Journal articles: 'Sewage effluent'

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Al-Gheethi, Adel A. S., Norli Ismail, A. N. Efaq, J. D. Bala, and Ramzy M. A. Al-Amery. "Solar disinfection and lime stabilization processes for reduction of pathogenic bacteria in sewage effluents and biosolids for agricultural purposes in Yemen." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 5, no. 3 (January 20, 2015): 419–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2015.074.

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Yemen is the least advanced country among Middle Eastern countries in sewage reuse and safety control. The current sewage effluent quality in Yemen is generally poor as none of the existing sewage treatment plants produces effluents that comply with the effluent quality regulations. There is no plan to build tertiary treatment systems. However, the oxidation and stabilization ponds are considered most appropriate for the warm climate conditions in the country. Sewage effluents and biosolids generated from these ponds are used extensively for agricultural purposes. This review discusses the potential use of solar disinfection (SODIS) and lime treatment for the reduction of pathogens in sewage effluents and biosolids before reuse. SODIS and lime treatment are natural processes, simple, easily implemented, produce non-toxic by-products and are low cost. The merits of these processes are enormous, and they are suitable for application in developing countries such as Yemen.

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Mitz, Stephen V., and John P. Giesy. "Sewage effluent biomonitoring." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 10, no. 1 (August 1985): 22–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0147-6513(85)90004-1.

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Mitz, Stephen V., and John P. Giesy. "Sewage effluent biomonitoring." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 10, no. 1 (August 1985): 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0147-6513(85)90005-3.

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Wayland, Mark, and Keith A. Hobson. "Stable carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur isotope ratios in riparian food webs on rivers receiving sewage and pulp-mill effluents." Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z00-169.

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We examined spatial trends in ratios of stable isotopes of nitrogen (δ15N), carbon (δ13C), and sulfur (δ34S) in riparian food webs leading to a riparian, insectivorous bird species, the tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor), on rivers receiving pulp-mill effluent and municipal sewage and compared them with ratios of these isotopes in components of the effluents themselves. The study was conducted on two rivers in western Canada at sites upstream and downstream from sewage and pulp mill effluent sources. Municipal sewage contained materials with δ15N or δ13C values that were distinct from background conditions in the receiving environment. Pulp-mill effluent contained materials with δ34S values that were distinct from those at upstream sites on the rivers. At both locations, effluent-derived nitrogen and sulfur were observed in algae and suspended sediments at sites downstream from the effluent sources. This was also observed in adult aquatic insects, the one exception being that uptake of effluent-derived nitrogen was detected isotopically at only one location. Tree swallows' use of sewage-derived nitrogen was evident only at one location, while use of pulp-mill-derived sulfur was evident only at the other location. Our study demonstrates the usefulness and limitations of measuring stable isotopes for tracing the movement of nutrients derived from sewage and pulp-mill effluent in freshwater ecosystems and, further, indicates that such tracing may be extended to riparian species feeding on aquatic prey.

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Hokajärvi, Anna-Maria, Tarja Pitkänen, Henri M. P. Siljanen, Ulla-Maija Nakari, Eila Torvinen, Anja Siitonen, and Ilkka T. Miettinen. "Occurrence of thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. and adenoviruses in Finnish bathing waters and purified sewage effluents." Journal of Water and Health 11, no. 1 (November 17, 2012): 120–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2012.192.

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A total of 50 Finnish bathing water samples and 34 sewage effluent samples originating from 17 locations were studied in the summers of 2006 and 2007. Campylobacter were present in 58% and adenoviruses in 12% of all bathing water samples; 53% of all sewage effluent samples were positive for Campylobacter spp. and 59% for adenoviruses. C. jejuni was the most common Campylobacter species found and human adenovirus serotype 41 was the most common identified adenovirus type. Bathing water temperature displayed a significant negative relationship with the occurrence of Campylobacter. One location had identical pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of C. coli isolates in the bathing water and in sewage effluent, suggesting that sewage effluent was the source of C. coli at this bathing site. The counts of faecal indicator bacteria were not able to predict the presence of Campylobacter spp. or adenoviruses in the bathing waters. Thus the observed common presence of these pathogens in Finnish sewage effluents and bathing waters may represent a public health risk. The low water temperature in Finland may enhance the prevalence of Campylobacter in bathing waters. More attention needs to be paid to minimizing the concentrations of intestinal pathogens in bathing waters.

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Hassanain, Mohey A., Nawal A. Hassanain, Esam A. Hobballa, Fatma H. Abd- El Zaher, and Mohamed Saber M. Saber. "Existence and Decontamination of HVC, Infectious Enteric Bacteria and Parasites in Sewaged Soils." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE 3, no. 1 (September 30, 2014): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jaa.v3i1.5411.

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A surface sample representing a high contaminated loamy sand soil irrigated with sewage effluent since 30 years and was cultivated with artichoke was collected from Abu-Rawash sewage farm. The existence of HVC, enteric infectious bacteria and parasites in sewaged soil found to be negative for the forward and positive for the latter's. Out of the 30 samples separated from the sewaged soil sample, only 3 samples contained parasitic fauna of developed and undeveloped Ascaris (10%) and five samples contained Entamoeba coli. Results showed that the number of Ascaris eggs/gm soil was 0.017 and the number of E. coli/gm was 0.26. Decontamination of soil parasites was effective using either calcium hypochlorite or potassium permanganate. Salmonella, Vibrio and Campelobacter were detected in the high contaminated sewaged soil and survived for 120 days in the sewaged soil under all control and bioremediated treatments irrigated with either sewage effluent or water.

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Diamantis, V. I., I. Antoniou, E. Athanasoulia, P. Melidis, and A. Aivasidis. "Recovery of reusable water from sewage using aerated flat-sheet membranes." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 12 (December 1, 2010): 2769–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.009.

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Continuous developments and advances in membrane technology allow recovering to large extent reusable water from untraditional water sources, such as municipal effluents. In this paper, operational results and preliminary cost-analysis of a microfiltration (MF) process used for raw sewage and secondary effluent polishing are given. The research was conducted with a 22 sandwich-type flat-sheet membrane module (0.45 μm and 4.5 m2) employing aeration for fouling control. During raw sewage filtration the majority of the organics were retained (effluent COD < 90 mg/L and SS ∼ 0 mg/L). However, the fluxes were significantly lower [∼7 L/(m2 h)] compared to those achieved during secondary effluent filtration [∼29 L/(m2 h)] (at TMP 0.14 bar). In the second case, aeration was found to be suitable mean for fouling control. The total costs (capital and operational) for water recovery from raw sewage and secondary effluent were estimated to be in the order of 2 and 0.75 €/m3 respectively.

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Baldry, M. G. C., and M. S. French. "Disinfection of Sewage Effluent with Peracetic Acid." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0100.

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Novel products based on peracetic acid (PAA) have recently been developed for the disinfection of sewage and sewage effluents. The efficacy of such products has been assessed under both laboratory and operational conditions. Comparative laboratory studies of the effects of peracetic acid, chlorine dioxide and chlorine on indicator bacteria in secondary sewage effluent have shown peracetic acid to be a viable alternative to these halogen biocides. In a trial carried out at two small rural works, PAA was dosed into secondary effluent from either an activated sludge plant or a percolating filter bed prior to tertiary lagoon treatment. LOW levels of PAA greatly enhanced the natural decline in coliform levels across the lagoon, enabling much lower concentrations of bacteria to be discharged into the receiving streams. In another trial, secondary effluent from an activated sludge plant was treated before discharge into a stream leading to the sea. Coliform concentrations were greatly reduced along the watercourse downstream from the plant.

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Graveland, D. N. "Reuse of sewage effluent." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 14, no. 4 (August 1, 1987): 589–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l87-086.

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Bouwer, Herman. "Issues in artificial recharge." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 10-11 (May 1, 1996): 381–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0696.

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Interest in artificial recharge with normal water and sewage effluent continues to increase. Issues discussed in this paper include recharge with infiltration basins, soil-aquifer treatment of sewage effluent, potable use of water from aquifers recharged with sewage effluent, nitrogen removal, pre-treatment of sewage effluent, disinfection, well recharge, clogging parameters, superchlorination, disinfection byproducts, vadose zone wells, seepage trenches, and constructed aquifers used as intermittent sand filters.

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Dantas, Daniel Costa, Ênio Farias de França e. Silva, Mara Suyane Marques Dantas, Gerônimo Ferreira da Silva, and Mario Monteiro Rolim. "Sunflower nutrition irrigated with domestic sewage treated." Comunicata Scientiae 10, no. 2 (September 18, 2019): 286–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/cs.v10i2.2448.

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This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional status of the sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) irrigated with domestic effluents. The study was performed in a pilot sewage treatment plant, where the treatments were composed by the combination of two factors: types of water (A1 - effluent treated by UASB reactor; A2 – effluent treated with digester decant and anaerobic filtering; A3 – effluent treated with anaerobic filtering; and A4 – water supply) and irrigation depths (L1 - equal to the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and L2 – 1.2 ETc. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme, with four replications. At 96 days after sowing, the leaves, capitulum, and achenes were collected for the concentration evaluation of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S. The analyses of variance were performed based on the concentration of the nutrients in the respective organs; when significant, they were analyzed by orthogonal contrasts. The sunflower nutritional status was influenced by the types of treatment for the domestic sewage, especially regarding N, Ca and S, and by the irrigation depths; the sunflower crop presented a better nutritional balance when irrigated with treated domestic effluents; with the application of the water supply only, the nutritional supply of the P and S, is necessary.

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Vecchia, AD, JD Fleck, M. Kluge, J. Comerlato, B. Bergamaschi, RB Luz, TS Arantes, JVS Silva, MR Thewes, and FR Spilki. "Assessment of enteric viruses in a sewage treatment plant located in Porto Alegre, southern Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Biology 72, no. 4 (November 2012): 839–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842012000500009.

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In order to verify the microbial quality of the influents and effluents of one STP from southern Brazil, an eight-month survey was conducted to examine the presence of total and fecal coliforms and of adenovirus (HAdV), enterovirus (EV), genogroup A rotaviruses (GARV) and Torque teno virus (TTV), in treated effluent samples from São João/Navegantes STP, Porto Alegre (Brazil). A total of 16 samples were collected, eight of influent (raw sewage, prior to treatment), and the other eight of the effluent (post-treatment sewage). Total and fecal coliform levels ranging from 3.6 × 10(4) to 4.4 × 10(7) MPN/100 mL and 2.9 × 10³ to 1.7 × 10(7) MPN/100 mL, were detected in all samples. In raw sewage, HAdV (25%) and GARV (28.6%) viral genomes were detected. The analysis of effluent samples revealed the presence of HAdV (50%), EV (37.5%), and TTV (12.5%) genomic fragments. All samples, regardless of the month analysed, presented detection of a least one virus genus, except for in April. Higher virus detection rates were observed in treated sewage samples (62.5%), and in 80% of them (effluent positive samples) HAdV was detected. Results showed that improvements in sewage monitoring and treatment processes are necessary to reduce the viral and bacterial load on the environment in southern Brazil. To the knowledge of the authors, this is the first study showing the monitoring of viral genomes in influent and effluent samples from a STP located in Porto Alegre (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil), southern Brazil.

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Reddy, K. R., F. M. Hueston, and T. McKim. "Biomass Production and Nutrient Removal Potential of Water Hyacinth Cultured in Sewage Effluent." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 107, no. 2 (May 1, 1985): 128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3267665.

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Growth and nutrient uptake of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes [Mart] Solms) cultured in sewage effluent were measured over a period of 1 year in a prototype wastewater treatment system which has been in operation at Walt Disney World near Orlando, Florida. Annual productivity of water hyacinth cultured in primary sewage effluent (Channel II) was found to be in the range of 5 to 27 g dry wt m−2 day−1 (23.6 dry tons acre−1 yr−1). Average growth rate during the months of May through October 1982 for hyacinth cultured in Channel II (primary sewage effluent) and Channel I (treated primary sewage effluent leaving Channel II) was about 16 g dry wt m−2 day−1 (27 dry tons acre−1 yr−1), compared to the growth rate of 13 g dry wt m−2 day−1 (22 dry tons acre−1 yr−1) for hyacinths cultured in secondary sewage effluent. Plants cultured in secondary sewage effluent generally had longer roots than the plants cultured in primary sewage effluent. A significant relationship was observed between the growth rate of hyacinth and the solar radiation. Nitrogen and P concentration of the plant tissue were higher in the hyacinths cultured during winter months compared to the plants grown in summer months. Average N and P concentration of the plants cultured in primary sewage effluent were found to be 3.7 percent N and 0.94 percent P, respectively, while the plants cultured in secondary sewage effluent had a total N and P content of 2.8 percent N and 0.79 percent P. Nutrient ratios of the major plant nutrients were found to be approximately the same as the nutrient ratios in the sewage effluent. Annual N and P uptake rates of hyacinth cultured in sewage effluent were found to be in the range of 1176 to 1193 kg N ha−1 yr−1 and 321 to 387 kg P ha−1 yr−1, respectively.

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Ono, Y., I. Somiya, M. Kawamura, and K. Uenishi. "Genotoxicity of Organic Substances in Municipal Sewage and Its Ozonated Products." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 11 (June 1, 1992): 285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0304.

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Some organic substances contaminated in industrial wastewaters are not easily decomposed through biological treatment plant. In order to investigate the genotoxicity of the substances which remain in effluent from a municipal sewage treatment plant receiving industrial wastewaters, bacterial and mammalian assays were applied to the concentrated samples of secondary effluent. Ozonation was applied to decompose hard-biodegradable organic matters and to decrease its genotoxic intensity. Genotoxicity was surveyed for the concentrated samples using umu test system which can detect the umuDC genes that are known to cause error-prone repair. Positive results were observed in the case of Sep-pak-methanol extracts of secondary effluents with microsomal activation. Results of umu test showed negative in the ozonated samples of the effluent. Genotoxic substances in secondary effluents were decomposed by ozone into non-genotoxic substances. The concentrated sample was fractionated by gel chromatography using Sephadex LH-20 which can separate the molecule in the range from 100 to 5,000. A fraction of the effluent was determined as positive in umu test. The substances were detected in the range of over 5,000 molecular size.

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Burridge, TR, T. Portelli, and P. Ashton. "Effect of sewage effluents on germination of three marine brown algal macrophytes." Marine and Freshwater Research 47, no. 8 (1996): 1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9961009.

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Inhibition of germination of zygotes of the fucoid macroalgae Hormosira banksii and Phyllospora comosa and zoospores of the laminarian Macrocystis angustifolia was used as an end-point to assess the toxicity of three sewage effluents of differing quality. For each species, between-assay variation was low and results of tests with the reference toxicant 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid suggested that results are reproducible, especially in R. comosa. Each species showed a greater sensitivity to primary-treated effluent than to secondary-treated effluent, and higher variability in response to the primary effluent. High variation in response for each species when exposed to the primary effluent (compared with that for the secondary effluent) is presumably indicative of variation in quality of the primary effluent. The capacity to reproduce these assays, the sensitivity of species employed, and the ecological relevance of germination as a toxicological end-point suggest that germination tests of this nature may be useful in biological testing of effluent quality at discharge sites in south-eastern Australia.

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Gabrielli, Giuliano, Jorge L. da Paixão, Bruno Coraucci, and Adriano L. Tonetti. "Ambiance rose production and nutrient supply in soil irrigated with treated sewage." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 19, no. 8 (August 2015): 755–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v19n8p755-759.

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<title>ABSTRACT</title><p>Effluents from secondary sewage treatment plants may contain amount of nutrients with the potential to cause eutrophication of water bodies. One of the ways to decrease this influx of nutrients would be the agricultural reuse. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the irrigation of roses of the Ambiance variety with the effluent from an anaerobic reactor and an intermittent sand filter (nitrified effluent). The trial lasted for 152 days. The dose of nitrogen applied via effluent was 91% of the crop requirement; of phosphorus, 3.5% (very low); and of potassium, 23%. There was no difference among treatments for the evaluated variables: diameter and length of stem, diameter and length of bud, and fresh weight of flower buds. The production of floral stems was higher in treatments with effluents without conventional fertilization. It is concluded that the irrigation with a treated effluent is an alternative for the fertilization of ambiance roses.</p>

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Melcer, Henryk, Hugh Monteith, and Stephen G. Nutt. "Variability of Toxic Trace Contaminants in Municipal Sewage Treatment Plants." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 4-5 (April 1, 1988): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0177.

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The variability of toxic trace contaminants in influents and effluents at three full-scale municipal sewage treatment plants was measured by collecting grab samples of degritted raw wastewater and non-chlorinated secondary effluent at two hour intervals over eight consecutive days. The samples were analyzed for metals, conventional contaminants and a range of organic trace contaminants. The metals and volatile organic compounds were the dominant contaminants found in the influents. In the effluents, organic concentrations were close to detectable levels and polyaromatic hydrocarbons were almost never detected. Some influent metal and organic contaminants varied diurnally while others appeared to fluctuate randomly with periodic spike inputs. The variability of most effluent trace contaminant concentrations was considerably attenuated in comparison to influent concentrations.

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Farid, M. Samir M., Samir Atta, Mohamed Rashid, Josefien Oude Munnink, and Ruud Platenburg. "Impact of the Reuse of Domestic Waste Water for Irrigation on Ground Water Quality." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 9 (May 1, 1993): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0189.

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Egypt planned to reclaim large areas in both the Eastern and Western desert fringes of the Nile Delta with an increasing use of sewage effluent from Greater Cairo. The Gabal el Asfar farm which has been irrigated with raw to primary treated sewage effluent for a period of seventy five years was selected as a pilot area to investigate the groundwater quality. This farm covering 3000 feddan (1250 ha), is located in the sandy area northeast of Cairo. The main objective of the study was to assess the impact of agricultural application of sewage effluent on groundwater quality. Observation wells were constructed and field and laboratory measurements were carried out in and around the Gabal el Asfar area. The water balance and mass balances have been assessed. The study yielded useful recommendations to decrease the impact on groundwater quality and possible risks in Gabal el Asfar, concerning 1) type and amount of pollution from sewage effluent, 2) design criteria to control possible spreading of pollutants, and finally 3) the use of groundwater in the area. The following comprises the main conclusions:*Irrigation with sewage effluent had a positive impact on salinity of the initially brackish groundwater. On the contrary, groundwater quality is negatively affected from sewage effluent with regard to nitrogen contents (ammonium and nitrate), phosphate, heavy metals and faecal coliforms.*The drinking water limit for nitrate is sometimes exceeded. Moreover, faecal coliforms are found in water from all shallow handpumps in the area. The general suitability of the groundwater is therefore limited while the use of handpumps for drinking water purposes should be avoided. High boron contents of sewage effluent indicate a risk for crops sensitive to boron.*The accumulation of heavy metals and phosphorus in the soil adversely affects the soil system.*Pretreatment of sewage effluent in Gabal el Asfar should be improved to limit the pollution of the aquifer. Industrial discharge in sewage effluent should be avoided.*Groundwater recharged by sewage effluent is mainly collected by drains in or at the borders of the area, so spreading of pollutants out of the area is largely controlled.

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Zhao, Q. L., J. N. Zhang, S. J. You, S. H. Wang, and L. N. Wang. "Effect of irrigation with reclaimed water on crops and health risk assessment." Water Supply 6, no. 6 (December 1, 2006): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2006.965.

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Irrigation with tertiary effluent, secondary effluent, and raw wastewater (sewage) were studied with tap water irrigation as the control. The effects of the irrigations on the qualities of three testing crops: cucumber, celery cabbage and maize were investigated. The contents of residual chloride ion, phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, and residual heavy metals in these irrigated crops were also examined. The results showed that the secondary and tertiary effluent had no significant effects on the crop qualities. However, irrigation with the sewage could lead to increase parts of nutrient components in the crops. Irrigation with the sewage caused accumulation of nitrate and heavy metals in the crops, indicating that sewage was not suitable for irrigation. The risk assessment results suggested that the health risk of the irrigations using sewage and secondary effluent exceeded the maximum acceptable risk level. Comparatively, the risk in the tertiary effluent irrigation was much lower than the acceptable level.

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Sopper, William E. "Irrigation with Treated Sewage Effluent." Soil Science 153, no. 3 (March 1992): 258–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199203000-00010.

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Bouma, J. "Irrigation with treated sewage effluent." Agricultural Water Management 20, no. 4 (February 1992): 343–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3774(92)90008-k.

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Oleszkiewicz, Jan A. "Sewage and industrial effluent treatment." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 23, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 573–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l96-064.

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Sheikh, B. "Irrigation with treated sewage effluent." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 47, no. 1 (October 1993): 75–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(93)90137-e.

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Andreadakis, A., D. Mamais, D. Christoulas, and S. Kabylafka. "Ultraviolet Disinefection of Secondary and Tertiary Effluent in the Mediterranean Region." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 4-5 (August 1, 1999): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0598.

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A study was undertaken to evaluate the efficiency of ultraviolet radiation in disinfecting secondary and tertiary effluents using wastewater from two full scale treatment plants located in the greater Athens area, the one receiving municipal sewage and the other receiving municipal sewage and septage. The effective UV dose for coliform removal, the effects of feedwater characteristics on UV disinfection and the lamp fouling potential were examined. For secondary effluent samples the required UV dose to achieve effluent fecal concentrations of less than 2,000 FC/100 ml varied from 30 to 60 mW-sec/cm2, depending on the water quality characteristics of the feedwater. High effluent suspended solids significantly increased the UV dose required to achieve adequate disinfection. For tertiary effluent the required UV dose to meet the 2000 FC/100 ml criterion was only 10 mW-sec/cm2, where as a dose of 40-50 mW-sec/cm2 was sufficient to achieve effluent coliform concentrations of less than 10 FC/100 ml. The inactivation of coliforms followed first order kinetics for relative low UV doses, with inactivation rates in the 0,107–0,303 cm2/mW-sec range for secondary effluent and 0,325 cm2/mW-sec for tertiary effluent. The lamp fouling potential was relatively high and the required lamp cleaning frequency was approximately twice per month.

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Dos Santos, Larissa Macedo, Marcelo Luiz Simões, Célia Regina Montes, Adolpho Jose Melfi, and Ladislau Martin-Neto. "VIABILIDADE DO EMPREGO DE ÁCIDO FLUORÍDRICO 10% PARA A REMOÇÃO DE ÍONS PARAMAGNÉTICOS EM AMOSTRAS DE SOLOS E SUAS RESPECTIVAS FRAÇÕES FÍSICAS." Eclética Química Journal 35, no. 3 (January 17, 2018): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.26850/1678-4618eqj.v35.3.2010.p55-60.

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Treated sewage effluent utilization for irrigation represents an antique, popularand attractive alternative to the common disposal of effluent to watercourses and includes three main purposes: effluent complementary treatment, water and nutrient source to the soil-plant system. However, because in Brazil no experiences in wastewater recycling exists consequently few scientific studies were carried out despite the importance of the subject. The present study aimed to evaluate by chemical and spectroscopy techniques the soil organic matter from soils irrigated with treated sewage effluent. Five treatments were evaluated: TSI (control) - irrigation with potable water and addition of the nitrogen as mineral fertilizer; T100, T125, T150 and T200 - irrigation with treated sewage sludge effluent and addition of the nitrogen as mineral fertilizer. The results obtained shown changes in the carbon contend and humification degree for the soils irrigated with treated sewage sludge effluent due to the increase activity of the decomposition of organic matter, stimulated by the increase of water in the soil.

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VILAÇA, K. A., C. R. dos SANTOS, and M. H. de PAULA. "STUDIES AND PROPOSALS FOR THE REAPROVEMENT OF EFFLUENTS TREATED AT ETE ARRUDAS, SABARÁ – MG." Periódico Tchê Química 15, no. 29 (January 20, 2018): 234–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v15.n29.2018.234_periodico29_pgs_234_242.pdf.

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The current scenario of water scarcity and the increasing need to protect the environment show how vulnerable nature is to human actions and retakes the importance of applying smarter water uses. For this reason, the reuse of effluents should be seen as an alternative to attenuate the imbalance generated by the lack of management of water resource. The objective of this work is to analyze the feasibility of reuse of the treated sewage in the Arrudas TEP, located in Sabará - MG, in secondary activities and non-potable uses within the ETE itself or in nearby regions. For this, a bibliographical research was conducted to guide the evaluation of the effluent so that the treated effluent was in accordance with the parameters established by the Environmental Legislation and did not offer public health risks. Data were collected from the ETE for the evaluation of the effluent quality and correlation with the norms dictated by the Norms and, finally, the possible alternatives of effluent reuse were evaluated. The results clarify that it is possible, according to the class of treated sewage, to reuse for nobler purposes in order to avoid the direct discharge of the effluent into the bodies of water.

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Philippi, Luiz S., Rejane H. R. da Costa, and Pablo H. Sezerino. "Domestic Effluent Treatment through Integrated System of Septic Tank and Root Zone." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 3 (August 1, 1999): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0152.

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According to national statistical data, only 10% of the Brazilian urban population have their sewage treated. In the rural areas, where people usually treat sewage trough septic tank systems, this value is not greater than 5%. This situation, therefore, depicts a lack of basic sanitation in Brazil, which, in turn, is responsible for the utilisation of individual systems for the treatment of sewage by more than 100 million people. Generally, soils and water rivers are, no longer, the last fate for the discharged effluents. Wetland system for the treatment of domestic sewage have been employed in different situations and arrangements (combined system) always showing outstanding performances. The reasons which qualify this system for the treatment of effluents have been attributed to its low cost, easy maintenance and operation. The experiment was carried out in the Agriculture Secretary's Training Center, Santa Catarina State, responsible for servicing approximately 66 people daily, and was fed with local effluent. This work assesses the efficacy of such a kind of system, which is composed of a septic tank followed by the root zone, in the treatment of liquid effluents.

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Higashitani, T., H. Tamamoto, A. Takahashi, and H. Tanaka. "Study of estrogenic effects on carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to sewage treatment plant effluents." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 9 (May 1, 2003): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0500.

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To investigate whether male carp (Cyprinus carpio) are really feminized by estrogen-like substances in effluent from sewage treatment plants (STPs) in Japan, exposure tests were performed using carp in water tanks that were receiving effluent from a STP. During eight weeks of exposure, we had measured their serum vitellogenin (VTG), a precursor of yolk protein specific for females that is synthesized in their liver by estrogen-like substances and that is, therefore, a biomarker of feminization. For this research, a STP with representative effluent estrogenic activity level was selected. In the first run of the tests that launched in the early spring of 2000, male carp were exposed. Results showed that the VTG concentration in male carp exposed to the effluent increased with time, while it was reduced after exposure to the effluents was stopped and the exposure was changed to dechlorinated tap water. On the other hand, in the control experiment, VTG was not detected in male carp exposed to dechlorinated tap water. Therefore, male carp might be reversibly feminized by the STP effluent. To assure whether the feminization of male carp was caused by the STP effluent at any time, two more runs of the test were performed in the summer of 2000 and February to April of 2001. However, significant level of VTG in male carp could not be observed for eight weeks. The estrogenic activities in the effluents were almost the same level throughout the tests; therefore the seasonal timing of exposure might be important for understanding this inconsistent phenomenon.

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Natsheh, Basel, Nawaf Abu-Khalaf, Tahseen Sayara, Saed Khayat, and Mazen Salman. "Multivariate data analysis for bioremediation of contaminated soil through Interactions between heavy metals, microbes and plants." مجلة جامعة فلسطين التقنية للأبحاث 1, no. 1 (August 20, 2013): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.53671/pturj.v1i1.9.

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Plant-assisted bioremediation (phytoremediation) is a promising technique for in-situ remediation of contaminated soils. Enhancement of phytoremediation processes requires a sound understanding of the complex interactions in the rhizosphere. This work presents a Pot experiment was conducted under green house conditions to test the effect of fungal inoculation on remediating heavy metal (HM) contaminated soil treated with sewage effluent for several years. Canola crop was used as accumulator plants. Results demonstrated that the dry matter yield of tested crops were significantly higher in soil irrigated for 50 years with sewage effluent than that in 20 years sewage effluent irrigated soil. Metal uptake and accumulation in different plant parts (shoot and root) was enhanced after inoculation with Aspergillus parasiticus (F1) and Fusarium oxysporum (F2). The reate of HM accumulation as higher in in soil treated irrigated sewage effluent for 50 years than that in 20 years sewage irrigated soil.

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Natsheh, Basel, Nawaf Abu-Khalaf, Tahseen Sayara, Saed Khayat, and Mazen Salman. "Multivariate data analysis for bioremediation of contaminated soil through Interactions between heavy metals, microbes and plants." مجلة جامعة فلسطين التقنية خضوري للأبحاث 1, no. 1 (August 20, 2013): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.53671/ptukrj.v1i1.9.

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Plant-assisted bioremediation (phytoremediation) is a promising technique for in-situ remediation of contaminated soils. Enhancement of phytoremediation processes requires a sound understanding of the complex interactions in the rhizosphere. This work presents a Pot experiment was conducted under green house conditions to test the effect of fungal inoculation on remediating heavy metal (HM) contaminated soil treated with sewage effluent for several years. Canola crop was used as accumulator plants. Results demonstrated that the dry matter yield of tested crops were significantly higher in soil irrigated for 50 years with sewage effluent than that in 20 years sewage effluent irrigated soil. Metal uptake and accumulation in different plant parts (shoot and root) was enhanced after inoculation with Aspergillus parasiticus (F1) and Fusarium oxysporum (F2). The reate of HM accumulation as higher in in soil treated irrigated sewage effluent for 50 years than that in 20 years sewage irrigated soil.

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Dalri, Alexandre B., Gilmar O. Santos, Geffson de F. Dantas, Rogério T. de Faria, José R. Zanini, and Luiz F. Palaretti. "Performance of drippers in two filtering systems using sewage treatment effluent." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 21, no. 6 (June 2017): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v21n6p363-368.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of three models of drippers using treated sewage effluent, pure and diluted, and two types of filters, screen and disc. The treated sewage effluent used in the experiment was collected from the city’s treatment plant. The experiment included 12 lateral lines with three types of emitters to apply pure (100%) and diluted (50%) effluent filtered by screen and disc filters. The combination of those factors set the treatments: T1 (50% effluent diluted in fresh water filtered by a screen filter); T2 (50% effluent diluted in fresh water filtered by a disc filter); T3 (pure effluent filtered by a screen filter); T4 (pure effluent filtered by a disc filter). The results showed that the flat type emitter is less sensitive to clogging, the disc filter is the most suitable to prevent clogging and the use of pure or diluted sewage effluent increases the drippers’ flow rate coefficient of variation.

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32

Connelly, Stephanie, Tatchai Pussayanavin, Richard J. Randle-Boggis, Araya Wicheansan, Suparat Jampathong, Ciara Keating, Umer Z. Ijaz, Willian T. Sloan, and Thammarat Koottatep. "Solar Septic Tank: Next Generation Sequencing Reveals Effluent Microbial Community Composition as a Useful Index of System Performance." Water 11, no. 12 (December 17, 2019): 2660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11122660.

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Septic tanks are widely deployed for off-grid sewage management but are typified by poor treatment performance, discharge of polluting effluents and the requirement for frequent de-sludging. The Solar Septic Tank (SST) is a novel septic tank design that uses passive heat from the sun to raise in-tank temperatures and improves solids degradation, resulting in a cleaner effluent. Treatment has been shown to exceed conventional systems, however, the underlying biology driving treatment in the system is poorly understood. We used next generation sequencing (Illumina Miseq (San Diego, CA, USA), V4 region 16S DNA) to monitor the microbiology in the sludge and effluent of two mature systems, a conventional septic tank and an SST, during four months of routine operation in Bangkok, Thailand, and evaluated the ecology against a suite of operating and performance data collected during the same time period. Significant differences were observed between the microbiome of the sludge and effluent in each system and the dominant taxa in each appeared persistent over time. Furthermore, variation in the microbial community composition in the system effluents correlated with effluent water quality and treatment performance parameters, including the removal of chemical and biochemical oxygen demand and the concentration of fecal and total coliforms in the effluent. Thus, we propose that a wide-scale survey of the biology underlying decentralised biotechnologies for sewage treatment such as the SST could be conducted by sampling system effluent rather than sampling sludge. This is advantageous as accessing sludge during sampling is both hazardous and potentially disruptive to the anaerobic methanogenic consortia underlying treatment in the systems.

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Akunna, J. C., and C. Jefferies. "Performance of family-size sequencing batch reactor and rotating biological contactor units treating sewage at various operating conditions." Water Science and Technology 41, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0017.

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Field trials were carried out using two types of package units designed for the treatment of domestic sewage from individual households. One of the units was a commercially available rotating biological contactor (RBC) system. The other was a newly developed sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system. Trials were carried at the site of a local sewage treatment plant where degritted raw sewage from a combined sewerage network was fed to the two units for a period of four months. Both units produced good effluent quality, well below 20/30 (BOD/SS) during steady-state performance. However, shorter start-up time was observed with the SBR unit together with better effluent quality (up to BOD<10 mg/l and SS<15 mg/l). Furthermore, the SBR unit produced effluents with ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus levels of 3 mg/l and 2 mg/l respectively, for influent levels that varied from 20 to 60 mg N-NH3/l and from 15 to 17 mg/l of total phosphorus. On the other hand, significant nutrient removal did not seem tohave occurred in the RBC unit. During testing to meet the requirements of British Standard (BS 6297), it was observed that the SBR can tolerate shockloads and periods following zero flow better than the RBC unit.

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Suresh, K., H. V. Smith, and T. C. Tan. "Viable Blastocystis Cysts in Scottish and Malaysian Sewage Samples." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 9 (September 2005): 5619–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.9.5619-5620.2005.

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ABSTRACT Blastocystis cysts were detected in 38% (47/123) (37 Scottish, 17 Malaysian) of sewage treatment works. Fifty percent of influents (29% Scottish, 76% Malaysian) and 28% of effluents (9% Scottish, 60% Malaysian) contained viable cysts. Viable cysts, discharged in effluent, provide further evidence for the potential for waterborne transmission of Blastocystis.

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35

Saber, M. S. M. "Prolonged Effect of Land Disposal of Human Wastes on Soil Conditions." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 7-8 (July 1, 1986): 371–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0310.

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Land disposal of human wastes is a comprehensive issue, where a series of aspects have to be considered. Few, if any, alternatives exist to this technology. No doubt future emphasis will be on sewage farming, which should result in the cultivation of new arid land. This paper addresses the prolonged effect of land disposal of human wastes on soil properties, as well as on the dissemination of enteric pathogens. In order to assess this impact, soil samples were collected from Gabal el Asfar sewage farm in Cairo to represent sandy soils irrigated solely, by surface flooding, with decanted sewage effluent for 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45 and 60 years. Sewage farming tended to build up the soil microbial population, particularly during the first five years. In all soils, human wastes increased total bacterial counts and promoted the proliferation of the physiological groups. This population would accelerate the oxidation of organic matter to available nutrients. It also resulted in a high increase in nitrogen, phosphorus, micro-nutrients, organic carbon and raised the water holding capacity and exchangeable cations. However, the prolonged use of sewage effluent would disturb the balance of nutrients in soil, as the pH shifted towards acidity. The most interesting observation in the present work is to record that neither soluble salts nor micro-nutrients reached any injurious level. But land disposal of human wastes should be excercised with caution and if it is intended to be applied, salts, pH and nutrient elements should be checked occasionally. From the hygienic point of view, faecal E. coli, which is considered to be an indicator for enteric pathogens, gave positive results in all sewaged soils. Hence, it is recommended, from the sanitary point of view, that no crops which come in contact with sewage effluent should be cultivated in a sewage farm.

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Onda, K., S. Y. Yang, A. Miya, and T. Tanaka. "Evaluation of estrogen-like activity on sewage treatment processes using recombinant yeast." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2002): 367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0764.

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Four sewage treatment plants based on an activated sludge process and a pilot scale plant for advanced sewage treatment located in Japan were evaluated for removal of estrogenic substances using in vitro recombinant yeast assay and chemical analysis. The results indicated that 17βl-estradiol (E2) significantly contributed to estrogen-like activity analyzed by yeast assay especially in secondary treated effluents. On the other hand, batch study showed that estrogen-like activity of spiked E2 was easily decreased by an activated sludge treatment. This result suggested that E2 concentrations measured by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) were interpreted as false positives in effluents, and that unknown estrogenic substances other than E2 might have contributed to estrogen-like activity in the secondary treated effluents. Further, in the pilot scale study, advanced sewage treatment processes such as a biological aerated filtration (BAF) process, an advanced oxidation process (AOP), were effective for the removal of those estrogenic activities contributed by unknown estrogenic substances in sewage secondary treated effluent.

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37

Gautam, Bikram, Anjita Rajbhanshi, and Rameshwar Adhikari. "Bacterial Load Reduction in Guheswori Sewage Treatment Plant, Kathmandu, Nepal." Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal 15, no. 1 (March 14, 2019): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v15i1.19914.

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Background: Water sources such as lakes, ponds, river etc. have been continuously contaminated by the micro organisms and chemicals. The former can pose a significant threat to human health. This work aims at detecting the bacterial load before and after the sewage treatment and hence isolating pathogens from the sewage before primary treatment and secondary treated effluent. Methods: Grab sampling (50mL sewage before primary treatment and secondary treated effluent) was performed for 20 days in the Guheswori sewage treatment plant. The reduction in microbial load was determined through heterotrophic plate count. Pathogens were screened from the effluent obtained from the secondary treatment plant. Results: Bacterial load reduction was found to be about 48.02% on average. The observed bacterial load reduction might have been caused by bacteriophage flocculation and sedimentation. Pathogens isolated from the treated effluent were Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhi, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CONS), Citrobacter fruendii, Enterobacter aerogenes, Proteus mirabilis, P. vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conclusions: It has been found that the sewage treatment plant helps to reduce the bacterial load which is, however, not capable of effluent polishing where all pathogens are killed.

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38

Parrott, Joanne L., Mark E. McMaster, Subhash Verma, and David Trowbridge. "Exposure to Model-Scale Sewage Treatment Plant Effluent Affects Circulating Sex Steroids in Rainbow Trout." Water Quality Research Journal 43, no. 4 (November 1, 2008): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2008.031.

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Abstract Reproductive steroids were assessed in immature rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after 21-day exposures to 10% primary or 100% secondary-treated model-scale sewage treatment plant (STP) effluent. Plasma testosterone was elevated over 4-fold in rainbow trout exposed to 10% primary model STP effluent and 100% secondary model STP effluent, and 1.7-fold and 2.5-fold in trout exposed in the following years, 2 and 3, respectively. Exposure to the positive control compound, 17β-estradiol (100 ng/L), raised plasma estradiol concentrations of exposed trout, but had few effects on plasma testosterone concentrations. There was no induction of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity by any treatment, but liver-somatic indices were elevated in year-1 fish exposed to 10% primary or 100% secondary-treated model STP effluent. The results show that exposure to this model STP effluent can increase circulating testosterone concentrations. The rainbow trout 21-day test proved to be a simple bioassay that holds promise for onsite assessments of effluents.

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39

Vyalkova, E. I., E. S. Glushchenko, A. V. Shalabodov, A. V. Shalabodov, and E. Yu Osipova. "LOCAL SEWAGE TREATMENT UNIT ENGINEERING." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture, no. 6 (December 29, 2019): 174–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2019-21-6-174-185.

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Problems of treatment and disposal of industrial wastewater from dairy enterprises exist in Russia and abroad. Industrial wastewater from dairy cannot be discharged even into the do-mestic sewage system. The local sewage treatment units of such enterprises require in detail studying the wastewater quality and supply modes. This article presents such parameters of the wastewater composition as environmental aggressiveness, organic matter, suspended solids, fats, nitrogen, phosphate, and others. It is shown that changes in the qualitative composition of effluents depend on the dairy production processes. A serious problem when choosing a treatment technology is the significant content of organic substances, fats, ammonium, ni-trates and phosphates in the resulting effluent. In addition, effluents are characterized by large fluctuations in quality when dumped in a sewage treatment unit or reagent solutions generated by the equipment flushing. A production process flowchart is proposed for the dairy water dis-posal with the appropriate water treatment for discharge into sewage treatment units.

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40

Lowell, Richard B., and Joseph M. Culp. "Cumulative effects of multiple effluent and low dissolved oxygen stressors on mayflies at cold temperatures." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56, no. 9 (September 1, 1999): 1624–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f99-091.

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Effluents produced by pulp mills and sewage plants on northern rivers have the potential for a variety of interacting effects on downstream benthic invertebrates via increased levels of toxicants and nutrients and decreased levels of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the substratum. We experimentally measured the combined effects of these stressors at low temperature (4.5°C) on a common northern river invertebrate, the mayfly Baetis tricaudatus Dodds. Mayflies were exposed in laboratory artificial streams to one of two DO levels (low (5 mg·L-1) versus high (11 mg·L-1)) in the presence and absence of pulp mill and sewage effluent from an Alberta, Canada, mixed-effluent outfall (control river water versus 1% effluent); the DO and effluent treatments bracketed typical field concentrations. In the low-DO treatment, grazing intensity was reduced by 80%, and after 2 weeks of exposure, survival was reduced by 60-90%. Furthermore, 250-350% more mayflies in the low-DO treatment moved upward into regions of greater current velocity close to the surface of the artificial streams, a behavior that would likely make them more susceptible to fish predation in the field. In contrast, the 1% effluent treatment increased mayfly survival (possibly due, in part, to stimulation of increased mayfly grazing intensity by the effluent), although this effect only partly compensated for the pronounced negative impact of low DO levels.

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41

Nather Khan, ISA, and RP Lim. "Distribution of metals in the Linggi River Basin, Malaysia, with reference to pollution." Marine and Freshwater Research 42, no. 4 (1991): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9910435.

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Pollution inputs into the Linggi River Basin comprise domestic sewage, agroindustrial effluent (especially from rubber factories and palm-oil mills), and effluent from animal-husbandry activities. Total metals were analysed at eight sampling stations located at three highly polluted sub-basins: Linggi, Simin and Kundor. Dissolved metals were analysed occasionally at 21 major tributaries. The following concentrations were found (mg L-1; d.l., detection limit): Na, 0.93-117.73; K, 0.88-77.03; Ca, 1.89-24.00; Mg, 0.30-14.78; Fe, 0.47-12.2; Zn, 0.06-5.12; Cu, < d.l. -2.88; Mn, < d.l.-0.18. Pb, Ni and Cr were not detectable in their dissolved or total forms. Organic sewage inputs greatly increased the concentration of metal ions in reaches just downstream of discharge points. Ion concentrations generally decreased, but not substantially so, in the recovery reaches. Various pollutants contributed differentially to the concentrations of specific metal ions; rubber-factory effluent contributed slightly lower amounts of these ions than did industrial, urban, or palm-oil-mill effluents. No seasonal changes can be readily detected because of the influence of rainfall patterns, variable effluent discharges, and a complex combination of physical, chemical and biological processes occurring in the river.

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42

Bukhari, Z., H. V. Smith, N. Sykes, S. W. Humphreys, C. A. Paton, R. W. A. Girdwood, and C. R. Fricker. "Occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp oocysts and Giardia spp cysts in sewage influents and effluents from treatment plants in England." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 11-12 (June 1, 1997): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0764.

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Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia duodenalis can cause severe diarrhoea in infected individuals and their transmissive stages, oocysts and cysts, are voided in large numbers with the faeces of infected hosts. Contaminated sewage effluents are recognised as a potential source of waterborne (oo)cysts. In this investigation methods optimised for the recovery of both from a range of wastewaters were used to determine the occurrence of these organisms in influents, effluents and sludges from seven sewage treatment works in England. The data indicated the presence of small numbers of oocysts both in sewage influent and effluent samples whereas cysts were detected more frequently and at higher concentrations in both influents and effluents. Whilst sludge samples from 1/5 sites contained oocysts, cysts were detected from all five sites. These investigations indicate that discharge of sewage effluents into a watercourse, which may be used for potable water abstraction, can contaminate that watercourse with potentially infectious oocysts. In addition, the application of sludge to land can be responsible for contaminating watercourses with (oo)cysts following run-off or leaching.

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43

Rodríguez, Roberto A., Patricia M. Gundy, and Charles P. Gerba. "Comparison of BGM and PLC/PRC/5 Cell Lines for Total Culturable Viral Assay of Treated Sewage." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 9 (March 7, 2008): 2583–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00626-07.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to compare PLC/PRF/5 and BGM cell lines for use in a total culturable viral assay (TCVA) of treated sewage effluents. Samples were collected before and after chlorination from an activated sludge wastewater treatment plant and from the effluent of a high-rate enhanced flocculation system, followed by UV light disinfection. Cell monolayers were observed for cytopathic effect (CPE) after two passages of 14 days each. Monolayers exhibiting viral CPE were tested for the presence of adenoviruses and enteroviruses by PCR or reverse transcription-PCR. Eight percent of the samples exhibited CPE on BGM cells, and 57% showed CPE on PLC/PRF/5 cells. Only enteroviruses were detected on the BGM cells, while 30% and 52% of the samples were positive for enteroviruses and adenoviruses, respectively, on the PLC/PRF/5 cells. Thirty percent of the samples were positive for both adenoviruses and enteroviruses in chlorinated activated sludge effluent. Thirty percent of the samples were positive for adenoviruses in the UV treatment effluent, but no enteroviruses were detected. In conclusion, the PLC/PRF/5 cells were more susceptible than BGM cells to viruses found in treated sewage. The use of BGM cells for TCVA may underestimate viral concentration in sewage effluent samples. The PLC/PRF/5 cells were more susceptible to adenoviruses, which is important in the evaluation of UV disinfection systems because adenoviruses are highly resistant to UV inactivation.

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44

Scheuerman, P. R., S. R. Farrah, and G. Bitton. "Reduction of Microbial Indicators and Viruses in a Cypress Strand." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 10 (October 1, 1986): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0105.

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The fate of bacterial indicators, bacteriophages and enteroviruses was studied in a forested cypress strand treated with primary effluent from the town of Waldo, Florida. Experimental corridors (40m × 10m) were installed in a strand and were treated with pumped primary effluent. Bacterial indicators (total and fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci), bacteriophages and enteroviruses, were removed following 40m travel of sewage through the corridors. The results indicated that fecal streptococci accumulate in the sediments. The levels of bacterial indicators, phages and enteroviruses were monitored in another strand that had been receiving sewage for 50 years. Microbial numbers were determined at stations situated at increasing distances from the sewage outfall (up to 230m). It was observed that the bacterial indicators were reduced approximately by 3 log10 units at the 230m-station. Fecal streptococci were shown to accumulate in the sediments. The reduction in the number of phages was less and was approximately one log10unit. Enteroviruses and Salmonella spp. were detected in the cypress strand water. They were often undetectable in the sediments. The results demonstrate the potential use of wetlands for low-energy treatment of sewage effluents.

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Scheuerman, P. R., S. R. Farrah, and G. Bitton. "Reduction of Microbial Indicators and Viruses in a Cypress Strand." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 3-4 (March 1, 1987): 539–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0233.

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The fate of bacterial indicators, bacteriophages and enteroviruses was studied in a forested cypress strand treated with primary effluent from the town of Waldo, Florida. Experimental corridors (40m × 10m) were installed in a strand and were treated with pumped primary effluent. Bacterial indicators (total and fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci), bacteriophages and enteroviruses, were removed following 40m travel of sewage through the corridors. The results indicated that fecal streptococci accumulate in the sediments. The levels of bacterial indicators, phages and enteroviruses were monitored in another strand that had been receiving sewage for 50 years. Microbial numbers were determined at stations situated at increasing distances from the sewage outfall (up to 230m). It was observed that the bacterial indicators were reduced approximately by 3 log10 units at the 230m-station. Fecal streptococci were shown to accumulate in the sediments. The reduction in the number of phages was less and was approximately one log10 unit. Enteroviruses and Salmonella spp. were detected in the cypress strand water. They were often undetectable in the sediments. The results demonstrate the potential use of wetlands for low-energy treatment of sewage effluents.

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46

Koetlisi, Koetlisi Andreas, and Pardon Muchaonyerwa. "Sorption of Selected Heavy Metals with Different Relative Concentrations in Industrial Effluent on Biochar from Human Faecal Products and Pine-Bark." Materials 12, no. 11 (May 31, 2019): 1768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12111768.

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The removal of heavy metals from effluents at source could reduce contamination of soil and water bodies. A batch sorption experiment was performed to determine the effects of feedstock of biochars pyrolysed at increasing temperature on sorption capacities of Cu, Cr and Zn from industrial effluent and aqueous solutions. Sewage sludge, latrine faecal waste and pine-bark biochars were used. The sorption data were fitted to the Langmuir isotherm. Maximum sorption capacities of latrine waste, sewage sludge and pine-bark biochar (350 °C) were, respectively, 313, 400 and 233 mg kg−1 for Zn, 102, 98.0 and 33.3 mg kg−1 for Cu, and 18.9, 13.8 and 67.1 mg kg−1 for Cr from industrial effluent. Conversely, sorption capacities from single metal solutions were 278, 227 and 104 mg Zn kg−1, 97.1, 137 and 21.3 mg Cu kg−1, 122, 106 and 147 mg Cr kg−1 on latrine waste, sewage sludge and pine-bark biochar, respectively. Step-wise regression analysis showed that the combined effects of ash, fixed C, pH influenced Zn sorption, ash and fixed C affected Cu sorption, and Cr sorption by ash and specific surface area of the biochar. The findings of the study imply that biochar from human faecal waste, particularly sewage sludge, has the potential to be utilized as sorbents of heavy metals from multiple metal effluent and that the sorption is affected by relative concentrations.

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47

Lee, Hing-Biu, and Thomas E. Peart. "Occurrence and Elimination of Nonylphenol Ethoxylates and Metabolites in Municipal Wastewater and Effluents." Water Quality Research Journal 33, no. 3 (August 1, 1998): 389–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1998.022.

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Abstract A survey of the concentrations of nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPnEO) and their metabolites in wastewater samples collected from a Canadian sewage treatment plant using primary and secondary treatment is presented. Twenty-four-hour composite raw sewage, primary effluent and final effluent samples were collected monthly over a one-year period. Levels of NPnEO (n = 1 to 17) and their metabolites, nonylphenol (NP) and nonylphenoxy carboxylic acids (NPnEC), in these samples were determined by HPLC and GC/MS methods. While ca. 85% of the total alkylphenolics in raw sewage are ethoxylates, the major component (nearly 80%) in the final effluent was in the form of carboxylic acids. During this study period, the median total alkylphenolic concentrations in raw sewage and final effluent were 526 and 248 nmol/L, respectively, representing an overall elimination rate of 53%. The estimated daily discharge of the nonylpheno-lics to the aquatic environment varied from 15 to 44 moles, with a median value of 20 moles. These data suggested that conventional sewage treatments are ineffective in the removal of the surfactant-derived metabolites.

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Smith, L. J. "The Reuse of Treated Sewage Effluent: Kuwait Effluent Utilization Project." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 3 (March 1, 1986): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0053.

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Stoll, Uwe. "Liquid effluent treatment, sewage sludge management and industrial effluent standards." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 16, no. 1-4 (April 1996): 113–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-3449(95)00050-x.

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50

Bouwer, Herman. "Ground Water Recharge with Sewage Effluent." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 10-12 (May 1, 1991): 2099–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0666.

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Sewage effluent is an excellent source of water for irrigation, especially in dry areas. Before it can be used for unrestricted irrigation, conventional treatment should be followed by treatment so that the water meets the agronomic, public health, and aesthetic requirements for unrestricted irrigation. This usually means reduction of nitrogen concentration to less than 10 mg/l, complete removal of pathogenic organisms, and essentially complete removal of suspended solids and biodegradable organic carbon. This can often be achieved with a groundwater recharge system, using the soil and aquifer materials as natural filters. Studies on two experimental projects in Phoenix showed that “soil-aquifer treatment” systems can reduce nitrogen concentrations from about 20 mg/l to about 7 mg/l, fecal coliform concentrations from about 3500 per 100 ml (chlorinated secondary effluent) to 0.3 per 100 ml, viruses from 21 plaque-forming units/l to 0, suspended solids from 15 mg/l to 1 mg/l, and total organic carbon from 20 mg/l to 3 mg/l. The latter represents mostly the nondegradable carbon. Hydraulic loading rates for sands to loamy sands were about 300 ft/yr. Thus, 1 acre of infiltration basin can renovate about 300 af/year of sewage effluent. The renovated water should be removed from the aquifer to avoid its spread into high-quality native groundwater.(Please note that af/year stands for acre feet/year.)

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