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1
Jia, Li. "Treatment and Disposal Technology of Surplus Sludge in Urban and Town Sewage Treatment Plant." E3S Web of Conferences 143 (2020): 02052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014302052.
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with the continuous acceleration of urban and town construction, the output of urban and town sewage is also increasing. To a great extent, this promotes the technological development and capacity expansion of urban and town sewage treatment plants. In the process of sewage treatment, a lot of sludge is inevitable. However, many urban and town sewage treatment plants pay more attention to the treatment of sewage and ignore the treatment of sludge. In this way, the sludge without proper treatment can be disposed at will. In the long run, this will not only affect the surrounding environment, but also hinder the development of social economy. Therefore, the urban and town sewage treatment plant should pay enough attention to the application of surplus sludge treatment and disposal technology. In this paper, the main problems existing in the treatment and disposal technology of surplus sludge in urban and town sewage treatment plants, and the treatment and disposal technology of surplus sludge in urban and town sewage treatment plants are both explored and analyzed, hoping to contribute to the long-term development of urban and town sewage treatment plants.
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Evans, B., and P. Laughton. "EMERGING TRENDS IN ELECTRICAL ENERGY USAGE AT CANADIAN (ONTARIO) MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES AND STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCY." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 4 (August 1, 1994): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0149.
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The province of Ontario is Canada's most populous province with over 8 million residents out of a total population of 27 million. The Province is situated in the eastern portion of North America and stretches from 41°N to 50° N. All the Great Lakes fall within Ontario's boundaries and the Province is estimated to have over 280,000 lakes. The area along Lake Ontario is home to 5 million of the residents who are serviced by 11 large sewage treatment plants. The remaining 403 treatment plants are scattered throughout the province. with an average size of 20 000 m3/d. Ontario Hydro commissioned a study of the wastewater treatment plants to identify the main power users at the various types of sewage treatment plants, as well as potential areas within each plant where significant energy savings could be generated. By using this information, Ontario Hydro hoped to assess the potential to reduce the load and identify any electrical efficiency improvements, fuel switching and load shifting opportunities that may exist as well as the impact of environmental regulations on power saving initiatives. It was found that several major opportunities existed. These included:■ that up to 25% of power currently used can be reduced by introducing energy efficient measures■ of all the unit operations in wastewater treatment plants, aeration accounts for 42% of the power usage, influent and effluent pumping - 20%, and dewatering - 6%. Of this influent and effluent pumping, specifically influent represented the best target area as significant aeration system upgrade had already taken place.
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Steinle, Eberhard. "Sludge Treatment and Disposal Systems for Rural Areas in Germany." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 9 (May 1, 1993): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0190.
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First an overview of the systems currently in use and being discussed for sludge treatment is presented will) particular emphasis on distinguishing between the object of the system (conditioning objective of the various phases in the system) and a system concept (concept of various phases of the system in sequence to attain the disposal objective). More detailed information is given as to the salient systems as used with smaller sewage treatment plants in rural areas, such as digestion, dewatering, hygienization, composting and thermal drying. A further item of discussion is how sludge treatment influences the sewage treatment process. For the critical emissions (nitrogen, phosphorus) demanded in Germany, and thus for the degree of sewage treatment required, the load of the sewage treatment system resulting from sludge treatment needs to be taken into account. Accordingly, operation of sludge treatment and sewage purification must always be harmonized. The extent of these return loads also limits the spatial centralization of the system phases; this applies in particular to smaller sewage treatment plants in rural areas. In conclusion, an attempt is made to present a perspective for the agricultural utilization of such sludge in Germany. Since the critical values for emissions have been further tightened by new regulations, thus considerably elevating the associated sophistication of monitoring techniques, it is to be expected that the use of sewage sludge in agriculture will also be further reduced in rural areas, especially since public awareness of emission control has considerably reduced the acceptance of sewage sludge as fertilizer.
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Looker, Norman D., Edward A. McBean, and Grahame J. Farquhar. "Economic Analysis of Electroplating Discharges to Sewage Treatment Plants." Water Quality Research Journal 25, no. 1 (February 1, 1990): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1990.006.
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Abstract A comparison of costs of implementing an advanced wastewater treatment system for a cadmium plating plant, versus the sludge disposal costs of the sewage treatment plant to which the plating plant is discharging its effluent, is described. An economic analysis spreadsheet approach using Lotus 1-2-3 is employed. A case study application demonstrates for overall society net benefit that it is cost-effective to initiate pretreatment at electroplating facilities which allows a municipal facility to dispose of its sludge on agricultural land rather than be required for landfilling. Sensitivity analyses to market interest rate, sludge production, sludge disposal fees and drag-out rates are explored.
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Lu, Min, Zhen Guo, and Dong He Li. "Purification Efficiency of Several Constructed Wetland Plants in COD Disposal in Domestic Sewage." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 2690–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.2690.
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The research on the species selection of constructed wetland plants and the purification effects of the plants is crucial in ecological wastewater treatment technology. This paper studies the purification effects of different residence time of sewage water, different constructed wetland plants and their synergistic effect on COD disposal in domestic sewage. The results indicate that the best plant combination in purifying COD is that of Phragmites communis, Typha orientalis and Canna generalis, followed by that of Phragmites communis, Arundo donax and Canna generalis. The best plant species in purifying COD is Typha orientalis, followed by Phragmites communis.
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Ciuła, Józef, Krzysztof Gaska, Dariusz Siedlarz, and Viktor Koval. "Management of sewage sludge energy use with the application of bi-functional bioreactor as an element of pure production in industry." E3S Web of Conferences 123 (2019): 01016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912301016.
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The increase in sewage sludge makes it necessary to improve the direction of sewage sludge management policy and disposal, which requires a larger amount of incineration or land reclamation. It was shown that the result of methane fermentation, which is a more complex process of extracting energy contained in waste. High costs of implementation of sludge processing technology and low efficiency of sewage treatment plants in which sewage sludge is insufficient to recover energy from them, have a negative impact on the development of energy generation from sediments. The model waste system for energy is characterized, which includes two stages. The proposed solution can be applied to small wastewater treatment plants and it is justifiable to use the concept of bi-functional bioreactors in which anaerobic and aerobic processes can be carried out with much lower construction and maintenance costs. The use of bioreactors allows to exclude the energy demand needed to stabilize sewage sludge at a low cost compared to the expenditure that is currently incurred by disposal. The proposed solution works perfectly with industrial plants, due to the possibility of their creation in the time of the creation and application of a circular economy.
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Chernosvitov, M. D., P. A. Gorshkalev, and E. G. Porshina. "Sanitary Protection Zones of Sewage Waste-Disposal Plants and Their Justification." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 272 (June 21, 2019): 022253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/272/2/022253.
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Lee, Hing-Biu, Kurtis Sarafin, Thomas E. Peart, and M. Lewina Svoboda. "Acidic Pharmaceuticals in Sewage-Methodology, Stability Test, Occurrence, and Removal from Ontario Samples." Water Quality Research Journal 38, no. 4 (November 1, 2003): 667–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2003.042.
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Abstract A gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method for the determination of 11 selected acidic pharmaceuticals in sewage influent and effluent at trace levels has been developed. The drugs studied were salicylic acid, clofibric acid, ibuprofen, acetaminophen, gemfibrozil, fenoprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen, diclofenac, fenofibrate, and indomethacin, which are commonly used as analgesic/anti-inflammatory agents or lipid regulators. The antibacterial agent triclosan was also included in this study. A solid-phase extraction procedure using the Waters Oasis HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) cartridge was optimized for the extraction and elution of these compounds. The acids were then converted into their trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives. Final analysis was performed with a Mass Selective Detector in the EI/SIM (electron impact/selected ion monitoring) mode. Recoveries of the drugs in spiked distilled water samples at 1 and 0.1 μ/L levels were better than 80%. Similar recoveries of the drugs were obtained from fortified final effluent samples except for acetaminophen, which could not be recovered even if the extraction was performed immediately. The detection limits for the drugs, based on a concentration factor of 1000, were between 10 and 20 ng/L. A stability study indicated that, except for salicylic acid and acetaminophen, the other acidic pharmaceuticals were better than 75% recovered after the samples had been stored at 4°C in the dark for up to seven days. This method has been applied to quantify acidic drugs in wastewater samples collected from several sewage treatment plants in Ontario. While clofibric acid, acetaminophen, fenoprofen, and fenofibrate have never been detected, the other eight compounds were found in nearly all the influent and effluent samples, from low μ/L to low ng/L levels. Eight sewage treatment plants removed from 0 to 98% of these drugs from the influent.
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Smurzyńska, Anna, Kamil Kozłowski, Marta Cieślik, Michał Brzoski, Dawid Chełkowski, Jakub Mazurkiewicz, and Ewa Woźniak. "Methane fermentation as a possibility of utilization and energy – efficient management of sewage sludge." BIO Web of Conferences 10 (2018): 01016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20181001016.
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Sewage sludge contains organic and biogenic substances that should be used. These materials may also contain toxic substances and heavy metals, and therefore require proper management in accordance with applicable law. Sewage sludge disposal is important for the protection of the environment, but also for the costs associated with the disposal of sludge. There are many technologies that are designed to use the properties of sewage sludge. It should be emphasized, however, that the proposed sewage sludge management technologies require investment outlays. In the present situation, research experiments have been carried out in the Environmental Technology Laboratory of the University of Environmental and Life Sciences in Poznan, indicating the possibility of efficient use of sewage sludge in the methane fermentation process. The use of sewage sludge in the fermentation mix allows the fertilizer to be obtained in the form of fermentation pulp, which also has the same properties as natural fertilizers. It should also be noted that the effect of physicochemical changes is the production of biogas, which is the source of electricity and/or heat. The economic sustainability of the use of sludge (taking into account the current costs of their disposal) is unequivocally positive when co-fermented in an appropriate proportion. The results show that sewage sludge can be successfully used in biogas plants as a co-substrate of fermentation mix. Therefore, the use of sewage sludge in biogas plants not only allows for the safe management and production of fertilizers, but also for the "green" energy.
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Jury, Karen L., Stuart J. Khan, Tony Vancov, Richard M. Stuetz, and Nicholas J. Ashbolt. "Are Sewage Treatment Plants Promoting Antibiotic Resistance?" Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 41, no. 3 (January 31, 2011): 243–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10643380902772589.
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Bode, Harro, and Klaus R. Imhoff. "Current and planned disposal of sewage sludge and other waste products from the ruhrverband wastewater treatment." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 12 (June 1, 1996): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0339.
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From the year 2005 onwards German waste disposal regulations prevent the disposal of residual wastes from sewage treatment plants in landfills if the waste contains more than 5% volatile solids by dry mass. As a result of this requirement the Ruhrverband, one of Germany's largest sewage treatment plant operators, needs to change its disposal methods to a certain extent. This paper describes the present ways to dispose of sludge as well as of screenings and grit. After that it outlines the concept for future disposal. Besides the legal framework the technical solutions for the different disposal problems are described and their costs are given.
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Bucksteeg, K. "German Experiences with Sewage Treatment Ponds." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 12 (December 1, 1987): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0121.
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In Germany there are both highly industrialized regions with large towns as well as extended rural areas with small communities. Most of these communities need regular sewage disposal systems. Sewage treatment plants have to be adapted to special situations in rural villages. Ponds fulfil the requirements in an excellent way. Many hundred of ponds are in operation and three kinds of pond systems are in use:▸facultative ponds (more than 1000 plants) for serving less than about 1000 i+ie*;▸artificially aerated ponds (more than 300 plants) for treating sewage of about 1000 to 10000 i+ie especially when food industries are connected or as an individual solution for those industries;▸ponds combined with trickling filters or rotating bio-filters (more than 100 plants) as a solution for treating preferably domestic sewage from about 1000 to 4000 i+ie. Lay out, design figures, recommendations for construction and operation, effluent results anc costs are presented on the basis of experiences with numerous plants. Actual effluent results are considerably below German Effluent Quality Standards. Facultative ponds with 10 m2/ie specific surface area produce the following effluent quality: COD ≤ 90 mg/L, BODr ≤ 25 mg/L, NH4≤N = 15 mg/L, PO4-P ≤ 6 mg/L. Heavy algae blooms cause an increase of effluent concentrations: 100 µg Chlorophyll-α represent about 9 mg COD and 3 mg BOD5 on the average.
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Skarżyński, Szymon, and Izabela Bartkowska. "Sewage Management Changes in the North-eastern Poland After Accession to the European Union." E3S Web of Conferences 30 (2018): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183002005.
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Poland's accession to the European Union contributed to the infrastructure development of the whole country. One of the elements of the modernized infrastructure is the sewage network and facilities on this network, as well as facilities for waste water treatment and disposal of sludge. A wide stream of funds flowing to the country, and consequently also to the north-eastern polish voivodeships (Podlaskie, Warmian-Masurian, Lublin), allowed modernization, organize, and sometimes to build a new sewage management of this part of the country. The main factors and parameters that allow us to evaluate the development of the sewage management in north-eastern Poland are included: percentage of population using sewage treatment plants, number of municipal sewage plants with the division of their type, number of industrial plants, number of septic tanks, amount of sewage purified in a year, amount of sludge produced in the year, design capacity of sewage treatment plant, size of plant in population equivalent (PE). From a number of investments in the field of wastewater management carried out in the discussed area in the period after Poland's accession to the European Union, 9 investments were considered the most important, 3 from each of the voivodeships.
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Osborne, P. L., and R. G. Totome. "Long-Term Impacts of Sewage Effluent Disposal on a Tropical Wetland." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 4 (February 1, 1994): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0170.
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Waigani Lake, near Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, is part of an extensive wetland dominated by the Laloki and Brown Rivers. The wetland has received sewage effluent from stabilisation ponds for over 25 years. Water quality of the sewage, Waigani Lake and its outflow assessed in 1985 indicated that the wetland was significantly reducing suspended solid loads and the concentrations of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus. Aerial photographs of Waigani Lake taken between 1966 and 1991 document the complete loss of submerged and floating-leaved plants and the decline in the extent of the littoral, emergent vegetation. These changes are related to sewage effluent disposal and, possibly, alterations in the magnitude of annual water level fluctuations. This study of a tropical wetland to which very large quantities of sewage effluent have been added demonstrates that the capacity of wetlands for water purification is limited and that further study on tropical wetlands is imperative before management strategies developed for temperate wetlands are applied directly to them.
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Barica, J. "Ammonia and Nitrite Contamination of Hamilton Harbour, Lake Ontario." Water Quality Research Journal 25, no. 3 (August 1, 1990): 359–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1990.019.
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Abstract The temporal and spatial distribution of total and toxic unionized ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and total dissolved nitrogen concentrations in Hamilton Harbour, Lake Ontario, were investigated during 1987–1988. The concentrations of toxic un-ionized ammonia in vertical and horizontal profiles depended on ammonia loadings from the Hamilton and Burlington municipal sewage treatment plants, the seasonal nitrogen cycle, pH and water temperature. Toxic ammonia levels in the Harbour exceeded the International Joint Commission objective of 20 μg/L at all sampling sites for about half of the year (spring and summer). For extended periods in the late spring and mid-summer, concentrations frequently exceeded the chronic toxicity threshold of 300 μg/L. Toxic un-ionized ammonia concentrations were distributed unevenly over the Harbour with a distinct areal zonation and patchiness. Volatilization of ammonia, estimated at 6.8 tonnes per summer, reduced the toxic effect but was insignificant in the overall NH3-N budget. The nitrite concentrations exceeded the chronic toxicity thresholds of 30 μg/L for most of the summer and frequently surpassed the cold-water fish toxic levels of 250 μg/L. Near the outfall from the Hamilton sewage treatment plant, nitrite levels were 600–1,200 μg/L. The frequency of nitrite toxic episodes was however lower than those of un-ionized ammonia. Nitrite was less abundant than total ammonia and can be considered as a less serious contaminant. Nitrification in Hamilton Harbour appeared to be inhibited by high toxic un-ionized ammonia levels.
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Shcherbakov, Vladimir, Valentina Pomogaeva, Tatyana Shukina, Konstantin Chizhik, and Victor Bazhenov. "Improving the efficiency of anaerobic disposal of organic waste." E3S Web of Conferences 263 (2021): 01014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126301014.
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Experimental studies on the decontamination and stabilization of sludge sites sediment with calcium oxide treated with disinfectant. The results of the research discovered that the sewage sludge of Voronezh City is safe and can be used as organic fertilizer for growing agricultural plants. Determination of the content of macro-elements of mineral nutrition in the soil and the reaction of its environment showed that the application of organic fertilizers in the form of sludge increases the amount of nitrate nitrogen, exchangeable potassium, mobile phosphorus in the soil compared to the non-fertilized sample. Contemporaneously, the mass fraction of impurities of toxic elements in the soil decreases when the sewage sludge is used as an organic-lime fertilizer.
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Evers, P., F. Schmitt, D. R. Albrecht, and N. Jardin. "The Ruhrverband sewage sludge disposal concept in the conflict between European and German standards and regulations." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 10-11 (November 1, 2005): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0700.
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The Ruhrverband, acting as a water association responsible for integrated water resources management within the entire natural river basin of the Ruhr, operates a network of 83 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and connected sludge disposal facilities. According to German regulations, the disposal of sewage sludge containing more than 5% of organic dry solids will be prohibited as of 1 June 2005. In Germany, the only future alternative to incineration will be the agricultural utilization of sludge. However, this way of sludge disposal is presently the subject of critical discussions in Germany because of the organic and inorganic toxic substances, which may be contained in sewage sludge, despite the fact that very stringent standards are to be met by agricultural uses. On the other hand, application of sewage sludge to agricultural land is explicitly supported by the European Sewage Sludge Directive 86/278/EEC. In the face of this controversial situation the Ruhrverband has initiated, in 2000, the development of a comprehensive and sustainable sludge and waste disposal concept for all wastewater facilities it operates in the entire Ruhr River Basin. The concept includes de-central sludge digestion and dewatering and subsequent transport to two central sludge incineration plants. It is expected that in future not more than 5% of all sludges produced in Ruhrverband's WWTPs will be used in agriculture. That means, the major part of 95% will have to be incinerated.
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Verbovskyi, Orest, Vadym Orel, Oksana Matsiyevska, and Davyd Derkach. "Sewage sludge dewatering by electric field." Problems of Water supply, Sewerage and Hydraulic, no. 40 (September 26, 2022): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2524-0021.2022.40.16-25.
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During the cleaning and further treatment of municipal wastewater, sediments are formed, which are extremely dangerous from a sanitary and hygienic point of view, poorly dewatered, have high humidity (over 90%), large volumes (up to 3% of wastewater consumption), contain organic substances, pathogens, heavy metals, etc. In Ukraine, at most wastewater treatment plants, sewage sludge is mostly piled up on sludge sites after minimal treatment. Effective processing and disposal of sewage sludge in order to reduce the negative impact on the environment, as well as the use of sewage sludge as secondary raw materials, is an actual, complex and urgent task. The key link in the existing process of treatment and disposal of sewage sludge is their dewatering. When designing facilities for the treatment and disposal of sewage sludge, advanced technologies should be used, the use of which is based on scientific and technical research. The article reviews the results of research on the intensification of existing mechanical methods of sewage sludge. One of the most effective methods of intensifying the process of dewatering sewage sludge is electro-dewatering, which involves the application of an electric field during mechanical dewatering of sludge. Electro-dewatering technology makes it possible to reduce the humidity of sediments to 20...40%, reduce the concentration of heavy metals and pathogens in sediments, etc. The purpose of this work is to study the possibility of electro-dewatering of activated sludge from secondary settling tanks of municipal wastewater treatment plants in Lviv. Empirical research methods were used. A laboratory scale has been designed for electro-dewatering of sewage sludge. Activated sludge with a moisture content of 98% was studied. It is shown that the effect of activated sludge dewatering, depending on the duration of its treatment, is an S-shaped curve that resembles a kinetic autocatalytic reaction with three periods: induction, main, and fading. The possibility of electro-dewatering of sewage sludge with a maximum dewatering effect of 60% has been proven. Therefore, it is proposed to carry out mechanical dewatering of city sewage sludge using an electric field.
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Baumann, Michaela, Hilde Lemmer, and Harald Ries. "Scum actinomycetes in sewage treatment plants—Part 1." Water Research 22, no. 6 (June 1988): 755–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(88)90186-8.
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Lemmer, Hilde, and Michaela Baumann. "Scum actinomycetes in sewage treatment plants—Part 2." Water Research 22, no. 6 (June 1988): 761–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(88)90187-x.
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Lemmer, Hilde, and Michaela Baumann. "Scum actinomycetes in sewage treatment plants—Part 3." Water Research 22, no. 6 (June 1988): 765–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(88)90188-1.
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Hassebrauck, Martin, and Gerrit Ermel. "Two examples of thermal drying of sewage sludge." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 12 (June 1, 1996): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0341.
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The increasing amount of sewage sludge, legal requirements and a change in the assessment of common disposal paths lead more and more to thermal drying of sewage sludge. During the last years a lot of sludge drying plants in Germany were planned, built and brought into service. This paper describes two different kinds of sludge drying plants with their determining and operating values, the costs and the reasons for the choice of the drying method. The examples given are the sludge drying plant at Darmstadt (2 lines with a 2 stage dryer) and in the surrounding area of Frankfurt (1 line with a drum dryer).
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Servos, Mark R., Martha Smith, Rodney McInnis, B. Kent Burnison, Bill-H. Lee, Peter Seto, and Sean Backus. "The Presence of Selected Pharmaceuticals and the Antimicrobial Triclosan in Drinking Water in Ontario, Canada." Water Quality Research Journal 42, no. 2 (May 1, 2007): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2007.016.
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Abstract The presence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment is a rapidly emerging international issue. A variety of drugs have been found in sewage effluents and surface waters in Europe, the United States, and Canada. This study examines the presence of selected pharmaceuticals (8 acidic drugs) and the antimicrobial substance, triclosan, in raw water and finished water of drinking water plants across southern Ontario. Twenty drinking water treatment plants that represented a variety of water sources and treatment process parameters were sampled. None of the raw or finished water samples taken from wells showed detectable levels of any of the acidic drugs or triclosan. River water samples downstream of sewage effluent outfalls showed the highest levels of contamination of the source water. Levels of naproxen and ibuprofen were elevated to levels as high as 176 and 150 ng/L, respectively, in raw water entering the treatment plants from a river source. Low levels of gemfibrozil (19.2 ng/L), diclofenac (15 ng/L), indomethacin (6 ng/L), and the antimicrobial triclosan (34 ng/L) could be also detected in raw water from river sources. Raw water taken from large lakes also had very low but detectable levels of several acidic drugs, suggesting that these chemicals are widespread in the environment. Although treatment systems are not designed to remove these specific types of substances, most of the acidic drugs were not detectable in finished waters. Naproxen and triclosan were detectable in finished water but were significantly reduced in concentration relative to the raw water. The concentration of ibuprofen was detectable in the finished water of almost all treatment plants that used surface water as a source. This work demonstrates the potential of Ontario source waters, particularly river water sources, to contain trace levels of selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products. There is a need to complete a more comprehensive assessment of these compounds in source waters and of the factors influencing their treatment and removal from finished drinking water.
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Stoll, U., and K. Parameswaran. "Treatment and disposal of domestic sewage sludge and nightsoil sludge for Bangkok." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 11 (December 1, 1996): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0282.
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In the recent past, treatment and disposal of sewage sludge has become an expensive and environmentally sensitive problem in western countries. It is becoming a growing problem worldwide with its focus on the megacities in the newly developed countries, since sludge production will continue to increase as new sewage treatment plants are built and environmental quality standards become more stringent. With some traditional disposal routes coming under pressure, the challenge facing the wastewater treatment authorities is to find cost-effective and environmentally sound solutions whilst responding to increasing public awareness. This paper describes the development of a plan for integrated management of municipal sludges (sewage sludge, nightsoil/septage sludge) which has high security for medium-and long-term sludge utilization and disposal as the goal. It concludes that incineration and agricultural use should be implemented and operated in parallel as first priority options.
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Campello, Laura Dardot, Regina Mambeli Barros, Geraldo Lúcio Tiago Filho, and Ivan Felipe Silva dos Santos. "Potential for Generation of Electrical Energy from Biogas Produced in the Anaerobic Treatment of Sewage Through Different Methodologies." Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 47, no. 3 (August 1, 2021): 579–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2021.579.
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This study aimed to evaluate the potential for electricity generating of biogas from anaerobic digestion of sewage and sewage sludge in Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Four different methodologies for determining the volume of biogas produced were considered. Estimates of biogas production used actual data of the volume of treated sewage and population reached by this WWTP with sewage as presented in a report by the local authority. The results indicate some discrepancies between the methodologies employed, but in general, they all suggest a potential of electric power generation at the same order of magnitude. The most divergent results were those in which the methodologies were applied to municipalities with a population of over 250,000 inhabitants.
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Chen, Xiaoling, Jianru Feng, Huaqian Mou, Zheng Liang, Tianzheng Ding, Shiyu Chen, and Feili Li. "Utilization of Indole Acetic Acid with Leucadendron rubrum and Rhododendron pulchrum for the Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals in the Artificial Soil Made of Municipal Sewage Sludge." Toxics 11, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11010043.
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The development of phytoremediation by garden plants is an effective way to deal with the dilemma of municipal sewage sludge disposal. In this study, two ornamental plants were used as phytoremediation plants to rehabilitate heavy-metal-contaminated municipal sewage sludge in field experiments, and the role of exogenous phytohormone IAA was also tested. Ornamental plants Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum (L. rubrum) and Rhododendron pulchrum (R. pulchrum) adapted well to the artificial soil made of municipal sewage sludge, and the concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Ni were decreased by 7.29, 261, 20.2, and 11.9 mg kg−1, respectively, in the soil planted with L. rubrum, and 7.60, 308, 50.1, and 17.7 mg kg−1, respectively, in the soil planted with R. pulchrum, accounted for 11–37% of the total amounts and reached significant levels (p < 0.05), except Cd. The concentration of Pb in all parts of the two ornamental plants was increased, as well as most heavy metals in L. rubrum root. As a result, three months after transplant, the phyto-extraction amounts in L. rubrum were 397, 10.9, and 1330 μg for Ni, Cd, and Pb, respectively, increased by 233% to 279%. The phyto-extraction amount in R. pulchrum were 1510, 250, and 237 μg for Zn, Pb, and Cu, respectively, increased by 143% to 193%. These results indicated a potential to remediate heavy metals of the two ornamental plants, especially L. rubrum. The results of correlation analysis implied that the interaction of heavy metals in the plant itself played an important role in the uptake of heavy metals. This seemed to explain why applying IAA in the experiment had little effect on plant growth and phytoremediation of heavy metals. This study provided a green and feasible idea for the proper disposal of municipal sewage sludge.
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Luts, D., K. Devoldere, B. Laethem, W. Bartholomeeusen, and P. Ockier. "Co-incineration of dried sewage sludge in coal-fired power plants: a case study." Water Science and Technology 42, no. 9 (November 1, 2000): 259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0221.
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With the ongoing investment in sewage treatment capacity in Flanders (Belgium), a new challenge is the management of the rising amount of sludge. Since sludge disposal to agriculture and landfill is regularly becoming very difficult, alternative thermal disposal routes become more important. This paper presents the results of the various co-incineration tests with dried sludge in coal-fired power plants. The aim of this project was to investigate whether adding dried sludge to the combustion process is technically possible, whether the emissions remain below the permitted levels, and whether the quality of residual products remains acceptable. It is concluded that the co-incineration of dried sludge is a valuable and responsible sludge disposal option because it can be carried out in the existing units with a high electrical efficiency. Also, sludge disposal is achieved with a limited influence on emissions and residual ashes, without creating additional waste streams. The main points of attentionare a limitation of the co-incineration rate and the total input of sulphur, chloride and (earth) alkali elements to avoid corrosion and fouling problems.
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Wiśniewska, Marta, and Mirosław Szyłak-Szydłowski. "The Air and Sewage Pollutants from Biological Waste Treatment." Processes 9, no. 2 (January 29, 2021): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9020250.
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The mechanical-biological waste treatment plants (MBTP), which include the municipal waste biogas plants, have an important role in sustainable urban development. Some plants are equipped with a sewage pre-treatment plant, which is then directed to the sewerage system and the treatment plant. Others, on the other hand, have only a non-drainage tank. The parameters of technological sewage (TS) or processing technology could reduce sewage contamination rates. In addition to the quality of sewage from waste treatment plants, the emission of odours is also an important problem, as evidenced by the results obtained over the sewage pumping station tank. The conducted statistical analysis shows a significant positive correlation between odour concentration (cod) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Analysing the individual compounds, a high positive correlation was also found—the strongest being between H2S, NH3 and VOCs. In the case of sewage compounds, the insignificant correlation between P total and other parameters was found. For the rest of the compounds, the highest positive correlation was found between COD and BOD and N-NO2 and N-NH3 as well as COD and N-NO2. The dilution of sewage is only an ad hoc solution to the problem. Further work should be aimed at reducing sewage pollution rates. The obtained results indicate large pollution of technological sewage and a high level of odour and odorants concentration. The novelty and scientific contribution presented in the paper are related to analyses of various factors on technological sewage parameters and odour and odorant emission from TS tank at biogas plant processing municipal waste, which may be an important source of knowledge on the management of TS, its disposal and minimisation of emitted compound emissions.
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Rosiek, Ksymena. "Directions and Challenges in the Management of Municipal Sewage Sludge in Poland in the Context of the Circular Economy." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (May 2, 2020): 3686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093686.
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Landfilling was the main method of sewage sludge disposal in Poland for decades. After Poland’s accession to the European Union (EU), many investments have been made into providing better access to tap water as well as to collect and treat municipal sewage. However, sewage sludge treatment has not been treated as an integral part of the implementation of wastewater management obligations. Stricter European Union regulations regarding the management of municipal sewage sludge (MSS) pose new challenges for Poland. The aim of this study was to analyze changes in the direction of the final management of municipal sewage sludge in Poland based on the analysis of strategic documents, regulations, literature, and available statistical data. The aim of the analysis was to search for directions to modify how sewage sludge is managed, given the approach promoted by the circular economy concept. The results prove that investments in wastewater treatment plants according to the EU sewage directive are not applied to the development of infrastructure that would enable the disposal of sewage sludge, which, for many years, has been stored (landfilling) or used directly in agriculture and ground reclamation. The introduction of stricter regulations in the area of sewage sludge usage and better wastewater treatment have increased the level of difficulties concerning sewage sludge management. Poland faces the challenge of defining sewage sludge management directions. The circular economy concept offers an approach that can be the basis for the creation of a new sewage sludge management strategy for Poland. The concept allows the combined goals of sewage sludge disposal and of energy and nutrients recovery to be achieved.
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Jamshidi, A., M. Jamshidi, N. Mehrdadi, A. Shasavandi, and F. Pacheco-Torgal. "Mechanical Performance of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Sand by Sewage Sludge Ash from Incineration." Materials Science Forum 730-732 (November 2012): 462–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.730-732.462.
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The production of sewage sludge from waste water treatment plants is increasing all over the world. Disposal of sewage sludge ash is a serious environmental problem. If we think of the areas needed for sludge ash disposal, we clearly understand the importance of reusing sewage sludge ash in concrete. This paper presents results related to the replacement of sand by sewage sludge ash. The sludge was characterized for chemical composition (XRF analysis), crystalline phases (XRD analysis) and pozzolanic activity. The effects of incineration on crystal phases of dry sludge were investigated. Two (W/C) ratios (0.55 and 0.45) and three sludge percentages (5%, 10% and 20%) by cement mass were used. The mechanical performance of SSAC at different curing ages (3, 7, 28 and 90 days) was assessed by means of mechanical tests. Results show that sewage sludge ash leads to a reduction in density and mechanical strength. Results also show that concrete with 20% of sewage sludge ash and W/C=0.45 has a 28 day compressive strength of almost 30MPa.
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Dziubek, Jacek, and Aneta Dziubek. "The impact of changes in terms of payment for sewage removal on WWTP valuation using the DCF method." E3S Web of Conferences 44 (2018): 00039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400039.
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The article describes selected changes in the Water Law and the Collective Water Supply and Collective Sewage Disposal Act and their possible impact on the valuation of wastewater treatment plants. The issue of company valuation using DCF method is presented. By applying this method, several variants of assessment of the impact of changes in the law on the value of the sewage treatment plant in Głogów are proposed.
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Nowak, O., V. Kuehn, and M. Zessner. "Sludge management of small water and wastewater treatment plants." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2004): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0797.
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“Disposal or reuse?” is the big question in respect to sewage and water sludges. This question is even more decisive for small plants, because the achievement of the advanced treatment necessary for disposal is much more difficult in small units than in big ones. The paper discusses this question with main focus on small WWTPs and gives a short overview of the specifics of sludge treatment in small units as well as of outlets for sludge from water treatment plants. In general, small WWTPs do not have a better sludge quality than larger ones, but the economic pressure to realise reuse is higher on them than on large plants.
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d'Ávila, Júlia V., Ana P. Martinazzo, Fabiana S. dos Santos, Carlos E. de S. Teodoro, and Adriano Portz. "Essential oil production of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) under organic compost containing sewage sludge." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 20, no. 9 (September 2016): 811–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v20n9p811-816.
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ABSTRACT One of the main urban polluting agents are the sewers, which even with proper treatment end up generating a polluting waste, the sewage sludge. One of the options for the disposal of this sludge is the use in agriculture, due to its high content of organic matter and nutrients. This study aimed to use urban sewage sludge for lemongrass cultivation and essential oil production. The plants were grown in soil containing different organic compost doses (0, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 60 t ha-1), formed from the sewage sludge composting process and waste of urban vegetation pruning. At harvest, plants were analyzed for the concentration of nutrients, chlorophyll content, number of tillers, biomass production, essential oil content and the microbiological quality of the leaves. The results showed that the addition of the compost increased the levels of nutrients in the plants, mainly nitrogen, positively influencing the production of tillers, biomass, chlorophyll contents, yield and essential oil content.
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Werle, Sebastian, and Mariusz Dudziak. "Influence of Wastewater Treatment and The Method of Sludge Disposal on the Gasification Process." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 21, no. 2 (July 8, 2014): 255–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eces-2014-0020.
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Abstract Municipal wastewater treatment results in the production of large quantities of sewage sludge, which requires proper environmentally accepted management before final disposal. Sewage sludge is a by-product of current wastewater treatment technologies. Sewage sludge disposal depends on the sludge treatment methods used in the wastewater treatment plant (anaerobic or aerobic digestion, drying, etc.). Taking into consideration presented given this information, a study concerning the effects of wastewater treatment processes and sewage sludge drying method on the sewage sludge gasification gas parameters was performed. Gasification is a prospective alternative method of sludge thermal treatment. For the purpose of experimental investigations, a laboratory fixed bed gasifier installation was designed and built. Two types of sewage sludge feedstock, SS1 and SS2, were analyzed. Sewage sludge SS1 came from a wastewater treatment plant operating in the mechanical and biological system while sewage sludge SS2 was collected in a mechanical, biological and chemical wastewater treatment plant with simultaneous phosphorus precipitation. The sludge produced at the plants was subject to fermentation and then, after being dehydrated, dried in a cylindrical drier on shelves heated up to 260ºC (sewage sludge SS1) and using hot air at a temperature of 150ºC in a belt drier (sewage SS2). The analysis shows that the sewage sludge properties strongly depend on the wastewater sources and the wastewater treatment processes. The gasification results, presented as a function of the amount of gasification agent, show that the greater oxygen content of SS1 caused a reduction in the reaction temperature. Paradoxically, this effect caused an increase in the quantity of combustible components in the gas. As expected, increasing the air flow rate caused a decrease in the heating value of the gas produced. A higher amount of oxidizer increases the amounts of noncombustible species and the volumetric fraction of nitrogen, thus reducing the heating value of the obtained gas. The higher hydrogen content in SS1 affects the gasification gas composition. As a result, combustible components are the majority of the syngas.
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Vávrová, Kamila, Tomas Králík, Lukáš Janota, Olga Šolcová, Milan Čárský, Karel Soukup, and Miroslav Vítek. "Process Economy of Alternative Fuel Production from Sewage Sludge and Waste Celluloses Biomass." Energies 16, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010518.
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The treatment and disposal of sewage sludge is one of the most important and critical problems of wastewater treatment plants. 8.7 million tonnes of dry matter of sewage sludge were produced annually in the European Union in the year 2020. Due to the fact that sewage sludge contains a large number of substances that are not beneficial for human health, the conditions for sludge management will be significantly tightened in the EU countries. One option for sludge liquidation is the production of biofuel in a form of granules or pellets from sewage sludge enriched by waste celluloses. The achieved results show that the resulting quality of such alternative biofuel is fully comparable to conventional fossil fuels. The economic analysis is based on the simulation of cash flows associated with the implementation of the project over the lifetime and the calculation of levelised cost (LCOE). Results shows (under the current economic situation) that solar dryer technology ensures the lowest LCOE at the level of 26 EUR/GJ in fuel. If the LCOE of the alternative biofuel includes the price of the saved emission allowance and the future costs of sewage sludge disposal, the resulting price is directly competitive with lignite. The results thus clearly show that there is an ecological and economically competitive substitute for solid fossil fuels, which may be an important step for the future use of local combustion sources such as district heating plants.
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Heinonen-Tanski, Helvi, Tiina Reponen, and Jari Koivunen. "Airborne enteric coliphages and bacteria in sewage treatment plants." Water Research 43, no. 9 (May 2009): 2558–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.03.006.
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Svenson, Anders, Ann-Sofie Allard, and Mats Ek. "Removal of estrogenicity in Swedish municipal sewage treatment plants." Water Research 37, no. 18 (November 2003): 4433–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(03)00395-6.
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Lu, Min, Shun Teng Liu, Wen Feng Kang, Ke Ke Li, Jie Zhao, and Gong Sheng Liu. "Study on the Effects of Wetland Plants on DO in Domestic Sewage." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 1303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.1303.
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By adopting the constructed wetland system of surface flow, the purification effects of different residence time of wastewater, different constructed wetland plants and their synergistic effect are studied in DO disposal in living wastewater. The results show that the best plant combination in purifying DO is that of Phragmites communis and Typha oriental,followed by that of Phragmites communis, and that of Arundo donax and Typha oriental is lowest.
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Yermekov, M. T., O. V. Rozhkova, S. G. Sandibekova, and Ye T. Tolysbayev. "CHALLENGES OF SNOW DISPOSAL AND INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS IN THE CONDITIONS OF NUR-SULTAN." Water and Ecology 26, no. 1 (April 20, 2021): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/2305-3488.2021.26.1.20-29.
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Introduction. In this paper, we analyze various methods of snow removal in urban areas and consider the most cost-effective and efficient solutions for snow removal and disposal using heat from sewage drains by means of stationary snow-melting points (SMP) in Nur-Sultan. In cooperation with Astana su Arnasy specialists, responsible for the operation of the city sewer system, as well as cleaning and disinfection of urban sewage drains, we reviewed the main advantages and disadvantages. Methods. The paper looks into the possibility of utilizing heat from sewage drains with the help of heat pumps. This method has been successfully tested at a sewage treatment plant and is currently used to heat auxiliary premises. The same principle can be applied in SMPs with a separate discharge of meltwater to the storm sewer. Results. Having studied the experience of using various methods for snow removal in urban areas, we find that snow removal with the use of sewage drains through the creation of special snow-melting complexes integrated with the city sewer system is the most promising method for Nur-Sultan since it allows for reducing costs, intensifying the process of snow melting, and eliminating the hazardous impact of meltwater on the environment. Conclusion. To ensure successful implementation and use of this snow removal method in Nur-Sultan, it is required to conduct a number of additional studies on the impact of sewage treatment plants on the technological processes, as well as to test options for separating sewage drains with the help of heat pumps, and, based on the studies conducted, to determine the final configuration of snow-melting complexes.
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Myrmel, M., E. M. M. Berg, B. Grinde, and E. Rimstad. "Enteric viruses in inlet and outlet samples from sewage treatment plants." Journal of Water and Health 4, no. 2 (June 1, 2006): 197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2006.0016.
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Samples collected every two weeks from the inlet and outlet of three sewage treatment plants were screened for the presence of noro-, rota-, astro-, adeno-, hepatitis A- and circoviruses by (RT)-nested PCR, and for F-specific bacteriophages by isolation in Escherichia coli Famp. Plants A and B were secondary treatment plants and plant C used primary treatment. Noroviruses were detected in 43%, 53% and 24% of the inlet samples and 26%, 40% and 21% of the outlet samples from plants A, B and C, respectively. Astroviruses, rotaviruses and adenoviruses were more prevalent. Adenoviruses were detected in 96% of inlet and 94% of outlet samples, supporting the potential of these viruses as indicators of viral contamination from sewage. Hepatitis A virus and circoviruses were found only rarely. Reduction of infective viral particles during sewage treatment was evaluated using F-specific bacteriophages. The phages were reduced by, respectively, 99%, 87% and 0% in plants A, B and C, which corresponded to the observed differences in reduction of norovirus positive samples between the same plants. The study shows that the high viral load in sewage results in a discharge to the environment of a large amount of virus despite sewage treatment. On the other hand, the advantage of a more advanced treatment is demonstrated.
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Szostek, Małgorzata, Patryk Kosowski, Ewa Szpunar-Krok, Marta Jańczak-Pieniążek, Natalia Matłok, Karol Skrobacz, Rafał Pieniążek, and Maciej Balawejder. "The Usefulness of Ozone-Stabilized Municipal Sewage Sludge for Fertilization of Maize (Zea mays L.)." Agriculture 12, no. 3 (March 10, 2022): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12030387.
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Sewage sludge generated in the wastewater treatment process is a waste material and a serious environmental nuisance. Due to its specific properties, the management and final disposal of sewage sludge is a considerable problem also in Poland. Ozonation of sewage sludge is the most commonly used process based on the use of oxidizing agents for stabilization of the waste. This process results in substantial reduction of the sludge volume and simultaneous production of small amounts of toxic by-products. Despite the effectiveness of ozone in sanitation and reduction of sludge amounts and in improvement of many parameters, still little is known about the use of ozonated sewage sludge for agricultural purposes, e.g., fertilization of arable crops. Therefore, the present study was an attempt to evaluate the effect of ozone-stabilized sewage sludge on maize development in initial stages of growth in pot experiment conditions. We analyzed the effect of ozone-stabilized sewage sludge in soil on dry matter yields of aboveground parts of maize. We also conducted physiological measurements of chlorophyll content, fluorescence, and exchange. Additionally, the content of macro- and microelements and toxic heavy metals in aboveground maize biomass was determined. The ozone-stabilized sewage sludge exerted a positive impact on all maize parameters in the initial stage of growth. Compared to the control, plants fertilized with this type of sludge were characterized by a 50% higher yield of aboveground biomass and over 80% higher content of chlorophyll. Furthermore, the content of most macro- and microelements in the aboveground biomass was generally higher in plants fertilized with the ozonated sludge than in plants from the other experimental variants. The chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange parameters in plants fertilized with ozonated sludge were improved. No excessive accumulation of Pb and Cd was detected. The present results have confirmed that ozone-stabilized sewage sludge can be used for cultivation of agricultural plants, as it improves utilization of deposited nutrients. The improved bioavailability of nutrients was associated with ozonation-induced initial degradation of organic matter and release of deposited plant nutrients.
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Zhu, Puli, Xiaoyun Li, Jing Feng, Rui Zhang, Hui Bai, Duo Bu, Zeng Dan, Wei Li, and Xuebin Lu. "Short-Chain Fatty Acids Production from Anaerobic Fermentation of Sewage Sludge: The Effect of Higher Levels Polyaluminium Chloride." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5 (February 28, 2022): 2806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052806.
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With the annual increase in the sludge production in China’s sewage treatment plants, the problem of sewage sludge treatment and disposal is becoming more and more serious. Anaerobic fermentation can convert complex organic matter in sewage sludge into short-chain fatty acid, hydrogen, methane and other resources and is an effective method for sewage sludge treatment and disposal. At the same time, sewage sludge often contains flocculants, which will inevitably affect the effect of anaerobic fermentation. As a high-performance flocculant, polyaluminum chloride (PAC) is widely used in wastewater treatment and sewage sludge dewatering processes. Previous studies indicated that lower levels of PAC inhibit the effect of the anaerobic fermentation process of sewage sludge; on the other hand, it is necessary to understand the effects of higher levels of PAC in anaerobically fermented sewage sludge. The results showed that higher levels (0.2–1 g Al/g total solids (TS)) of PAC could promote acid production from anaerobically fermented sewage sludge. Moreover, mechanism studies suggest that higher levels (0.2–1 g Al/g total solids (TS)) of PAC caused excessive adsorption of the charge on the surface of the sewage sludge colloid and reversed the charge. The sewage sludge colloid was stabilized again, which increases the concentration of soluble proteins, polysaccharides, and soluble extracellular polymers (S-EPS) in the fermentation broth, thereby improving the anaerobically fermented sewage sludge efficiency. The results provided from this study may act as technical reference and guidance for the engineering application of sewage sludge anaerobic fermentation.
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Paulsrud, Bjarne, and Kjell Terje Nedland. "Strategy for land application of sewage sludge in Norway." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 11 (December 1, 1997): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0422.
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The Norwegian public health and environmental authorities have launched a regulation for sewage sludge handling and disposal aiming at increasing the amount of sludge to be utilised on land areas. The strategy for achieving this is to secure that only high quality sludge is being offered to agriculture and green areas; the two disposal routes acceptable for land application of sludge in Norway. Most sewage treatment plants have experienced a considerable reduction in sludge heavy metals content during the last 15-20 years and the major reason for this is believed to be the continuous control of industrial effluents discharged to the municipal sewerage system and the implementation of cleaner technologies in the industry. Health risks and odour nuisance from the sewage sludge will be almost eliminated by employing treatment processes with the main purpose of disinfection and stabilisation of the sludge.
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Charlton, Murray N. "The Sewage Issue in Hamilton Harbour: Implications of Population Growth for the Remedial Action Plan." Water Quality Research Journal 32, no. 2 (May 1, 1997): 407–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1997.026.
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Abstract Much work remains to be done in the implementation and restoration of the beneficial-use phase of the Great Lakes Remedial Action Plans. As plans were being made to reduce nutrient loads at many Areas of Concern, other plans to accommodate population growth were occurring. Population growth has the potential to slow or reverse progress in eutrophication control. A recent proposal to expand one of the local sewage plants without enhancing the treatment level caused a review of Remedial Action Plan goals and water quality responses in Hamilton Harbour. Data on Hamilton Harbour show that phosphorus in the water responds well to load reductions. Moreover, the response of water quality indicators, chlorophyll and Secchi transparency is consistent with expectations of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development worldwide relationships. Thus, there is little doubt that proposed expansion of the sewage treatment plant would harm the harbour or that the Remedial Action Plan goals can be achieved by nutrient load reductions. A new proposal to discharge the treated sewage into Lake Ontario instead of the harbour is discussed.
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Rahube, Teddie O., Romain Marti, Andrew Scott, Yuan-Ching Tien, Roger Murray, Lyne Sabourin, Peter Duenk, David R. Lapen, and Edward Topp. "Persistence of antibiotic resistance and plasmid-associated genes in soil following application of sewage sludge and abundance on vegetables at harvest." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 62, no. 7 (July 2016): 600–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2016-0034.
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Sewage sludge recovered from wastewater treatment plants contains antibiotic residues and is rich in antibiotic resistance genes, selected for and enriched in the digestive tracts of human using antibiotics. The use of sewage sludge as a crop fertilizer constitutes a potential route of human exposure to antibiotic resistance genes through consumption of contaminated crops. Several gene targets associated with antibiotic resistance (catA1, catB3, ereA, ereB, erm(B), str(A), str(B), qnrD, sul1, and mphA), mobile genetic elements (int1, mobA, IncW repA, IncP1 groups -α, -β, -δ, -γ, -ε), and bacterial 16S rRNA (rrnS) were quantified by qPCR from soil and vegetable samples obtained from unamended and sludge-amended plots at an experimental field in London, Ontario. The qPCR data reveals an increase in abundance of gene targets in the soil and vegetables samples, indicating that there is potential for additional crop exposure to antibiotic resistance genes carried within sewage sludge following field application. It is therefore advisable to allow an appropriate delay period before harvesting of vegetables for human consumption.
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Tripathi, Ashutosh, and D. R. Misra. "Contaminated Sewage Sludge Disposal as a Source of Heavy Metal Bioavailability to Native Plants." National Academy Science Letters 35, no. 2 (April 2012): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40009-012-0012-3.
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Qian, Li Li, Shu Zhong Wang, and Xing Ying Tang. "Hydrothermal Treatment Technology of Municipal Sewage Sludge." Advanced Materials Research 908 (March 2014): 457–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.908.457.
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In China, over 28 million tons of dewatered sewage sludge, with 80 wt% moisture content, was generated from wastewater treatment plants in 2011. High moisture content is the bottleneck of sludge treatment and disposal. Thermal drying technology can significantly reduce the moisture content of sludge but its cost is too high. Hydrothermal treatment technology based on cell-break principle can efficiently and economically reduce the moisture content of sludge. This paper will introduce the specific process, features, treatment effect of this technology and propose an economic evaluation. The results show that hydrothermal treatment technology is a reasonable and economical method for treating sewage sludge in cities.
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Karim, Mohammad R., Edward P. Glenn, and Charles P. Gerba. "The effect of wetland vegetation on the survival of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, bacteriophage MS-2 and polio virus." Journal of Water and Health 6, no. 2 (January 1, 2008): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2008.024.
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A study was conducted to examine the role of aquatic plants used in constructed wetlands on the survival of enteric bacteria and viruses. Four small-scale wetland systems, receiving fresh water and two other wetland systems, receiving secondary unchlorinated sewage were used in this study. Fresh water and secondary sewage without the presence of any aquatic plants were used as controls. Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, bacteriophage MS-2 and poliovirus were added to the waters collected from the wetlands and controls. The presence of aquatic plants significantly increased the die-off of both bacteria in fresh water and secondary sewage. No significant difference in the die-off of E. coli and S. typhimurium was observed in water from wetlands with different types of plants in freshwater. However, there was a significant difference in the die-off of E. coli in water with aquatic plants when sewage was used. The presence of the plants significantly increased the inactivation of MS-2 and poliovirus. Additional work on the survival of E. coli indicated that the plausible mechanism of bacterial die-off in constructed wetlands is through increased microbial competition or predation.
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Capodaglio, Andrea G. "INTEGRAL CONTROL REQUIREMENTS FOR SEWERAGE SYSTEMS." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 1 (July 1, 1994): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0014.
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Sewerage systems and sewage treatment plants are often planned, designed and operated as totally separate entities. As a result, sewage treatment efficiency is subject to considerable variability, depending both on general hydrologic conditions in the urban watershed (wet versus dry periods), and on specific “instantaneous” operating conditions. It has been postulated that the integration of design and operation in urban drainage and wastewater treatment could allow minimization of the harmful effects of discharges from treatment plants, combined sewer overflows and surface runoff. This “ideal condition” can be achieved through the introduction of so-called “Real-Time Control” technology in sewerage collection and treatment operations. This paper examines the requirements of a hypothetical integrated sewer flow and sewage treatment model, the mathematical tools used to design and operate Real-Time Control systems, and the issues emerging from an integration of the conveyance and disposal aspects of the sewerage cycle.
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Ankit, Ankit, and S. K. Singh. "An Overview of Performance Evaluation of Sewage Treatment Plant." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 05 (May 28, 2021): 306–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/04238.
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Sewage whether treated or untreated, ultimately discharge in lakes, rivers, streams, and oceans. We consider groundwater as pure, but unfortunately, sewage is one of the major reasons behind wastewater-associated diseases. Nearly 78% of the water flows back to the environment without any treatment. This can lead to numerous health and environmental problems so it is better to treat wastewater before disposal and further proper management can help in meeting the public’s water demand. As per today’s scenario, a number of innovations are required to operate treatment plants at high efficiency because of increasing domestic, commercial, and industrial waste. And this rise is taking place due to several reasons – urbanization, increasing population, economic development, and improved living conditions, etc. Nowadays people of both urban and peri-urban areas are using wastewater to irrigate their crops, often because they do not have any alternate source of irrigation water. New technologies are continuously being introduced in the sewage treatment plants to exhibit good performance. The paper focuses on reviewing the various sewage treatment methods and their results.