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1
Gorgidze, Ivane, and Tamar Lominadze. Several problems of applied mathematics and mechanics. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.
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2
The Slavicization of the Russian North: Mechanisms and chronology = Die Slavisierung Nordrusslands : Mechanismen und Chronologie = Slavi︠a︡nizat︠s︡ii︠a︡ russkogo severa : mekhanizmy i khronologii︠a︡. Helsinki: Department of Slavonic and Baltic Languages and Literatures, 2006.
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3
Leray, Jean. Selected papers =: Oeuvres scientifiques. Edited by Malliavin Paul 1925-. Berlin: Springer, 1998.
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Leray, Jean. Selected papers =: Oeuvres scientifiques. Berlin: Springer, 1998.
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Leray, Jean. Selected papers =: Oeuvres scientifiques. Berlin: Springer, 1998.
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Hofmeister, R. Jon. Slope failures in Oregon: GIS inventory for three 1996/97 storm events. [Portland, Or.]: Dept. of Geology and Mineral Industries, 2000.
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Joyce, J. A. The effect of electric discharge machined notches on the fracture toughness of several structural alloys. Washington, DC: Division of Engineering, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1993.
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Merkur'ev, S. P. Quantum scattering theory for several particle systems. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993.
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9
Liwenga, Emma T. Household food insecurity and coping mechanisms in severely eroded areas: The case of Kondoa eroded area, Tanzania. [Dar es Salaam]: Institute of Resource Assessment, University of Dar es Salaam, 1997.
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10
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Staff. Tribological Properties of Several Silahydrocarbons for Use in Space Mechanisms. Independently Published, 2018.
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11
Montgomery, Erwin B. Pathophysiological Mechanisms. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259600.003.0008.
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Pathophysiology is central to neuroscience and psychiatry for a number of reasons. Indeed, nearly every inference to normal function of the nervous system is derived from notions of pathophysiology. Understanding DBS’s mechanisms of action—a therapeutic mechanism, particularly—greatly depends on the prior informing conception of pathophysiology. Several current theories of pathophysiology are critically reviewed such as the GPi Rate, high beta oscillations, excessive bursting and hypersynchronization theories. A novel theory offered that introduces the concept of the basal ganglia-thalamic-cortical system as a network of loosely coupled nonlinear polysynaptic reentrant oscillators.
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R, Jones W., and NASA Glenn Research Center, eds. The tribological properties of several silahydrocarbons for use in space mechanisms. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2001.
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13
Johnson, Samuel G. B., and Woo-kyoung Ahn. Causal Mechanisms. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.12.
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This chapter reviews empirical and theoretical results concerning knowledge of causal mechanisms—beliefs about how and why events are causally linked. First, it reviews the effects of mechanism knowledge, showing that mechanism knowledge can override other cues to causality (including covariation evidence and temporal cues) and structural constraints (the Markov condition), and that mechanisms play a key role in various forms of inductive inference. Second, it examines several theories of how mechanisms are mentally represented—as associations, forces or powers, icons, abstract placeholders, networks, or schemas—and the empirical evidence bearing on each theory. Finally, it describes ways that people acquire mechanism knowledge, discussing the contributions from statistical induction, testimony, reasoning, and perception. For each of these topics, it highlights key open questions for future research.
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Tenney, James. The Several Dimensions of Pitch. Edited by Larry Polansky, Lauren Pratt, Robert Wannamaker, and Michael Winter. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038723.003.0017.
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James Tenney explains the different mechanisms behind the simultaneous and consecutive relationships between pitches using ideas from evolution and neurocognition. He suggests that there are two different aspects of pitch perception and that one of those aspects can also be thought of as multidimensional. In considering such fundamental questions regarding the nature of auditory perception, Tenney refers to the evolution of hearing and considers two complementary if not contradictory things: distinguish between or among sounds issuing from different sound sources, and recognize when two or more sounds—though different—actually arise from a single sound source. The first mechanism is the basis for what Tenney calls the contour aspect of contour aspect of contour pitch perception. The other aspect of pitch perception has to do with the temporal ordering of the neural information. Tenney concludes by proposing a psychoacoustic explanation for contour formation based on the ear's temporal processing.
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Frey, Perry A., and Adrian D. Hegeman. Enzymatic Reaction Mechanisms. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195122589.001.0001.
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Books dealing with the mechanisms of enzymatic reactions were written a generation ago. They included volumes entitled Bioorganic Mechanisms, I and II by T.C. Bruice and S.J. Benkovic, published in 1965, the volume entitled Catalysis in Chemistry and Enzymology by W.P. Jencks in 1969, and the volume entitled Enzymatic Reaction Mechanisms by C.T. Walsh in 1979. The Walsh book was based on the course taught by W.P. Jencks and R.H. Abeles at Brandeis University in the 1960's and 1970's. By the late 1970's, much more could be included about the structures of enzymes and the kinetics and mechanisms of enzymatic reactions themselves, and less emphasis was placed on chemical models. Walshs book was widely used in courses on enzymatic mechanisms for many years. Much has happened in the field of mechanistic enzymology in the past 15 to 20 years. Walshs book is both out-of-date and out-of-focus in todays world of enzymatic mechanisms. There is no longer a single volume or a small collection of volumes to which students can be directed to obtain a clear understanding of the state of knowledge regarding the chemicals mechanisms by which enzymes catalyze biological reactions. There is no single volume to which medicinal chemists and biotechnologists can refer on the subject of enzymatic mechanisms. Practitioners in the field have recognized a need for a new book on enzymatic mechanisms for more than ten years, and several, including Walsh, have considered undertaking to modernize Walshs book. However, these good intentions have been abandoned for one reason or another. The great size of the knowledge base in mechanistic enzymology has been a deterrent. It seems too large a subject for a single author, and it is difficult for several authors to coordinate their work to mutual satisfaction. This text by Perry A. Frey and Adrian D. Hegeman accomplishes this feat, producing the long-awaited replacement for Walshs classic text.
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Klingenberg, Roland, and Ulf Müller-Ladner. Mechanisms of inflammation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0270.
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This chapter provides a brief summary of the immune pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, highlighting shared features with inflammatory pathways in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) described in detail in Chapter 25.4. RA constitutes a prototype autoimmune disease primarily affecting the joints but also the heart and vessels associated with increased cardiovascular mortality. Recent years have produced a wealth of novel insights into the diversity of immune cell types which either propagate or dampen inflammation in atherogenesis. Expansion of this inherent anti-inflammatory component carried by regulatory T cells may constitute a new therapeutic target to harness the progression of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Among the various inflammatory mediators involved in RA pathology, cytokines (tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6) have gained major interest as therapeutic targets with approved therapies available. In light of the many common features in the pathogenesis of RA and atherosclerosis, these biologics are currently being evaluated in cardiovascular patients. The recently published CANTOS trial showed that IL-1 inhibition reduced adverse cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease demonstrating that inflammation is a genuine therapeutic target. The near future will provide more information whether inflammation is a bona fide cardiovascular risk factor based on completion of several clinical trials using anti-inflammatory approaches in patients with both cardiovascular disease and rheumatoid arthritis.
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Ross, John, Igor Schreiber, and Marcel O. Vlad. Determination of Complex Reaction Mechanisms. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195178685.001.0001.
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In a chemical system with many chemical species several questions can be asked: what species react with other species: in what temporal order: and with what results? These questions have been asked for over one hundred years about simple and complex chemical systems, and the answers constitute the macroscopic reaction mechanism. In Determination of Complex Reaction Mechanisms authors John Ross, Igor Schreiber, and Marcel Vlad present several systematic approaches for obtaining information on the causal connectivity of chemical species, on correlations of chemical species, on the reaction pathway, and on the reaction mechanism. Basic pulse theory is demonstrated and tested in an experiment on glycolysis. In a second approach, measurements on time series of concentrations are used to construct correlation functions and a theory is developed which shows that from these functions information may be inferred on the reaction pathway, the reaction mechanism, and the centers of control in that mechanism. A third approach is based on application of genetic algorithm methods to the study of the evolutionary development of a reaction mechanism, to the attainment given goals in a mechanism, and to the determination of a reaction mechanism and rate coefficients by comparison with experiment. Responses of non-linear systems to pulses or other perturbations are analyzed, and mechanisms of oscillatory reactions are presented in detail. The concluding chapters give an introduction to bioinformatics and statistical methods for determining reaction mechanisms.
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Turner, Neil. Mechanisms of glomerular injury. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0045.
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Proteinuric diseases, historically termed ‘nephrosis’, are characterized by subtle abnormalities in podocytes or by abnormal glomerular matrix, including the scarring laid down by inflammatory diseases. Angiotensin blockers, corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, and a wide range of other drugs known or believed to be effective in different renal diseases, appear to have direct effects on podocytes that reduce proteinuria that may be important to their effectiveness. Several of these have previously been assumed to work via haemodynamic, immune or other modes. Haematuric diseases are characterized by inflammatory disruption of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) (‘nephritis’), or less commonly by fragile GBM without inflammation. The majority of haematuric conditions are slowly or rapidly destructive diseases associated with infiltration of inflammatory cells, and proliferation of endogenous cells of the glomerulus, probably in attempts at repair. With time, many haematuric diseases are associated with the development of proteinuria, possibly as a consequence of scarring and its effects on podocyte function.
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Doré-Savard, Louis, Nicolas Beaudet, and Philippe Sarret. Mechanisms of bone cancer pain. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0037.
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The landmark paper discussed in this chapter focuses on pain arising from malignancy of the bone, which, whether primary or originating from a distant site, is the cause for a majority of cancer pain syndromes. Bone is an innervated organ that can relay nociceptive signals triggered by nerve damage, acidosis, inflammation, and hypoxia. The understanding of the physiopathology of skeletal pain has leaped significantly forwards over the last 15 years. The development of animal models that allowed for the visualization of bone microenvironment modifications by the tumour played an important role in recent advances. One of the most significant discoveries was the contribution of local nerve growth factor (NGF) to nerve remodelling in the bone periosteum presented by Mantyh and colleagues in 2010. NGF remains one the most promising treatment avenues for malignant bone pain, and peripheral innervation has become a therapeutic target in several skeletal pathologies.
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Martin, Keith M. Entity Authentication. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788003.003.0008.
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This chapter considers mechanisms for providing entity authentication. We begin with a discussion on randomness and why it is important in cryptography. We compare several different techniques for generating randomness. We then consider the related issue of freshness and why it is important for entity authentication. We compare several different techniques for providing freshness. We then identify various different categories of identification information which can be used in an entity authentication mechanism. We look at the role cryptography plays in supporting basic entity authentication mechanisms such as passwords. We close by examining how cryptography can be used to provide more sophisticated forms of entity authentication through the use of dynamic passwords.
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Fluid Power, Mathematical Design of Several Components. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2014.
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22
Benedito, Rui, and Arndt F. Siekmann. Blood vessel differentiation and growth. Edited by José Maria Pérez-Pomares, Robert G. Kelly, Maurice van den Hoff, José Luis de la Pompa, David Sedmera, Cristina Basso, and Deborah Henderson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757269.003.0016.
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A variety of diseases are related to or dependent on the vascular system. Several lines of evidence show that adequate manipulation of the vascular function in disease requires targeting and interfering with the same molecular pathways and cellular processes that act to form vessels during embryo or organ development. Therefore an understanding of the mechanisms that regulate vascular development in this non-pathological context is of major importance, since it may lead to better ways of treating vascular-related pathologies. This chapter covers the most significant cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the origin, life, and death of the endothelial cellwhich is involved in several important developmental and pathological processes. Most of the mechanisms described were identified in animal model systems. However, owing to the high evolutionary conservation of these, they are likely be very similar to those occurring in humans and in disease.
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Fraihat, Ibrahim, and Bill Hess. For the Sake of Peace or Justice? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190628567.003.0004.
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Chapter 4, by Ibrahim Fraihat and Bill Hess, examines three of the major transitional justice measures used globally in the context of pre- and post-Arab Spring experiences in the region. Examining the use of prosecutions, amnesties, and commissions of inquiry in both periods, they argue that there is a propensity for governments to select mechanisms that pursue either justice, i.e. criminal accountability, or peace, i.e. amnesty, but achieve neither. Drawing upon experiences from Algeria, Iraq, and Morocco, they argue that each government chose its own approach to consolidate power, and that the tendency to use only one mechanism rather than several affected the possibility of achieving peace with justice. This, they argue, is substantiated as well by academic quantitative and qualitative studies suggesting that the use of more than one mechanism, and in particular the use of amnesties along with trials, is correlated with positive change in the key indicators of democracy and human rights.
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Manirakiza, Pacifique. Complementing the ICC Efforts to Curb the Impunity of International Crimes in Africa. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810568.003.0015.
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A matter raised consistently by eminent personalities asked to report on atrocities in Africa, such as former South African President Thabo Mbeki, is the utilization of traditional justice mechanisms known to Africans. Their use has been limited to Gacaca courts in Rwanda, set up in haste and subject to much criticism. However, there exist several types and models of traditional justice mechanisms at the African level. The contribution of these sui generis mechanisms towards accountability for heinous crimes is largely unaddressed in academic literature. This chapter intends to fill this gap by exploring their potential contribution towards accountability for heinous crimes, alongside the International Criminal Court (ICC). In short, the chapter explores how community-based judicial mechanisms and the ICC, two types of accountability mechanisms with different methodologies and approaches, can work side by side to eradicate impunity regarding, and also to prevent, mass atrocities on the African continent.
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Boison, Detlev. Overview of Ketogenic Diet in the Laboratory. Edited by Detlev Boison. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190497996.003.0019.
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Increased clinical interest in the ketogenic diet and similar metabolic treatments has naturally spurred research into mechanisms underlying their anticonvulsant/antiepileptogenic efficacy; significant progress and new insights are being made after many decades of relative obscurity. This section, “Ketogenic Diet in the Laboratory,” includes discussions of a number of molecular targets that are affected by ketogenic diet feeding. New insights into mechanisms, combined with clinical observations, are potentially expanding the utilitiy of this metabolic approach. In parallel, several alternative experimental methods to either elucidate or mobilize ketogenic diet mechanisms are explored. Based on this laboratory research, putative and novel uses for metabolic treatments are proposed.
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Millikan, Ruth Garrett. Functions of Same-Tracking. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717195.003.0004.
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There are non-uniceptual same-tracking mechanisms, mechanisms that same-track not in order to implement storage of information about their targets, but merely as an aid to the identification of further things. Examples are the various mechanisms of perceptual constancy, self-relative location trackers, object-constancy mechanisms, and same-trackers for real categories. There are also several kinds of unicepts, hence, of unitrackers, procedural, substantive, attributive. What begins as a non-uniceptual same-tracker might or might not be redeployed to serve also as a procedural unitracker, or a procedural unitracker might be redeployed to serve also as a substance unitracker or an attribute unitracker. This is possible because the difference between affordances, substances, and attributes is not a basic ontological distinction but is relative to cognitive use.
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Musaevich, Aĭtaliev Shmidt, Tanaĭno A. S, and Chitinskiĭ institut prirodnykh resursov, eds. Ustoĭchivostʹ tekhnogennykh sooruzheniĭ Zabaĭkalʹskogo Severa. Novosibirsk: "Nauka," Sibirskoe otd-nie, 1988.
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Whitaker, Leslie R., and Bruce T. Hope. Neural Mechanisms of Addiction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0177.
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Addiction is a behavior characterized by compulsive seeking and taking of drugs despite severe negative consequences. Goal-directed behaviors and the motivation to perform these behaviors are altered in human addicts so that obtaining and using addictive drugs becomes the primary and overwhelming focus of their behavior. These altered behaviors result from maladaptive reward learning in which associations between drugs and drug-associated stimuli become powerful and enduring factors guiding behavior. Neural mechanisms specific to learning are likely to underlie addiction. This chapter provides an overview of both types of neural mechanisms and how they may interact to produce addiction.
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Gochfeld, Michael, and Robert Laumbach. Chemical Hazards. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662677.003.0011.
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Building on the principles of toxicology, this chapter describes chemicals by structure, source, use, mechanism of action, environmental properties, and target organ. Major advances in toxic effects include more detailed understanding of the mechanisms by which toxic chemicals damage receptors at the subcellular, cellular, and organ level. The chapter describes properties of various types of inorganic and organic chemicals and their adverse health effects. It discusses asphyxiants, such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide; heavy metals, such as lead, mercury, and cadmium; organic solvents, such as benzene and trichlorethylene; pesticides, including chlorinated hydrocarbons and organophosphates; and a variety of other toxic chemicals to which people are exposed in the home, community, or workplace environment. Several cases are presented to illustrate various concepts concerning chemical hazards in occupational and environmental health.
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Nestler, Eric J. New Approaches for Treating Depression. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0030.
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Several obstacles have impeded the introduction of new antidepressant medications over the past six decades. These obstacles include our still rudimentary knowledge of the biological basis of depression, as well as difficulties in evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of new putative antidepressant mechanisms in pathophysiologically distinct subtypes of the syndrome. Despite these obstacles, several tangible steps can be taken to advance depression treatment moving forward. The field needs to continue to take advantage of serendipitous discoveries in humans, such as the demonstration of rapid antidepressant effects of ketamine. Re-establishing experimental pharmacology in humans, to make it possible to establish the actions of new mechanisms in people, is essential, combined with the judicious use of a growing range of chronic stress models in animals. We anticipate that, with these approaches, the field can at long last breakthrough the logjam of discovery and introduce new treatments for depression over the next decade.
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Ferreira Mendes, Kassio. MECANISMOS DE SOBREVIVÊNCIA DAS PLANTAS DANINHAS: REPRODUÇÃO, DISPERSÃO E DORMÊNCIA. Brazil Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-797-6.
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Weeds have great plasticity to adapt to any environmental condition, resource level or management practices when repeatedly exposed to these conditions for long periods. The plasticity of weeds is due to their diverse evolutionary genetic variability, responsible for the mechanisms of survival and adaptation of these plants. In order to understand the plasticity of weeds, it is necessary to study in more depth the various mechanisms of adaptation of weeds, such as reproduction, dispersion and dormancy. However, this will help you understand weed dominance as well as help you choose the best control strategies. However, there are still few studies focused on weed adaptation mechanisms. This book consists of a collection of chapters on the mechanisms of weed survival within the field of study of biology and ecophysiology. The book includes academic contributions from several graduate students relevant to Weed Science. Each contribution comes as a separate and complete chapter, but directly related to the topics and objectives of the book.
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Ruskin, David N. Metabolic Therapy and Pain. Edited by Detlev Boison. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190497996.003.0022.
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Chronic pain is associated strongly with poor quality of life. Drug treatments for pain can be problematic; with the understanding that chronic pain syndromes often involve derangement of homeostasis, there is an increased interest in applying nonpharmacological metabolic therapies. This chapter surveys clinical and animal research into the effects of fasting, calorie restriction, ketogenic diet, and polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on pain. These dietary treatments can significantly ameliorate pain in inflammatory and neuropathic disorders. The choice among these treatments might depend on the specific pain syndrome and the tolerance of the patient for particular dietary modifications. Several possible mechanisms are discussed, some of which might be in common among these treatments, and some treatments might engage multiple mechanisms. Multiple mechanisms acting together could be ideal for restoring the disordered metabolism underlying some pain syndromes.
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Buckholtz, Joshua W., and Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg. Genetic Perspectives on the Neurochemistry of Human Aggression and Violence. Edited by Turhan Canli. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199753888.013.009.
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Violence is a devastating social phenomenon that is costly both to affected individuals and to society at large. Pathological aggression, especially reactive/impulsive aggression, is a cardinal symptom common to several psychiatric disorders—including antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, and psychopathy—that are associated with risk for violence. Thus, understanding the factors that predispose people to impulsive violence represents a crucial goal for psychology, neuroscience, and psychiatry. Although we are far from a full understanding of the etiopathophysiology of violence, impulsive aggression is heritable, suggesting that genetic mechanisms may be important for determining individual variation in susceptibility. This chapter synthesizes available preclinical and human data to propose a compelling neurogenetic mechanism for violence, specifically arguing that a genetically determined excess in serotonin signaling during a critical developmental period leads to dysregulation within a key corticolimbic circuit for emotional arousal and regulation, inhibitory control, and social cognition.
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Farmakis, Dimitrios, John Parissis, and Gerasimos Filippatos. Acute heart failure: epidemiology, classification, and pathophysiology. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0051.
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Acute heart failure is defined as the rapid development or change of symptoms and signs of heart failure that requires urgent medical attention and usually hospitalization. Acute heart failure is the first reason for hospital admission in individuals aged 65 or more and accounts for nearly 70% of the total health care expenditure for heart failure. It is characterized by an adverse prognosis, with an in-hospital mortality rate of 4-7%, a 2-3-month post-discharge mortality of 7-11%, and a 2-3-month readmission rate of 25-30%. The majority of patients have a previous history of heart failure and present with normal or increased blood pressure, while about half of them have a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. A high prevalence of cardiovascular or non-cardiovascular comordid conditions is further observed, including coronary artery disease, arterial hypertension, atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus, renal dysfunction, chronic lung disease, and anaemia. Different classification systems have been proposed for acute heart failure, reflecting the clinical heterogeneity of the syndrome; the categorization to acutely decompensated chronic heart failure vs de novo acute heart failure and to hypertensive, normotensive, and hypotensive acute heart failure are among the most widely used and clinically relevant classifications. The pathophysiology of acute heart failure involves several pathogenetic mechanisms, including volume overload, pressure overload, myocardial loss, and restrictive filling, while several cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular causes or precipitating factors lead to acute heart failure through a single of these mechanisms or a combination of them. Regardless of the underlying mechanism, peripheral and/or pulmonary congestion is the hallmark of acute heart failure, resulting from fluid retention and/or fluid redistribution. Myocardial injury and renal dysfunction are also involved in the precipitation and progression of the syndrome.
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Dietrich, W. Dalton. Physiologic Modulators of Neural Injury After Brain and Spinal Cord Injury. Edited by David L. Reich, Stephan Mayer, and Suzan Uysal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190280253.003.0001.
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Brain and spinal cord injury are leading causes of death and long-term disability, producing diverse burdens for the affected individuals, their families, and society. Such injuries, including traumatic brain injury, stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and spinal cord injury, have common patterns of neuronal cell vulnerability that are associated with a complex cascade of pathologic processes that trigger the propagation of tissue damage beyond the acute injury. Secondary injury mechanisms, including oxidative stress, edema formation, changes in cerebral blood flow and vessel reactivity, metabolic and blood–brain barrier disruption, and neuroinflammation, are therefore important therapeutic targets. Several key physiological parameters require monitoring and intensive management during various phases of treatment to ameliorate secondary injury mechanisms and potentially protect against further neuronal injury. This chapter reviews the core physiological targets in the management of brain and spinal cord injury and relates them to secondary injury mechanisms and outcomes.
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Scolari, Miranda, Edward F. Ester, and John T. Serences. Feature- and Object-Based Attentional Modulation in the Human Visual System. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.009.
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To increase efficiency, sensory systems process only a subset of available inputs in accord with the behavioural goals of the observer. The mechanisms that support the prioritization of relevant over irrelevant stimuli, referred to collectively as selective attention, can operate on the basis of spatial location (space-based attention), low-level visual features (e.g. orientation or colour; feature-based attention), or holistic objects (object-based attention). This chapter reviews human behavioural, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging data pertaining to the effects and control of the latter two mechanisms. Based on an increasingly rich literature spanning several decades, the authors argue that even though feature- and object-based attention are often treated as independent mechanisms, they should instead be described along a single continuum in which the information selected for prioritized processing (whether it be a single feature or a holistic object representation) is flexibly dictated by task demands.
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Stafstrom, Carl E., and Thomas P. Sutula. 2-Deoxyglucose. Edited by Dominic P. D’Agostino. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190497996.003.0036.
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Metabolic regulation of excitability is increasingly appreciated as a strategy to control seizures and reduce pathogenesis. Inhibiting or bypassing glycolysis may be one way in which the ketogenic diet suppresses seizures. 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) is a glucose analog that partially inhibits glycolysis and has antiseizure effects in several acute and chronic seizure models. The mechanisms underlying the acute and chronic effects of 2DG are being investigated. Preliminary studies provide evidence that the acute anticonvulsant actions of 2DG involve activity-dependent presynaptic suppression of excitatory synaptic transmission during network synchronization. The chronic effects of 2DG entail reduction of the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its receptor, tyrosine kinase B. Preclinical toxicology studies demonstrate that 2DG has a favorable toxicity profile at doses effective for seizure protection. Currently available preclinical studies support 2DG as a novel first-in-class metabolic treatment for epilepsy with an antiglycolytic mechanism distinct from all other anticonvulsants.
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Kremláček, Jan. Two Sinusoids. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0100.
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Multiplication of a stationary and moving sinusoids create ambiguous stimulus that, when observed, can result in five alternating perceptions and another physically plausible but hardly traceable interpretation. The most astonishing about this illusion is that using single physical stimulus creates several vivid unambiguous perceptions that may intentionally or spontaneously alternate in observer’s mind. The illusion demonstrates the brain’s active role in acquiring and processing visual information and its ability to construct 3D objects from a 2D motion. To build such visual interpretations the brain exploits several mechanisms. In the presented illusion the most noticeable strategies are a kinetic depth perception and a perceptual rivalry.
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van Dijck, Jean-Philippe, Véronique Ginsburg, Luisa Girelli, and Wim Gevers. Linking Numbers to Space. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.020.
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Several psychophysical and neuropsychological investigations suggest that the processing of number and spatial information is strongly associated. A popular account argues that this association has its origin in the underlying mental representation of numbers taking the form of a horizontally-orientated mental number line, which is isomorphic to the representation of physical lines. Recently, however, several alternative explanations have been put forward. We describe those theories and argue that no current account is on itself able to explain the full range of observations. To do this, a hybrid account is proposed which takes into account the underlying representation, but emphasizes the processing mechanisms required by the task at hand.
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Kindervater, Lisa, and Sheila Meintjes. Gender and Governance in Post-Conflict and Democratizing Settings. Edited by Fionnuala Ní Aoláin, Naomi Cahn, Dina Francesca Haynes, and Nahla Valji. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199300983.013.37.
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Women have the opportunity to make significant economic, political, and sociocultural gains during transitions to peace and democracy; however, these gains are frequently lost when competitive electoral politics resumes. This chapter identifies the key mechanisms responsible for this loss, providing examples from several countries in sub-Saharan Africa. These mechanisms include institutional constraints, historical political conditions, donor-driven agendas, prevailing cultural norms, and the nature of the women’s movement. The chapter suggests that while the enactment of laws and policies related to women’s rights are an important first step, a feminist and transformational agenda in post-conflict societies requires focus on patriarchal cultures and practices. The chapter argues that such transformation is aided by the fostering of strong relationships between grassroots women activists and politically elite women.
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Goligorsky, Michael S., Julien Maizel, Radovan Vasko, May M. Rabadi, and Brian B. Ratliff. Pathophysiology of acute kidney injury. Edited by Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0221.
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In the intricate maze of proposed mechanisms, modifiers, modulators, and sensitizers for acute kidney injury (AKI) and diverse causes inducing it, this chapter focuses on several common and undisputable strands which do exist.Structurally, the loss of the brush border, desquamation of tubular epithelial cells, and obstruction of the tubular lumen are commonly observed, albeit to various degrees. These morphologic hallmarks of AKI are accompanied by functional defects, most consistently reflected in the decreased glomerular filtration rate and variable degree of reduction in renal blood flow, accompanied by changes in the microcirculation. Although all renal resident cells participate in AKI, the brunt falls on the epithelial and endothelial cells, the fact that underlies the development of tubular epithelial and vascular compromise.This chapter further summarizes the involvement of several cell organelles in AKI: mitochondrial involvement in perturbed energy metabolism, lysosomal involvement in degradation of misfolded proteins and damaged organelles, and peroxisomal involvement in the regulation of oxidative stress and metabolism, all of which become defective. Common molecular pathways are engaged in cellular stress response and their roles in cell death or survival. The diverse families of nephrotoxic medications and the respective mechanisms they induce AKI are discussed. The mechanisms of action of some nephrotoxins are analysed, and also of the preventive therapies of ischaemic or pharmacologic pre-conditioning.An emerging concept of the systemic inflammatory response triggered by AKI, which can potentially aggravate the local injury or tend to facilitate the repair of the kidney, is presented. Rational therapeutic strategies should be based on these well-established pathophysiological hallmarks of AKI.
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Ruxton, Graeme D., William L. Allen, Thomas N. Sherratt, and Michael P. Speed. Countershading. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199688678.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
Countershading is a coloration pattern where the exterior surfaces most exposed to light, typically dorsal surfaces, are more darkly coloured than those oriented away from light, typically ventral surfaces. Countershading is widely discussed as a camouflage defence, although other functions—such as thermoregulation, abrasion resistance, and protection from ultraviolet light—may also select for countershading. In terms of camouflage, countershading is thought to work by up to six distinct mechanisms. We discuss several key examples of countershading and counterillumination that give insight into some of this complexity, before reviewing the evidence for the effectiveness of each of the six mechanisms. These include relatively simple effects, such as background matching dorsal surfaces against dark oceanic depths when viewed from above and ventral surfaces against downwelling light when viewed from below, but also more complex mechanisms, such as the concealment of cues to three-dimensional shape created by an animal’s self-cast shadows. Following this are sections on the evolution and genetics of countershading, before the chapter concludes with ecological considerations and suggestions for future research.
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Jou, J. Fay, and Judith O. Margolis. Open Globe Repair. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199764495.003.0036.
Full textAbstract:
Ocular trauma in childhood is common and may cause transient or permanent visual impairment. The anesthetic management of children with penetrating eye injuries presents several unique challenges, including potential associated injuries that may take precedence over the treatment of the eye injury, the prevention of aspiration of gastric contents, the regulation of intraocular pressure (IOP), and the prevention of the oculocardiac reflex (OCR). An understanding of the mechanisms and management of these potential problems can favorably influence surgical outcome.
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Pineda, Jesús, and Nathalie Reyns, eds. Larval Transport in the Coastal Zone: Biological and Physical Processes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786962.003.0011.
Full textAbstract:
Larval transport is fundamental to several ecological processes, yet it remains unresolved for the majority of systems. We define larval transport, and describe its components, namely, larval behavior and the physical transport mechanisms accounting for advection, diffusion, and their variability. We then discuss other relevant processes in larval transport, including swimming proficiency, larval duration, accumulation in propagating features, episodic larval transport, and patchiness and spatial variability in larval abundance. We address challenges and recent approaches associated with understanding larval transport, including autonomous sampling, imaging, -omics, and the exponential growth in the use of poorly tested numerical simulation models to examine larval transport and population connectivity. Thus, we discuss the promises and pitfalls of numerical modeling, concluding with recommendations on moving forward, including a need for more process-oriented understanding of the mechanisms of larval transport and the use of emergent technologies.
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Morin, Alain. The Self-Reflective Functions of Inner Speech. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796640.003.0012.
Full textAbstract:
The current chapter revisits an earlier account (2005) of how inner speech leads to self-reflection. Definitions, functions, neuroanatomy, and measurement of self-reflection and inner speech are first presented, followed by the detailed proposal suggesting that these two processes are connected in at least three possible ways. Empirical evidence supporting this proposal is discussed, as well as theoretical considerations pertaining to underlying mechanisms explaining how self-reflection and inner speech may interrelate. To illustrate, several self-referential tasks used in typical fMRI studies show a reliable activation of the left inferior frontal gyrus—the main brain area known to sustain inner speech; inner speech can reproduce (i.e. internalize) already existing social mechanisms leading to self-reflection. Some possible philosophical and clinical implications of the role played by inner speech in self-reflection are outlined in conclusion.
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Mackenzie, Scott B., Nathan P. Podsakoff, and Philip M. Podsakoff. Individual- and Organizational-Level Consequences of Organizational Citizenship Behaviors. Edited by Philip M. Podsakoff, Scott B. Mackenzie, and Nathan P. Podsakoff. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219000.013.8.
Full textAbstract:
Although the effects of organizational citizenship behaviors on individual-level and organizational-level outcomes have been well documented in the literature, far less is known about the theoretical mechanisms that explain these effects, or the boundary conditions that influence their strengths. Thus, for the purposes of this chapter, after providing a brief summary of the effects of OCB on individual- and organizational-level outcomes, we identify the theoretical mechanisms through which OCBs are believed to produce their effects, and the individual, group, supervisor, task, organizational, and cultural/environmental characteristics that moderate these effects. In addition, we also suggest how several prototypical forms of OCB (helping, sportsmanship, and voice) might be related to these mediators and how the relationships between these different forms of OCB and individual- and organizational-level outcomes might be influenced by these moderators.
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Smedby, Karin Ekström, Mads Melbye, and Hans-Olov Adami. Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676827.003.0027.
Full textAbstract:
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) are a heterogeneous group of malignancies originating from B- or T-lymphocytes and engaging lymphoid tissue. Clinically, NHL subtypes range from chronic indolent to aggressive life-threatening diseases. The incidence of NHL overall increased dramatically worldwide during the latter half of the twentieth century but has now leveled off in many countries. Although some etiologic factors have been identified, most newly diagnosed cases of NHL as well as the previous rise in incidence remain largely unexplained. Well-established risk factors include severe immune suppression following HIV/AIDS and organ transplantation, autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, some infectious agents, and family history. More recently, lifestyle factors have also been linked with certain subtypes of NHL. Through the work of the international InterLymph consortium, several subtype-specific genetic susceptibility variants have also been revealed, promising to shed further light on mechanisms of lymphomagenesis.
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Gutiérrez Silva, Rodolfo. Challenges facing International Institutions in the Protection of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Ediciones Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.16925/9789587602760.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years we have witnessed a great increase in knowledge and technology worldwide which is available to all. However, despite this progress, we still have the same international institutions and mechanisms that we designed after the Second World War. These institutions are characterized by fragmentation, structural dysfunctions such as corruption, lack of resources and a lack of institutional capacity. The objective of this book is to evaluate the challenges facing international institutions and mechanisms in the protection of Economic, Social and Cultural rights. More specifically, it seeks to detect different patterns in two types of actors that include international financial institutions and institutions of the universal system, such as the UN Refugee Agency. The methodology includes a methodological design of comparative documentary research and case study evaluation. This includes an evaluation of several cases that analyze the role of international mechanisms and international financial institutions and their interaction with human rights. Trying to find common patterns in different structures and processes gives us some indication, an image of the type of problems these institutions currently face. The cases studied in this research reveal a series of challenges facing international mechanisms and institutions that range from strengthening organizational and strategic aspects to overall strengthening institutional capacity. However, the main challenge encountered is the development of intentional institutional reflexivity. This implies the adoption by the institutions of a new orientation to principles and values.
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Sawada, Yasuyuki. Disasters, Insurance, and Preferences. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190492908.003.0013.
Full textAbstract:
Recently both developed and developing countries have experienced numerous serious disasters that can be subdivided into four major groups: natural, technological, economic crises, and violence-related disasters. These negatively affect not only the livelihoods of the survivors but also their preferences for risks and time delays. In preparation for or in the aftermath of a disaster, various indispensable market and nonmarket mechanisms are available for the people to maintain their livelihood. The complementarity among the market, government, and community is instrumental for a successful disaster management and reconstruction system. This chapter, in order to bridge gaps in the existing studies in socioecological psychology at least partially, reviews the existing evidence on the nexus between disasters and preferences. It illustrates several market and nonmarket insurance mechanisms available for people to reduce the potential damages caused by disasters, discusses the field experimental methods, and show how disasters affect individual and social preferences.
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Stocchetti, Nino, and Marco Carbonara. Pharmacologic Neuroprotection. Edited by David L. Reich, Stephan Mayer, and Suzan Uysal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190280253.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
Acute cerebral injury sets into motion a cascade of deleterious biochemical events that cause further neuronal damage and amplify deleterious effects. This cascade develops over time and potentially may be attenuated or limited by pharmacologic manipulation. The neuroprotective properties of several molecules have been clearly demonstrated in experimental models of various pathologies. Based on these findings, many promising compounds have been tested in clinical trials. Large randomized controlled trials, however, have repeatedly failed to provide evidence of clinical efficacy. The authors present an overview of neuroprotective agents studied in traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, ischemic stroke, and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in adults due to cardiac arrest. They review the molecular mechanisms involved in secondary neuronal injury and how drugs targeting these mechanisms have been evaluated in clinical trials. Finally, the chapter briefly analyzes the possible reasons for repeated failures in translating experimental success into clinical benefit.