Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Settler society'

This exegesis covers a period of research and art practice spanning from 2004 to 2007. I have combined visual arts with theoretical research practice that considers the notion of Australian colonialism via a post colonial construct. I have questioned how visual arts can convey various conditions relationships between settler and Indigenous cultures and in doing so have drawn on both personal art practice and the works of Australian artists of the 19th and 20th centuries. These references demonstrate an ongoing examination of black and white relations portrayed in art, ranging from the drawings of convict artist, Joseph Lycett, through to the post federation stance of Margaret Preston, whose works expressed a renewal of interest in Indigenous culture. In applying a research approach, I have utilised a Narrative Enquiry methodology with a comparative paradigm within a Creative Research framework, which allows for various interpretations of my themes through both text and visuals. These applications also express a personal view that has been formed from family and workplace experiences. These include cultural influences from my settler family history and settler historical events in general juxtaposed with an accumulated knowledge base that has evolved from my personal and professional experience within Indigenous arts and education. I have also cited examples from Australian colonial and postcolonial art and literature that have influenced the development of my visual language. These include applying stylistic approaches that incorporate various artistic aspects of figuration and the Picturesque and literal thematic mode based on satire and social commentary. Overall, my research work also expresses an ongoing and evolving process that has been guided and influenced by current Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australian postcolonial critical thinking and arts criticism, assisting within the development of my personal views and philosophies .This process has supported the formation of a belief system that I believe has matured throughout my research and art practices, providing a personal confidence to assert my own analytical stance on colonial history.

The thesis seeks to reveal, through the use of numerous case studies, the timekeeping processes that helped to make New Zealand. Whilst the period under review covers primarily the period 1840 to 1868 there is also a discussion of the emergence of clock time in thirteenth century Britain and Europe and its development through to the late nineteenth century. This is because the settlers‟ apprehension of time and their use of clocks and watches had evolved over the preceding centuries. The importance of reliable time was recognised by the Church from the medieval period but as ownership of public and private clocks proliferated the decentralisation of clock time commenced. Clock time commanded the lives of people and imprinted itself through the inculcation of such notions as punctuality and productivity. Better clocks brought a new emphasis to workplace efficiency underpinning the belief that time was money and facilitated the efficient coordination of Land, Labour and Capital. The discovery of New Zealand required timekeeping at sea. The achievements of James Cook, underpinned by improved chronometers, facilitated the large-scale British colonisation of New Zealand and seldom brought respite from the rule of time. Once on land, the settlers looked to establish a temporal order similar to Britain. The challenge to establish and disseminate the „true‟ local time within communities led to the setting up of observatories and the use of public clocks, time ball stations, bells and guns to signal clock time. The myriad of local times was not a problem at first but once the telegraph began to link communities they hindered its optimal efficiency. This led to the introduction of „telegraph time‟ in early 1868, dual time systems in communities using the telegraph, and public debate. Whilst most provinces accepted the new clock time, Otago saw it as an affront to their community‟s autonomy and identity. The province challenged the imposition of telegraph time, instigated a Parliamentary debate, and argued for the introduction of a common New Zealand time. Parliament‟s 1868 decision was a triumph for convenience and economic rationality over tradition and local identity. New Zealand was the first country entirely to abandon local times and regulate its time in relation to Greenwich mean time.

In this dissertation the internal workings of a colonial settler society are examined· through employing elements of post-colonial theory and whiteness studies. Specifically, the dissertation focuses on the construction of a hierarchical social order in the German colony of German Southwest Africa during the period 1884-1914. It is argued that Gennan colonial rule was underpinned, and informed by a polarised Self and Other dichotomy which distinguished between the European colonisers and the colonised indigenous Africans. The employment of dichotomous categories of identification, based on notions of imagined racial and cultural difference, allowed for the mapping of colonial society and was central to political and discursive practices of social control. Furthermore, this dichotomy justified and informed relations not simply between the colonisers and the colonised, but also amongst the colonisers themselves. The presence of settlers whose cultural practices and behaviour did not match with the nonns attributed to the idealised settler undennined the demarcation of difference. As a consequence undesirable settlers were increasingly perceived by the colonial authorities and interest groups as posing a threat to social control and the future stability of the Southwest. In particular, the dissertation examines the resulting discursive and political strategies of social engineering and identification which sought to include or exclude settlers from settler society based upon an assessment of their economic capacity and cultural competency as measured against the existing categories of identification. What emerged was an increasingly exclusionary settler society. The dissertation is based on extensive archival material from the Bundesarchiv in Berlin as well as a wide range of printed Sources. It allows for an insight into strategies of social control, power and the establishment of social privilege in a settler society. It investigates a construction of a specifically Gennan version of whiteness in a colonial context which enables an insight into the ways in which sections ofthe middle class conceived of Germanness and whiteness. As the lines of cultural and racial difference became increasingly confused, the categories of Black and White were under constant negotiation and re-construction and whilst the category ofthe Black remained an absolute, the category of the White collapsed into a system of gradations of whiteness.

This thesis makes a theoretical intervention into debates about the interrelationship of performance with remembering; and analyses performance as a specific instance of distributed collective remembering in colonial Western Australia during the period from 1839 to 1899. It brings new archival data to an analysis of the transmission of British culture through performance events in the colony. This transmission was a double process, in which performance heritage played a significant part in the development of a West Australian identification and sense of place. The first part of the thesis delimits the topic and the interdisciplinary approach I take to it. It then conceptualises the generative links between performance and collective memory in relation to prior philosophical concepts of place and space. It next relates these concepts to social and cultural praxis, culminating with five case studies of colonial Western Australian performances. I argue that colonial performance is symptomatic of a wider modern crisis of remembering that was embedded in specifically Western Australian matrices of gender, class, and race. The case studies analyse the function of microcosmic place-worlds enacted through doublets of imaginative thinking and future remembering, acculturation and cultural amnesia, within colonial performance.

As knowledge about the constellating set of environmental and social crises stemming from the neoliberal global food regime becomes more pressing and popularized among US consumers, it has brought Indigenous actors asserting their political sovereignty and treaty rights with regards to their homelands into new collaborations, contestations, and negotiations with settlers in emerging food politics domains. In this dissertation, I examine solidarities and affinities being forged between Coast Salish and settler food actors in Puget Sound, attending specifically to how contested sovereignties are submerged but at play in these relations and how settler desires for belonging on and to stolen Indigenous lands animate liberal and radical food system politics. The dissertation presents my ethnographic fieldwork in South Puget Sound over a period of 18 months with two related Coast Salish food sovereignty projects that brought Indigenous and settler food actors into weedy collaborations. One was a curriculum development project for Native and regional youth focused on the revitalization of Coast Salish plant landscapes, knowledge, pedagogies, and systems of reciprocity. The other was a campaign to counter the introduction of genetically engineered salmon into US food markets and coastal production facilities across the Western Hemisphere, which I situate within longstanding salmon-centered social and political struggles in Coast Salish territories in the context of Indigenous/settler-state relations. Throughout these engagements, I identified how multicultural, anti-racist, and anti-capitalist food movement frameworks share in common with neoliberal nature privatization schemes modes of disavowing the geopolitics of Indigenous sovereignty within the US settler state. The research reveals patterns in how Coast Salish food actors push back against the ways settler food actors are plugged into settler colonial governmentality. These insights, in turn, helped to make legible how inherited liberal mythologies of the nation-state and legal orders rooted in the doctrine of terra nulliuslimit the stakes of food system work in terms of inclusion and equality, and miss their collusion with structures that unmake the human-land relationships that Coast Salish people define as existential and (geo)political. In my analysis, I engage Indigenous critiques of settler colonialism to complicate Marxian, Deleuzian, and Foucauldian analyses of North American alternative food politics, while doubling back to consider the ways the disavowal of ongoing Indigenous dispossession functions across these literatures and the social practices they influence, ultimately to consider how food-centered scholarship, environmentalism, and politics in North America stand to be transformed by what I argue is a Coast Salish ‘politics of refusal’. This project is unique in attending to how settler colonial theory, Indigenous critical theory, and Indigenous politics in North America enrich and complicate the literatures provincializing the Nature-Culture divide, as well as a largely Marxian and antiracist critical food studies literature. It contributes to settler colonial studies as a project of redefinition for the study of US politics and society while specifically bringing that interdisciplinary project into the ambit of North American critical food studies scholarship.

Frontier issues are an inevitable part of Australian historiography, and have often been dealt with in either an indifferent or a moralistic manner. Specifically, it has been widely argued that records of officially condoned frontier violence have been destroyed or lost. This thesis, which deals with the Native Police in Queensland from 1860 to 1905, attempts to move the discussion on to firmer ground. It is driven by a passionate commitment to the rights of Indigenous Australians, and shows that detailed archival research does not support those who deny the violence that accompanied the colonisation of Australia. Apologists for dispossession will find no comfort in the archival records. The Native Police force was widely reputed to have been the most violent police force on the Australian frontier. Long-standing and widely cited references about the lack of Native Police records have been tied into arguments about the kind of force it was. This dissertation is the first significant archival work on the Native Police force after Separation. The force was part of broader colonial settler-society, and I analyse the Native Police in that context. The problem with existing literature is that the archives have not been adequately consulted, and historians have neglected vital contextual aspects of the force in Queensland. The sociology of policing has not been integrated with a model of military force in the Queensland case, even though in colonial Queensland the same men formed the dual function of soldiers and police. The aim of the thesis is to provide an integrated model documented by detailed research in the archives. The research hypothesis is that the Native Police played a central role in the dispossession and punitive treatment of Indigenous people. Chapter 1 sets up the research problem in the context of the existing scholarship on native policing. Chapter 2 looks at the officers. Chapter 3 is concerned with the Aboriginal troopers of the force, and Chapter 4 examines the operations of the Native Police in Queensland. The thesis is very detailed, as the topic requires, but it still only opens up essential avenues of research. In particular, more work needs to be done on the experiences of the troopers and on the records of frontier violence in general.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Arts, Media and Culture
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Sue-and-settle is the name applied to a federal agency’s use of litigation to create policy outside of the normal regulatory process. This paper discusses the impact that the sue-and-settle policy has had on Congress, the judiciary, and the Environmental Protection Agency. Specifically, this paper will discuss the issues caused by the perception of collusion within the sue-and-settle policy. First, this paper examines whether a relationship occurs between the litigants. The paper then discusses whether the relationship between the litigants in sue-and-settle cases tends to be collusive or not. The second part of the paper examines how Congress, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the judiciary are viewed because of the continued perception of collusion in the agency’s settlements. Overall, this paper finds that, the impacts of the sue-and-settle policy, and the perception of collusion, has affected Congress, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the judiciary by increasing regulation, distorting the purpose of the courts, and resulting in a lost value for the regulatory process.

This thesis examines the transmission of Protestantism to Australia by the early British colonists and its consequences for their engagement with the land between 1788 and 1850. It explores the ways in which colonists gave religious meaning to their surrounds, particularly their use of exile and exodus narratives to describe journeying to the colony and their sense of their destination as a site of banishment, a wilderness or a Promised Land. The potency of these scriptural images for colonising Europeans has been recognised in North America and elsewhere: this study establishes and details their significance in early colonial Australia. This thesis also considers the ways in which colonists’ Protestant values mediated their engagement with their surrounds and informed their behaviour towards the land and its indigenous inhabitants. It demonstrates that leading Protestants asserted and acted upon their particular values for industry, order, mission and biblicism in ways that contributed to the transformation of Aboriginal land. From the physical changes wrought by industrious agricultural labour through to the spiritual transformations achieved by rites of consecration, their specifically Protestant values enabled Britons to inhabit the land on familiar material and cultural terms. The structural basis for this study is provided by thematic biographies of five prominent colonial Protestants: Richard Johnson, Samuel Marsden, William Grant Broughton, John Wollaston and John Dunmore Lang. The private and public writings of these men are examined in light of the wider literature on religion and colonialism and environmental history. By delineating the significance of Protestantism to individual colonists’ responses to the land, this thesis confirms the trend of much recent British and Australian historiography towards a more religious understanding of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Its overarching argument is that Protestantism helped lay the foundation for colonial society by encouraging the transformation of the environment according to the colonists’ values and needs, and by providing ideological support for the British use and occupation of the territory. Prominent Protestants applied their religious ideas to Australia in ways that tended to assist, legitimate or even necessitate the colonisation of the land.

Doctor of Philosophy
This thesis examines the transmission of Protestantism to Australia by the early British colonists and its consequences for their engagement with the land between 1788 and 1850. It explores the ways in which colonists gave religious meaning to their surrounds, particularly their use of exile and exodus narratives to describe journeying to the colony and their sense of their destination as a site of banishment, a wilderness or a Promised Land. The potency of these scriptural images for colonising Europeans has been recognised in North America and elsewhere: this study establishes and details their significance in early colonial Australia. This thesis also considers the ways in which colonists’ Protestant values mediated their engagement with their surrounds and informed their behaviour towards the land and its indigenous inhabitants. It demonstrates that leading Protestants asserted and acted upon their particular values for industry, order, mission and biblicism in ways that contributed to the transformation of Aboriginal land. From the physical changes wrought by industrious agricultural labour through to the spiritual transformations achieved by rites of consecration, their specifically Protestant values enabled Britons to inhabit the land on familiar material and cultural terms. The structural basis for this study is provided by thematic biographies of five prominent colonial Protestants: Richard Johnson, Samuel Marsden, William Grant Broughton, John Wollaston and John Dunmore Lang. The private and public writings of these men are examined in light of the wider literature on religion and colonialism and environmental history. By delineating the significance of Protestantism to individual colonists’ responses to the land, this thesis confirms the trend of much recent British and Australian historiography towards a more religious understanding of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Its overarching argument is that Protestantism helped lay the foundation for colonial society by encouraging the transformation of the environment according to the colonists’ values and needs, and by providing ideological support for the British use and occupation of the territory. Prominent Protestants applied their religious ideas to Australia in ways that tended to assist, legitimate or even necessitate the colonisation of the land.

This study explores the early history of Sydney's Rocks area at two levels. First, it provides a much-needed history of the city's earliest, oldest-surviving and best-known precinct, one which allows an investigation of popular beliefs about the Rocks' convict origins, and which challenges and qualifies its reputation for lowlife, vice and squalor. Second, by examining fundamental aspects of everyday life - townscape, community and commonality, family life and work, human interaction and rites of passage - this study throws new light on the origins of Sydney from the perspective of the convict and ex-convict majority. Despite longstanding historical interest in Sydney's beginnings, the cultural identity, values, habits, beliefs of the convicts and ex-convicts remained largely hidden. The examination of such aspects reveals another Sydney altogether from that presented by governors, artists and mapmakers. Instead of an orderly oupost of empire, a gaol-town, or a 'gulag', the Sydney the Rocks represents was built and occupied largely according to the tastes, priorities and inclination of the people, with relatively little official regulation or interference. While the Rocks appeared 'disorderly' in the eyes of the elite, it nevertheless functioned according to cultural rules, those of the lower orders - the artisans, shopkeepers, publicans, labouring people, the majority of whom were convicts and ex-convicts.

This study explores the early history of Sydney's Rocks area at two levels. First, it provides a much-needed history of the city's earliest, oldest-surviving and best-known precinct, one which allows an investigation of popular beliefs about the Rocks' convict origins, and which challenges and qualifies its reputation for lowlife, vice and squalor. Second, by examining fundamental aspects of everyday life - townscape, community and commonality, family life and work, human interaction and rites of passage - this study throws new light on the origins of Sydney from the perspective of the convict and ex-convict majority. Despite longstanding historical interest in Sydney's beginnings, the cultural identity, values, habits, beliefs of the convicts and ex-convicts remained largely hidden. The examination of such aspects reveals another Sydney altogether from that presented by governors, artists and mapmakers. Instead of an orderly oupost of empire, a gaol-town, or a 'gulag', the Sydney the Rocks represents was built and occupied largely according to the tastes, priorities and inclination of the people, with relatively little official regulation or interference. While the Rocks appeared 'disorderly' in the eyes of the elite, it nevertheless functioned according to cultural rules, those of the lower orders - the artisans, shopkeepers, publicans, labouring people, the majority of whom were convicts and ex-convicts.

This study deals with the Kinh (or Viet) majority people who have migrated from the lowland Red River Delta to the mountainous areas of northern Viet Nam, and their adjustment to a new social and physical environment. Its aim is to analyse the social and cultural consequences for these migrants when settling in communities populated with people who belong to the national ethnic minorities (the Tày, the Giay and the Ngan peoples). Focus is on impacts in new interactive situations. The case is a special one in that it focuses on majority people's adaptation to minorities, and to a lesser extent vice versa. The Kinhs' view of how a "civilised" landscape ought to look like and how to utilise the natural resources therein demonstrated to be a central theme when discussing restructuring of the migrants' livelihood. This fact indicates the cultural dimension in the exploitation of the natural landscape and the reconstruction of the subsistence system. In the process of adaptation to a new social environment (as well as to a new physical one), social interactions between the Kinh and the ethnic minorities have proven to be important steps towards integration. One factor that turned out to be decisive in the integration process is the harmonising of life cycle ceremonies (especially weddings and funerals) between the Kinh and the minorities. New knowledge is accumulated locally, based on pooled experience. The study concerns how new knowledge on natural resources management is formed through a mixture of the migrants' knowledge from the Red River Delta and the minorities' knowledge of the local area. With a background in the delta area the Kinh brought the old knowledge of advanced wet rice production with them when migrating to the highlands. The facts show that the influence on the subsistence system has not been a one-way flow. That is, not only has the Kinh changed the minorities' agriculture system, but also the minorities' systems have had an impact on the Kinhs' system so that it now is more adapted to the conditions in the highlands.

The diffusion of episodes of terrorism and political violence around the world has heightened the need for states to design effective counterterrorist measures. Orthodox studies on terrorism hold that the frequency and intensity of terrorist attacks determine the levels of assertiveness maintained by counterterrorist measures. This research builds on this assumption by developing the link between terrorism and counterterrorism policy through two unit-level variables. Besides the frequency and intensity of terrorist attacks, this study examines the political orientation of states’ elites, and states’ integration in multilateral security frameworks. The research tests for these factors by studying counterterrorist authoritarian regimes, and questions the notion that their political orientation makes state terrorism a measure of choice. In empirical terms, this study investigates the making of China’s counterterrorism policy in Xinjiang from 1996 to 2017. The period is analysed by comparing three within-cases, bookended by pre identified critical junctures. China’s counterterrorist measures in Xinjiang have experienced a revival since President Xi came into power in 2013, and the country has been quick to adopt a counterterrorism policy that has come to resemble state terrorism. Yet, no substantial variation in the opposition to the country’s elite nor exceptionally violent terrorist attacks have been recorded in the region. This study relies upon qualitative data, such as political discourse and documents, news media and scholarly writings, and aggregated data is examined to complement the qualitative sources. Methodologically, this thesis supplements process tracing with qualitative content analysis. The evidence provides support for a theory of ‘multi-causal counterterrorism’, according to which counterterrorism policy depends on the combination of systemic and domestic factors. Other than the incidence of terrorist attacks, states choose their counterterrorism policy in the context of ever-changing power relationships at the international and domestic levels. It is concluded that these power relationships impose constraints on states’ decision-making abilities.

L’analisi del fenomeno giuridico delle società in house è un tema particolarmente complesso e in evoluzione sugli impulsi di una giurisprudenza nazionale spesso contrastante e di una giurisprudenza europea talvolta ondivaga e non consolidata, che solamente nel 2021 ha delineato definitivamente il tema della fallibilità delle società in house. La tematica delle società in house è infatti piuttosto recente, ma, nonostante ciò, ha sempre alimentato un forte dibattito su aspetti diametralmente opposti che hanno riguardato tanto la reale natura dell’istituto, sulla base degli orientamenti giurisprudenziali e della disciplina nazionale e sovranazionale, quanto la sua fallibilità alla luce del T.U.S.P. e del C.C.I. L’assenza di una posizione univoca sulla natura delle società in house ha determinato negli anni novanta un accesso dibattito giurisprudenziale culminato nella sentenza della C.G.U.E. del 18 novembre 1999, causa C-107/98, Teckal Srl c. Comune di Viano, 11 gennaio 2005, causa C-26/03 Stadt Halle. In passato, ad una prima posizione che individuava nell’in house un’eccezione alla regola ordinaria dell’affidamento tramite gara (Corte Cost., 17 novembre 2010, n. 325; Corte Cost., 20 marzo 2013, n. 46), era poi seguita, prevalendo, la tesi che l’in house fosse un’alternativa, dettata da ragioni diverse, alle gare pubbliche e non un minus rispetto alle stesse. Tuttavia, nel 2020 e nel 2021, la giurisprudenza amministrativa sembra aver superato la teoria dell’equiparazione tra in house ed evidenza pubblica, ritenendo la prima residuale e subordinata rispetto alla seconda, anche in virtù delle decisioni della C.G.U.E. (Sez. IX, 6 febbraio 2020, n. 89/19 e C-91/19) e della sentenza della Corte Costituzionale n. 100/2020. Tale cambio di orientamento è stato espresso dalla giurisprudenza del Consiglio di Stato e dei TAR, spingendo l’A.N.A.C. ad attivare una consultazione per predisporre nuove Linee Guida proprio in merito alla motivazione rafforzata richiesta dall’art. 192 d.lgs. n. 50/2016, espressione di quel dibattito sulla natura dell’in house. Dalle Linee Guida è apparso come l’intento dell’ANAC, di inserire una motivazione rafforzata, fosse orientato a rimediare alle omissioni delle Amministrazioni, soprattutto locali, che nella gran parte dei casi tendono a preferire l’affidamento in house alla gara pubblica, in spregio alle norme nazionali ed europee in tema di concorrenza e trasparenza. In tale quadro si è inserito anche il testo del Piano Nazionale di Ripresa e Resilienza (PNRR), presentato il 25 aprile 2021 dal Governo al Parlamento per l’avvio del procedimento legislativo, che detta alcuni principi in tema d’ in house e servizi pubblici e la tanto agognata riforma del Codice della Crisi d’Impresa, che ha inciso fortemente sulla materia della fallibilità delle società in house a chiosa di un iter già avviato con il Testo Unico sulle Società Partecipate, mettendo la parola fine, quantomeno per adesso, all’accesa tenzone dottrinale e giurisprudenziale sul punto. La tesi di dottorato affronta tali questioni, analizzando le problematiche sottese alla natura stessa delle società, le tensioni sistematiche e applicative che la fallibilità delle società in esame comporta, le eventuali soluzioni alternative escluse. L’elaborato, in conclusione, partendo da una ricognizione normativa, dottrinale e giurisprudenziale sullo stato dell’arte, si interroga sulla fallibilità della società in house, e sugli effetti, alla luce anche della più recente giurisprudenza di merito sull’argomento.
The analysis of the legal phenomenon of in-house companies is a particularly complex and evolving issue on the impulses of an often conflicting national jurisprudence and of a European jurisprudence that is sometimes fluctuating and not consolidated, which only in 2021 definitively outlined the issue of the fallibility of companies. in house. The issue of in-house companies is in fact quite recent, but nevertheless it has always fueled a strong debate on diametrically opposed aspects that have concerned both the real nature of the institution, based on jurisprudential orientations and national and supranational regulations, as well as its fallibility in the light of the TUSP and of the C.C.I. . The absence of a univocal position on the nature of in-house companies led to a heated jurisprudential debate in the nineties, culminating in the sentence of the C.G.U.E. of November 18, 1999, case C-107/98, Teckal Srl v. Municipality of Viano, 11 January 2005, case C-26/03 Stadt Halle. In the past, to a first position which identified in-house an exception to the ordinary rule of awarding by tender (Corte Cost., November 17, 2010, n.325; Corte Cost., March 20, 2013, n.46), then followed, prevailing, the thesis that the in house was an alternative, dictated by different reasons, to public tenders and not a minus compared to them. However, in 2020 and 2021, administrative jurisprudence seems to have overcome the theory of equating in-house and public evidence, considering the former residual and subordinate to the latter, also by virtue of the decisions of the C.G.U.E. (Section IX, February 6, 2020, n. 89/19 and C-91/19) and the sentence of the Constitutional Court n. 100/2020. This change of orientation was expressed by the jurisprudence of the Council of State and the T.A.R. prompting the A.N.A.C. to activate a consultation to prepare new Guidelines precisely on the reinforced motivation required by art. 192 of Legislative Decree no. 50/2016, an expression of that debate on the nature of in-house. From the Guidelines it appeared that the intent of ANAC, to insert a reinforced motivation, was aimed at remedying the omissions of the Administrations, especially local, which in most cases tend to prefer the in-house entrustment to the public tender, in disregard for national and European rules on competition and transparency. The text of the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR) was also included in this framework, presented on 25 April 2021 by the Government to Parliament for the start of the legislative procedure, which dictates some principles on the subject of in-house and public services. and the much-needed reform of the C.C.C., which has had a strong impact on the matter of the fallibility of in-house companies as a gloss of a process already started with the T.U.S.P., putting an end, at least for now, to the 'heated doctrinal and jurisprudential dispute on this point.

Plus de cinquante ans après son indépendance, l’histoire de l’Algérie coloniale est et, demeure toujours un sujet aussi douloureux et sensible des deux côtés de la Méditerranée. Au fur et à mesure de l’expansion coloniale française, les membres de la société de l’ex-régence d’Alger voient le mode de vie et leur statut changer. Et, ce en fonction des réformes et des dispositions de l’administration coloniale qui à la fois dut conduire une politique à deux niveaux: une politique pour les colons , les nouveaux habitants de l’Algérie, et une autre pour les indigènes qui malgré le fait que le Senatus consulte de 1865 leur ait accordé la citoyenneté, ils n’en restaient pas moins des sujets de seconde zone. A travers cette étude, nous proposons de suivre l’évolution et les facteurs qui ont contribué à l’éveil populaire des masses musulmanes durant la période qui s’étend de 1830 à 1936. Un champs d’études ayant pour cadre les révoltes populaires ; symbole de la résistance populaire des milieux ruraux, la notion de soumission qui reflète une position mitigée de la part des population qui vacille entre résistance et cohabitation face à l’administration militaire puis face à l’administration coloniale civile, Également la perception de la question de l’assimilation chez les Algériens musulmans et les Européens qui revêtit diverses interprétations à partir de la question du royaume arabe et du problème de la naturalisation. La question du nationalisme et la problématique de son existence ou non avant le débarquement des Français. Notre théorie est que tous ces facteurs ont aidé à l’éclosion du nationalisme, processus qui n’a pas suivi un développement linaire mais fut le résultat d’un cheminement complexe compte tenu des différents facteurs tels que le panislamisme, les retombées de la Première guerre mondiale et l’engagement des indigènes dans ce conflit qui à la base ne les concernait pas. Puis, entre les années 1920 et 1930, les formations politiques font leur apparition, intellectuels et réformistes musulmans s’affirment sur la scène politique et engage la confrontation avec l’administration coloniale et le gouvernement de la Métropole. Ainsi , la prise de conscience des masses musulmanes allaient se manifester et s’imposer en dépassant les différences des uns et des autres ; c’est à dire passer d’une pensée particulariste, d’un régionalisme à une pensée collective nationale : se reconnaitre dans une seule et unique identité nationale
The political awakening of Algerian society through revolts, submission, assimilation and nationalism.1830-1936. More than fifteen years after his independence, Algerian colonial history is and stills always a painful and sensitive subject for the two sides of the Mediterranean Sea. As the French colonial expansion took place, members of society of former regency of Algiers see their way of living changing. And, this in function of reforms and measures of colonial administration which drive a two level policy: toward settlers’ policy; the new inhabitants of Algeria. And another one for indigenous whom still second zone citizen even if the ײSenatus consultײ of 1865 gives them citizenship. Throughout this study, we suggest to follow the evolution of these factors which contribute to the popular awakening of Muslim masses during the period between 1830 and 1936. It is a field of study which includes not only popular revolts, the symbol of rural resistance. But also the notion of submission reflecting à mixed position of populations between resistance and cohabitation with military administration first, then with civil colonial one after, thus the assimilation issue of Algerian Muslims and Europeans, which clothed various interpretations starting by the Arab Kingdom of Napoleon III and the problem of naturalization, and finally, the nationalism issue and the issue of its existence or not before the landing of French. Our theory is that all these features helped the hatching of nationalism, a process which did not follow a linear development but was the result of a complex path according to different factors such as Pan Islamism, the consequences of the WWI and the participation of the indigenous in this conflict which was not their conflict. Then, from 1920 and 1930, political groups appear; Muslim reformers and intellectuals assert themselves in political scene and engage the confrontation with the colonial administration and metropolitan government. Thus, the awareness of Muslim masses will appear and lead up on differences between people; in other move from individual or regional thinking towards a collective national thinking

Il trattamento efficace della pulpite e/o della parodontite continua ad essere una sfida nella pratica clinica soprattutto in relazione all’invecchiamento della popolazione. Quest’ultimo è un fenomeno fisiologico che si verifica con il tempo e che impedisce la normale funzionalità degli organi, ostacolando l'omeostasi dei tessuti e delle attività fisiologiche. Inoltre, è ben noto che le cellule senescenti influenzano significativamente il loro microambiente, poiché secernono molecole pro-infiammatorie e degradative. Gli approcci di medicina rigenerativa potrebbero soddisfare le necessità di nuove terapie per tali patologie e di conseguenza risulta importante poter valutare sia le ripercussioni legate età sulle potenzialità di Cellule Stromali/Staminali Mesenchimali (MSC) nonché gli effetti legati al microambiente. Nello specifico, poiché le cellule Staminali/Stromali derivate dalla Polpa Dentale (DPSC) rappresentano un buon candidato per le terapie restaurative del cavo orale, lo studio del loro potenziale rigenerativo età correlato potrebbe essere fondamentale per lo sviluppo di trattamenti sempre più personalizzati in una società che invecchia. I nostri studi in vitro sono stati inizialmente indirizzati a valutare i cambiamenti morfologici, proliferativi e differenziativi verso i fenotipi mesenchimali, odontoblastici e neuronali di cellule della polpa dentaria (hDPSC) isolate da soggetti di età diversa. Successivamente, abbiamo studiato gli effetti di un microambiente età correlato sul comportamento biologico di hDPSC ottenute sia da individui giovani che da soggetti anziani. Dalle analisi citofluorimetriche, immunoistochimiche, e di espressione genica mediante Real Time PCR (qRT-PCR) e western blotting è emerso un declino sia della capacità proliferativa che e del potenziale differenziativo con l'avanzare dell’età dei donatori. Inoltre, è stato possibile riscontrare modificazioni età correlate della capacità di mineralizzazione della matrice extracellulare in seguito a stimoli odontogenici e osteogenici. Anche il differenziamento in senso neuronale ha evidenziato cambiamenti età correlati. Infine, la presenza di un microambiente età-correlato ha mostrato effetti significativi sul comportamento di hDPSC isolate da soggetti giovani e anziani. Successivamente, nell’ottica di combinare l'odontoiatria restaurativa convenzionale con le recenti tecniche rigenerative, si è voluta testare la biocompatibilità in vitro di un composito dentale nanoriempito di ultima generazione (Filtek Supreme XTE), comunemente usato in odontoiatria. Anche in questo caso sono stati analizzati la capacità proliferativa, l'apoptosi e il potenziale differenziativo in senso odontogenico delle hDPSC, nonché la loro capacità di mineralizzare la matrice. I nostri dati hanno dimostrato che Filtek Supreme XTE influenza e/o ritarda i processi di differenziamento e mineralizzazione della matrice da parte delle hDPSC rispetto ai controlli rappresentati sia cellule messe a contatto con la dentina sia da hDPSC coltivate in plastica. Questa sperimentazione preliminare, eseguita con cellule provenienti da individui giovani, pone le basi per futuri studi con cellule ottenute da soggetti anziani utili allo sviluppo di materiali bioattivi adatti ad una popolazione che invecchia. In conclusione, i nostri studi hanno confermato che le caratteristiche biologiche delle hDPSC possono risultare compromesse dai fenomeni di invecchiamento, probabilmente anche in relazione a fattori presenti nel microambiente in grado di modulare l’attività cellulare. Queste osservazioni risultano utili per lo sviluppo di terapie personalizzate che mirano alla rigenerazione di osso, polpa dentaria e dentina, nonché per l’applicazione in medicina rigenerativa del trattamento di disturbi neurologici. Nell’ambito dell’odontoiatria conservativa, è da tenere inoltre in considerazione che l’esposizione a lungo termine delle hDPSC con i compositi nanoriempiti sulle potrebbe ritardare in modo significativo e perfino interrompere il loro di differenziamento in senso odontogenico e/o la mineralizzazione della matrice extracellulare. Questi dati sono di rilevanza clinica, poiché nelle lesioni traumatiche o cariose, le cellule della polpa potrebbero avere una ridotta capacità rigenerativa in un tessuto dentale vulnerabile, specialmente in un soggetto anziano.
Uncomplicated dental treatments for pulpitis and periodontitis continues to be challenging especially in elderly, and regenerative approaches could meet this contingency. Ageing is a physiologic phenomenon occurring with time, which hamper the organs’ functional capacity that normally maintains tissue homeostasis and physiological responses. Moreover, it is well known that aged cells significantly affect their microenvironment, as they secrete pro-inflammatory and matrix-degrading molecules. The impact of these factors on Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells (MSCs) could be also of interest for a better understanding of the age-related regenerative potential. Since Dental Pulp Stem/Stromal cells (DPSCs) represent a good candidate for oral restorative therapies, the study of age-related changes in their recovering capability could be crucial for developing customized treatments for an ageing society. In our in vitro investigations, we firstly analysed changes in the morphology, proliferation, and differentiation toward mesenchymal, odontoblastic and neuronal phenotypes of human DPSCs (hDPSCs) harvested from differently aged donors. Then, we studied the effects of an age-related microenvironment on the biological performances of hDPSCs isolated from young and old subjects. Cytofluorimetric, immunohistochemical, quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR), and western blot analyses were performed. We observed a decline in hDPSCs proliferation and differentiation potential with age. Moreover, these cells showed distinct age‐related mineralization capabilities as well as neurogenic differentiation. In addition, cell-conditioned media from an age-related microenvironment was able to modify the behaviour of hDPSCs isolated from young or old subjects. Later, aimed to combine the conventional restorative dentistry with the recent regenerative techniques, the in vitro impact of a commonly used nanofilled composite (Filtek Supreme XTE) on hDPSCs was taken into account. In this research, proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation ability as well as matrix mineralization, of hDPSCs cultured in the presence of a nanofilled composite were examined. Our data demonstrated that Filtek Supreme XTE affects and delays hDPSCs differentiation and mineralization processes when compared to a control group with dentin-slices as well as in tissue culture plates. This initial approach performed with young cells paves the ways for future studies with hDPSCs derived from old subjects, in order to develop a bioactive material customised for an ageing population In conclusion, our results confirmed that ageing differently impaired hDPSCs biological properties and local factors may modulate these processes. Our observations represent a valid tool for the development of tailored regenerative strategies in an ageing society.

This thesis investigates how everyday patterns of interactions among civil society organizations are transformed in a relatively short period of time when major changes in the broader political context occur. More precisely, it focuses on civic organizations engaged in environmental activism and advocacy in the Basque Country, examining whether ETA’s decision to abandon the armed struggle on October 20th, 2011 has affected their dynamics of collaboration. Combining diverse theoretical elements from the literature on social movements, together with insights from studies of civil society and peacebuilding, and relying upon the conceptual and methodological toolbox of social network analysis (SNA), I analyze the evolution of interorganizational networks of collective action before and after the end of violence, specifically, between the years 2007 and 2017. The empirical core of the dissertation is comprised by chapters 5, 6 and 7. Chapter 5 examines the varying impact of two main external ideological cleavages (national identity and position towards ETA’s violence) on interorganizational collaboration. The findings confirm that allegiances and conflicts related to these two dimensions used to condition collaborative ties between organizations up to 2011, while during the more recent post-conflict period collaborative patterns seem to be less segmented along ideological lines. Chapter 6 complements the preceding one by adding into the analysis several other non-ideological predictors of interorganizational collaboration. Results show that, with the end of ETA’s armed struggle, pragmatic-instrumental factors and interpersonal bonds seem to play a larger role as drivers of public collaboration. Next, chapter 7 engages in a quite different and more exploratory kind of analysis. Applying Diani’s modes of coordination (MoC) analytical framework, I explore whether the underlying relational logics through which civic actors engage with one another have significantly changed before and after the end of violence. The structural network analyses conducted reveal that social movement patterns of relations have expanded after 2011, becoming dominant vis-à-vis other modes of coordination. At the same time, actors embedded in a social movement mode of coordination are slightly more heterogeneous after the definitive demise of the violent conflict in comparison with the previous phase. Taken as a whole, these findings can be interpreted as positive signs of post-conflict normalization of socio-political life in the Basque Country. The fact that environmental civic networks are now denser and more cross-cutting does not only mirror the lower saliency of the cleavages that used to severely condition Basque politics, but it can also serve as a powerful mechanism through which a more tolerant and vibrant democratic community can progressively be built. Overall, this dissertation provides a more nuanced and complex view of the role played by organized civil society and social movements in deeply divided communities, underlining the need to focus on their relational structure in order to correctly assess their potential impact on social integration and the functioning of democracy. Moreover, by analyzing networks among civic organizations in a longitudinal perspective, this dissertation makes several original contributions to social movement scholarship, especially to the stream of literature focusing on coalition making. Methodologically, the replication or adaptation of the empirical design employed in this research could be instrumental in fostering more longitudinal examinations of collective action fields, which until now remain scarce. From a theoretical standpoint, this investigation underlines the context-dependent nature of even well-established patterns of political interactions, underscoring the need to pay more attention to the complex interplay between historical conjunctures and underlying everyday patterns of sociopolitical behavior.

Il contesto sociale di oggi è modellato da due tendenze coesistenti: spinta tecnologica e richiesta di applicazioni. Con il primo termine si intende l'emergere, la rapida evoluzione e l'applicazione di tecnologie innovative, del regno dell'ICT (come IoT) e dell'analisi dei dati (come Intelligenza Artificiale, Machine e Deep Learning). La seconda tendenza è invece una peculiarità del mercato odierno, costruito su requisiti come il basso costo, l’alto tasso tecnologico, la personalizzazione e la facile accessibilità tra gli altri. Grazie a queste due tendenze coesistenti e sinergiche, l'intera società sta rapidamente passando al livello successivo (da cui i paradigmi Industria 4.0 e Società 5.0). Il ragionamento che ha permesso questa rapida evoluzione, è stato la comprensione del fatto che prendere decisioni basate su informazioni reali estratte dalla complessa realtà in cui viviamo, consente miglioramenti in termini di costi, tempi e qualità. In quasi tutti i contesti, disporre di buoni sistemi che consentano il passaggio da dati grezzi effettivamente raccolti sul campo, a conoscenze significative, è la chiave del successo. Da un punto di vista architetturale, ci sono tre livelli principali che consentono la creazione di conoscenza e saggezza partendo dalla realtà: acquisizione, comunicazione ed analitica. L'innovazione a uno o più livelli è essenziale per lo sviluppo della comunità mondiale. Questa tesi presenta numerosi contributi innovativi ed esplorazioni tecnologiche, appartenenti a uno o più livelli dell’architettura semplificata a tre livelli, per lo più focalizzati nell'ambito delle pratiche dell'Industria 4.0, come la manutenzione basata sulle condizioni e i sistemi di visione artificiale, e nelle pratiche della società 5.0, come i dispositivi indomabili per la sanità intelligente e i Sistemi Visual-IoT per la gestione delle inondazioni nelle smart cities del futuro. I paradigmi tecnologici IoT e IA sono stati profondamente analizzati sia da un punto di vista teorico che pratico. Attraverso la loro applicazione in diverse attività di ricerca, ciascuna focalizzata su aspetti specifici, è stato raggiunto l'obiettivo finale di sviluppare una comprensione ampia e completa. L'IoT è un paradigma rivoluzionario, che abbraccia i tre livelli tra i dati grezzi e la conoscenza significativa, essendo quindi un argomento complesso da affrontare in modo completo. L'IA è un fattore essenziale per rendere tangibile l'impatto dell'IoT ed al contempo le metodologie e le tecniche dell'IA sono diversificate e complesse. Per questo motivo è stato adottato un approccio dal basso verso l’alto, partendo da una varietà di casi d’uso reali focalizzati su un livello specifico, ognuno dei quali affrontato applicando rigorosamente il metodo scientifico di ricerca, sono state estratte conoscenze globali e adattabili sull’IoT e sull’IA. Le fonti di casi d'uso sono state aziende private, progetti di ricerca nazionali ed internazionali, focalizzati sui paradigmi Industria 4.0 e Società 5.0, come verrà presentato più in dettaglio. Nello specifico verranno presentate le seguenti attività di ricerca: un sistema di e-Health basato su sensori indossabili, un sistema IoT per il monitoraggio in tempo reale degli edifici, un proxy cross-protocollo per reti di sensori IoT, un algoritmo di Machine Vision per il conteggio dei pezzi assemblati manualmente, un Modello basato su ML per valutare lo stato di salute della cinghia di trasmissione di un robot cartesiano, un modello basato su ML in grado di valutare lo stato di salute di una macchina per lo stampaggio ad iniezione sulla base dei parametri di processo raccolti da sensori diffusi, un sistema basato su OCR in grado di suggerire interventi di manutenzione per le targhe utilizzate nella gestione degli ordini di un sistema di robot per la verniciatura, una soluzione di visione artificiale per il monitoraggio del livello dell'acqua dei fiumi attraverso una telecamera che inquadra l’asta idrometrica ed infine un modello dinamico di razionamento del consumo di energia per gli impianti di raffinazione del petrolio. Affrontando casi reali più o meno specifici incentrati su IoT e AI, è stato possibile comprendere le possibilità e le peculiarità architetturali e software dei due paradigmi. Questa ampia varietà di possibilità dovrebbe essere ottimizzata per soddisfare il più possibile il contesto e i requisiti specifici del compito. In conclusione, IoT ed IA possono avvantaggiarsi a vicenda grazie alla stretta interconnessione nel paradigma edge-AI, che insieme all'in-network e al cloud computing, sono stati ritenuti essenziali per il futuro successo di una società più intelligente.
The societal context of today is shaped by two coexisting tendencies: technology-push and application-pull. The former is the emergence and rapid evolution and application of innovative technologies, in the realm of ICT (like IoT) and Data Analysis (like Artificial Intelligence, Machine and Deep Learning). The latter tendency is the trend of the market of today, built on requirements like low-cost, high-tech, customized, easily accessible, and so on so forth. Thanks to these coexisting and synergistic tendencies, the entire society is rapidly passing to the next level (hence Industry 4.0 and Society 5.0 paradigms). The reasoning that allowed this rapid evolution, has been the comprehension of the fact that making decisions based on real information extracted from the complex reality we live in, allows improvements in terms of costs, time, and quality. In almost every context, having good systems that allow the passage from raw actual data collected to meaningful knowledge is the key for success. From an architectural point of view, there are three main levels that allow the creation of knowledge and wisdom from the reality: acquisition, communication, and analytic. Innovation in either one or multiple levels is essential for the development of the worldwide community. This thesis presents several innovative contributions and technological explorations, belonging to either one or multiple levels, mostly focused in the realm of Industry 4.0 practices, like Condition-Based Maintenance, and Machine Vision Systems, and Society 5.0 practices, like e-Health devices and Visual-IoT systems for flood management in smart cities. IoT and AI technological paradigms have been deeply analysed from both a theoretical and practical point of view. Through their application in several research activities, each focused on specific aspects, the final aim of developing a broad and comprehensive understanding has been achieved. IoT is a revolutionary paradigm, which spans the three levels between raw data and meaningful knowledge, thus being a complex topic to deal with comprehensively. AI is an essential enabler for making IoT's impact tangible, and AI methodologies and techniques are diversified and complex too. For this reason, a bottom-up approach has been adopted, starting from a variety of real cases focused on a specific level, and each addressed rigorously applying the scientific method of research, global and adaptable knowledge about IoT and AI has been extracted. The sources of use cases have been private companies, National and International research projects, committed to Industry 4.0 and Society 5.0 paradigms, as will be presented. Specifically, the following research activities will be presented: an e-Health system based on wearable sensors, an IoT system for real-time building monitoring, a cross-protocol proxy for sensors networks, a Machine Vision algorithm for counting manually assembled pieces, a ML-based model for assessing the health status of a cartesian robot's drive belt, a ML-based model able to assess the health of an injection moulding machine based on process parameters collected by widespread sensors, an OCR-based system able to suggest maintenance intervention for painting robot's number plates, a Computer Vision solution for monitoring the water level of rivers through a camera framing the gauge, and a dynamic energy consumption rationing model for oil refining plants. By addressing more or less specific real cases centered on IoT and AI, it has been possible to understand architectural and software possibilities and peculiarities of the two paradigms. These wide variety of possibilities should be tuned in order to satisfy as better as possible context and task-specific requisites. Concluding, IoT and AI can benefit each other by the strict interconnection into the edge-AI paradigm, which together with in-network and cloud computing, have been found essential for the future successful achievement of smarter society.

Предметом дослідження є зовсім нова для України соціальна верства населення – внутрішні мігранти, або, як їх точніше називати, внутрішні переселенці чи внутрішньо переміщені особи. Метою роботи є дослідження проблеми соціальної адаптації вимушених переселенців в нових для них умовах життя.

L’obiettivo della ricerca è dimostrare che il concetto di oggetto sociale sia stato svuotato di significato alla luce del contesto socio-economico attuale e di quanto indicato dal legislatore. Ad esempio, l’art. 2380-bis c.c. da ultimo novellato attribuisce agli amministratori la generale ed esclusiva competenza per la gestione dell’impresa, legittimando gli stessi al compimento di tutte le operazioni necessarie per l’attuazione dell’oggetto sociale. L’attività che costituisce l’oggetto sociale di una società rappresenterebbe allora un limite meramente interno ai poteri gestori dell’organo amministrativo, ma non un limite al suo potere di rappresentanza che è invece generale. Detto altrimenti, l’oggetto sociale rileverebbe solo a livello endo-societario quale misuratore di responsabilità degli amministratori, venendo svuotato di significato sul piano esterno. Ulteriori limiti alla valenza dell’oggetto sociale possono essere rinvenuti nell’ambito dei gruppi societari. Qui il concetto di interesse di gruppo dovrebbe sempre prevalere, come affermano concordemente dottrina e giurisprudenza (che hanno individuato la teoria dei vantaggi compensativi), su quello di oggetto sociale, con l’ovvia conseguenza di lasciare a quest’ultimo un ruolo quasi del tutto marginale. A ciò si aggiunga che già altri ordinamenti hanno cominciato a rileggere il concetto di oggetto sociale per adattarlo alle esigenze di un mondo ormai diverso da quello di pochi decenni fa, come l’ordinamento britannico con la sec. 31 (1) del Companies Act 2006 e le disposizioni da esso non molto distanti adottate dal legislatore irlandese e da quello spagnolo. Da tutto quanto sopra, pare potersi concludere che l’oggetto sociale non rivesta più un ruolo di centralità all’interno del nostro ordinamento. Nuova linfa potrebbe essere data all’istituto in esame dall’introduzione di società con un oggetto sociale non limitato, ma - allo stato - questo non pare essere un punto all’ordine del giorno del legislatore.
The aim of the research is to demonstrate that the object clause is no more significant in the current social / economic framework. For instance, art. 2380-bis c.c., as currently in force, gives to the directors the general and exclusive competence for the direction of the company, legitimating them to the fulfillment of all the operations which are necessary for the accomplishment of the object clause. The activity constituting the object of the company should then represent a merely internal limit to the direction powers of the directors, but not an external limit to their general powers. In other words, the object clause would have some importance only on the internal ground as indicator of the liability of the directors, being deprived of its importance on the external ground. Other limits to the effectiveness of the object clause can be found in the matter of groups of companies. Here the concept of group interest should prevail, as scholars and case-law clearly indicate, on the object clause, with the consequence that the object clause would see diminished its role. It is worth noting that also other law systems are reviewing the concept of object clause for adapting it to a different environment, such as UK with sec. 31 (1) of the Companies Act 2006 as well as Ireland and Spain. Accordingly, it seems clear that the object clause is not currently much important in our law system. Different conclusions can be reached if the legislator introduced the possibility of companies with unrestricted object clause, but it seems that at the moment the legislator does not have the intention to intervene on these grounds.

La dottrina giuslavoristica italiana è rimasta spiazzata dinanzi agli eterogenei fenomeni di disintegrazione verticale della grande impresa fordista, che si pongono in antitesi con il contratto di lavoro subordinato, inteso come un rapporto necessariamente bilaterale tra un lavoratore e un unico datore di lavoro, riconosciuto tradizionalmente come il concetto ordinatore della materia. Esso è infatti difficilmente armonizzabile con una organizzazione del lavoro caratterizzata dalla compresenza di più soggetti di diritto, anche diversi dall’unico datore di lavoro inteso come parte del contratto, che possono, a vario titolo e in forme diverse, interagire con l’esecuzione della prestazione di un lavoratore subordinato nell’ambito delle organizzazioni complesse tipiche del modello post-fordista di organizzazione dell’impresa. In risposta a tali problematiche, parte della dottrina italiana ha elaborato una serie di teorie pluridatoriali, che costituiscono, ad oggi, la principale risposta alle questioni giuslavoristiche connesse ai processi di frammentazione e ricomposizione dell’impresa. Queste tesi si pongono in contrasto con la tradizionale lettura unitaria della figura del datore di lavoro, poiché postulano che essa possa essere declinata al plurale in alcune ipotesi di integrazione societaria o contrattuale fra imprese. Tali tesi, in ogni caso, non sono andate esenti da critiche di altra parte della dottrina, che ha sottolineato come esse incorrerebbero in una serie di ostacoli che non ne giustificherebbero l’accoglimento sul piano de iure condito. Per queste ragioni, il dibattito dottrinale in materia, concentratosi quasi in toto sullo studio della figura del datore di lavoro, sembra essere oggi giunto ad una impasse. Questo studio ha dunque provato a vagliare una ipotesi di ricerca alternativa rispetto a quella relativa allo studio della figura datoriale, sull’assunto che la direttrice tradizionalmente seguita dalla dottrina potrebbe essere stata vissuta dalla stessa come un punto di partenza imprescindibile della ricerca quando, invece, si sarebbe ben potuto tentare di metterlo in discussione, allo scopo di porsi nuove domande per cercare nuove risposte, piuttosto che dare diverse risposte alla stessa domanda. Sulla base di questa intuizione e per mezzo dello strumento della comparazione con il sistema inglese, si è dunque cercato di comprendere se il diritto del lavoro abbia già predisposto dei modelli di legislazione più pragmatica e meno legati ai modelli tradizionali della materia, che fossero funzionali a risolvere in modo più efficace le problematiche del sistema nel fare i conti con la complessità organizzativa. Dopo aver razionalizzato questa ipotesi di ricerca alternativa, anche sulla base di spunti teorici emersi nella dottrina pregressa, sono state rintracciate nel macro-sistema giuslavoristico una serie di tecniche normative già predisposte dal legislatore, che costituiscono una risposta più efficace, rispetto a quanto proposto dai sostenitori delle tesi pluridatoriali, alla risoluzione delle problematiche poste dalla complessità organizzativa. Poiché tali tecniche sono state predisposte dal legislatore sulla base delle specificità proprie di alcuni contesti normativi, si è dunque proceduto, nel tentativo di offrire una organica razionalizzazione delle stesse, ad una analisi differenziata di questi specifici contesti normativi. In ragione di ciò, sembra che oggi la materia giuslavoristica sia razionalizzabile, a livello macro, alla stregua di un sistema a geometria variabile, composto da numerosi micro-sistemi normativi il cui ambito di applicazione è spesso costruito a criteri terzi rispetto a quelli propri di una analisi binaria lavoratore-datore di lavoro, intesi come parti di un contratto di lavoro subordinato. In sede conclusiva, si è poi proposto di abbandonare il contratto di lavoro come concetto ordinatore della materia giuslavoristica per sostituirlo con quello di rapporto di lavoro, che sembra oggi essere maggiormente funzionale a cogliere le caleidoscopiche sfaccettature di un macro-sistema giuslavoristico che si evolve sempre di più nel segno della differenziazione.

Colonial era settlements in Newfoundland and Red River manifested quasi-stateless settler society identities for unusually protracted, approximately equal, and reasonably congruent spans of time. Reading the history of the Red River Settlement along the lines that Newfoundland has emerged in recent rereading of that historiography resolves problems attributable to investigation being carried out in isolation from other frames of reference. Settler societies formed during the Colonial era shared circumstantial similarities but displayed developmental variations. The endowment of each location profoundly influenced the kind of society that could be superimposed upon it. Yet, Red River accords with the description of quasi-stateless settlement dynamics outlined for Newfoundland in that the contradictory social relationship between producers and procurers entailed mutual dependence as well as mutual force. Metis settlers, a free and active element motivated to enhance community development, applied solutions devised through cooperative association built on consensus. Their quasi-stateless condition did not prevent development; merchant credit enabled development by providing a solution to the absence of money; and focus on the fur trade did not prevent agricultural development from becoming as extensive as the community could handle. By 1869, the Metis were a primed population, well positioned to benefit from a substantial increase in development once enhanced transportation systems allowed immigration and consequent market expansion to take place. That this did not occur supports the contention that the dissolution of the Red River Metis community was due to the application of external force, not to internal weakness.

Taking the stance that, in order to combat colonization at a fundamental level, it is necessary to understand the social and personal motivations behind colonial actions, this thesis is an explicit study of the hidden psycho-social workings of the colonial members of Settler Canada. This thesis, through an examination of literature critically engaged with historic and contemporary imperialism and colonialism, attempts to develop a description of the "colonial mentality" within the Settler society of contemporary Canada. Having developed this description. this thesis explores the existence of these colonial mentalities in the works of several prominent Canadian political theorists - Alan Cairns, Will Kymlicka, and Patrick Macklem - in order to demonstrate that these theories are motivated by and reinforce colonial and imperial thought. Finally, this thesis will synthesize the works of several radical Settler theorists, including Richard Day and Paulette Regan, in order to demonstrate that alternatives to the colonial project can and do exist for Settler peoples.

The Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians Reservation was established in 1876, the same year as the transcontinental Southern Pacific Railroad completed a station in Palm Springs. These overlapping events would both enable and problematize the settler colonization of the Agua Caliente’s land, creating a checkerboard pattern of “fragmented jurisdiction” that was fundamental for its transformation into one of the wealthiest resorts in the United States. The territorial conflict between the Tribe and the U.S. would only begin to be legally resolved in 1977, when the Agua Caliente won the right to zone and plan their own lands. This dissertation examines how architecture, urbanism, and infrastructure mediated the technical, legal, and ideological struggles that took place in this period; sometimes enabling Imperial dispossession, other times structuring Tribal assimilation and decolonization. The dissertation historicizes and theorizes these processes by examining the modern architecture and urbanism of Palm Springs as a specific settler-colonial, “post-industrial” mode of development which was made possible by the particular territorial configuration that emerged out of nineteenth century Imperialism. It posits a correlation between settler colonialism and the settler imaginaries and material processes of technological progress, capitalist accumulation, natural resource extraction, and cultures of leisure that were uniquely developed in Palm Springs through modern architecture. Critically dismantling the connections between modern architecture, “post-industrial society,” and settler colonialism, this dissertation argues, is a necessary condition for the development of decolonial epistemologies and strategies of anti-colonial, anti-capitalist resistance.

This thesis examines the production of Tamil youth in the state of Canada as threats, extremists, radicals, terrorists, and as subjects to be engaged in de-politicized humanitarian discourses of reconciliation and peace. By drawing attention to the exclusion of Tamils from rights in legal proceedings, the positioning of youth protesters as harbingers of a multicultural 'crisis,' and the role of education in securing Canada's response to the MV Sun Sea as a 'humanitarian' project, I argue that the targeting Tamils is not only integral to Sri Lanka's ongoing genocide, but is also crucial to the Canadian state's project of white settler colonialism. In examining the law, media and education as sites of racial management in the 'War on Terror' and its globalized counter-terrorism regime I identify the targeting of Tamil diaspora youth as a necessary racial logic for the legitimacy of the Canadian state in an era of official multiculturalism.

This thesis investigates the politics of representation of Indigenous peoples in Canadian media. Using a case study of the 2011 housing crisis at Attawapiskat First Nation, I argue that emergency on reserve is constructed as Indigenous failure in mainstream print media and that these discourses work to construct a racialized national imaginary. Canadians are produced as benevolent through learning about Indigenous failure, and through their own capacity to assist and care for them. I have argued that this is a nation building practice of settler colonialism; it is inextricably linked to reclaiming ownership of land, and manufacturing legitimacy for the Canadian nation. This thesis traces these constructions through both mainstream, and alternative and independent media, and follows how these discourses invite white Settlers into a position of racial superiority. Examining ideas of goodness and innocence that condition Canadian identity, I offer strategies and limitations for anti-colonial engagement with Indigenous emergency.

This dissertation demonstrates that the voices of children and the experiences of childhood provide important new perspectives about the settler societies in British Columbia and Alberta during the period 1860 – 1925. It employs a combination of direct quotations from individual children and analysis across the cohort of one hundred historical children as a means to explore both individual personalities and shared child perspectives of childhood. Child-created diaries and correspondence were selected as the principal documentation in this study as a deliberate strategy to privilege children and to enable clear child-centred voices unmixed with those of adults. The intent is to reveal child-centred understandings about the physical and emotional aspects of growing up in Western Canada that are set within the contexts of specific communities, of family life, of sibling relationships, of friendships and separations. Some significant findings include the phenomenon of boarding school within the childhood experience and the realization that many settler children spent childhoods away from family, the difficulty boys shared in achieving masculinity, and the importance placed by girls and boys on charting and comparing their physical growth and attainment of child-centred milestones of achievement.
Graduate

Stories about aborigines in a settler society, especially stories about aboriginal maidens and settler men, tend to become national allegories. Initially, the aboriginal maiden is a figure for colonial landscapes and resources, while later, in her conversion in fact or fiction from aboriginal to settler, she helps build national identity. Yet after being romanced, the aboriginal maiden’s fate is to disappear from settler consciousness, because she is displaced by the national settler mother or because the settler loses interest in her, only to return in abjection to haunt the settler conscience. In her return as a prostitute, a commodified bride or a ghost, she disturbs the discourse of ‘national domestication’, the notion of nation as family. Though she returns in abjection, an Amazonian association tends to linger in the person of the aboriginal maiden, an association that suggests the kind of self-empowerment on which a healthy liberal society depends. In other words, the figure of the aboriginal maiden tends to be used in the construction, the contestation, and potentially the reconstruction of national identity in a settler society. While I discuss examples from settler societies around the world, particularly the story of Pocahontas, and try to contribute to ‘settler colonial discourse studies’, I focus on postwar Taiwan. This dissertation proposes the notions of the ‘settler society’ and the Habermasian public sphere as ‘frames’ for the study of Taiwanese literature. I show how the Formosan aboriginal maiden has been appropriated for the construction and critique of both Chinese and Taiwanese nationalisms. I argue that while nationalism is partly about social control and the advancement of particular interests, writers who have romanced the Formosan aborigine have been implicitly participating in a debate about national domestication, the telos of which is the democratic imagination of a good society, one in which the Formosan aborigines will feel in some sense ‘at home’, though perhaps not as members of the ‘national family’. Finally, under the rubric of ‘alternative aboriginal modernities’, I discuss stories that reread the romance of the Formosan aborigine by aboriginal writers who have entered the national debate.

The purpose of this thesis is to advance knowledge of the significance of nineteenth century natural history art in the ‘sense of belonging’, the ‘sense of place’, in Tasmania. Roslynn Haynes notes, ‘The notion of a ‘sense of place’ has become increasingly important in recent times, and nowhere more acutely than in Tasmania’.1 Haynes, like many other writers, looks to landscape to interpret this ‘sense of place’. In this thesis I present a parallel narrative using a much under-analysed form of art practice, that is, natural history art and I will demonstrate that natural history art is of profound importance in imaging a ‘sense of place’ and the transition from British colony to independent state. As members of a colony shift their perception of themselves as being at the periphery of an empire, and begin to imagine themselves at the centre of their own unique society, they begin to create their own history as they become a settler society. It is in the content of their cultural institutions—the museums, art galleries and libraries—that we can see what is deemed to be of significance to that ‘sense of place’. Tasmania’s cultural institutions contain extensive collections of natural history art; collections that are even now being added to and that help document this connection to place. In this thesis I examine the works of six natural history artists and two landscape artists, to illustrate how a post-colonial interpretation changes the context of their art practice through time, and how that can be seen to be analogous to changes in ‘sense of belonging’ to place—from European discovery, colonisation, to independent society. The protagonists are the explorers Charles-Alexandre Lesueur and Ferdinand Bauer, the convict artist William Buelow Gould, early settlers Mary Morton Allport and Louisa Anne Meredith, the Tasmanian-born William Archer, and the landscape artists John Glover and William Charles Piguenit. I also look at the role of natural history art in the collections of cultural institutions of two other lands, Canada and New Caledonia, to examine the role of natural history art in the collections of their cultural institutions. Conclusion As a colony moves from being at the periphery of an imperial power towards independence, it needs to construct its own separate history and identity. What is collected in the cultural institutions of that colony indicates what is deemed significant by the members of that settler society. The transference of allegiance can be linked to the transference of material artefacts and natural history art figures strongly in this. In Tasmania, natural history art has an important role in identifying place, which I believe fulfils a role not seen in New Caledonia or Canada. The artists and the art works I have selected demonstrate the change of perception of Tasmania from space to place, as settlers formed a sense of belonging to their new home. The cultural institutions of Tasmania continue to add to their nineteenth century natural history illustrations. The continued acquisition of these artefacts—in the form of original illustrations, as singular prints, and as monographs—is evidence of the hold that these images have in the imagination of Tasmanians. While, as Dr Haynes argues, the inhabitants of the society see the representation of the landscape as an important signifier of ‘the sense of place’ that is felt by members of that community, so natural history illustration also provides an extremely important, but under-researched, form of representation in Tasmania. Natural history illustrations are celebrated not only as representations of the State’s unique flora and fauna, but they also contribute significantly to that community’s powerful ‘sense of belonging’ to place.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
This study examines the history of Indian-settler legal relations in Indiana, from the state’s pre-territorial period to the late-nineteenth century. Through a variety of interdisciplinary sources and methods, the author constructs a broad narrative on the evolution and co-existence of Native and non-Native customary legal systems in the region, focusing on matters related to marriage, property rights, and testimony. The primary thesis—which emphasizes reciprocally formative relations, rather than persistent conflict—suggests that Indiana’s pre-modern legal past involved an ad hoc yet highly effective process of cultural brokerage, reciprocity and inter-personal accommodation. That the American Indians lost much of their self-governing status following the period of contact is clear; however, a closer look at the ways in which nations historically defined, exercised, asserted, and shared jurisdiction, reveals a more intricate story of influence, authority, and concession. During the French and British colonial and American territorial periods, settler society adjusted to and often accommodated Native concepts of law and justice. Through a complex order of social obligations and community-based enforcement mechanisms, a shared set of rules and jurisdictional practices merged, forming a hybrid system of Indian-settler norms that bound these individuals across the cultural divide. When Indiana entered the Union in 1816, legal pluralism defined jurisdictional practice. However, with the nineteenth-century rise of legal positivism—the idea of law as the sole command of the nation-state, a sovereign entity vested with exclusive authority—territorial jurisdiction and legal uniformity became guiding principles. Many jurists viewed the informal, pre-existing custom-based regulatory structures with contempt. With the shift to a state-centered legal order, lawmakers established strict standards for recognizing the law of the “other,” ultimately rejecting the status of the tribes as equal sovereigns and forcing them to concede jurisdiction to the settler polity.

This work explores the insights that can be gained from an investigation of the shared terms of the Manitoulin Island treaties of 1836 (Treaty 45) and 1862. I focus specifically on these treaties because I was raised in proximity to this area. This thesis is very much a personal exploration in the sense that I have come to understand myself as implicated in a treaty relationship and wish to know my obligations under these agreements. In my interpretation of the Manitoulin Island treaties, I employ a strategy developed by Dr. Michael Asch that begins with the Indigenous understandings. Within this strategy, treaties are conceptualized as honourable agreements meant to ensure our legitimate presence on this land. This methodology is unique in the sense that it conceives of our representatives' actions as sincere. This step is necessary because Indigenous peoples believed we were acting honourably during negotiations. In applying this strategy in my reading of the Manitoulin Island treaties, my objective is to discern the treaty relationship that was established, and to state clearly the obligations of both parties under these agreements. Though the primary focus of this thesis is my analysis of the treaties, I briefly discuss in my conclusion the anthropological insights I have gained from this exercise with respect to communication across cultures. Throughout this work, I focus on the concept of sharing as a productive and positive framework for thinking about relationships between cultures.

Anche se strettamente collegati, il fallimento della società e dei soci illimitatamente responsabili sono procedimenti indipendenti fra loro; indipendenti in considerazione dell'autonomia patrimoniale delle due procedure fallimentari, prevista dall'art. 148 l. fall.; connessi, stante l'identità degli organi delle due procedure. Il fallimento dei soci accomandatari si verifica automaticamente, per ripercussione, non potendo questi ultimi limitare in alcun modo la propria responsabilità nei confronti dei terzi, benché dimostrino, di fatto, di non aver amministrato la società e a prescindere da qualsiasi richiesta dei creditori o della società. L'effetto estensivo del fallimento, diversamente, non si produce nei confronti dei soci accomandanti; tuttavia, a mente dell'art. 2320 c.c. l'accomandante che si sia ingerito nella gestione della società decade dal beneficio della responsabilità limitata, pur non assumendo né la qualifica di accomandatario né, correlativamente, il potere di rappresentanza. I soci accomandatari, dunque, falliscono per il solo fatto di essere soci; si tratta, in sostanza, di un fallimento che dipende dal fallimento sociale, in guisa tale da doversi ritenere che l'art. 147 l. fall. sia norma eccezionale rispetto alla regola generale di fallibilità dei soli imprenditori individuali, nonché derogatoria rispetto alla previsione di cui all'art. 5 l. fall., prescindendo dallo stato di insolvenza del socio. In definitiva, si tratta di una norma introdotta per ragioni di opportunità, oltre che con intento sanzionatorio, finalizzata alla tutela dei creditori commerciali con l'evidente obiettivo di realizzare, in capo ai soci, la garanzia legale posta a favore dei creditori sociali, senza tuttavia ledere gli interessi dei creditori particolari. La ratio di siffatta disposizione, pertanto, deve essere ricercata nel rafforzamento della garanzia generale delle obbligazioni contratte dalla società attraverso il patrimonio individuale dei soci e ciò può concretamente verificarsi soltanto all'interno di una procedura fallimentare, capace di garantire la par condicio creditorum.
The insolvency proceedings against a company with unlimited liability, and the bankruptcy proceedings which involve the shareholders of the said company are independent from one another even though we can consider the two closely related. This legal distinction takes place because current insolvency laws consider the patrimonial autonomy of the two insolvency/bankruptcy asset procedures in accordance with the law under Article 148 l. fall. Conversely, given the closely identifiable bodies of the legal proceedings, the two procedures are also considered connected. Even when the general partners can demonstrate that they did not manage the company at all, regardless of any request or demands from the creditors or the company, the bankruptcy of the general partners happens automatically; indeed legal procedures involving the general partners happens as a sort of repercussion since the general partners cannot limit their own liability towards third parties. Differently for the limited partner members, the extensive effect of the insolvency procedure, does not produce the same effect against this group; however, in accordance with art. 2320 cc, the limited partner member who has interfered in the management of the company will lose the benefit of limited liability protection--even if he or she did not take on the role of general partner or, exercise the use of a power of attorney on behalf of the company or its members. Thus the general partners are declared bankrupt simply because of their company membership; essentially, the default of this group is a social default. In this manner, it is believed that the law 1471 is an exception to the general rule which states that only individual entrepreneurs can declare bankruptcy. Indeed it is a partial abrogation from the provision of art 5.1. fall., regardless of the default status of the member. In conclusion, the aforementioned insolvency rule was introduced with the aim of protecting the commercial creditors. It is clear that the objective was to create, for the shareholders, legal guarantees which favor social creditors and which do not harm the interests of special creditors. This rule was put in place for reasons of convenience, not to mention its punitive intent. The rationale of such a provision, therefore, must be sought in strengthening the general guarantee of obligations contracted by the company through the patrimony of individual members and this can only concretely occur within a bankruptcy procedure which is able to ensure the equal treatment of creditors par condicio creditorum