent or potable water. Soil and irrigation water samples were collected periodically and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), sodium (Na), calcium + magnesium (Ca +Mg), bicarbonates (HCO₃), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). Effluent water was found to contain a higher sodium absorption ratio (SAR), EC and greater concentrations of all the above elements with the exception of pH. Effluent irrigation lead to significantly lower seed germination and resulted in higher EC, Na, nitrate- nitrogen (NO₃-N), P and K concentrations in soils. Turf quality was assessed by visual evaluation under four N fertilization rates in each irrigation regime. Established effluent irrigated turf did not show signs of osmotic stress with a 15-20% leaching fraction and responded to the nutrient content of this water during periods of higher irrigation rates. However, no single fertilization rate or irrigation regime consistently produced a superior turf quality. Secondary municipal sewage effluent was used successfully for turf irrigation but the greater EC, Na and nutrient content of the water need to be considered by the turf professional making management decisions.

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BADAWY, AMIN SOLIMAN. "DEVELOPMENT OF A METHOD FOR THE RECOVERY OF ROTAVIRUSES FROM VEGETABLES AND ITS APPLICATION FOR ROTAVIRUS SURVIVAL ON CROPS." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/183832.

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As the shortage of fresh water becomes more and more critical, alternative sources are being sought. The reuse of wastewater has become a viable option, particularly for agriculture and landscaping. However, the possible presence of the enteric pathogens, especially viruses, in wastewater has created concern about potential health risks associated with this practice. If wastewater is used for irrigation it may contaminate vegetable crops which are commonly eaten raw. Also, it may contaminate grass used for golf courses, school yards, and playgrounds where more people may be exposed. Rotaviruses may be of particular concern since they are a cause of infantile diarrhea and gastroenteritis in adults and have been a cause of waterborne disease outbreaks. No information, however, is available about the dissemination and survival of rotaviruses on uncooked food and landscaped areas. This information is necessary in developing criteria for determining safe uses of wastewater for crop irrigation. A method was developed for recovery of rotavirus from the surface of vegetables. The simian rotavirus SA-11, adsorbed onto the vegetable surfaces and effects of various eluents, pH, and exposure time, was evaluated to optimize recovery. The maximum recovery of rotavirus occurred with a solution of 3% beef extract at pH 8.0 after 5 minutes of exposure. Survival of rotavirus SA-11 on lettuce, radishes, and carrots stored at 4°C and room temperature was evaluated. Rotavirus SA-11 was able to survive up to 30 days at refrigeration temperatures and up to 25 days at room temperatures. Rotavirus survived longest on lettuce. The survival of coliphage and enteric viruses on grass was studied during winter and summer outdoors. Coliphage, poliovirus, and rotavirus SA-11 survived on two types of grass during winter and summer from 8 to 40 hours. Human rotavirus survived longer than the other enteric viruses, however, coliphage was more sensitive to inactivation. The occurrence of rotaviruses and enteroviruses in the secondarily treated sewage (activated sludge) was evaluated over a one year period. Total coliforms, pH, and turbidity were also determined. Rotavirus concentrations peaked during Spring and Winter while concentrations of enteroviruses peaked during May, September, and December. No correlation was found between the concentrations of total coliforms, rotaviruses and enteroviruses.

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5

Mars, Ross. "Using the submergent Triglochin huegelii for domestic greywater treatment." Thesis, Mars, Ross (2001) Using the submergent Triglochin huegelii for domestic greywater treatment. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2001. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/180/.

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In recent years, there has been increased interest in alternative and innovative technologies which are used in the treatment of wastewaters, with the aim of developing efficient systems which are low-cost and low maintenance. However, greywater reuse from domestic houses appears to have received very little attention and the role of indigenous wetland plants, especially submergents, in contributing to nutrient reduction in wastewater is largely unknown. Species of Triglochin, commonly known as water ribbons, are fast growing submergent macrophytes. In Western Australia, Triglochin huegelii is mainly a submergent plant but as water recedes, the leaves become emergent. Triglochin huegelii can tolerate a range of water regimes and high nutrient concentrations, and this is useful in wastewater treatment applications. The aims of this present study were to examine the use of Triglochin huegelii for domestic greywater treatment, to compare the effectiveness of this plant with other better known, and more frequently used, emergent macrophytes, and to investigate why Triglochin huegelii is so successful in nutrient accumulation. A series of investigations using Triglochin huegelii in greywater treatment experiments showed that Triglochin has consistently removed more nitrogen and phosphorus, in all parts of the plant - leaves, tubers and roots, than most other indigenous emergent macrophyte species, including those of Schoenoplectus, Baumea and Juncus which are commonly used for wastewater nutrient-stripping. In some cases, such as in the leaves, twice as much nitrogen (N) and one and a half times more phosphorus (P) is assimilated in the Triglochin tissue. In all parts of the plant there has been an increase in Total N and Total P. Investigations were conducted using different environmental conditions for the plants. A comparison was made between root zone (substrate-only) and complete pond conditions, with some changes to loading rate and retention times. Triglochin huegelii has many practical applications in wastewater management, especially if the level of influentlwastewater can be controlled, thus allowing sufficient time for Triglochin huegelii to respond with changed structure and morphology. Proline, a substance known to be produced by plants under stress (such as changing water levels), was detected in Triglochin huegelii. In a pond, the leaves of Triglochin can be directly involved in nutrient absorption and assimilation. A study of leaf structure and other aspects of its biology showed that nutrients can easily pass into leaf tissue and then into other regions in the plant. In Triglochin huegelii, nitrogen was primarily stored or found in leaves then tubers then roots, while levels of phosphorus were higher in tubers then roots then leaves. The above-ground:below-ground (AG:BG) ratio of Triglochin huegelii also depends on the water regime. For all samples, whether pond or substrateonly, the ratio was 0.84. However, when consideration is given to pond conditions the ratio increases to 1.11. It appears that in pond conditions, and especially with long retention times, proportionally more above-ground growth (leaves) occurs and in substrate-only conditions, proportionally more biomass is found below-ground, with the number and size of leaves reduced in these plants. The highest nutrient levels recorded for Triglochin huegelii were 11.74 mgP/g and 35.7 mgN/g dry weight. Triglochin huegelii has been found to have a protein content of at least 1.7 g/100 g wet weight in the leaves, and less in roots and tubers. Triglochin huegelii could have potential as a fodder source because of its high protein content, similar to that of lucerne. Triglochin huegelii seems to remove nitrogen and phosphorus at a greater rate than many other types of aquatic macrophytes. Other parameters such as BOD, Suspended Solids and fecal coliforms were also examined, with reductions of up to 90%, 84% and 99% respectively. The implication is that instead of only planting the perimeter of lagoons, artificial wetlands and constructed basins we should be planting the bulk of the waterway with submergent species such as Triglochin spp which are far more effective in stripping nutrients than emergents currently used for that purpose. In addition, systems need to be designed that mimic natural ecosystems, and yet are economical and functional. This current research can be used as a basis for further study to establish the extent of nutrient removal by Triglochin huegelii and its interactions with other macrophytes in polyculture systems.

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Mars, Ross. "Using the submergent Triglochin huegelii for domestic greywater treatment." Murdoch University, 2001. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20070830.144808.

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In recent years, there has been increased interest in alternative and innovative technologies which are used in the treatment of wastewaters, with the aim of developing efficient systems which are low-cost and lowmaintenance. However, greywater reuse from domestic houses appears to have received very little attention and the role of indigenous wetland plants, especially submergents, in contributing to nutrient reduction in wastewater is largely unknown. Species of Triglochin, commonly known as water ribbons, are fast growing submergent macrophytes. In Western Australia, Triglochin huegelii is mainly a submergent plant but as water recedes, the leaves become emergent. Triglochin huegelii can tolerate a range of water regimes and high nutrient concentrations, and this is useful in wastewater treatment applications. The aims of this present study were to examine the use of Triglochin huegelii for domestic greywater treatment, to compare the effectiveness of this plant with other better known, and more frequently used, emergent macrophytes, and to investigate why Triglochin huegelii is so successful in nutrient accumulation. A series of investigations using Triglochin huegelii in greywater treatment experiments showed that Triglochin has consistently removed more nitrogen and phosphorus, in all parts of the plant - leaves, tubers and roots, than most other indigenous emergent macrophyte species, including those of Schoenoplectus, Baumea and Juncus which are commonly used for wastewater nutrient-stripping. In some cases, such as in the leaves, twice as much nitrogen (N) and one and a half times more phosphorus (P) is assimilated in the Triglochin tissue. In all parts of the plant there has been an increase in Total N and Total P. Investigations were conducted using different environmental conditions for the plants. A comparison was made between root zone (substrate-only) and complete pond conditions, with some changes to loading rate and retention times. Triglochin huegelii has many practical applications in wastewater management, especially if the level of influentlwastewater can be controlled, thus allowing sufficient time for Triglochin huegelii to respond with changed structure and morphology. Proline, a substance known to be produced by plants under stress (such as changing water levels), was detected in Triglochin huegelii. In a pond, the leaves of Triglochin can be directly involved in nutrient absorption and assimilation. A study of leaf structure and other aspects of its biology showed that nutrients can easily pass into leaf tissue and then into other regions in the plant. In Triglochin huegelii, nitrogen was primarily stored or found in leaves then tubers then roots, while levels of phosphorus were higher in tubers then roots then leaves. The above-ground:below-ground (AG:BG) ratio of Triglochin huegelii also depends on the water regime. For all samples, whether pond or substrateonly, the ratio was 0.84. However, when consideration is given to pond conditions the ratio increases to 1.11. It appears that in pond conditions, and especially with long retention times, proportionally more above-ground growth (leaves) occurs and in substrate-only conditions, proportionally more biomass is found below-ground, with the number and size of leaves reduced in these plants. The highest nutrient levels recorded for Triglochin huegelii were 11.74 mgP/g and 35.7 mgN/g dry weight. Triglochin huegelii has been found to have a protein content of at least 1.7 g/100 g wet weight in the leaves, and less in roots and tubers. Triglochin huegelii could have potential as a fodder source because of its high protein content, similar to that of lucerne. Triglochin huegelii seems to remove nitrogen and phosphorus at a greater rate than many other types of aquatic macrophytes. Other parameters such as BOD, Suspended Solids and fecal coliforms were also examined, with reductions of up to 90%, 84% and 99% respectively. The implication is that instead of only planting the perimeter of lagoons, artificial wetlands and constructed basins we should be planting the bulk of the waterway with submergent species such as Triglochin spp which are far more effective in stripping nutrients than emergents currently used for that purpose. In addition, systems need to be designed that mimic natural ecosystems, and yet are economical and functional. This current research can be used as a basis for further study to establish the extent of nutrient removal by Triglochin huegelii and its interactions with other macrophytes in polyculture systems.

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Gallagher, Mark Robert. "Numerical modelling of nitorogen leaching from effluent irrigation on Great Barrier Reef islands /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17121.pdf.

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8

Ali, Inamullah. "Surface irrigation adapted to the land spreading of dairy farm effluent." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=83961.

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An important number of Canadian dairy farms manage their manure as solids and in doing so, must handle large volumes of manure seepages and milk house wastewater (dairy farm effluent-DFE). The present project adapted surface irrigation as a more economical and sustainable method of disposing of this large volume of DFE on cropped land near their storage facility. The experimental surface irrigation system consisted of a gated pipe installed perpendicular to the slope of the field allowing the discharged DFE to run down the slope.
The adaptation of the system and the measurement of its environmental impact were conducted on two dairy farms, A and B, in the region South West of Montreal where their DFE were characterized. In 2003 and 2004, DFE was applied on one of two 0.5 and 0.3ha plots, on each farm, to observe losses through the subsurface drainage system, by means of sampling wells, and effects on soil nutrient levels.
The DFE collected in 2002 and 2003 had a lower nutrient content than that collected in 2004 because of higher precipitations. The DFE generally contained between 150-500 mg/L of TKN, 15 to 40 mg/L of TP and 500 to 700 mg/L of TK.
DFE losses through the subsurface drainage system were observed on both farms during each irrigation test. Nevertheless, outlet losses were observed only when irrigating under wet soil conditions or when applying more than 50mm of DFE. Outlet losses represented at the most 1.2% of the total DFE volume applied and 0.32% of the nutrient and bacterial loads.
Although only 65 to 75% of the soil surface was covered by the applied DFE, the irrigation sessions did provide some additional soil moisture for crops, increasing yield by 31% in 2004. Once absorbed by the soil, the applied DFE did not increase the soil nutrient level and variability in the presence of crop. Thus, the DFE contributed to the irrigation and fertilization of the plots.
Surface irrigation to spread low nutrient DFE, as compared to the conventional tanker system reduced the application costs from $3.05/m3, to $0.95/m3.

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9

Rui, Li. "The use of treated effluent for agricultural irrigation in the Bottelary River area: Effluent quality, farmers perception and potential extent." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=init_1918_1177917293.

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The Bottelary River area is located in a Mediterranean climate region, where the agricultural sector plays an important role. During the dry summer season, there is not enough precipitation to meet the agricultural irrigation requirements. Some farmers extract river water which is practically the final treated effluent from the Scottsdene Wastewater Treatment Works to irrigate crops. This research investigated the use of treated effluent for agricultural irrigation in this area, particularly focused on the effluent quality, farmers perception, and the potential extent.

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Monnett, Gregory Thomas. "Evaluation of spray irrigation as a methodology for on-site wastewater treatment and disposal on marginal soils." Diss., This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08032007-102238/.

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11

Yu, Xiaojiang. "An environmental feasibility study of land based sewage effluent disposal at Bolivar using plantation trees /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1992. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envy94.pdf.

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12

Sleeper, Adam Maxey Sibley Jeffrey Lynn Chappell Jesse Alan. "Integration of intensive aquaculture and horticulture crop production." Auburn, Ala., 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1953.

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13

Day, A. D., J. A. McFadyen, T. C. Tucker, and C. B. Cluff. "Potential of Wastewater for Commercial Barley Production." Water Resources Research Center. The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/314419.

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No date on item; authors' manuscript.
Experiments were conducted in southern Arizona to investigate the effects of irrigation with pump water and a pump water-wastewater mixture on barley (Hordium vulgare L.) growth, grain yield, and grain quality; soil properties; and irrigation water quality. In 1974 and 1975, on small plot research, barley irrigated with a 50:50 mixture of pump water and wastewater significantly exceeded barley irrigated with pump water alone in plant height, number of heads per unit area, number of seeds per head, seed weight, grain yield, and straw yield. In large field studies conducted from 1970 through 1977, barley irrigated with the mixture had taller plants, more lodging, lower grain volume-weights and higher grain yields than barley irrigated with pump water alone. Soils irrigated with both types of irrigation water had similar pH. Soluble salts (ECx103), exchangeable sodium percentage, nitrate-nitrogen, and extractable phosphorus were significantly higher in soils irrigated with the pump water-wastewater mixture than in soils irrigated with pump water. Water quality analyses showed that the pump water-wastewater mixture had lower total soluble salts, lower nitrate-nitrogen, and higher phosphorus levels than pump water alone.

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Santana, Maria Gabrielle Sousa de. "Efect of sewage wastewater reuse of the parameters of growth and nutrition sorgo." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=16322.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
The wastewater reuse for irrigation crops has many ecological and economic advantages, for example: nutrients recycling, reducing pollution, fertilizer and water economy. Therefore, the reuse of wastewater is an alternative to regions with water deficit, especially in urban and industrial areas. Sorghum is an important crop produced by family farmers in the semiarid region and used in animal feed. Produced under rainfed conditions, the use of irrigation becomes an alternative to stability in production. The research was conducted in EstaÃÃo MeteorolÃgica do Centro de CiÃncias AgrÃrias da Universidade Federal do CearÃ. The effluent used was collected in EstaÃÃo de Tratamento de Esgotos do Campus do Pici (ETE-PICI) da Universidade Federal do CearÃ (UFC), which receives wastewater with sewage characteristics. 10 treatments were used in a completely randomized design with 4 replications. Where: T1 supply water without chemical fertilizers; T2 supply water with 25% of recommended mineral fertilization; T3 supply water with 50% of recommended mineral fertilization; T4 supply water with 75% of recommended mineral fertilization; T5 supply water with 100% of recommended mineral fertilization T6- effluent water without chemical fertilizers; T7- effluent water with 25% of recommended mineral fertilization; T8 effluent water with 50% of recommended mineral fertilization; T9- effluent water with 75% of recommended mineral fertilizer and T10 effluent water with 100% of recommended mineral fertilization. The plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves at 20 days, showed no variation in type of water applied. However, the variables showed significant difference related to the doses of N, P and K. The variables analyzed (Plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, stem diameter) at 40 days after sowing, had significant difference only for the N levels, P and K. The nutrients P and S showed statistical differences in the interaction. The nutrients K and Ca obtained significant results at 1% over the interaction. The nitrogen contents showed a significant difference as the nitrogen rates, P and K, but did not fit any regression model. The treated sewage effluent can be used for irrigation of crops provided a controlled and well managed.
A reutilizaÃÃo de Ãguas residuÃrias na irrigaÃÃo apresenta incontÃveis vantagens ecolÃgicas e econÃmicas, dentre elas estÃo: a reciclagem dos nutrientes, reduÃÃo da poluiÃÃo, economia de fertilizantes e Ãgua. Portanto, o reÃso de efluente domÃstico se mostra como uma alternativa para regiÃes com dÃficit hÃdrico, principalmente em zonas urbanas e industriais. O sorgo Ã uma cultura relevante produzida pela agricultura familiar na regiÃo semiÃrida e usada na alimentaÃÃo animal. Produzido em condiÃÃes de sequeiro o uso da irrigaÃÃo torna-se uma alternativa para estabilidade na produÃÃo. A pesquisa foi realizada na EstaÃÃo MeteorolÃgica do Centro de CiÃncias AgrÃrias da Universidade Federal do CearÃ. O efluente utilizado no estudo foi coletado na EstaÃÃo de Tratamento de Esgotos do Campus do Pici (ETE-PICI) da Universidade Federal do CearÃ (UFC), que recebe Ãguas residuÃrias com caracterÃsticas de esgoto domÃstico. Foram utilizados 10 tratamentos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 4 repetiÃÃes. Sendo: T1- Ãgua de abastecimento sem adubaÃÃo mineral; T2- Ãgua de abastecimento com 25 % da adubaÃÃo mineral recomendada; T3 - Ãgua de abastecimento com 50% da adubaÃÃo mineral recomendada T4- Ãgua de abastecimento com 75% da adubaÃÃo mineral recomendada; T5- Ãgua de abastecimento com 100% da adubaÃÃo mineral recomendada T6- Ãgua de efluente sem adubaÃÃo mineral; T7- Ãgua de efluente com 25% da adubaÃÃo mineral recomendada; T8- Ãgua de efluente com 50% da adubaÃÃo mineral recomendada; T9- Ãgua de efluente com 75% da adubaÃÃo mineral recomendada e T10- Ãgua de efluente com 100% da adubaÃÃo mineral recomendada. A altura das plantas, diÃmetro do colmo, nÃmero de folhas aos 20 dias nÃo apresentaram variaÃÃo em relaÃÃo ao tipo de Ãgua aplicado. No entanto, as variÃveis analisadas mostraram diferenÃa significativa apenas quanto Ãs doses de N, P e K aplicadas. As variÃveis analisadas (Altura das plantas, nÃmero de folhas, Ãrea foliar, diÃmetro do colmo) aos 40 dias apÃs a semeadura obtiveram diferenÃa significativa somente quanto Ãs doses de N, P e K aplicadas. Os nutrientes P e S mostraram diferenÃa significativa a 5% com relaÃÃo a interaÃÃo. Os nutrientes K e Ca obtiveram resultados significativos a 1% com relaÃÃo as interaÃÃo. Os teores de nitrogÃnio apresentaram diferenÃa significativa a 5% de significÃncia quanto Ãs doses de N, P e K aplicadas, mas nÃo se adequaram a nenhum modelo de regressÃo. O efluente de esgoto tratado pode ser utilizado na irrigaÃÃo das culturas desde que de forma controlada e bem manejada.

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Gielen, Gertruda Jacqueline Hariette Petronella. "The fate and effects of sewage-derived pharmaceuticals in soil." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biological Sciences, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1416.

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The behaviour and impact of pharmaceuticals in the environment are still poorly understood. Pharmaceuticals are widely used and continually released into the environment causing increasing concerns about their impact on the environment beyond the intended human or veterinary use. Prescribed pharmaceuticals, typically, enter the environment either through excretion after human use or disposal of surplus medication. Sewage treatment plants do not completely remove pharmaceuticals and their metabolites and these have been detected in sewage treatment plant effluent and receiving waters. Land application of treated sewage effluent is widely practiced in New Zealand as an alternative to surface water discharge. Methods were developed to determine selected pharmaceuticals in environmental matrices such as sewage effluent, sewage solids, soil, and soil water. From these, pharmaceutical removal efficiencies were determined for three common sewage treatment processes; activated sludge, composting and land application of sewage effluent. The impacts of some common pharmaceuticals on soil microbial communities, together with the effect of prolonged exposure to sewage effluent on these communities were examined. Additionally, toxicity of sewage effluent, and toxicity mechanisms of specific pharmaceuticals were investigated using luminescent micro-organisms and lettuce seedlings. Pharmaceuticals were successfully detected in sewage effluent, sewage solids, compost, soil and soil water. The sewage treatment processes investigated, including land application, were able to remove or reduce pharmaceutical concentrations in sewage. In case of land application, volcanic soils were more efficient than sandy soils in pharmaceutical removal while irrigation rate and level of sewage pre-treatment also showed some effect on removal efficiency. Pharmaceuticals were not acutely toxic at environmental levels currently detected. Exposure of microbial communities to unnaturally high levels of pharmaceuticals did demonstrate that most pharmaceuticals were potentially able to induce stress in the microbial community although microbes were able to metabolise some of these pharmaceuticals. Twelve years of effluent irrigation resulted in microbial adaptation to aspirin, acetaminophen and tetracycline, indicating that these pharmaceuticals had an effect on microbial community. Presently, land application of treated sewage waste may be a suitable treatment for additional pharmaceutical removal provided that land application schemes are designed appropriately, and pharmaceutical accumulation in the soil is occasionally monitored. It would be prudent to recognise the potential risk that could be caused by chronic exposure to pharmaceuticals such that continued vigilance may lead to future indications of chronic effects at an early stage.

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Chapman, Jeanette. "Land disposal of winery and distillery wastewaters /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phc4658.pdf.

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Ribeiro, Maycon Diego 1988. "Projeto de uma mesa de subirrigação para ambientes protegidos." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/256797.

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Orientador: Roberto Testezlaf
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola
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Resumo: No cultivo em ambientes protegidos, o uso da irrigação é necessário, requerendo alta frequência e gerando dependência tecnológica do produtor na aplicação de água e fertilizantes. Irrigações inadequadas potencializam problemas, trazendo prejuízos financeiros pela baixa produtividade e desperdício de solução nutritiva (SN) e energia. Adicionalmente, o descarte inadequado desses insumos pode contaminar o solo e, consequentemente, o lençol freático. Estudos mostram que os sistemas de subirrigação têm potencial para obter altas eficiências na irrigação nesses ambientes, principalmente, quando há a recirculação da solução nutritiva. Porém, os equipamentos existentes atualmente no mercado foram desenvolvidos sem critérios de engenharia e produzidos em pequena escala para atender condições específicas de produção resultando em elevado custo inicial. Adicionalmente, a falta de conhecimentos sobre a sua aplicabilidade para diferentes sistemas de produção e sobre recomendações do manejo hídrico e nutricional para culturas distintas, proporciona outra limitação na sua aplicação, desencoraja sua adoção pelos produtores. O projeto e construção de uma mesa de subirrigação utilizando critérios de engenharia, que permitam o reuso da SN e o controle automático do manejo hídrico nutricional para diferentes culturas, disponibilizará um equipamento com potencial para ser inserido no mercado nacional de produção em ambientes protegidos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi projetar uma mesa de subirrigação automatizada com reuso da SN, a partir da aplicação de critérios de projeto de engenharia. Essa pesquisa foi dividida nas seguintes etapas: levantamento de informações sobre sistemas de subirrigação existentes no mercado, avaliação de campo de um sistema em operação, estabelecimento de parâmetros de dimensionamento por simulação, e a construção e avaliação de protótipo de equipamento. Os levantamentos realizados não localizaram fabricantes nacionais de equipamentos de subirrigação, e mostraram que os equipamentos em operação apresentavam projetos desenvolvidos empiricamente e construídos a partir de demanda específica do produtor. O sistema de subirrigação em operação avaliado apresentou baixa eficiência de irrigação e aplicação de água devido a perdas e ao descarte de SN. Os critérios adotados para o projeto da mesa de subirrigação foram ergonômicos e de segurança, funcionalidade e aplicabilidade, a escolha do material construtivo. A aplicação dos critérios adotados possibilitou o estabelecimento das seguintes características da mesa de subirrigação: largura de 1,58 m, comprimento variável, altura da borda de 0,06 m, chapa de poliestireno de alto impacto para a mesa e perfis de alumínio para a estrutura. A variação da combinação da vazão e do diâmetro do orifício de dreno associado ao controle automático do nível da lâmina na mesa de subirrigação atendem as exigências de manejo hídrico de diferentes culturas possibilitam a redução do uso de mão de obra e evita descartes com a recirculação da SN. Os resultados de avaliação da mesa de subirrigação construída permitiram identificar diferentes combinações de manejo associada à variação da altura e tempo de permanência da SN no interior da mesa. Concluiu-se que a mesa de subirrigação construída a partir de critérios de projeto de engenharia, com controle automático da reutilização da SN, tem potencial para ser inserido no mercado de ambiente protegido, tendo a opção de ser empregada em diferentes recipientes de produção, cultura e manejo
Abstract: Irrigation is a mandatory practice in greenhouse production, requiring high frequency and generating farmer technological dependency in water and fertilizers application. Low irrigation efficiencies increase production problems, bringing financial losses due to low yield and nutrient solution (NS) waste and energy cost. Additionally, the unsuitable disposal of these inputs can contaminate the soil and hence, the water resources. Studies showed that subirrigation systems have the potential for high efficiencies in greenhouse irrigation, especially when the recirculation of the nutrient solution is employed. However, subirrigation equipments currently available on the Brazilian market were designed without engineering criteria and produced on a small scale to meet specific production conditions, determining high initial investment cost. Furthermore, the lack of knowledge about its applicability to different production systems and water and nutritional management for distinct crops, provides another restriction in its application, and discourages producers in adopting this system. The design and construction of a subirrigation bench based on engineering criteria, enabling the NS reuse and the automatic control of water and nutrient management for different crops will provide a device with the potential to be introduced in the domestic market of greenhouse production. The objective of this work was to design an automated subirrigation bench with NS reuse, applying the fundamentals of engineering design criteria. This research was divided into the following steps: an information survey on commercial subirrigation systems, a subirrigation system field evaluation, and establishment of parameters for sizing simulation and the construction and evaluation of prototype equipment. The survey results do not tracked national companies that manufacture detailed subirrigation equipment, and shown that equipment found in farm operations was designed and developed empirically and constructed from specific producer demands. The evaluated subirrigation system revealed low values of irrigation and water application efficiencies due to NS losses and frequent disposal. The criteria adopted for the subirrigation bench design were based on ergonomic and safety, functionality and applicability issues, and the manufacture material selection. The implemented design criteria enabled the establishment of the following subirrigation bench features: width 1.58 m, length adjustable, edge height of 0.06 m, high impact polystyrene sheets for the bench frame and aluminum sheets for the supporting structure. The combinations of operation flow rate and drain orifice diameters, associated to the automated level control, allowed to establish water and nutrient management for different crops, reducing manpower needs and avoiding NS disposal due to the recirculated practice. The evaluation results of the assembled subirrigation bench showed that different management combinations can be performed by varying the NS depth and its residence time inside the equipment. It was concluded that the subirrigation bench constructed based on engineering design criteria, with automated management system and NS reuse, has the potential to be introduced in the greenhouse production market, with the option to be implemented to various crops and containers
Mestrado
Agua e Solo
Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

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Azevedo, Leonardo Pretto de [UNESP]. "Avaliação da qualidade microbiológica e produção de alface americana (Lactuca sativa L.) sob diferentes sistemas de irrigação, utilizando águas residuárias." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93763.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
A crescente expansão demográfica, o aumento da demanda por água potável, a elevação dos índices de poluição, o manejo inadequado de solos e florestas, e a contaminação de rios e lençóis freáticos têm causado sérios problemas ambientais, indisponibilizando grande porcentagem da água doce existente para utilização direta. Estima-se que apenas metade da população da América Latina seja beneficiada com redes de coleta de esgoto e que 90% deste volume coletado esteja sendo despejado em algum corpo de água superficial sem tratamento prévio. Como alternativa para este problema, grande quantidade de águas residuárias tem sido utilizada na agricultura, tornando imprescindível o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias e métodos de aplicação segura destes efluentes na irrigação de produtos para consumo humano. Visando a necessidade de desenvolver técnicas seguras de aplicação de águas residuárias na agricultura, buscou-se no presente trabalho comparar parâmetros de produção, qualidade microbiológica e acúmulo de nitrato na cultura da alface americana, submetida à irrigação com água potável e com efluente de tratamento de esgoto doméstico, nos sistemas de irrigação por gotejo (superficial e enterrado), sulcos e microaspersão. A alface foi cultivada a campo, na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, localizada no município de Botucatu. As irrigações foram realizadas a cada 48 horas, durante os últimos trinta dias da cultura, repondo a lâmina evapotranspirada neste período. Verificou-se neste trabalho que os maiores valores de produção foram obtidos na irrigação por gotejo superficial, com águas residuárias. Quando comparada a influência do tipo de água utilizada em cada sistema, os valores de produção obtidos também foram maiores para a irrigação com águas residuárias no gotejo superficial, gotejo enterrado... .
The demographic expansion, the demand increase by potable water, the increase on pollution rates, the unsuitable soil and forests management, and the contamination of rivers and subsurface water have caused serious environment problems, and it became unavailable a high percentage of water for direct use. Only 49% of Latin American population has a sewer net; from this number, it was estimated that 90% hasn't been treated before being thrown away in a surface water source, causing more problems. A high quantity of wastewater has been used in agriculture as an alternative to this problem, what attracts the attention to the need of more researches about the development of a new technology and secure methods to apply effluents on irrigated crops to human consume. Counting on the possibility of develop secure techniques to apply wastewater in agriculture, this work had the aim of comparing American lettuce production, microbiological quality and nitrate level, using irrigation with potable water and domestic sewer treatment effluent, under drip (surface and subsurface), furrow and sprinklers irrigation systems. Lettuce was planted in a field, on Lageado Experimental Farm, Agronomical Sciences College, São Paulo State University, in Botucatu / SP, Brazil. The irrigations were carried out each 48 hours, during the last thirty days of the crop, adding the water rates lost in this period. It was verified in this work that higher production values were obtained with wastewater applied with surface drip irrigation. When comparing the influence of the kind of water used in each system, the production values also were higher on wastewater irrigation with drip irrigation (surface and subsurface) and furrows. On microbiological quality, only the lettuce irrigated by subsurface drip irrigation and furrows showed safe contamination values to fecal coliform and Salmonella, according to... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).

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Flórez, Tuta Natalia. "Desenvolvimento e produtividade da cana-de-açúcar no ciclo da cana-planta com aplicação de efluente de esgoto tratado via gotejamento subsuperficial." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/256808.

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Orientadores: Edson Eiji Matsura, Regina Celia de Matos Pires
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola
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Resumo: A demanda mundial por açúcar e bioenergia cresce nos dias atuais resultando em aumento da produção da cultura da cana-de-açúcar, entretanto, as áreas de cultivo se expandem para regiões onde o recurso hídrico é um fator limitante para a produção. Neste contexto, uma alternativa para promover a produtividade é o uso de outras fontes de água como os efluentes de esgoto tratado, contribuindo com a sustentabilidade no setor. No Brasil o reuso de águas para agricultura é ainda recente, o qual limita o seu uso, considerando a falta de regulamentações para o seu adequado manejo e disposição. Assim os efluentes de esgoto, constituem-se numa problemática ambiental (poluição dos corpos de água), social (risco à saúde), e, econômica, a qual deve ser estudada, com o objetivo de obter informação que contribua à criação de legislações que contribuam à mitigação e ou diminuição dos impactos negativos deste tipo de efluentes no ambiente e na sociedade, assim como a diminuição do gasto anual do país para a despoluição dos recursos hídricos e do solo. Entretanto, são poucas as informações existentes ao que refere à disposição via gotejamento subsuperficial e aos efeitos no desenvolvimento e produtividade da cana-de-açúcar. Diante do exposto, o presente trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da irrigação com efluente de esgoto tratado, aplicado via gotejamento subsuperficial no desenvolvimento vegetativo e produtividade da cana-de-açúcar variedade RB86-7515 no ciclo da cana-planta, na região de Campinas - SP. Foram avaliados os parâmetros agronômicos e tecnológicos das plantas de cana-de-açúcar submetidas à irrigação com duas qualidades de água (efluente de esgoto tratado e água de reservatório superficial), dois níveis de fertirrigação (com e sem) e duas profundidades de instalação da fita gotejadora (0,20 e 0,40 m). A partir dos 303 dias após o plantio foram realizadas as medições dos parâmetros agronômicos, já as analises tecnológicas foram realizadas a partir dos 358 dias após o plantio. Os tratamentos não influenciaram significativamente o desenvolvimento agronômico das plantas, em relação ao tratamento não irrigado. Com relação à produtividade, o maior valor estimado (281 t ha-1) foi alcançado no tratamento (T4) irrigado com efluente de esgoto tratado, fertirrigado e com fita gotejadora instalada a 0,40 m de profundidade, sendo superior ao tratamento não irrigado em 47 t ha-1. No entanto, o tratamento T4 atingiu um valor médio de açúcar total recuperável de 125 kg ha-1, sendo inferior ao tratamento sem irrigação em 10 kg ha-1, e ao tratamento irrigado com água de reservatório superficial, fertirrigado e com fita gotejadora enterrada a 0,20 m, em 35 kg ha-1. A irrigação com efluente de esgoto tratado na profundidade de 0,40 m no estádio de crescimento intenso, não promoveu o aumentos nos valores dos atributos agronômicos e tecnológicos da cana-de-açúcar variedade RB86-7515. O aumento na produtividade média foi de 17% no ciclo da cana-planta comparado com a cultura em sequeiro com adubação convencional, quando aplicada a irrigação com efluente de esgoto tratado junto com a fertilização realizada por gotejamento subsuperficial instalado a 0,40 m
Abstract: The increasing world demand for sugar and bioenergy drives sugarcane production to high standards. Since the plantations grow toward regions of low hydric resources, the application of treated sludge is identified as an alternative for hydric supply, contributing, that way, to the sustainability of the sector. Water reuse in Brazil is a quite recent practice which does not account with regulations to support an adequate application and disposition. Sludge effluents constitute important environmental problems (water bodies pollution), social problems (health risks) as well as economic problems which should be studied to generate laws to contribute to negative impacts mitigation or diminution of these kinds of effluents in the environment and in the society and the country annual expenses to revert soil and water resources pollution. However, only little information associated to drip subsurface application effects on sugar cane crop productivity and development is available. Based on what it has been exposed before, this research work intends to evaluate the treated sludge irrigation as applied by means of subsurface drip irrigation technique on the RB86-7515 sugar cane vegetative and productivity development on the cane plant cycle in the Campinas, São Paulo region. Treated sugar cane plants (with two water qualities, i.e., treated sludge effluent and superficial reservoir water) agronomic and technological parameters have been determined for two distinct dripping tape installation depth (0.20 and 0.40 m). Agronomic parameters have been measured 303 days after the plantation, meanwhile the technological analyses were carried after 358 of the plantation. Treatments did not show significant influence on the agronomic plant development if compared with the non-irrigated treatment. Regarding productivity, T4 treatment (irrigated with treated sludge effluent, fertirrigated and with dripping tape positioned at the depth of 0.4 m) exhibited the highest estimated value (281 t ha-1) surpassing the non irrigated treatment by 47 t ha-1. However, treatment T4 reached an average recoverable total sugar of 125 kg ha-1, which was lower of the non-irrigated treatment by 10 kg ha-1 and also lower of the treatment with superficial reservoir water, fertirrigated and with the dripping tape positioned at 0.20 m by 35 kg ha-1. Irrigation with treated at the depth of 0.4 m at the intense growth level did not promote the increase of the agronomic as well as of the technological sugarcane attributes associated to the RB86-7515 sugarcane variety. The average productivity increase was of 17% on the cane plant cycle as compared with the dry (sequeiro?) crop with conventional fertilization when the treated sludge effluent together with the irrigation the fertilization carried with subsurface dripping positioned at 0.4 m
Mestrado
Agua e Solo
Mestra em Engenharia Agrícola

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Costa, Mayara Carantino. "Avaliation of the sanitary, agronomics and final product quality aspects in watermelons irrigated with treated sewage." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2006. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=250.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
The reuse of treated sewage on watermelon irrigation, variety Crimson Sweet, was investigated not only considering the sanitary aspects but also the productivity and final product quality. The experiment was conducted in the Research Centre on Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, owned by the Company of Water and Wastewater of CearÃ, in Aquiraz-CE. The experimental delimitation was randomized blocks, with four repetitions and four treatments: raw water and soil fertilization (T1); treated wastewater and soil fertilization (T2); treated wastewater without external soil fertilization (T3); and treated wastewater and half of soil fertilization (T4). The irrigation waters used (raw water and effluent of a stabilization pond) were characterized by the physical-chemical and microbiological aspects. Both waters were in the limits normalized by the World Health Organization (WHO) for unrestricted irrigation. The irrigation methods drip and furrow were compared in verifying of which one is more suitable for effluent reuse on watermelon production. The productivity data indicated that there was no significative difference among the treatments on drip irrigation, where the biggest productivities were obtained on T1 and T2 treatments. For the furrow system, no satisfactory productivity was achieved. The study revealed a significative difference among the treatments regarding the physical-chemical characteristics of the fruits. However, the microbiological quality was never compromised. Sensorial tests revealed that only the treatment T2 (treated wastewater and soil fertilization) did not present a different flavour, significative on 5% level, compared to the treatment T1 (control), and that the irrigation systems drip and furrow could be indifferently used without compromising the product flavour.
Investigou-se o reÃso de esgoto sanitÃrio tratado na irrigaÃÃo da cultura da melancia, variedade Crimson Sweet, tanto relacionado aos aspectos sanitÃrios como tambÃm Ã produtividade e Ã qualidade do produto final. O estudo foi realizado no Centro de Pesquisa sobre Tratamento de Esgoto e ReÃso de Ãguas da Companhia de Ãgua e Esgoto do CearÃ em Aquiraz-CE. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetiÃÃes e quatro tratamentos: T1 - Ãgua do poÃo mais adubaÃÃo; T2 - efluente mais adubaÃÃo; T3 - efluente e T4 - efluente mais a metade da adubaÃÃo. As Ãguas de irrigaÃÃo utilizadas (Ãgua de poÃo e efluente de lagoas de estabilizaÃÃo) foram caracterizadas sob os aspectos fÃsico-quÃmicos e microbiolÃgicos, em que ambas estavam dentro dos limites estabelecidos pela OMS para irrigaÃÃo irrestrita. Os mÃtodos de irrigaÃÃo por gotejamento e sulco foram comparados para a verificaÃÃo do mais indicado para o reÃso com efluentes na cultura da melancia. Por meio de anÃlise dos dados de produtividade da cultura observou-se que nÃo houve diferenÃa significativa entre os tratamentos na irrigaÃÃo por gotejamento, sendo que os melhores resultados foram obtidos nos tratamentos T1 e T2. Para o sistema de sulco, nÃo foram obtidas produtividades satisfatÃrias. . O estudo indicou que houve diferenÃa significativa entre os tratamentos em relaÃÃo Ãs caracterÃsticas fÃsico-quÃmicas dos frutos produzidos, contudo, nÃo houve comprometimento da qualidade microbiolÃgica dos mesmos em nenhum dos tratamentos avaliados. Em relaÃÃo Ãs caracterÃsticas sensoriais observou-se, que somente as amostras que receberam o tratamento T2 (irrigaÃÃo com efluente mais adubaÃÃo) nÃo apresentaram sabor diferente, significativo ao nÃvel de 5%, quando comparadas Ãquelas submetidas ao tratamento controle (T1), e que os sistemas de irrigaÃÃo, sulco e gotejo, podem ser utilizados, indiferentemente, sem comprometer o sabor dos frutos produzidos

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Andrade, Tamiris Cristina Oliveira de. "Análise de viabilidade econômica do uso de água residuária aplicada em culturas agrícolas /." Botucatu, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/190648.

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Orientador: Fernando Broetto
Coorientador: Maura Seiko Tsutsui Esperancini
Banca: Marcelo Leonardo
Banca: Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas
Resumo: O uso de água residuária tratada no exercício da agricultura pode favorecer o desenvolvimento das culturas por meio da disponibilidade de nutrientes essenciais como: nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio. Os benefícios econômicos do reuso desses efluentes, podem estar diretamente relacionados ao aumento da produtividade e à economia com a adubação inorgânica. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a viabilidade econômica do aproveitamento de nutrientes presentes na água residuária urbana, da cidade de Botucatu - SP. Foram estudados seis cenários com três preços distintos para água residuária, como recurso hídrico alternativo para duas culturas de interesse agronômico, a soja e o feijoeiro. Aplicou-se horizonte de planejamento de 10 anos e foram utilizados como critérios de análise econômica os seguintes indicadores: Valor Presente Líquido (VPL), Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR), Relação Benefício/Custo (RBC) e Payback descontado (PBD). A taxa de desconto utilizada como Taxa Mínima de Atratividade (TMA) foi de 6,5% a.a. Os cenários A1 e A2 (irrigação da soja e feijoeiro, respectivamente) tiveram definição do custo da água residuário a partir do preço estipulado pela SABESP e apresentaram resultados de inviabilidade econômica. Os principais fatores que tornaram estes cenários inviáveis estão relacionados ao alto custo do principal insumo, a água residuária. Já os cenários B1 e B2, com definição do custo da água residuária sendo baseado no valor da outorga de direitos do uso de recursos hí... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The use of wastewater without the exercise of agriculture can favor the growth of crops through the availability of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The benefits of reuse can be directly related to increased productivity and to the economy on inorganic fertilization. The aim of this research was to evaluate the economic viability of water use in urban wastewater, in the city of Botucatu - SP. The three temperature levels for the wastewater were studied as a water alternative for two crops of agronomic interest, a soybean and a common bean. A 10-year horizon was used and the following indicators: Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Benefit-Cost Ratio (RBC) and Discounted Payback. Discount rate used by the Minimum Attractiveness Rate (TMA) of 6.5% per year. Scenarios A1 and A2 (soybean and common bean watering, respectively) have the same rate of residential residue and price stipulated by SABESP and the results of economic unfeasibility. The main factors that made these scenarios impracticable are related to the high cost of the main input, the wastewater. The scenarios B1 and B2, with the definition of the use of wastewater, are based on the granting of rights to use water resources, proving to be economically viable, with B2 being the most prominent scenario. For scenarios C1 and C2 there was also an economic feasibility, considering the zero cost of wastewater. Scenario C2 presented the best economic performance compared to each of the groups evaluated in this study according to the calculated indicators. As part of the results and applications, a computer system was developed in a Delphi programming environment, called ECOADUBO, which enabled the producer, researcher and Sanitation Agency to quickly and easily access the results of symmetric applications on economics with inorganic fertilization. The system works via variables such as physical-chemical wast
Mestre

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Swarts, Derek Juan. "Soil community structure and litter decomposition under irrigated Eucalyptus Globulus in South Western Australia." Connect to thesis, 2006. http://portal.ecu.edu.au/adt-public/adt-ECU2006.0051.html.

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Xiong, Xianzhe, and mikewood@deakin edu au. "Heavy metal accumulation in soils at three field sites subject to effluent irrigation." Deakin University. School of Ecology and Environment, 2003. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20050902.110403.

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Three field sites were chosen to study the environmental assimilative capacity of heavy metals in soil. These sites were the Werribee Farm and the Myome Farm in Australia and Shenyang Zhangshi Irrigation Area in China. The Werribee Farm and the Shenyang Zhangshi Irrigation Area received sewage treatment and application on land for a long time. The Myome farm is an experimental site in which investigations on land application of municipal wastewater on water repellent soils is currently being trailed. Heavy metal contamination, in particular Cr, Cu and Zn, in the Land Filtration soil of Werribee Farm was widespread. More than a century of sewage irrigation has occurred in the Werribee Farm. The temporal distribution pattern of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) in the soil at this site follow an exponential trend with time and the spatial distribution pattern of accumulation of heavy metals in different paddocks correlates with the number of years of sewage irrigation at that site in the Farm. Extensive sewage irrigation at Shenyang Zhangshi Irrigation Area resulted in significant Cd pollution in soil-plant (rice) system and poses a significant threat to the health of local people. Even after eight years since cessation of sewage irrigation, the bioavailable fractions of Cd in the soil as analyzed by sequential extraction techniques were very high thus illustrating long-term persistence. The simultaneous competitive adsorption of metals in water repellent soils (at Myome Farm in South Australia) was studied. In the competitive situation, Cr, Pb and Cu are the heavy metal cations more strongly adsorbed by the soil, whereas Cd, Ni and Zn are the least adsorbed. The increase in Freundlich adsorption capacity by clay amendment suggested that clayed soils are capable sorption of higher heavy metal loadings compared to the non-clayed water repellent soil, which is more vulnerable to heavy metal inputs. A simple model of environmental assimilative capacity is proposed. The results of comparison of the three field sites shows that the Werribee Farm has a higher environmental assimilative capacity of heavy metals in soil than the soils at Shenyang Zhangshi Irrigation Area and Myome Farm, however heavy metal contamination at Werribee Farm is still a concern. The model of environmental assimilative capacity of heavy metals in soil is an effective tool to assist management of effluent applied land irrigation systems and can be used to better design environmental engineering systems.

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Azevedo, Leonardo Pretto de 1978. "Avaliação da qualidade microbiológica e produção de alface americana (Lactuca sativa L.) sob diferentes sistemas de irrigação, utilizando águas residuárias /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93763.

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Orientador: João Carlos Cury Saad
Banca: Hélio Grassi Filho
Banca: Sergio Nascimento Duarte
Resumo: A crescente expansão demográfica, o aumento da demanda por água potável, a elevação dos índices de poluição, o manejo inadequado de solos e florestas, e a contaminação de rios e lençóis freáticos têm causado sérios problemas ambientais, indisponibilizando grande porcentagem da água doce existente para utilização direta. Estima-se que apenas metade da população da América Latina seja beneficiada com redes de coleta de esgoto e que 90% deste volume coletado esteja sendo despejado em algum corpo de água superficial sem tratamento prévio. Como alternativa para este problema, grande quantidade de águas residuárias tem sido utilizada na agricultura, tornando imprescindível o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias e métodos de aplicação segura destes efluentes na irrigação de produtos para consumo humano. Visando a necessidade de desenvolver técnicas seguras de aplicação de águas residuárias na agricultura, buscou-se no presente trabalho comparar parâmetros de produção, qualidade microbiológica e acúmulo de nitrato na cultura da alface americana, submetida à irrigação com água potável e com efluente de tratamento de esgoto doméstico, nos sistemas de irrigação por gotejo (superficial e enterrado), sulcos e microaspersão. A alface foi cultivada a campo, na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, localizada no município de Botucatu. As irrigações foram realizadas a cada 48 horas, durante os últimos trinta dias da cultura, repondo a lâmina evapotranspirada neste período. Verificou-se neste trabalho que os maiores valores de produção foram obtidos na irrigação por gotejo superficial, com águas residuárias. Quando comparada a influência do tipo de água utilizada em cada sistema, os valores de produção obtidos também foram maiores para a irrigação com águas residuárias no gotejo superficial, gotejo enterrado... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo).
Abstract: The demographic expansion, the demand increase by potable water, the increase on pollution rates, the unsuitable soil and forests management, and the contamination of rivers and subsurface water have caused serious environment problems, and it became unavailable a high percentage of water for direct use. Only 49% of Latin American population has a sewer net; from this number, it was estimated that 90% hasn't been treated before being thrown away in a surface water source, causing more problems. A high quantity of wastewater has been used in agriculture as an alternative to this problem, what attracts the attention to the need of more researches about the development of a new technology and secure methods to apply effluents on irrigated crops to human consume. Counting on the possibility of develop secure techniques to apply wastewater in agriculture, this work had the aim of comparing American lettuce production, microbiological quality and nitrate level, using irrigation with potable water and domestic sewer treatment effluent, under drip (surface and subsurface), furrow and sprinklers irrigation systems. Lettuce was planted in a field, on Lageado Experimental Farm, Agronomical Sciences College, São Paulo State University, in Botucatu / SP, Brazil. The irrigations were carried out each 48 hours, during the last thirty days of the crop, adding the water rates lost in this period. It was verified in this work that higher production values were obtained with wastewater applied with surface drip irrigation. When comparing the influence of the kind of water used in each system, the production values also were higher on wastewater irrigation with drip irrigation (surface and subsurface) and furrows. On microbiological quality, only the lettuce irrigated by subsurface drip irrigation and furrows showed safe contamination values to fecal coliform and Salmonella, according to... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).
Mestre

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25

Chan, Shun-tim. "Tai Mong Tsai outdoor educational and recreational camp." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25950903.

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26

Nzube, Silumko. "The accumulation of heavy metals in soil and vegetables irrigated with wastewater effluent in the Bauffalo City Region." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d10207673.

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The present study was conducted to assess selected heavy metal levels (Cu, Fe, Zn, Ni and Pb) in soil and plants that are irrigated by mixed industrial and domestic wastewater in the Buffalo City region. Three types of samples were studied: soil, water and vegetables (spinach and beetroot). Soil analysis showed that most of the heavy metals were found to be acceptable within the SEPA limits. Most of the heavy metal concentrations found in the wastewater indicate that the water is not suitable for irrigation or for livestock use, according to guidelines from the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry of South Africa. The level of copper in the wastewater effluent exceeded the level specified by SEPA limits. In the wastewater the lead concentration averaged 3.24 and 1.98 ppm in Tshatshu (TS) and Mlakalaka (ML) respectively, which shows that both sites are not suitable for both irrigation and livestock usage. The heavy metal levels (Ni, Pb, and Cu) in both spinach and beetroot samples exceed the criteria specified by the WHO and SEPA standards. The study recommends terminating the usage of effluent for irrigation and further investigation or monitoring in these water sources.

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Romeiro, Júlio César Thoaldo [UNESP]. "Parâmetros químicos da solução de um solo fertilizado com lodo de esgoto em bananeiras irrigadas." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93802.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
O lodo de esgoto (LE) é um resíduo gerado do tratamento de águas servidas, sejam domésticas, industriais ou agroindustriais, contendo níveis elevados de matéria orgânica, macro e micronutrientes fundamentais para a fertilidade do solo. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar os parâmetros químicos da solução do solo (pH, condutividade elétrica e concentração de N-NO3 - e N-NH4 +) obtidos pelo uso de extratores de cápsulas porosas, em função da substituição da adubação nitrogenada química por lodo de esgoto, por ocasião das adubações em cobertura no terceiro ciclo de cultivo de bananeiras cv IAC2001 em regime irrigado. O trabalho desenvolveu-se nas dependências da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - UNESP/Botucatu-SP, em solo do tipo NITOSSOLO VERMELHO, no ano de 2007. O lodo de esgoto utilizado no experimento, proveniente da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto (ETE) da cidade de Jundiaí, apresentava 3,15% de nitrogênio e 60% de umidade em sua constituição, cujos dados foram utilizados para o cálculo das doses de composto aplicadas ao solo, de acordo com seus respectivos tratamentos. O delineamento experimental adotado em blocos ao acaso consistiu em 3 blocos, 6 tratamentos e 6 repetições, variando os tratamentos de 1 a 6, substituindo em 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 e 125% a adubação nitrogenada química por lodo de esgoto, respectivamente, de acordo com o teor deste elemento presente no resíduo, perfazendo um total de 108 plantas. As adubações foram parceladas em duas épocas, onde 4 coletas de solução do solo foram retiradas aos 2, 10, 18 e 24 dias após a primeira adubação; e 4 coletas retiradas aos 4, 12, 20 e 26 dias após a segunda adubação em cobertura, com o auxílio de uma bomba de vácuo manual, capaz de fornecer tensões de até -70KPa. Após coletados e tabulados, os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância (ANAVA)...
Sewage Sludge (LE) is a residue generated from served water treatment, domestic, industrial or agro-industrial, containing high levels of organic substance, macro and micronutrients essential for soil fertility. The present work aims to evaluate chemical parameters of ground solution (pH, concentration of N-NH4+ and NOR 3 - and electrical conductivity) obtained by the use of porous capsules extractors, due to the replacement of nitrogen fertilization for sewage sludge, by means of the fertilization in covering in the third cycle of banana trees culture cv IAC2001 in irrigated conditions. This work was developed at the School of Agriculture - UNESP/Botucatu-SP, in 2007 in a RED NITOSSOIL. The sewage sludge used in this experiment, originated from the Sewage Treatment Plant located in Jundiaí, and presented in its constitution 3.15% of nitrogen and 60% of humidity, data used to calculate the applied compost doses to the ground, according to its respective treatments. Experimental delineation arranged in randomized blocks consisting of 3 blocks, 6 treatments and 6 replications, in a total of 108 plants, with treatments varying from 1 to 6, substituting in 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125% chemical nitrogen fertilization for sewage sludge, respectively, in accordance with the quantity of this element in the residue. The fertilization were divided in two periods, when 4 samples of soil solution were collected in 2, 10, 18 and 24 days after the first fertilization; and 4 samples were collected in 4, 12, 20 and 26 days after the second fertilization in covering, utilizing a manual vacuum pump, capable of supplying tensions of up to -70Kpa. After collected and tabulated, data were submitted by analysis of variance (ANAVA) and compared by the Tukey test at 5% significance level. The gotten results indicate inside that for pH of the solution of the ground, it did not have influences of the substitution... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Barbosa, Rodrigo Domingues [UNESP]. "Manejo do solo com lodo de esgoto em bananeira irrigada." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103407.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Com o intuito de avaliar os efeitos de diferentes doses de lodo de esgoto no crescimento, desenvolvimento, produtividade e qualidade de frutos da bananeira ‘Nanicão IAC 2001’ (Musa AAA) e nas características químicas do solo em regime irrigado, foi desenvolvido o presente trabalho na Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas / UNESP / Botucatu – SP. O lodo de esgoto foi proveniente da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto (ETE) da cidade de Jundiaí, apresentava 3,15% de nitrogênio e 60% de umidade em sua constituição, cujos dados foram utilizados para o cálculo de doses de composto aplicadas ao solo, de acordo com os respectivos tratamentos. O plantio foi realizado no mês de março de 2005, adotando-se o espaçamento de 3,0m entre linhas e 2,5m entre plantas. O delineamento experimental implantado foi o de blocos casualizados, constituído por 3 blocos, 6 tratamentos e 6 repetições, variando os tratamentos de 1 a 6, substituindo em 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 e 125% a adubação nitrogenada química por lodo de esgoto respectivamente, de acordo com o teor deste elemento presente no resíduo, perfazendo um total de 108 plantas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANAVA) e comparados pelo teste de Tukey a um nível de significância de 5%. Os efeitos da substituição química pela orgânica no solo foram avaliados por meio de análises químicas de macro e micronutrientes presentes ao mesmo. Os efeitos dos tratamentos no desenvolvimento e produtividade das plantas foram avaliados através dos teores de nutrientes presentes nas folhas, diâmetro médio do pseudocaule, altura média de inserção da inflorescência, número de cachos por planta, massa média do cacho e número médio de frutos por planta. A pós-colheita dos frutos foi avaliada através de análises de textura, pH, acidez total titulável, sólidos solúveis totais. A aplicação de lodo de esgoto...
Aiming to evaluate the effects of different dosages of sewage sludge on growth, development, production and quality of banana ‘Nanicão IAC 2001’ fruits (Musa AAA) and soil chemical characteristics on irrigated regime, the present work was developed at the School of Agronomy, UNESP, Botucatu – SP. Sewage sludge utilized in this experiment was originated from a Sewer Treatment Station (ETE) located in Jundiaí, composed of 3.15% nitrogen and 60% humidity, data utilized in the calculation of compound dosage applied on the soil, according to each treatment. Planting was conducted in March 2005, adopting a space of 3.0m between lines and 2.5m between plants. The experimental delineation implanted was randomly distributed in blocks, constituted by 3 blocks, 6 treatments and 6 repetitions, with treatments varying from 1 to 6, replacing nitrogen fertilization on 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125% for sewage sludge, in accordance to the level of this element in the residue, totalizing 108 plants. Data were submitted to variance analysis (ANAVA) and compared by Tukey’s test on a 5% level of significance. The effects resulted by the replacement of chemical to organic soil fertilization were evaluated through the analysis of the presence of macro and micronutrients in the soil. Treatment effects on plants development and production were estimated through level of nutrients on the leafs, pseudostem average diameter, average height of inflorescence insertion, number of bunches per plant, average mass per bunch and average number of fruits per plant. Fruit quality was determined by texture, ph, total titratable acidity and total soluble solids. Sewage sludge application as an organic N-resource replacing mineral-N did not alter the evaluated fruit production characteristics and quality in the first and second banana... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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29

Nogueira, Sandra Furlan. "Efeitos da irrigação com esgoto tratado e fertilização nitrogenada na ciclagem de carbono e nitrogênio e no metabolismo microbiano de um solo cultivado com capim-Bermuda Tifton 85." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64135/tde-22042009-154507/.

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Em muitas partes do mundo o aumento na demanda de água tem estimulado pesquisas relacionadas às práticas de reuso sustentáveis. Dentre as atividades humanas, a irrigação agrícola se revela como uma das práticas de maior consumo de recursos hídricos naturais. Uma alternativa para minimizar este problema é o reuso de efluentes gerados por sistemas biológicos de tratamento de esgotos. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar os efeitos da irrigação com esgoto tratado na dinâmica do carbono (C) e nitrogênio (N) e na atividade microbiana de um solo sob pastagem. O estudo foi conduzido em uma pastagem de capim-Bermuda Tifton 85 (Lins-SP), onde o delineamento experimental foi o de blocos completos com seis tratamentos: SI (sem irrigação e sem fertilização), A100 (água potável + 520 kg de N ha-1 ano-1); E0, E33, E66 e E100 (irrigação com esgoto tratado + 0, 33, 66 e 100% de 520 kg de N ha-1 ano-1). Os tratamentos receberam entre 420 a 1500 mm de esgoto tratado e água por ano, correspondendo a uma entrada pelo esgoto tratado de 640 a 2300 kg ha-1 ano-1 de C e de 135 a 480 kg ha-1 ano-1 de N. Utilizando como referência os estoques de C e N de SI, o menor decréscimo de C ocorreu em E33 (1,2 Mg ha-1) e o maior em A100 (7,9 Mg ha-1). Alterações no estoque de N do solo ocorreram após quatro anos de irrigação, onde A100 apresentou decréscimo de cerca de 450 kg de N ha-1. Os estoques de N dos tratamentos irrigados com esgoto tratado não foram afetados. A entrada de C e N orgânicos pelo esgoto tratado não afetaram a composição isotópica do C (\'delta\' 13C) e do N (\'delta\' 15N) da fração estável da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) do solo. A alteração de \'delta\' 13C nos solos dos tratamentos irrigados (-0,7 a -1,2%o ), em relação a SI, foi resultante da mineralização do carbono orgânico remanescente do solo (plantas C3). Os valores de \'delta\' 15N do N da MOS (0 a 5 cm) foram significativamente maiores (+2,2%o) nos tratamentos irrigados com esgoto tratado do que em SI e A100, refletindo diferenciadas taxas e processos de ciclagem de N. A abundância natural de 15N nas folhas do capim-Bermuda refletiu a composição isotópica do N do solo, com enriquecimento de +2,5%o e +4,9%o em relação a A100 e SI, respectivamente. As taxas líquidas de mineralização e nitrificação negativas ou nulas nas épocas Seca-04, Chuvas-05 e Seca-05 indicaram predominância de processos de imobilização do N pela microbiota em virtude uma alta relação C:N da MOS. Nas épocas de Chuvas-06 e Seca-06 as taxas tornaramse positivas indicando a diminuição da relação C:N da MOS, término do efeito priming e, portanto, ciclagem interna de N. Os solos dos tratamentos apresentaram baixo consumo (-0,1kg de C ha-1 sem-1) ou pequena emissão média de CH4 (+0,8 kg de C ha-1 sem-1). A disponibilidade de N e a umidade do solo não representaram fatores limitantes nos tratamentos, assim as emissões de CO2 não diferiram entre si na maior parte das datas de coleta (médias de 14,7 e 12,2 Mg de C ha-1 para épocas de chuvas e seca, respectivamente). Os maiores fluxos de CO2 relacionaram-se com os períodos de maior precipitação e/ou irrigação do que com os tratamentos. Os maiores fluxos de N2O foram observados após a aplicação de N mineral nos tratamentos irrigados com esgoto tratado, sendo proporcionais as maiores quantidades de N adicionado. As relações médias entre o C da biomassa microbiana e o C orgânico total (Cmic:COT) dos tratamentos variaram de 2,3 a 3,8% ao longo das épocas, indicando boa resiliência do agroecossistema, onde os microrganismos apresentaram variações temporárias de biomassa. Interferências positivas do manejo (corte do capim e fertilização com N mineral) resultando em aumento de Cmic foram observadas no 1º ano hidrológico e Seca-06, como resultado da maior umidade do solo e com isso condições mais favoráveis para a disponibilização de C. Na Seca-04, com o aumento da atividade metabólica, e Chuvas-05, sem alteração deste parâmetro, ao longo do manejo, o quociente metabólico (qCO2) apresentou um cenário de eficiente conversão de C-CO2 em biomassa microbiana. No 2º ano hidrológico, com a diminuição das lâminas de irrigação os tratamentos irrigados e fertilizados apresentaram decréscimo de Cmic e respiração mantida (Seca-05) ou aumentada (Chuvas-06) após o manejo, os valores de qCO2 indicaram condições desfavoráveis a microbiota. Com a pouca interferência dos tratamentos, os indicadores eco-fisiológicos não foram suficientemente sensíveis para mostrar o manejo com menor impacto na qualidade do solo, revelando apenas cenários do metabolismo microbiano ao longo das práticas agrícolas. A quantidade de C exportada por E33, como biomassa (15,2 Mg de C ha-1 ano-1) não diferiu das maiores produções, a alteração em seu estoque de C foi inferior aos demais tratamentos irrigados, sugerindo ser o manejo mais sustentável, em termos de C, utilizando esgoto tratado como irrigação. Os tratamentos E100 (Seca-04) e E66 (Chuvas-05) representaram os manejos com as maiores exportações de N, respondendo linearmente até 940 ha-1 de N ano-1. De acordo com as variáveis avaliadas, o manejo com maior sustentabilidade produtiva e ambiental foi o tratamento E100, situação onde as saídas de N não superaram as entradas
In many parts of the world, the increasing demand and, especially in arid regions the natural scarcity of water has stimulated researches in terms of sustainable water reuse practices. Within human activities, common agricultural irrigation reveals one of the most consumptive practices of natural water resources. One alternative to minimize this problem represents the reuse of effluent generated by biological sewage treatment systems. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of treated wastewater application in the dynamic of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), and microbial metabolism of a soil under pasture. The study was carried out at Lins, São Paulo State, Brazil on a Tifton 85 bermudagrass pasture irrigated with secondary treated sewage effluent using a randomized complete block design with six treatments: SI (control, without irrigation and fertilization), W100 (potable water irrigation + 520 kg of N ha-1 year-1); E0, E33, E66 and E100 (treated wastewater irrigation + 0, 33, 66 and 100% of 520 kg of N ha-1 year-1). Samples of treated effluent/water, soil, plant (litter fall), and gases were taken from January 2004 through October 2007 and the treatments were kept under irrigation management receiving between 420 and 1,500 mm of water and treated sewage corresponding to an input of 640 to 2,300 kg ha-1 yr-1 of C and 135 to 480 kg ha-1 year-1 of N . Soil C stocks decreased slightly in the E33 treatment (-1.3 Mg ha-1) and a larger decrease was observed in W100 (-7.9 Mg ha-1). The inputs of organic C by the treated sewage did not affect the soil carbon isotopic composition (\'delta\' 13C), and in the irrigated treatments measured shifts in the isotopic signature (-0,7 a -1,2%o ) were caused by the mineralization of the remaining soil organic matter (SOC) (C3 plants). After 4 years of irrigation the only significant changes in soil N stocks were found in the W100 treatment (-450 kg de N ha-1). The \'deta\' 15N signature of the soil organic matter (0-5 cm depth) in the treatments irrigated with treated sewage was significantly higher (+2,2%o) than WI and W100, this suggests higher nitrogen cycling. The \'delta\' 15N signature of grass was enriched relative to the soil of W100 and WI +2,5%o and +4,9%o respectively). Negative or null rates of mineralization and nitrification occurred in the dry season of 2004, rainy and dry season of 2005 indicated an immobilization by the microorganisms, as a result of a high C:N ratio in the SOC. In the dry and wet seasons of 2006, mineralization and nitrification rates became positive suggesting a decrease of the C:N ratio, and the end of both priming effect and, thus the beginning of N cycling in the soil organic matter. Soils in the treatments showed low CH4 consumption rates (-0.1 kg de C ha-1 semester-1) and in some cases low emissions (+0.8 kg de C ha-1 emester-1). Nitrogen availability and soil moisture did not appear to be limiting factors for the treatments, thus CO2 emissions did not differ from each other over the collections (averages of 14.7 e 12.2 Mg of C ha-1 for wet and dry season, respectively). The highest CO2 fluxes were more related to periods of high precipitation and/or irrigation than to the applied treatments. The highest emissions of nitrous oxide were observed after the application of mineral N to the treatments irrigated with treated sewage, and the emissions were straightly related to the N addition. Values of Cmic:TOC (microbial C : Total Organic C) in the treatments averaged between 2.3 and 3.8 % through the seasons which means a significant resilience of the ecosystem, indicating that soil microbial community varied seasonally in their Cmic. Addition of mineral nitrogen and grass cutting practices influenced positively resulting in increase of Cmic in the first hydrological year and in the dry season in 2006, as well as an increase of soil moisture resulting in good conditions for C availability. With the increase metabolic activity in the dry season of 2004 and a continuous metabolic activity in the rainy season in 2005, the metabolic quotient (qCO2) resulted in an efficient scenario of conversion of C-CO2 into microbial biomass. In the second year, with a decrease of the irrigation depths and an increase in salts concentration after fertilization, the treatments irrigated with treated sewage and fertilizers presented decrease of Cmic with stable respiration (dry season 2005) or increase respiration (wet season 2006) after the management, and as a result qCO2 indicated inappropriate conditions for the microorganisms. In the dry season (2006) the physiological profile of the soil remained instable with no stress and Cmic increased and soil respiration remained inaltered. According to these results, the microbial indicators were not efficiently sensitive for revealing the more impacting management to the soil. The co-physiological indicators showed only the regular microbial metabolism along the agricultural practices. Carbon biomass exported by the grass in the E33 (15.2 Mg C ha-1 yr-1) did not differ from the biomass produced in the other treatments and the alterations in its C stocks were low compared to the other treatments. As a result, E33 seems to be the more sustainable and efficient practice for treated sewage use. Both the E66 and E100 treatments had high measured rates of N export, responding linearly up to 940 kg of N ha-1 yr-1. Thus, according to the variables studied, the management with highest sustainability was E100 where N outputs did not surpass the inputs

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Deon, Magnus Dall'Igna. "Reciclagem de água e nutrientes pela irrigação da cana-de-açúcar com efluente de estação de tratamento de esgoto." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-21062010-152238/.

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A cultura da cana-de-açúcar, pelo alto consumo de água e de nutrientes, além da destinação industrial, apresenta características ideais para o recebimento de efluente de estações de tratamento de esgoto (EETE) sob a forma de irrigação. Esta prática tem como objetivo a reciclagem de nutrientes e de água, o incremento da produtividade e a economia de fertilizantes, de terra arável e de água potável. Apesar das múltiplas vantagens ambientais, não é desprovida de riscos, e este trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar a dinâmica de nutrientes no sistema solo-planta de canavial irrigado com efluente de esgoto tratado em dois ciclos consecutivos da cana-soca e a influência do aporte de nutrientes e outros elementos via efluente sobre a nutrição mineral da canade- açúcar. Foram aplicadas lâminas de irrigação com o esgoto tratado entre 0 (sem irrigação) e 200 % da exigência de água pela cultura, em gotejamento subsuperficial. Foram avaliados os aportes de nutrientes e outros elementos pelo efluente, os efeitos na composição nutricional da planta e da fração trocável do solo e o desempenho quantitativo e qualitativo da cultura. Concluiu-se que o efluente pode fornecer até 163 kg ha-1 de N; 14 kg ha-1 P; 145 kg ha-1 de K; 80 kg ha-1 de Ca; 28 kg ha-1 de Mg; 207 kg ha-1 de S; 0,45 kg ha-1 de B; 0,07 kg ha-1 de Cu; 0,25 kg ha-1 de Fe e 0,18 kg ha-1 de Mn, sendo fonte potencial de nutrientes à cultura da cana-de-açúcar, principalmente N, Ca e S, precisando de complementação mineral de P, K, Mg e micronutrientes. O estado nutricional da cultura, avaliado pela diagnose foliar melhorou para N, Mg, S e Cu no segundo ano avaliado. A folha +1 foi mais sensível às alterações de disponibilidade de nutrientes. A presença de elementos no efluente que podem potencialmente provocar degradação nas propriedades físicas do solo, tal como o sódio, contaminação de águas subterrâneas, como o nitrogênio, ou ainda tóxicos, como cromo e cobre, exige monitoramento constante da área agrícola que recebe este resíduo. Neste trabalho de curto prazo, estes elementos não representaram problemas. A irrigação com EETE proporcionou aumento do desempenho vegetativo da cultura e um ganho de produtividade na cana-de-açúcar de até 19,84 e 40,47 Mg ha-1, na primeira e na segunda socas, respectivamente. A qualidade industrial da cana-de-açúcar não foi alterada significativamente pela irrigação com EETE. Este trabalho mostrou que a irrigação com EETE é exequível, possui potencial econômico e seria uma solução possível para parte da demanda agrícola de água e dos problemas de poluição dos corpos dágua naturais.
Sugarcane cultivation, due to the high water and nutrients consumption, besides the industrial utilization, has ideal characteristics for receiving sewage treatment plant effluent (STPE) as irrigation. This practice aims to recycle nutrients and water, increasing productivity and decreasing the use of fertilizers, agricultural land and potable water. Despite the many environmental benefits, it has risks, and this study aimed to evaluate the dynamics of nutrients in the soil-sugarcane plant system irrigated with treated sewage effluent in two consecutive sugarcane ratoon cycles and the influence of nutrient and other elements added as effluent on the sugarcane mineral nutrition. Irrigations with treated sewage were applied up to 200% of the crop water requirement by subsurface drip. Nutrient and other elements input by the effluent, its effect on plant nutritional composition, soil exchangeable fraction and the quantitative and qualitative sugarcane performance were evaluated. Effluent can provide up to 163 kg ha-1 N, 14 kg ha-1 P, 145 kg ha-1 K, 80 kg ha-1 Ca, 28 kg ha-1 Mg, 207 kg ha-1 S, 0.45 kg ha-1 B, 0.07 kg ha-1 Cu, 0.25 kg ha-1 Fe and 0.18 kg ha-1 Mn, being a potential source of N, Ca and S, needing additional P, K, Mg and micronutrients fertilization. Sugarcane nutritional status as assessed by foliar analysis was improved for N, Mg, S and Cu in the second ratoon evaluated. Top visible dewlap leaf was more sensitive to changes in the nutrients availability. The presence of elements in the effluent that can potentially cause degradation in soil physical properties, such as sodium, groundwater contamination, such as nitrogen, or toxic substances, such as chromium and copper, requires constant monitoring of the agricultural area that receives this residue. In these short-term experiments there were no such problems. The replacement of crop evapotranspiration by irrigation with STPE provided an increase in vegetative performance and a gain in productivity of the sugarcane by 19.84 and 40.47 Mg ha-1, in the first and in the second ratoon, respectively. Industrial quality of sugarcane was not significantly affected by irrigation with STPE. This study showed that irrigation with STPE is potentially feasible, has economic potential, and would be a possible solution to part of the agricultural water demand and natural water bodies pollution problems

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31

Romeiro, Júlio César Thoaldo 1982. "Parâmetros químicos da solução de um solo fertilizado com lodo de esgoto em bananeiras irrigadas /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93802.

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Orientador: Hélio Grassi Filho
Banca: João Carlos Cury Saad
Banca: José Eduardo Creste
Resumo: O lodo de esgoto (LE) é um resíduo gerado do tratamento de águas servidas, sejam domésticas, industriais ou agroindustriais, contendo níveis elevados de matéria orgânica, macro e micronutrientes fundamentais para a fertilidade do solo. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar os parâmetros químicos da solução do solo (pH, condutividade elétrica e concentração de N-NO3 - e N-NH4 +) obtidos pelo uso de extratores de cápsulas porosas, em função da substituição da adubação nitrogenada química por lodo de esgoto, por ocasião das adubações em cobertura no terceiro ciclo de cultivo de bananeiras cv IAC2001 em regime irrigado. O trabalho desenvolveu-se nas dependências da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - UNESP/Botucatu-SP, em solo do tipo NITOSSOLO VERMELHO, no ano de 2007. O lodo de esgoto utilizado no experimento, proveniente da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto (ETE) da cidade de Jundiaí, apresentava 3,15% de nitrogênio e 60% de umidade em sua constituição, cujos dados foram utilizados para o cálculo das doses de composto aplicadas ao solo, de acordo com seus respectivos tratamentos. O delineamento experimental adotado em blocos ao acaso consistiu em 3 blocos, 6 tratamentos e 6 repetições, variando os tratamentos de 1 a 6, substituindo em 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 e 125% a adubação nitrogenada química por lodo de esgoto, respectivamente, de acordo com o teor deste elemento presente no resíduo, perfazendo um total de 108 plantas. As adubações foram parceladas em duas épocas, onde 4 coletas de solução do solo foram retiradas aos 2, 10, 18 e 24 dias após a primeira adubação; e 4 coletas retiradas aos 4, 12, 20 e 26 dias após a segunda adubação em cobertura, com o auxílio de uma bomba de vácuo manual, capaz de fornecer tensões de até -70KPa. Após coletados e tabulados, os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância (ANAVA)... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Sewage Sludge (LE) is a residue generated from served water treatment, domestic, industrial or agro-industrial, containing high levels of organic substance, macro and micronutrients essential for soil fertility. The present work aims to evaluate chemical parameters of ground solution (pH, concentration of N-NH4+ and NOR 3 - and electrical conductivity) obtained by the use of porous capsules extractors, due to the replacement of nitrogen fertilization for sewage sludge, by means of the fertilization in covering in the third cycle of banana trees culture cv IAC2001 in irrigated conditions. This work was developed at the School of Agriculture - UNESP/Botucatu-SP, in 2007 in a RED NITOSSOIL. The sewage sludge used in this experiment, originated from the Sewage Treatment Plant located in Jundiaí, and presented in its constitution 3.15% of nitrogen and 60% of humidity, data used to calculate the applied compost doses to the ground, according to its respective treatments. Experimental delineation arranged in randomized blocks consisting of 3 blocks, 6 treatments and 6 replications, in a total of 108 plants, with treatments varying from 1 to 6, substituting in 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125% chemical nitrogen fertilization for sewage sludge, respectively, in accordance with the quantity of this element in the residue. The fertilization were divided in two periods, when 4 samples of soil solution were collected in 2, 10, 18 and 24 days after the first fertilization; and 4 samples were collected in 4, 12, 20 and 26 days after the second fertilization in covering, utilizing a manual vacuum pump, capable of supplying tensions of up to -70Kpa. After collected and tabulated, data were submitted by analysis of variance (ANAVA) and compared by the Tukey test at 5% significance level. The gotten results indicate inside that for pH of the solution of the ground, it did not have influences of the substitution... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

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Coelho, Anderson Prates. "Desempenho agronômico de aveia-branca, avaliado por sensoriamento remoto, sob aplicação de efluente de esgoto tratado e níveis de irrigação /." Jaboticabal, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/180850.

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Orientador: Rogério Teixeira de Faria
Coorientador: Carolina Fernandes
Banca: Lucas Rios do Amaral
Banca: Glauco de Souza Rolim
Resumo: A utilização e o reúso da água na agricultura são uma das maiores preocupações mundiais atualmente. Alternativas e práticas que otimizem esse recurso são sempre temas de debate e atenção por parte de pesquisadores e governantes. Para o aumento da eficiência e otimização do uso e reúso da água, o sensoriamento remoto de áreas agrícolas tem se mostrado excelente alternativa na definição de áreas de manejo específico. Dessa maneira, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de efluente de estação de tratamento de esgoto (EETE) no cultivo de aveia-branca (Avena sativa L.), definindo-se zonas de manejo a partir de sensoriamento remoto com o índice de vegetação NDVI e avaliar a capacidade de generalização de modelos de estimava da produtividade de aveia-branca em função de índices de vegetação (IRVI e NDVI). O estudo foi constituído de dois experimentos, sendo um realizado na safra de inverno de 2017, com aplicação de níveis de EETE na lâmina de irrigação, apresentando cinco tratamentos (11%, 31%, 60%, 87% e 100% de EETE) e o segundo nas safras de inverno de 2017 e 2018, constituído de cinco níveis de aplicação de água na cultura da aveia-branca (11%, 31%, 60%, 87% e 100% da evapotranspiração da cultura). Para o experimento de apenas uma safra (2017), os índices médios de NDVI na cultura obtidos por sensor terrestre ativo (GreenSeeker) foram correlacionados os componentes de crescimento e produtividade da cultura. Para a definição dos limites críticos de NDVI foram geradas equaç... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The use and reuse of water in agriculture is one of the world's major concerns today. Alternatives and practices that optimize this resource are always topics of debate and attention on the part of researchers and rulers. In order to increase efficiency and optimize the use and reuse of water, remote sensing of agricultural areas has proven to be an excellent alternative in the definition of specific management areas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of treated sewage effluent (TSE) application on white oats (Avena sativa L.), defining management zones from remote sensing with vegetation index NDVI and to evaluate the generalization capacity of models estimating the yield of white oats as a function of vegetation indices (IRVI and NDVI). The study consisted of two experiments, one of which was performed in the winter crop of 2017, with application of TSE levels in the irrigation depth, presenting five treatments (11%, 31%, 60%, 87% and 100% of TSE) and the second in the winter crops of 2017 and 2018, consisting of five levels of water application in the white oats crop (11%, 31%, 60%, 87% and 100% of crop evapotranspiration). For the first experiment, the mean NDVI indices in the crop were obtained by active terrestrial sensor (GreenSeeker), which correlated the components of growth and crop yield. In order to define the critical limits of NDVI, values were generated as a function of relative biomass yield (RBY), from mean biomass yield, in four phenological ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

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33

Bellingieri, Paulo Henrique. "Avaliação de impactos em agua subterranea e solo, pela pratica de disposição de efluente desinfetado de lagoa anaerobia na agricultura." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/258248.

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Orientador: Bruno Coraucci Filho
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T22:16:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bellingieri_PauloHenrique_M.pdf: 9365011 bytes, checksum: 6c7e81559cc6178c82c39aab2cd464f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005
Resumo: As águas subterrâneas representam a principal preocupação no processo de viabilização do reúso agrícola, como prática de pós-tratamento e disposição final de esgotos sanitários. O presente trabalho visa avaliar a possível contaminação gerada pela disposição controlada de efluente de tratamento secundário no cultivo de milho, e identificar a lâmina hídrica ideal para a irrigação da cultura, aliando as necessidades da engenharia sanitária com as da engenharia agrícola. Consistiu na análise de amostras do lençol freático, coletadas periodicamente durante duas saltas consecutivas, sendo uma na estação chuvosa e outra na estação seca. Os parâmetros analisados foram: pH, condutividade elétrica, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cd, Cu, Zn e N-N03-. Uma rede de poços de monitoramento foi instalada na área de pesquisa, contendo 10 poços locados a jusante de cada parcela para avaliação em função do risco à saúde pública. A variação do comportamento do lençol freático foi monitorada pela confecção de mapas potenciométricos sazonais e realização de slug test para obtenção da condutividade hidráulica dos poços de monitoramento. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a aplicação de efluentes sanitários na agricultura, via sulcos rasos, causou alguns impactos negativos às propriedades do solo e água subterrânea, além de proporcionar benefícios para a cultura, quando da reposição de água ao solo em períodos de estiagem
Abstract: Groundwaters represent the main concern in the process of viabilization of agriculture reuse, as practice of post-cure and final disposal of sanitary sewers. The present research aims to evaluate the possible contamination generated for the controlled disposal of the sewer of secondary treatment in the maize culture, and to identify the ideal hydric blade for the irrigation of the maize culture, uniting the necessities of sanitary and agricultural engineering. It consisted in the analysis of samples of the water table, collected periodically during two consecutive harvests, one in the rainy and another in the dry period. Were analyzed the following parameters: pH, electrical conductance, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cd, Cu, Zn and N-NO3 . A net of monitoring wells was installed in the research area, with 10 leased wells the downward of each parcel for evaluation in function of the risk to the public health. The variation of the behavior of the water table was monitored by the confection of potenciometric maps and accomplishment of slug test for attainment by the hydraulic conductivity of the monitoring wells. The results allowed to conclude that the application of sanitary effluent in agriculture, in saw ridges fIat, did not cause significant negative alterations in the properties of the ground and underground water, besides providing benefits for the maize culture, within of the replacement water soil in dry periods
Mestrado
Saneamento e Ambiente
Mestre em Engenharia Civil

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34

Tesson, Vincent. "Devenir des virus entériques de l'homme dans les eaux et les sols : vers une comparaison de scénarios de rejets et de recyclages." Thesis, Avignon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AVIG0343/document.

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Les eaux usées traitées d'origine domestique présentent généralement une charge non négligeable en virus entériques pathogènes de l'Homme, malgré leur traitement. Afin de pouvoir à terme comparer les risques sanitaires associés à différents modes de gestion de ces eaux usées, nous avons entrepris un travail sur (i) la prévision des quantités de virus entériques excrétés à partir des données épidémiologiques relatives aux gastroentérites aiguës, (ii) le devenir environnemental de ces virus lorsque les eaux usées sont rejetées en rivière, et (iii) le devenir de ces virus lorsqu'ils sont apportées au sol par irrigation. L'étude a porté sur un bassin de collecte des eaux usées de 240 000 habitants à proximité de Clermont-Ferrand, sur les rivières Artière et Allier et la nappe alluviale de l'Allier potentiellement contaminées par les rejets d'eau usée, et sur un sol du périmètre d'irrigation réutilisant ces eaux. Les concentrations en divers virus ont été suivies sur la même période dans les eaux usées brutes et traitées, dans les eaux douces de surface et souterraine. Nous avons proposé une méthode d'estimation du nombre journalier de nouveaux cas de gastroentérites aiguës d'étiologie virale en 2015-2016 à partir de données épidémiologiques et avons combiné ces estimations à un modèle d'excrétion virale pour évaluer les quantités de virus entériques arrivant à la station d'épuration. Le devenir des virus a été modélisé en tenant compte d'un abattement en station d'épuration et de dilutions-mélanges en rivières. Le devenir des virus apportés au sol par les eaux usées traitées réutilisées en irrigation agricole a été étudié sur un sol bien représenté dans le périmètre en utilisant un virus modèle. Ce devenir a été décrit par un modèle combinant transfert, immobilisation réversible et élimination, et en distinguant eau mobile et eau immobile comme virus libres et virus adsorbés sur des colloïdes en suspension. La méthode permettant de passer de l'épidémiologie à une excrétion de virus nous a permis de bien simuler les arrivées de virus à la station d'épuration avec un pic hivernal et l'impact prépondérant des norovirus GII sur les cas de gastroentérites virales. La simulation de l'abattement en station d'épuration et des phénomènes de dilutions-mélanges en rivière permet de simuler correctement la charge virale en aval du rejet d'eaux usées, mais leur devenir ultérieur reste mal caractérisé. Apporté au sol, le virus modèle était progressivement éliminé ou immobilisé de façon irréversible avec un abattement journalier de 0.38 log10. La fraction réversiblement immobilisée pouvait être estimée par une isotherme de Freundlich. L'ajout de Mg2+ a favorisé l'immobilisation du virus comme son adsorption sur des colloïdes dispersés dans l'eau mobile. Alors que les eaux usées stérilisées n'avaient pas d'effet majeur sur l'immobilisation du virus par rapport à une solution artificielle de sol en raison d'effets antagonistes des composés organiques et des cations minéraux, l'eau souterraine riche en Mg2+ favorisait l'immobilisation des virus. Un volet plante réalisé en marge de ce travail a montré l'impact d'irrigations sur les contaminations de surface et après internalisation via les racines. Complétée et améliorée, notre étude pourrait être couplée à une évaluation quantitative des risques viraux
Urban treated wastewaters may be heavily contaminated by human pathogenic enteric viruses that cause acute gastroenteritis, despite their treatment. In order to compare health risks of different wastewater management scenarios, we investigated (i) how to predict virus shedding from epidemiological data on acute gastroenteritis, (ii) the environmental fate of these viruses when wastewaters are discharged into rivers, and (iii) the fate of these viruses when they are brought to the soil by irrigation. Our study focused on a wastewater collection basin of 240,000 inhabitants near Clermont-Ferrand, on the Artière and Allier Rivers and the Allier alluvial groundwater potentially contaminated by wastewater discharges, and on a soil in the irrigation perimeter reusing these wastewaters. Concentrations of various viruses were monitored over the same period in raw and treated wastewaters, as well as in surface and underground freshwaters. We proposed a method based on epidemiological data to estimate the daily number of new cases of acute gastroenteritis of viral etiology in 2015-2016; and we combined these estimates with a viral shedding model to estimate the quantities of enteric viruses arriving at the treatment plant. The fate of viruses has been simulated by taking into account the removal of viruses in the treatment plant and dilution-mixing in rivers. The fate of viruses brought to the soil by treated wastewater reused in agricultural irrigation was studied on a well-represented soil in the perimeter using a surrogate virus. Its fate has been described by a model combining transfer, reversible immobilization and removal; the model distinguished between mobile and immobile waters, as well as between free viruses and viruses adsorbed on colloids in suspension. The method for switching from epidemiology to virus shedding allowed us to accurately simulate virus inflows to the treatment plant, including a winter peak and the prominent role of norovirus GII in viral gastroenteritis cases. The simulation of virus removal in the treatment plant and subsequent dilution-mixing phenomena in rivers allow correctly simulating the viral load in the river downstream of the wastewater discharge, but their subsequent fate remains poorly characterized. When brought to the soil, the surrogate virus was progressively removed or irreversibly immobilized, according to a 0.38 log10 daily removal. The reversibly immobilized fraction could be estimated by a Freundlich isotherm. The addition of Mg2+ favored the immobilization of viruses, as well as their adsorption on colloids dispersed in mobile water. While sterilized wastewater had no major effect on virus immobilization compared to artificial soil solution due to the antagonistic effects of their organic compounds and mineral cations, groundwater rich in Mg2+ favored immobilization of viruses. An additional work, complementary to this PhD, showed the impact of irrigations on vegetable surface and internalized contaminations. After improvement, our study could be coupled with a quantitative viral risks assessment.Key words: enteric virus, sewage, discharge, reuse, irrigation, environmental fate, scenarios, assessment

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35

Barbosa, Rodrigo Domingues 1975. "Manejo do solo com lodo de esgoto em bananeira irrigada /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103407.

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Orientador: Hélio Grassi Filho
Banca: João Carlos Cury Saad
Banca: Sarita Leonel
Banca: José Eduardo Creste
Banca: Ivana Furio Batista
Resumo: Com o intuito de avaliar os efeitos de diferentes doses de lodo de esgoto no crescimento, desenvolvimento, produtividade e qualidade de frutos da bananeira 'Nanicão IAC 2001' (Musa AAA) e nas características químicas do solo em regime irrigado, foi desenvolvido o presente trabalho na Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas / UNESP / Botucatu - SP. O lodo de esgoto foi proveniente da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto (ETE) da cidade de Jundiaí, apresentava 3,15% de nitrogênio e 60% de umidade em sua constituição, cujos dados foram utilizados para o cálculo de doses de composto aplicadas ao solo, de acordo com os respectivos tratamentos. O plantio foi realizado no mês de março de 2005, adotando-se o espaçamento de 3,0m entre linhas e 2,5m entre plantas. O delineamento experimental implantado foi o de blocos casualizados, constituído por 3 blocos, 6 tratamentos e 6 repetições, variando os tratamentos de 1 a 6, substituindo em 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 e 125% a adubação nitrogenada química por lodo de esgoto respectivamente, de acordo com o teor deste elemento presente no resíduo, perfazendo um total de 108 plantas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANAVA) e comparados pelo teste de Tukey a um nível de significância de 5%. Os efeitos da substituição química pela orgânica no solo foram avaliados por meio de análises químicas de macro e micronutrientes presentes ao mesmo. Os efeitos dos tratamentos no desenvolvimento e produtividade das plantas foram avaliados através dos teores de nutrientes presentes nas folhas, diâmetro médio do pseudocaule, altura média de inserção da inflorescência, número de cachos por planta, massa média do cacho e número médio de frutos por planta. A pós-colheita dos frutos foi avaliada através de análises de textura, pH, acidez total titulável, sólidos solúveis totais. A aplicação de lodo de esgoto... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Aiming to evaluate the effects of different dosages of sewage sludge on growth, development, production and quality of banana 'Nanicão IAC 2001' fruits (Musa AAA) and soil chemical characteristics on irrigated regime, the present work was developed at the School of Agronomy, UNESP, Botucatu - SP. Sewage sludge utilized in this experiment was originated from a Sewer Treatment Station (ETE) located in Jundiaí, composed of 3.15% nitrogen and 60% humidity, data utilized in the calculation of compound dosage applied on the soil, according to each treatment. Planting was conducted in March 2005, adopting a space of 3.0m between lines and 2.5m between plants. The experimental delineation implanted was randomly distributed in blocks, constituted by 3 blocks, 6 treatments and 6 repetitions, with treatments varying from 1 to 6, replacing nitrogen fertilization on 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125% for sewage sludge, in accordance to the level of this element in the residue, totalizing 108 plants. Data were submitted to variance analysis (ANAVA) and compared by Tukey's test on a 5% level of significance. The effects resulted by the replacement of chemical to organic soil fertilization were evaluated through the analysis of the presence of macro and micronutrients in the soil. Treatment effects on plants development and production were estimated through level of nutrients on the leafs, pseudostem average diameter, average height of inflorescence insertion, number of bunches per plant, average mass per bunch and average number of fruits per plant. Fruit quality was determined by texture, ph, total titratable acidity and total soluble solids. Sewage sludge application as an organic N-resource replacing mineral-N did not alter the evaluated fruit production characteristics and quality in the first and second banana... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

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36

Razzolini, Maria Tereza Pepe. "Avaliação sanitária de águas residuárias provenientes de lagoas de estabilização para irrigação de culturas agrícolas no estado de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6134/tde-20072016-143417/.

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Em decorrência da escassez de água e para melhor aproveitamento de recursos hídricos considera-se o reúso de águas residuárias como alternativa de oferta desses recursos na irrigação de culturas agrícolas e outras atividades. No entanto, o reúso de águas requer cuidados específicos pois muitos agentes de doenças são veiculados pela água. No caso da irrigação agrícola o controle da qualidade microbiológica e parasitológica de águas de reúso é de fundamental importância para assegurar níveis de qualidade satisfatórios, minimizando assim riscos à saúde pública. Objetivo. Estudar a viabilidade da utilização dos esgotos sanitários tratados pelo sistema de lagoas de estabilização do município de Lins (SP) na irrigação de áreas agrícolas, sob o ponto de vista sanitário. A avaliação da qualidade microbiológica e parasitológica dos esgotos tratados foi segundo as recomendações da OMS (1989) para águas de reúso na agricultura; a verificação da presença de cepas de E. coli potencialmente patogênicas, mediante sorologia e ensaios de amplificação em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR); pesquisar a presença de Salmonella; investigar a presença e viabilidade de ovos de helmintos; quantificação de colifagos e avaliação da eficiência da desinfecção dos esgotos com hipoclorito de sódio e ozônio. Métodos. A determinação de coliformes totais e E. coli efetuou-se mediante uso do kit Colilert (Iddex) e a pesquisa de cepas de E. coli potencialmente patogênicas por meio de teste sorológico e PCR. O isolamento de Salmonella, quantificação de colifagos e determinação de ovos de helmintos foi efetuado segundo Normas Cetesb e Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (20th ed. 2000) e a viabilidade dos ovos de helmintos de acordo com Yanko (1988). Resultados. A concentração de E.coli nas amostras de esgoto sanitário tratado revelou densidade acima dos níveis recomendados pela OMS para irrigação irrestrita e restrita. Foram detectados ovos de Ascaris e Salmonella. A densidade de colifagos situou-se entre 6,0x102 a 8,5x104 UFP/100ml não sendo considerada elevada nas amostras analisadas. Nas amostras de esgoto tratado submetidas à desinfecção com hipoclorito de sódio observou-se variação na densidade de coliformes totais e E coli, dependendo da dosagem e tempo de contato aplicados. Os melhores níveis de remoção dessas bactérias ocorreu na faixa de 8,6 a 15 mg/L de hipoclorito de sódio e tempo de contato de 30 minutos. Quando da aplicação de ozônio não se verificou eficiência satisfatória na remoção de coliformes totais e E coli. Em relação à eliminação de ovos de helmintos não se observou eliminação após a aplicação de ambos os agentes desinfectantes. A remoção de colifagos após desinfecção com hipoclorito de sódio foi de O a 2 logs dependendo da dose e tempos de contato aplicados e após desinfecção com ozônio a remoção desses organismos ficou entre O e 1 log. Conclusão. Os esgotos sanitários tratados não apresentaram qualidade microbiológica e parasitológica satisfatória para irrigação irrestrita (categoria A) e restrita (categoria B) conforme valores-guia da OMS. Nas condições da pesquisa realizada, os desinfectantes utilizados não resultaram em remoção efetiva de microrganismos indicadores, não atendendo às recomendações da OMS. Detectou-se Samonella nas amostras de esgoto tratado analisadas e densidade de colifagos em níveis compatíveis com os registros da literatura, 10 3 a 10 4 UFP/1 OOmL. Não se observou a ocorrência de E coli O157 nas amostras de esgotos tratados analisadas. Portanto, conclui-se que os esgotos tratados procedentes da Estação de Tratamento de Esgotos utilizado na cidade de Lins (SP) não devem ser utilizados na irrigação de cultivos enquadrados na categoria A (irrigação irrestrita) e categoria B (irrigação restrita) estabelecidas pela OMS (1989) como medida de proteção à saúde de grupos expostos a essas águas.
Due the water scarcity and the necessity to improve of hydric systems management the reuse appears as an altemative to agricultural irrigation and other activities. However, wastewater reuse demands special attention because there are many diseases transmitted by contaminated waters. This concern shows the importance of the satisfactory sanitary quality to protect public health. Objective. Studying the viability of treated wastewater by stabilization ponds located in Lins (SP) to reuse in agricultural in relation to WHO recommendations (1989), presence of E.coli O157 through out sorological reaction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Salmonella detection, presence and viability of helminthes eggs, quantification of coliphages and efficiency of disinfection using sodium hypochlorite and ozone. Methods. The enumeration of total coliform and E. coli, Salmonella isolation, coliphages density and helminthes eggs determination were carried out according to Cetesb guidelines and Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (20th ed., 2000). The viability of helminthes eggs was determined according Yanko(1988). Results. E. coli concentration in treated wastewater samples revealed values higher than WHO guidelines (1989) to irrestricted (category A) and restricted (category B) irrigation, Ascaris eggs were detected as well as Salmonella . The coliphages density, 6,0x102 to 8,5x104 UFP/100mL , was not high in the analyzed samples. There was variation in the concentration of total coliform and E. coli in treated wastewater disinfected with sodium hypochlorite depending of dosis and contact time employed. The best results were observed in the range between 8,6 - 15 mg/L of sodium hypochlorite at 30 minutes of contact time. When the ozone was used the results obtained did not reveal satisfactory efficiency in total coliform and E. coli reduction. In relation to helminthes eggs elimination the disinfectant agents used were not efficient. The coliphages reduction using sodium hypochlorite was between O - 2 logs units depending of dosis and contact time employed, after ozone disinfection the reduction of these microorganisms was low. Conclusions. The treated wastewater did not present satisfactory microbiological and parasitological quality to irrestricted (category A) and restricted (category B) irrigation according to WHO (1989) guidelines. Under the conditions of this investigation, the disinfectants agents used were not effective in the elimination of fecal indicators to reach WHO ( 1989) recommendations. Salmonella was detected in treated wastewater samples studied and coliphages concentration was compatible with literatura data, between 1 03 to 104 UFP/1 OOmL. E. coli O157 was not detected in treated wastewater sample analyzed. Even though, due the acquired results the final effluent from stabilization ponds system in Lins (SP) should not be used in irrestricted and restricted irrigation second WHO (1989) recommendations as public health protect measure to exposed groups to this kind of waters.

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Castro, Carmen Maria Barros de. "Ocorrência de desreguladores endócrinos em cultura de milho irrigada com efluentes urbanos tratados." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/32458.

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Devido à escassez de recursos hídricos, efluentes de plantas de tratamento de águas residuárias têm sido reutilizadas ou recicladas em todo o mundo. Em algumas regiões áridas e em particular em regiões semi-áridas, o reuso de água tem sido reconhecido como um valioso recurso. Entretanto, dependendo da natureza do uso, surgem preocupações sobre potenciais riscos associados à presença de patógenos e contaminantes e a saúde humana. Uma grande variedade de contaminantes orgânicos pode estar presente nos esgotos domésticos e ser recirculado pelo ambiente. Alguns desses compostos apresentam o potencial de desregular as funções normais do sistema endócrino dos organismos e assim, causar efeitos adversos sobre a saúde humana. Entre esses compostos, incluem-se os hormônios estrógenos naturais e sintéticos. Nesse trabalho, desenvolvido na Estação Experimental de Tratamento de Águas Residuárias Urbanas do IPH/UFRGS, localizada nas dependências da ETE São João – Navegantes / DMAE / Porto Alegre / RS, foi investigada a ocorrência de hormônios naturais e sintéticos em grãos de milho cultivados por processo de irrigação por sulcos com efluentes domésticos tratados. O método analítico utilizado para quantificação dos hormônios de interesse foi a cromatografia líquida de alto desempenho (HPLC). Os resultados obtidos confirmam a presença de hormônios naturais e sintéticos no esgoto bruto e nos efluentes tratados, mas em concentrações extremamente baixas e não indicam processo de transferência ou acúmulo desses contaminantes para os grãos de milho.
Due to the scarcity of fresh water resources, effluents from wastewater treatment plants have increasingly been reclaimed and reused around the world. In some arid and semiarid regions, in particular, reclaimed water has been recognized as a valuable resource for non-potable use such as irrigating crops. However, depending on the nature of application, there is concern about potential risks associated with pathogens and organic contaminants to the environment and human health. A wide range of organic contaminants may be present in wastewater and the environment receiving it. These include natural and synthetic estrogens have the potential to disrupt the normal function (s) of endocrine systems in organisms and thus causing health effects on wildlife and humans. In the present work, developed at “Estação Experimental de Tratamento de Águas Residuárias Urbanas do IPH/UFRGS”, located on the ETE São João – Navegantes /DMAE / Porto Alegre /RS, was investigated the occurrence of natural and synthetic hormones in corn’s grain (Zea mays) cultivated by furrow irrigation of treated domestic effluents. The analytic method used for the hormones quantification was the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The results confirm the presence of natural and synthetic hormones on the untreated and treated effluents, although with a very low concentration and not indicated accumulation of this one to the corn’s grain.

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Santos, Alex Paulus Ribeiro dos. "Efeito da irrigação com efluente de esgoto tratado, rico em sódio, em propriedades químicas e físicas de um argissolo vermelho distrófico cultivado com capim-Tifton 85." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-27092004-165932/.

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A escassez natural de água doce no mundo tem sido agravada pela poluição dos cursos de água. Os sistemas de tratamento de esgotos geram resíduos, dentre eles, o efluente de esgoto tratado, que quando lançado em rios, tem causado impacto ambiental. O uso do efluente de esgoto tem sido considerado uma prática importante para minimizar os impactos negativos aos corpos dágua, sendo que o uso agrícola tem ganhado popularidade em muitos países. Além de se constituir em fonte de água para culturas agrícolas e florestais, o efluente possui elementos essenciais para a nutrição de plantas. No entanto, apesar dos benefícios concretos com o aproveitamento do efluente de esgoto tratado na agricultura, a presença de alguns constituintes como, por exemplo, o Na, pode trazer sérias restrições ao seu uso. O aumento do teor de Na no solo provocado pela irrigação com efluente pode causar toxidez para algumas culturas e modificar propriedades do solo. O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar os possíveis efeitos da irrigação com efluente em algumas propriedades químicas e físicas de um ARGISSOLO VERMELHO Distrófico cultivado com capim-Tifton 85 no município de Lins/SP. Para atingir o objetivo citado foram realizados estudos que visaram: (i) monitorar a qualidade do efluente, da água de irrigação e da solução do solo quanto à alcalinidade, condutividade elétrica (CE), pH, razão de adsorção de sódio (RAS) e quanto às concentrações de Na, Ca, K, Mg e Al; (ii) monitorar o pH do solo, a acidez potencial (H+Al), os teores dos cátions Na, K, Ca, Mg e Al trocáveis no solo; (iii) verificar a possível ocorrência de dispersão de argilas do solo devido à adição de Na via efluente de esgoto tratado e (iv) determinar a produção de massa seca do capim-Tifton 85 irrigado com água e com efluente. A irrigação com água e efluente foi realizada durante de seis meses por um sistema de irrigação por aspersão convencional, sendo que os volumes adicionados foram determinados com base na manutenção da umidade do solo para desenvolvimento do capim que teve crescimento diferenciado entre os tratamentos. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos completos casualizados em parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Tanto o efluente quanto a água apresentaram altos valores de RAS, porém, os menores valores foram observados para o efluente. A acidificação do solo e da solução ocorreu após irrigação com água e efluente. O Al trocável aumentou devido a redução do pH. Tanto a água quanto o efluente ocasionaram aumento do teor de Na no solo, devido à elevada concentração desse elemento na água e no efluente. A dispersão de argilas ocorreu em toda a área e o aumento com o tempo foi mais pronunciado em superfície o que está de acordo com o maior aumento do percentual de sódio trocável (PST) e da RAS da solução do solo. O efluente foi eficiente em suprir o capim-Tifton com água, não resultando em prejuízo de acúmulo de massa seca em relação ao tratamento de irrigação com água.
The natural scarcity of freshwater in the world has been aggravated by the pollution of the watercourses. The systems of treatment of sewage generate residues, such as treated sewage effluent, that when launched into rivers, has caused environmental impact. The use of the sewage effluent has been considered an important practice to minimize the negative impacts on the water supplies, and its use in agriculture has gained popularity in many countries. Besides being a water source for agricultural and forest cultures, the effluent contains essential elements for plant nutrition. However, despite the benefits of the use of treated sewage effluent in agriculture, the presence of some constituent such as Na brings restriction to its use. The level of Na in the soil may increase by means of the irrigation with effluent, and it may cause toxicity to some cultures and modify soil properties. The present study had the objective to verify the possible effects of the irrigation with effluent on some chemical and physical properties of a Typic Hapludults cultivated with Tifton 85 grass in the city of Lins/SP. The studies carried out aimed at: (i) monitoring the quality of the effluent, the irrigation water and the soil solution in relation to the alkalinity, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and in relation to the concentrations of Na, Ca, K, Mg and Al; (ii) monitoring the pH of the soil, the potential acidity (H+Al), the levels of Na, Ca, K, Mg cations and exchangeable Al in the soil; (iii) verifying the possible occurrence of clay dispersion in the soil due to addition of Na through treated sewage effluent and (iv) determining the production of dry mass of Tifton 85 grass. The irrigation with water and effluent was carried out for six months by the use of a sprinkler irrigation system, being that the added volumes had been determined on the basis of the maintenance of the humidity of the soil for the development of grass that had growth differentiated between the treatments. The experimental design was a split plot scheme of randomized blocks subdivided in time, with five treatments (A, E1, E2, E3 and E4) and four replications. Both effluent and water presented high values of SAR, however, lower values were observed for the effluent. The acidification of the soil and the solution occurred after the irrigation with water and effluent. The exchangeable Al increased due to the reduction of pH. Both water and effluent increased the level of Na in the soil, due to the high concentration of this element in the water and in the effluent. The dispersion of clay occurred in all the area, and the increase in time was higher in the surface in accordance with the highest increase of exangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and SAR of the soil solution. The effluent was efficient in supplying Tifton grass with water, not resulting in dry mass accumulation losses in relation to the treatment of irrigation with water.

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SILVA, Manassés Mesquita da. "Irrigação com efluentes secundários no crescimento, produtividade e concentração de nutrientes no solo e na mamoneira." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2010. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/1177.

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A cultura da mamona, devido à elevada necessidade de água e de nutrientes, possui características ideais para o recebimento, via irrigação, de águas residuárias de esgoto doméstico tratado. A principal vantagem desta prática é a reciclagem de água e nutrientes. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar, por meio de experimento em condições de campo, o efeito de três configurações de tratamento de esgoto doméstico, água de abastecimento e lâminas de irrigação sobre o crescimento, produtividade, estado nutricional da planta e fertilidade do solo ao final do experimento. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 4x2 com quatro repetições. Os fatores de estudo foram quatro tipos de água (Al - Efluente do reator UASB + Lagoa de polimento; A2 - Efluente do Decanto-Digestor + Filtro anaeróbio + Lagoa de estabilização; A3 - Efluente do Filtro anaeróbio + Lagoa de estabilização e A4 - Água de abastecimento) e duas lâminas de irrigação (Ll=100 e L2=120% da Evapotranspiração de cultivo). A água foi aplicada utilizando um sistema de irrigação localizada por gotejamento com irrigações a cada três dias. Avaliaram-se altura de planta, diâmetro caulinar e número de folhas aos 29, 43, 57, 71 e 86 dias após a germinação. Ao final do experimento foram obtidos a produtividade de sementes, fitomassa aérea, estado nutricional das plantas e a fertilidade do solo. Com base nos resultados concluiu-se que as plantas irrigadas com o efluente tratado apresentaram crescimento e produtividade de sementes significativamente iguais, porém superiores às plantas irrigadas com água de abastecimento. O teor de óleo das sementes foi maior para as plantas irrigadas com 120% da ETc. Em relação ao solo, constatou-se que os teores de P, K e Na no solo não diferiram estatisticamente, para as três configurações de tratamento de água residuária. Por meio da análise foliar da mamoneira, constatou-se que, de maneira geral, a planta não sofreu restrições quanto aos teores de P, Ca e Mg. As concentrações de N, K e Na nos tecidos foliares foram significativamente iguais, para as plantas irrigadas com efluente tratado. Os resultados obtidos permitem considerar que é promissor o aproveitamento de efluentes de esgoto doméstico tratado em cultivos agrícolas.
Castor bean cultivation, due to the high water and nutrients consumption, presents the ideal characteristics for receiving wastewater from treated sewage. Economics of fertilizer, recycling of water and nutrients and increased productivity are the main advantages of this practice. The objective of this study was to investigate, under field conditions, the effect of three configurations of domestic wastewater treatment, water supply and water depth on growth, yield, plant nutritional status and fertility of the soil at the end of the experiment. A randomized block design was used, with 4x2 scheme of factorial analysis with four replications, testing four types of water (Al - effluent from the UASB reactor + Polishing Pond; A2 - effluent from the Digester Decant + Anaerobic Filter + Stabilization Pond; A3 - effluent form the Anaerobic Filter + Stabilization Pond; and A4 - Urban water supply) and two water depths (100% and 120% Crops évapotranspiration). Water was applied using a drip irrigation system every three days. Plant height, stem diameter and number of leaves were evaluated at 29, 43, 57, 71 and 86 days after germination. Productivity of seeds, plant nutritional status and soil fertility were evaluated at the end of the experiment. Based on the results no significant difference in growth and seed production when using treated wastewater. Contribution of nutrients through wastewater favored the growth of plants, but was not enough to increase the production in appropriate levels of mineral fertilization and irrigation. For soil fertility, there was no significant difference in levels of P, K and Na for the three configurations of wastewater treatment. In general, there were no restrictions regarding the contents of P, Ca and Mg in the leaf of castor bean. The concentrations of N, K and Na in the leaf tissues were significantly equal for plants irrigated with treated effluent.

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Silva, Marcos Schaaf Teixeira da. "Irrigação com efluente de esgoto tratado na cultura da laranja: implicações nas propriedades físicas e químicas de um argissolo vermelho amarelo distrófico típico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-03092014-163601/.

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A crise da água, o aumento de esgoto domésticos gerado em estações de tratamentos e o despejo destes efluentes em corpos d\'água vêm sugerindo novas soluções para esses problemas. A disposição de água residuária tratada em solos implica na reciclagem de matéria orgânica e dos nutrientes, atuando como um processo complementar ao tratamento dessas águas. Rica em nutrientes principalmente N (nitrogênio), P (fósforo) e Na (sódio), a água residual tratada vem sendo utilizada na agricultura, utilizando critérios técnicos, como fonte de nutrientes para diversas culturas. Diante deste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os possíveis efeitos da irrigação com efluente tratado em algumas propriedades químicas e físicas de um solo cultivado com laranja. A área experimental esta situada ao lado da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto (ETE) do Ribeirão Piracicamirim que se localiza nas margens da rodovia \"Luiz de Queiroz\" no município de Piracicaba-SP. Os tratamentos aplicados foram relacionados ao percentual de umidade da capacidade de campo variando em T100%, T125%, T150%, T200% e TSI (tratamento sem irrigação). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos inteiramente casualizados com parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com três repetições. A adubação realizada foi a de metade da dose recomendada para a cultura da laranja. Em todo o estudo as amostragens de solo foram realizadas nas camadas 0-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80 e 80-100, enquanto que as amostragens de solução do solo foram realizadas nas profundidades 30, 100 e 200 cm. As variáveis químicas determinadas no solo foram: pH, H + Al, Al, Na, K, Ca e Mg. Em solução do solo as variáveis determinadas foram: pH, CE, Al, Na, K, Ca e Mg. As variáveis físicas determinadas foram: fração granulométrica e grau de dispersão de argilas. O efluente de esgoto tratado (EET) utilizado apresenta baixas concentrações de Ca, Mg, Na, K, Al, CE e RAS quando comparado com valores encontrados na literatura. Por esse fato, o EET apresenta menor potencial de alterações nas propriedades químicas e físicas do solo. O teor de sódio trocável e PST aumentaram no decorrer do experimento, enquanto a concentração de sódio na solução do solo diminuiu. O cálcio trocável no solo sofreu diminuição dos teores nas camadas superficiais, e aumento nas camadas subsuperficias. As perspectivas da irrigação de efluente de esgoto tratado na cultura da laranja são promissoras, haja vista a importância da cultura no cenário brasileiro e mundial. No entanto, estudos de longo prazo são necessários a fim de monitorar os possíveis impactos que a irrigação de EET possa ocasionar na estrutura do solo.
The crisis of the water, the sewage domestic increase generated in stations of treatments and the spilling of these effluents in bodies of water are suggesting new solutions for those problems. The disposition of wastewater treated in soils implicate in the nutrient and organic matter recycling, acting as a complementary process to the treatment of those waters. Rich in nutrients mainly N (Nitrogen), P (Phosphorus) and Na (Sodium) the treated wastewater has been used in the agriculture through technical criteria as source of nutrients for several crops. Before this context, the objective of this work was to analyze the possible effects of the irrigation with effluent treated in some chemical and physical properties of a soil cultivated with Orange. The experimental area located her beside the Station of Sewage Treatment (SST) Piracicamirim that is located in the margins of the highway \"Luiz de Queiroz\" in the municipal district of Piracicaba, São Paulo State. The applied treatments were related to the percentile of humidity of the field capacity varying in T100%, T125%, T150%, T200% and TSI (treatment without irrigation). The experimental design was a split plot scheme of randomized blocks subdivided in time, with five treatments and three repetitions. The accomplished fertilization was the one of half of the dose recommends for the orange crop. In whole the study the soil samplings were accomplished in the layers 0-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80 and 80-100, while the samplings of soil solution were accomplished in the depths 30, 100 and 200 cm. The chemical variables determined in the soil were pH, H + Al, Al, Na, K, Ca and Mg. In soil solution the variables were pH, CE, Al, Na, K, Ca and Mg. The certain physical variables were fraction particle sizing and degree of clay dispersion. The sewage effluent treated (SET) used presents low concentrations of Ca, Mg, In the, K, Al, CE and RAS when compared with values found in the literature. For that fact, SET present potential minor of alterations in the chemical and physical properties of the soil. The exchangeable sodium and PST increased in elapsing of the experiment, while the concentration of sodium in the soil solution decreased. The exchangeable calcium in the soil suffered decrease in the superficial layers, and increase in the subsuperficial layers. The perspectives of the irrigation of SET in the orange crop are promising, have seen the importance of the culture in the Brazilian and world scenery. However, it is suggested studies of long period in order to monitor the possible impacts to cause in the structure of the soil.

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Firme, Lilian Pittol. "Efeito da irrigação com efluente de esgoto tratado no sistema solo-planta em Latossolo cultivado com cana-de-açúcar." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-26112007-084125/.

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O uso de efluente de esgoto tratado (EET) na agricultura apresenta-se como uma alternativa viável por se tratar de uma fonte de umidade e de nutrientes minerais aos sistemas agrícolas, aliado à redução da utilização de água de boa qualidade na irrigação, bem como a diminuição da descarga do EET nos rios, minimizando assim possíveis danos ambientais. Entretanto, deve-se ressaltar a importância do monitoramento contínuo do sistema solo-planta em razão do risco da utilização de águas residuárias, sobretudo aquelas ricas em sódio. Desse modo, esse trabalho teve como objetivo contribuir para o conhecimento dos efeitos da aplicação de EET no sistema solo-cana-de-açúcar, avaliando possíveis alterações químicas do solo e da planta, e a qualidade do caldo. O experimento foi instalado num campo experimental situado em Lins, São Paulo. A adubação mineral de plantio consistiu na aplicação de metade da dose recomendada do adubo nitrogenado, 15 kg ha-1 de N (nitrato de amônio), 120 kg ha-1 de P2O5 (superfosfato simples) e 80 kg ha-1 de K2O (cloreto de potássio). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos completos com parcelas subdivididas no tempo com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram: SI, sem irrigação; 100 %, umidade do solo na capacidade de campo; 125, 150 e 200% que corresponderam a 25, 50 e 100% a mais da umidade do solo na capacidade de campo, respectivamente. Foram observados aumentos nas concentrações de sódio (Na) nas folhas, fósforo (P) e cálcio (Ca) no caldo, e potássio (K) no colmo. Para os micronutrientes houve diminuições nas concentrações de manganês (Mn) e zinco (Zn) na folha, no caldo e no colmo, e no caso do ferro (Fe) a diminuição ocorreu no caldo. A irrigação com EET não ocasionou prejuízos a qualidade dos colmos industrializáveis. As maiores produtividades foram observadas nos tratamentos 100 e 150, 247,33 e 232,81 t ha-1, respectivamente. No solo, houve incrementos do pH, das concentrações de P, Na, B e Fe, e um decréscimo nas concentrações de Ca, magnésio (Mg), K e cobre (Cu). Os teores de matéria orgânica (MO) decresceram em todo perfil do solo e, os teores de carbono total (CT) e nitrogênio total (NT) não apresentaram alterações em razão da irrigação com EET. A não utilização da dose completa do adubo nitrogenado não implicou na queda da produtividade da cana-planta. As perspectivas para a irrigação da cana-de-açúcar com EET são promissoras, demandando estudos de longo prazo para confirmação dos resultados até agora obtidos e também para o monitoramento de possíveis prejuízos que possam vir a ocorrer no sistema solo-planta.
The use of treated sewage effluent (TSE) in agriculture is a viable alternative once it is a source of humidity and mineral nutrients to the agricultural systems, allied to the reduction of good quality water consumption for agricultural irrigation, as well as the reduction of the discharge of TSE in the water courses, thus minimizing possible environmental damages. However, it should be standed out the importance of the continuous monitoring of the soil-plant system because of the risks represented by the wastewater use, overall those rich in sodium. In this manner, this work aimed to contribute to the knowledge of TSE application effects in the soil-sugarcane system, evaluating the chemical alterations of the soil and the plant, and also the quality of the soup. The experiment was installed in an experimental area situated at Lins, São Paulo State. The mineral fertilization at planting was half of the recommended nitrogen dose, 15 kg ha-1 of N (ammonium nitrate), and also 120 kg ha-1 of P (single superphosphate) and 80 kg ha-1 of K (potassium chloride). The experimental design was in complete blocks with split plots in time, with five treatments and four replicates. Applied treatments were: SI, without irrigation; 100%, soil humidity at the field capacity; 125, 150 and 200% that corresponded to 25, 50 and 100% more soil humidity than the field capacity, respectively. Increases in the concentrations of sodium (Na) in the leaves, phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) in the soup, and potassium in the culms were observed. Considering the micronutrients, reductions on the concentrations of manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) in the leaves, culms and soup occurred, while in the case of iron (Fe), observed reductions occurred for the soup. TSE irrigation has not prejudiced the quality of the industrialized culms. The highest yields were observed in the treatments 100 and 150, 247.33 and 232.81 t ha-1, respectively. Increments of the values of pH and concentrations of P, Na, boron (B) and Fe were obtained in the soil, while, in the case of Ca, magnesium (Mg), K and cupper (Cu) concentrations in the soil decreased. The organic matter levels decreased all over the soil profile and, the levels of total carbon (TC) and total nitrogen (TN) were not altered by the irrigation with TSE. The non-use of the mineral N fertilizer complete dose did not imply in the fall of the sugarcane-plant productivity. The perspectives for sugarcane irrigation with wastewater are promising, demanding however long-term studies in order to confirm the results obtained till the present moment, and also to the monitoring of possible damages that may occur in the soil-plant system.

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Carmo, Francicleiton Freires do. "Alterações nas características do solo e no desempenho do sistema de irrigação (Bubbler) operando com água residuária." Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 2013. http://bdtd.ufersa.edu.br:80/tede/handle/tede/498.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-31T13:24:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FrancicleitonFC_DISSERT.pdf: 2264503 bytes, checksum: 32bac5ee4fa11da99750236b5690bdc7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-26
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The utilization of treated domestic wastewater for irrigation is an alternative to control pollution of surface and groundwater, as well as a way to provide water and nutrients for plants. Thus, the present work was to study the changes in soil characteristics and performance of irrigation (Bubbler) operating system with wastewater from domestic sources. To this end, was mounted an experimental area of 576 m2 in the Miracles settlement in Apodi-RN, endowed with a system for primary treatment of domestic sewage, and four subunits of the irrigation system "Bubbler". The treatments were made up of different proportions of primary domestic sewage (PDS) and water supply (WS) were: T1 (0% of PDS and 100% of WS, more chemical fertilizer [witness]), T2 (33 % of PDS and 67% of WS), T3 (67% of PDS and 33% of WS) and T4 (100% of PDS and 0% of WS). To analyze the performance of the irrigation system, it was used a split plot arrangement having the plots and subplots evaluation times (0, 120 and 240 days of operation). In the analysis of soil physic-chemical characteristics was used split split plot scheme with the treatments on plots, the sampling depths on subplots (0 to 0.20 m and 0.20 to 0.40 m) and the evaluation periods on subsubplots (0, 120 and 240 days after transplanting). The experimental design used was the completely randomized blocks with four treatments and six repetitions. The Data were submitted to analyzes of variance and regression and tests in the average. During the experimental period was determined physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of the PDS and WS, and the results indicated that the quality of PDS and WS do not compromise the use for the agricultural crop, and may be used to management criteria. The highest levels of emitter clogging were found in T4 and T3. The T2 provides better performance of the irrigation system, showing better uniformity coefficient (CUC and CUD) and application efficiency (AE). With respect to soil characteristics, it was observed that the values of EC, P, K, Ca and Al there were no statistically significant changes in treatments, altering with only soil depth and the time of treatment application. The characteristics pH, V, SB and Zn tended to reduce with increasing proportion of PDS and the time of application. The characteristics N, MO, Mg, Na, PST, H + Al, m, t, CTC, Cu, Fe and Mn tended to be greater with increasing proportion of PDS and the time of application. The total coliforms and fecal coliform tended to be greater with increasing proportion of PDS and reduced with increasing soil depth
A utilização de esgoto doméstico tratado na irrigação é uma alternativa para controle da poluição das águas superficiais e subterrâneas, além de uma maneira de disponibilizar água e nutrientes para as plantas. Diante disso, o presente trabalho teve o objetivo de estudar as alterações nas características do solo e no desempenho do sistema de irrigação (Bubbler) operando com água residuária de origem doméstica. Para tal, foi montada uma área experimental de 576 m2 no assentamento Milagres em Apodi-RN, dotada de um sistema para tratamento primário do esgoto doméstico, e quatro subunidades do sistema de irrigação Bubbler . Os tratamentos utilizados foram compostos de diferentes proporções do esgoto doméstico primário (EDP) e de água de abastecimento (AA), sendo: T1(0% de EDP e 100% de esgoto AA, mais adubação química [testemunha]); T2(33% de EDP e 67% de AA); T3(67% de EDP e 33% de AA); e T4(100% de EDP e 0% de AA). Para análise do desempenho do sistema de irrigação, utilizou-se um esquema de parcelas subdivididas tendo nas parcelas os tratamentos e nas subparcelas os tempos de avaliação (0, 120 e 240 dias de operação). Na análise das características físico-químicas do solo foi utilizado o esquema de parcelas subsubdivididas tendo nas parcelas os tratamentos, nas subparcelas as profundidades de amostragem (0 a 0,20 m e 0,20 a 0,40m) e nas subsubparcelas os períodos de avaliação (0, 120 e 240 dias após o transplantio). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e de regressão e testes de média. Durante o período experimental determinou-se as características físico-químicas e microbiológicas do EDP e da AA, e os resultados indicaram que a qualidade do EDP e da AA não comprometem o uso para o cultivo agrícola, podendo ser utilizado com critérios de manejo. Os maiores níveis de entupimento de emissores foram encontrados nos tratamentos T4 e T3. O T2 proporcionou melhor desempenho do sistema de irrigação, apresentando melhores coeficientes de uniformidades (CUD e CUC) e eficiência de aplicação (EA). Com relação às características do solo, observou-se que os valores da CE, P, K, Ca e Al não sofreram alterações estatisticamente significativas dos tratamentos, alterando-se somente com a profundidade do solo e com o tempo de aplicação dos tratamentos. As características pH, V, SB e Zn apresentaram tendência de redução com o aumento da proporção de EDP e com o tempo de aplicação. As características N, MO, Mg, Na, PST, H+Al, m, t, CTC, Cu, Fe e Mn apresentaram tendência de aumento com o aumento da proporção de EDP e com o tempo de aplicação. Os coliformes totais e os coliformes termotolerantes apresentaram tendência de aumento com o aumento da proporção de EDP e redução com o aumento da profundidade do solo

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Leal, Rafael Marques Pereira. "Efeito da irrigação com efluente de esgoto tratado em propriedades químicas de um latossolo cultivado com cana-de-açúcar." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-02072007-112919/.

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Já há muito tempo, a irrigação de cultivos agrícolas é praticada e considerada uma alternativa interessante e útil à disposição dos efluentes gerados pelas estações de tratamento de esgoto doméstico. Como qualquer outro resíduo, o uso agrícola implica em algumas vantagens, tais como o fornecimento contínuo de umidade e de determinados nutrientes, mas também desvantagens, ocasionando a adição de sais e de possíveis patógenos e contaminantes orgânicos. Apesar da utilização de efluente de esgoto tratado ser parte integrante da gestão hídrica em muitos países, até o presente momento não se conhece nenhum outro estudo onde se utilizou e avaliou os efeitos do mesmo na irrigação da cultura da cana-de-açúcar em condições tropicais. Para este fim, amostras de solo foram coletadas e analisadas em 3 diferentes épocas. A irrigação se estendeu por aproximadamente 16 meses. O arranjo experimental foi o de blocos com parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com 5 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Os tratamentos empregados foram: (i) Controle sem aplicação de nitrogênio (N) mineral e sem irrigação; (ii) T100 a T200, 50% da dose de N recomendada via fertilização mineral e irrigação com, respectivamente, 100, 125, 150 e 200% da demanda hídrica da cultura. A produtividade foi, por ocasião do primeiro corte, positivamente influenciada pela irrigação com efluente secundário de esgoto tratado (ESET). Alterações na nutrição da cultura da cana foram pouco evidentes (teores foliares, colmo e caldo). O ESET ocasionou ligeira amenização tanto da acidez ativa (pH) quanto potencial (H+Al) Os efeitos mais pronunciados da irrigação ocorreram para os parâmetros indicadores da sodicidade/salinidade do solo, com incrementos significativos nas concentrações de sódio (Na) trocável, Na solúvel, percentual de sódio trocável (PST) e condutividade elétrica da solução do solo (CE). Estes aumentos, por sua vez, estão relacionados aos elevados teores de Na do efluente em associação com as baixas concentrações de cálcio (Ca) e magnésio (Mg), relação expressa pelos valores de razão de adsorção de sódio (RAS) do efluente. Alterações nas concentrações dos demais cátions também ocorreram, entretanto, foram menos características. As perspectivas quanto à utilização do ESET na irrigação da cana-de-açúcar são bastante promissoras, haja vista a crescente importância da cultura e a predominância do cultivo em condições de sequeiro. Entretanto, a manutenção da produtividade da cultura em patamares elevados implicará, necessariamente, a adoção de práticas específicas de manejo a fim de superar as limitações impostas pelos incrementos dos indicadores de salinidade e sodicidade do sistema solo-planta.
Since long ago agricultural irrigation has been practiced and considered as an interesting and beneficial alternative to the disposal of domestic sewage effluent. As all other residues, agricultural use implies both advantages, supplying crops continuously with water and some needed nutrients, and also disadvantages, through addition of salts and possible pathogens and organic contaminants. Although domestic sewage effluent is part of an integrated water management on many countries, none similar research is known involving sugarcane irrigation in tropical conditions. Three soil sampling campaigns were conducted. Soil samples were analyzed for quantifying acidity and exchangeable cations. Irrigation was applied for approximately 16 months. The experimental design was composed of a complete block, with five treatments and four replicates. Applied treatments where: (i) Control-no irrigation and no mineral-N applied; (ii)T100-T200, addition of 50% of the recommended mineral-N fertilization and irrigation with 100%, 125%, 150% and 200% of the crop water demand, respectively. Plant yield was positively affected by secondary-treated sewage effluent (STSE) irrigation. A small amelioration of the actual and potential soil acidity was observed for the highest dose of irrigation. The dominant effect of irrigation corresponded to increased concentrations of salinity-sodicity indicators, such as exchangeable sodium (Na), soluble Na, sodium saturation (ESP) and electrical conductivity of soil solution (EC). These increments are related to high Na concentrations for the applied effluent together with low calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), relation expressed and defined by sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). Changes for other exchangeable cations also occurred, although not as clear and defined as for Na. Perspectives for STSE irrigation for sugarcane are promising, considering the growing importance of sugarcane crop and the very low cultivated area that is actually irrigated in the São Paulo State. However, the maintenance of crop productivity at high levels will necessarily imply the adoption of specific management practices suitable for ameliorating the limitations imposed by increasing salinity-sodicity parameters of the soil-plant system.

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Silva, Rafael Rodrigues da. "Avaliação sócio-ambiental do uso de efluente de esgoto tratado na irrigação de culturas no Município de Lins - SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-01102008-152158/.

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Em todo o mundo, existe uma crescente competição pelo uso de água entre os diversos setores da sociedade. A agricultura é uma grande consumidora do total de água doce disponível. Neste contexto, é desejável uma realocação dos recursos hídricos usados na agricultura para outros setores, tais como o abastecimento público. Desde que realizada de forma controlada, a irrigação com efluentes de estação de tratamento de esgoto (EETE) é altamente atrativa, pois além de possibilitar a liberação de recursos hídricos de melhor qualidade para outras atividades humanas, serve como uma forma de tratamento complementar do efluente, fornecendo ainda água e nutrientes essenciais aos cultivos agrícolas. No entanto, o uso sustentável dos EETEs na agricultura depende não apenas dos aspectos químicos, físicos e biológicos do sistema soloplanta- água, como também de aspectos sócio-econômicos. Assim, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo estudar os efeitos da irrigação com EETE no agrossistema, avaliando a aceitação da prática pelo proprietário rural e mapeando as áreas potencialmente irrigáveis com efluente no município de Lins. Dos 15 proprietários entrevistados, todos se mostraram favoráveis à prática e destinariam, ao menos uma parte da propriedade, para irrigação com o EETE. O fato do resíduo (efluente) originar-se do tratamento de esgoto urbano não influenciou a percepção dos agricultores quanto ao potencial de aproveitamento agrícola do efluente. O principal fator determinante da maior ou menor aceitação da prática diz respeito aos possíveis ganhos econômicos envolvidos (maior produtividade e menor despesa com fertilizantes minerais). Para os proprietários, o maior empecilho à adoção generalizada da prática corresponde aos custos envolvidos no transporte do efluente até as propriedades. Da área total do município de Lins, 73,42% estão cultivados com pastagens e cana-de-açúcar. Considerando-se as instruções técnicas utilizadas para a definição das áreas apropriadas para irrigação com efluente, existe no município um potencial de 112,9 km2 de áreas aptas, ou seja, 19,82% da área total do município passível de receber EETE via irrigação por aspersão. A inexistência de bases legais que regulamentem o uso deste subproduto, se apresenta como o principal fator limitante para a irrigação de culturas no município de Lins.
Worldwide, there is an increasing competition for the use of water between different sectors of society. The agriculture is a major consumer of the total fresh water available. In this context, it is desirable a reallocation of water resources used in agriculture to other sectors, such as public supply. Since done in a controlled way, irrigation with effluent from sewage treatment plants (TSE) is highly attractive, enabling the release of better water quality sources for other human activities, serving as a complementary treatment of the effluent, also providing water and essential nutrients to agricultural crops. However, the sustainable agricultural use of TSE depends not only of chemical, physical and biological aspects of the soil-plant-water system, but also of socioeconomic aspects. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of TSE irrigation in the agrosystem, evaluating the acceptance of the practice by the rural owners and mapping the potentially effluent irrigable areas in the city of Lins. Of the 15 rural owners interviewed, all were in favor of the practice and could reserve, at least a part of the property, for the irrigation with TSE. The fact that the waste (effluent) originates from the treatment of urban sewage has not influenced the perception of farmers about the potential agricultural use of the effluent. The main determining factor of greater or lesser acceptance of the practice relates to the possible economic gains involved (greater productivity and lower expenses with mineral fertilizers). For the rural owners, the biggest drawback to a widespread adoption of the practice corresponds to the costs involved in transporting the sewage to the properties. Of the total area of the municipal district of Lins, 73.42% are cultivated with grassland grass and sugarcane. Considering the technical instructions employed to define the suitable areas for effluent irrigation, there is a local potential of 112.9 km2 of suitable areas, or 19.82% of the total area of the municipality may receive STE via sprinkler irrigation. The lack of legal basis regulating the use of this byproduct represents the main restriction for the crops irrigation in the municipality of Lins.

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Chan, Shun-tim, and 陳順甜. "Tai Mong Tsai outdoor educational and recreational camp." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31980636.

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Santin, Roberta Clemente. "Emissão de gases de efeito estufa em solo cultivado com pastagem (Tifton 85) e irrigado com efluente de esgoto tratado." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-13082012-104803/.

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Atualmente, os maiores desafios para a humanidade são a iminente escassez de água, o aumento da produção de alimentos e a busca de fontes alternativas de energia. O uso de efluentes de esgoto tratado (EET) para irrigação agrícola pode, além de fornecer água, nutrientes e matéria orgânica para produção agrícola, minimizar o impacto ambiental causado pela sua disposição nos corpos dágua e aumentar a disponibilidade de água para outros fins. Pode ainda, aumentar a produção agrícola em uma mesma área, conservando as áreas florestadas, reduzir as despesas do agricultor com fertilizantes nitrogenados, e atuar na redução dos gases de efeito estufa na atmosfera, pela maior produção de biomassa e pelo acúmulo de carbono no solo através da rizodeposição e deposição de resíduos vegetais. Apesar desses aspectos favoráveis, esta prática interfere no sistema soloplanta- água modificando as entradas e saídas de carbono e nitrogênio de seus diferentes reservatórios Até o presente momento, pouco foi investigado sobre os efeitos da irrigação com esgoto tratado nas emissões de CH4, CO2 e N2O pelo solo. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal quantificar as emissões de CO2, CH4 e N2O, por meio do estudo de um Argissolo Vermelho Distrófico Latossólico, cultivado com capim Tifton 85 e irrigado com efluente de esgoto tratado produzido por tratamento biológico do esgoto do Município de Lins, SP. Tem ainda como objetivo avaliar mudanças ocorridas na química do solo em relação as concentrações de sódio, carbono e nitrogênio e a produtividade da capim. As principais conclusões foram que (i) o capim Tifton 85 foi mais produtivo nos tratamentos que receberam irrigação com EET, quando comparados àqueles irrigados com água; (ii) a concentração de Na no solo apresentou um aumento significativo independente do tipo de irrigação utilizada (EET ou água); (iii) a irrigação com EET contribuiu para elevar as concentrações de carbono e nitrogênio no solo; (iv) as emissões de N2O e CO2 dependem predominantemente da umidade do solo, da temperatura e das quantidades de fertilizantes nitrogenado mineral aplicados e menos do tipo de água utilizada na irrigação; (v) o CH4 foi o único que não apresentou relação direta de suas emissões com a sazonalidade climática; (vi) as emissões de CO2, N2O e CH4 pelos solos irrigados com EET não diferem de pastagens não irrigadas ou irrigadas com água, sendo mais influenciadas pelas práticas de manejo. Os resultados indicam que a irrigação de culturas com EET é uma pratica sustentável.
Nowadays, the humanity is faced with great challenges such as the impending water shortage, the increase in food production or the search for alternative energy sources. The use of treated sewage effluent (TSE) as water and/or nutrient source for agricultural irrigation, can preserve existing water resources by minimising environmental impacts caused by its discharge to surface waters and increase water availability for other purposes. Moreover, wastewater use can contribute to increase agricultural production, preserving forested areas; reduce costs for nitrogen fertilization, and can diminish greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere due to higher biomass production and carbon accumulation in soil through root and plant residue deposition. Despite these favorable aspects, this practice interferes in the soil-plant-water system by modifying the inputs and outputs of carbon and nitrogen from their different pools. Thus, this study aimed at quantifying CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions from a Typic Haplustox cropped with Tifton 85 and irrigated with treated sewage effluent from the wastewater treatment plant (anaerobic and facultative ponds) at the city of Lins, SP and evaluates moreover changes in soil chemistry related to sodium, carbon and nitrogen concentrations and grass productivity. The study revealed that: (i) Tifton-85 was more productive at in treatments with TSE irrigation, compared to potable water irrigation, (ii) the Na concentration in the soil increased significantly regardless of the type of irrigation used (TSE or potable water), (iii) TSE irrigation increased the carbon and nitrogen concentrations in soil, (iv) N2O and CO2 emissions were predominantly dependent on soil moisture, temperature and the quantities of mineral nitrogen fertilizers applied as from the type of water used for irrigation, (v) only CH4 emissions had no direct relation to climate seasonality, and (vi) CO2, N2O and CH4 emissions of TSE irrigated soils did not differ from not irrigated or water irrigated pastures, being mainly affected by different management practices. The results indicate that crop irrigation with TSE can represent is a sustainable agricultural practice.

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Marrable, SD. "Health risks associated with sewage effluent reuse : case study of the Riverside Golf Course, Tasmania." Thesis, 1998. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/20422/1/whole_MarrableSimonD1998_thesis.pdf.

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This thesis conducts an international review of research regarding the public health risks associated with using municipal sewage treated effluent on publicly accessible land and provides an account of a case study that monitored the prevalence and persistence of faecal organisms irrigated onto a golf course. It examines in detail the quantitative risk assessment process developed by risk managers in public health that is used as a tool to predict the likelihood of exposed groups of people to pathogens that may exist in the effluent. From the literature review, researchers have identified new waterborne pathogens that are resistant to conventional forms of disinfection, persist long enough in the environment to reach a potential human host and require only few in number to cause an infection. Relevant international and national wastewater reuse guidelines are also reviewed to highlight methods employed by risk managers to minimise the risks of infection as a consequence of wastewater reuse. A comprehensive survey of current and proposed reuse schemes in Australia was also conducted to help ascertain the growth and the extent of reuse practices in the country. It was found that over the last 13 years the proportion set aside for intentional reuse of the total sewage volumes treated has almost doubled from 3.8 to 6.9% and will continue to grow in the near future. Most of this has been utilised for greenspace or agricultural irrigation where there will be some degree of public contact with the effluent. Because of the current growth of reuse schemes and the prevalence of these new pathogens found in sewage it is prudent to conduct further environmental sampling for these high risk pathogens so that more informed risk assessments can be estimated. A case study was conducted to identify persistence of faecal coliforms/Escherichia coli (FC/E. coli) pathways and persistence at the Riverside Golf Course, Launceston, Tasmania which uses chlorinated secondary treated sewage effluent supplied by the West Tamar Council for irrigation during warm dry weather (October 1995 - April 1996). The effluent is pumped to a temporary holding pond colonised by water fowl and is then spray-irrigated by pop-up sprinklers at a rate of approximately 5 mm for the fairways and 29 mm for the greens per week. Potential routes of transmission of FC/E. coil are discussed and a health risk assessment is presented. Three rounds of FC/E. coil sampling were conducted on the 11-12/10/1995, 8-9/11/1995 and the 26-27/3/1996. Samples of the sewage treatment plant (STP) effluent and holding pond water were collected before and during irrigation. At 9 sites on the first five holes (fairways and greens) samples of the irrigant, creek water, turfgrass, topsoil, golf balls, players' hands and aerosols were collected before and after irrigation. Irrigant water, turfgrass and topsoil were sampled in the early morning; golf balls, players hands and aerosols in the morning, midday and afternoon; and creek samples in the afternoon. Samples were analysed using the membrane filtration technique with the exception of the aerosols which were collected onto agar strips using a high volume centrifugal sampler. Various meteorological, and physicochemical parameters were also monitored. It was found that the STP effluent entering the holding pond had low counts of FC (x̄ =14 cfu/100 mL, 95% range = 0 - 8 460 cfu/100 mL). The holding pond samples had considerably higher counts of FC/E. coli = 1 840 cfu/100 mL, 95% range = 372 - 9 120 cfu/100 mL) attributed to the birdlife present. The irrigant samples contained similar high levels of FC/E. coli (x̄ = 945 cfu/100 mL, 95% range = 187 - 4 760 cfu/100 mL). Meaningful results of the levels of faecal coliforms on the turfgrass were only available for the third sampling round (Result Table 2.3). The mean value of FC/E. coli on turfgrass was 391 cfu/100 mL eq. (equivalent) after irrigation, which was significantly higher (t$_{1,16}$ = -2.027, P = 0.0386) than the value before irrigation, 75.2 cfu/100 mL eq., indicating that the practice of irrigation significantly increases the presence of FC/E. coil on the turfgrass. In contrast, the FC/E. coil counts were undetectable in almost all samples of soil, players' hands, golf balls and aerosols, in almost all samples of soil, players' hands, golf balls and aerosols. Creek water samples bore several positive results but tended to be low and due to external contamination. The meteorological and physico-chemical analysis revealed a strong correlation between soil moisture and the presence of FC/E. coil in the soil. Despite the fact that the holding pond faecal bacteria levels exceeded the Tasmanian Department of Environment and Land Management's (1994) Guidelines for Re-use of Wastewater in Tasmania mean limit of 750 FC/100 mL from five samples, dieoff was quite rapid indicating that this practice of wastewater reuse presents minimal health risks to golfers and groundstaff in terms of indicator FC/E.coli counts. However, it must be borne in mind that actual pathogens potentially present in effluent are not always adequately indicated by the faecal coliform group, especially viruses and protozoa which need further research as to their prevalence and persistence in the irrigated effluent. In addition, further research needs to be undertaken into the likelihood of the water fowl being a vector opportunity for disease with particular attention being paid to the increased risks associated with the potential disturbance of the holding pond sediment.

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48

Davis, Teresa L. "Municipal sewage effluent as a source of water and nutrients for vegetable crops." 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/27474.

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49

Yu, Wei Hsien, and 魏賢堉. "Analysis and Investigation on the Separating Agricultural Irrigation Water from Rainfall and Sewage." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/81954146276420309344.

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Abstract:

碩士
中華大學
土木工程學系碩士班
91
Water is the important resource of agricultural activities. Large amount of hydraulic facilities and distribution canals are accumulated in the past several hundred years. Meantime, the irrigation water quality had been polluted by industrial and domestic sewage. The deteriorated phenomenon had been not decreased under extending the protection of irrigation water for over 35years in Taiwan. The purpose of this study is to analyze and investigate the separation of agricultural irrigation water from rainfall and sewage. Taking the Long-En canal in Hsin-Chu Irrigation Association Area as an example, the results indicated that the planned width of irrigation and drainage were 0.95-2.2m and 3.5-13m, respectively, which can meet the irrigation requirement and solve the damage caused by the storm. The accounted ratio of benefit and cost was 1.09. Accordingly, the planned canal separation was feasible and the quality of irrigation water could be improved.

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50

Keam, Darren. "The sustainability of municipal wastewater irrigation in the Interlake Region of Manitoba as a means of nitrogen and phosphorous abatement for Lake Winnipeg." 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10170/428.

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In Manitoba there are an estimated 200 small and 10 large wastewater treatment systems contributing nutrients to surface water when effluent is discharged. The objective of this study was to assess the sustainability and social acceptance of wastewater irrigation in the southeast Interlake region. It was concluded that sustainably irrigating forage crops would be challenging. The combination of soils with only ratings of fair for irrigability and the low quality of wastewater limits the long term sustainability of irrigation. Only one study site maintains a high potential to develop a wastewater irrigation program due to sufficient suitable land and appropriate wastewater quality. The social acceptance of wastewater irrigation is mixed with only about half the survey respondents favourable to irrigation or reuse of wastewater.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sewage irrigation'

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