Journal articles on the topic 'Settlement Theory'
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1
Lobo, Jose, Luis MA Bettencourt, Michael E. Smith, and Scott Ortman. "Settlement scaling theory: Bridging the study of ancient and contemporary urban systems." Urban Studies 57, no. 4 (October 17, 2019): 731–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098019873796.
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A general explanatory framework for the social processes underpinning urbanisation should account for empirical regularities that are shared among contemporary urban systems and ancient settlement systems known throughout archaeology and history. The identification of such shared properties has been facilitated by research traditions in each field that define cities and settlements as areas that capture networks of social interaction embedded in space. Using Settlement Scaling Theory (SST) – a set of hypotheses and mathematical relationships that together generate predictions for how measurable quantitative attributes of settlements are related to their population size – we show that aggregate properties of ancient settlement systems and contemporary metropolitan systems scale up in similar ways across time, geography and culture. Settlement scaling theory thus provides a unified framework for understanding and predicting these regularities across time and space, and for identifying putative processes common to all human settlements.
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Naghibi, Farzaneh, Gordon A. Fenton, and D. V. Griffiths. "Probabilistic considerations for the design of deep foundations against excessive differential settlement." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 53, no. 7 (July 2016): 1167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2015-0194.
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Current foundation design practice for serviceability limit states involves proportioning the foundation to achieve an acceptably small probability that the foundation settlement exceeds some target maximum total settlement. However, it is usually differential settlement that leads to problems in the supported structure. The design question, then, is how should the target maximum total settlement of an individual foundation be selected so that differential settlement is not excessive? Evidently, if the target maximum total settlement is increased, the differential settlement between foundations will also tend to increase, so that there is a relationship between the two, although not necessarily a simple one. This paper investigates how the target maximum total settlement specified in the design of an individual foundation relates to the distribution of the differential settlement between two identical foundation elements, as a function of the ground statistics and the distance between the two foundations. A probabilistic theory is developed, and validated by simulation, which is used to prescribe target maximum settlements employed in the design process to avoid excessive differential settlements to some acceptable probability.
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Ortman, Scott G., José Lobo, and Michael E. Smith. "Cities: Complexity, theory and history." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 8, 2020): e0243621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243621.
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In recent decades researchers in a variety of disciplines have developed a new “urban science,” the central goal of which is to build general theory regarding the social processes underlying urbanization. Much work in urban science is animated by the notion that cities are complex systems. What does it mean to make this claim? Here we adopt the view that complex systems entail both variation and structure, and that their properties vary with system size and with respect to where and how they are measured. Given this, a general framework regarding the social processes behind urbanization needs to account for empirical regularities that are common to both contemporary cities and past settlements known through archaeology and history. Only by adopting an explicitly historical perspective can such fundamental structure be revealed. The identification of shared properties in past and present systems has been facilitated by research traditions that define cities (and settlements more broadly) as networks of social interaction embedded in physical space. Settlement Scaling Theory (SST) builds from these insights to generate predictions regarding how measurable properties of cities and settlements are related to their population size. Here, we focus on relationships between population and area across past settlement systems and present-day world cities. We show that both patterns and variations in these measures are explicable in terms of SST, and that the framework identifies baseline infrastructural area as an important system-level property of urban systems that warrants further study. We also show that predictive theory is helpful even in cases where the data do not conform to model predictions.
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Ortman, Scott G., and Grant D. Coffey. "SETTLEMENT SCALING IN MIDDLE-RANGE SOCIETIES." American Antiquity 82, no. 4 (September 14, 2017): 662–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2017.42.
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The contemporary relevance of archaeology would be greatly enhanced if archaeologists could develop theory that frames human societies of all scales in the same terms. We present evidence that an approach known as settlement scaling theory can contribute to such a framework. The theory proposes that a variety of aggregate socioeconomic properties of human networks emerge from individuals arranging themselves in space so as to balance the costs of movement with the benefits of social interactions. This balancing leads to settlements that concentrate human interactions and their products in space and time in an open-ended way. The parameters and processes embedded in settlement scaling models are very basic, and this suggests that scaling phenomena should be observable in the archaeological record of middle-range societies just as readily as they have been observed in contemporary first-world nations. In this paper, we show that quantitative scaling relationships observed for modern urban systems, and more recently for early civilizations, are also apparent in settlement data from the Central Mesa Verde and northern Middle Missouri regions of North America. These findings suggest that settlement scaling theory may help increase the practical relevance of archaeology for present-day concerns.
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Song, Zhanping, Xiaoxu Tian, and Yuwei Zhang. "A New Modified Peck Formula for Predicting the Surface Settlement Based on Stochastic Medium Theory." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (October 22, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7328190.
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Peck method and stochastic medium method are the two most commonly used methods to estimate surface settlement caused by tunnel excavation. However, the Peck method was not suitable for a shallow-buried tunnel, and the calculation process of the stochastic medium theory was complicated. To solve this problem, in this paper, a simple and accurate prediction approach for surface settlement was obtained by improving the Peck method based on the basic idea of stochastic medium theory. In detail, the over-excavation area of the tunnel was divided into n independent units, and the surface settlement caused by the collapse of each unit was calculated, respectively. Then, the total surface settlement can be obtained by superimposing surface settlement induced by each unit. Taking the shallow-buried section of Mulingguan tunnel entrance as a case, the surface settlement calculated by the modified Peck formula and original Peck formula was compared with the observed data, respectively. The comparison results indicated that the surface settlement calculated by the modified Peck formula is closer to the observed data than that calculated by the original Peck formula in the calculation process of surface settlement of shallow-buried tunnel. The table of recommendation for the number of units can be obtained by a discussion of reasonable n values. Finally, the difference between the original Peck formula and the modified Peck formula was analysed, and the results showed that the change rule of the surface settlement is consistent under the tunnel depth, internal friction angle, and ground loss of the tunnel. However, the calculation error of the surface settlements calculated by the original Peck formula is more significant than that calculated by modified Peck formula under the tunnel diameter ratio being less than 1.75. The modified Peck formula is more suitable for calculating the surface settlement under internal angle friction being less than 20° or greater than 40°. The research results expand the scope of application of the original Peck formula and enrich the calculation approach of surface settlement induced by underground excavation in tunnel construction.
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Szmytkie, Robert. "Application of graph theory to the morphological analysis of settlements." Quaestiones Geographicae 36, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/quageo-2017-0036.
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Abstract In the following paper, the analyses of morphology of settlements were conducted using graph methods. The intention of the author was to create a quantifiable and simple measure, which, in a quantitative way, would express the degree of development of a graph (the spatial pattern of settlement). When analysing examples of graphs assigned to a set of small towns and large villages, it was noticed that the graph development index should depend on: a relative number of edges in relation to the number of nodes (β index), the number of cycles (urban blocks), which evidences the complexity of the spatial pattern of settlement, and the average rank of nodes of a graph, which expresses the degree of complexity of a street network.
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Bi, Qing Tao, and Shu Yun Ding. "Neural Networks Model for Settlement Prediction of Embankment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 197 (September 2012): 722–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.197.722.
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Based on the theory of artificial neural networks and back propagation algorithm, a model for predicting the settlement of embankment was proposed. Neural networks was proceeded with Matlab program. Combining with the real settlement data of Jieyang highway, the model was trained again and again, and then the parameters of model was calibrated. Comparing the prediction value of model with the observational data based on field measurement, it shows that the accordance of the predicted settlements by the proposed model with the measured data is better. As a branch of nonlinear science, neural network theory has strong practical value and advantages in embankment settlement engineering analysis and prediction, because of its strong ability to learn and its high accuracy to approach any nonlinear function.
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Liaros, Steven. "Implementing a new human settlement theory." Smart and Sustainable Built Environment 9, no. 3 (October 16, 2019): 258–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sasbe-01-2019-0004.
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Purpose Whilst the energy transition from fossil fuels to renewables offers significant environmental benefits, the other transition – from a centralised to a distributed energy system – underpins a disruptive model for planning cities, towns and villages. A local energy micro-grid can power a local water micro-grid, which in turn can irrigate a local food system, offering a community the opportunity to harvest, store and distribute food, water and energy within their immediate catchment. A distributed network of regenerative villages, connected virtually and with shared electric vehicles is offered as an alternative vision for future cities. The paper aims to justify this as a preferred model for human settlements and develop an implementation process. Design/methodology/approach This paper asks: Is it inevitable that large cities will keep growing, while rural communities will continue to be deprived of resources and opportunities? Is the flow of people into cities inevitable? To answer this question, the adopted methodology is to take a systems approach, observing town planning processes from a range of different disciplines and perspectives. Findings By contrasting the current centralising city model with a distributed network of villages, this paper offers ten reasons why the distributed network is preferable to centralisation. Research limitations/implications It is argued that in this time of dramatic technological upheaval, environmental destruction and social inequality, business-as-usual is unacceptable in any field of human endeavour. This paper presents a sketch outlining a new human settlement theory, a different way of living on the land. It is an invitation to academics and practitioners to participate in a debate. Originality/value The information and energy revolutions, both distributed systems, are reshaping cities.
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Helms, Wesley S., and Christine Oliver. "Radical settlements to conflict: Conflict management and its implications for institutional change." Journal of Management & Organization 21, no. 4 (June 11, 2015): 471–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2015.12.
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AbstractThis paper theorizes that conflict management strategies influence radical settlements in institutional fields. Radical settlements are truces to conflict reached between field constituents that significantly change constituents’ relations and their institutional context. We develop theory on the concept of radical settlements by introducing a typology of conflict management strategies that predicts variance in the likelihood of a radical settlement in institutional fields. We ground this typology within a framework of two key antecedents – ideological salience and field polarization – proposed to influence conflict management strategies. Our paper provides new insights to the literature on conflict and institutional change by shedding new light on the counter-intuitive phenomenon of conflict settlement or cessation as a catalyst for change within institutional fields.
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Wu, Manni, Wenjun Zheng, and Zonglin Liu. "Construction of Landscape Fire Security Patterns for Minority Settlements: a case study of reconstruction plan of Xiaozhai village in Guangxi." E3S Web of Conferences 194 (2020): 05035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019405035.
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Minority settlements have good local landscape features and rich cultural heritage. However, due to complex geographical conditions and lagging economic development, there are many potential security threats in their human settlements. Based on the landscape ecological security pattern theory, aiming at eliminating the practical dilemma of frequent fires and difficult rescue in mountainous settlements in southwestern China, this paper proposes a planning idea to improve the settlement environment’s own disaster resilience and ecological endurance ability through the adjustment of landscape pattern. Taking the reconstruction planning and design of Xiaozhai Village in Longji of Guangxi province as an example, based on the geographical structure and resource characteristics of the village, a four-in-one landscape fire security pattern for mountain settlement is constructed, including building group, road evacuation system, natural fire protection network of water system and biological fire protection forest belt. The study provides a reference for the protection, renewal and re-planning of minority settlement.
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Pratama, Dandi Raviandaru, and Syam Rachma Marcillia. "Placemaking Kawasan Permukiman Dome Nglepen Sebagai Kawasan Desa Wisata." Jurnal Arsitektur dan Perencanaan (JUARA) 2, no. 2 (June 28, 2020): 119–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31101/juara.v2i2.1423.
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Dome house is a settlement relocation post-earthquake disaster housing in Nglepen, Yogyakarta. The ability of residents to restore the situation makes this settlement now better known as a tourist village. Placemaking is happening to change the settlement that was built with the concept of relocation of housing into a tourist village. Even from the tourism of these settlements benefit. This study aims to find out how placemaking occurs and the factors that affect in dome settlements. The method used is a qualitative method by identifying the points of variables and indicators in the study area in accordance with the conditions of observation in the field, then process the data generated and analyze it based on related theories. The approach taken is to raise the theory of placemaking. The results showed that the occurrence of placemaking in dome settlements became a tourist village is very high so the need for direction of the development of placemaking can be applied so that the image of dome settlements is maintained.
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Mwamba, Jonathan Simbeya. "Analysis of Space Manipulation in an Informal Urban Settlement: The Case of Ng’ombe in Lusaka, Zambia." International Journal of Social Science Studies 8, no. 6 (October 9, 2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v8i6.4971.
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Urban informality remains a consistent challenge and matter of debate by planners and policymakers in the urbanising cities of sub-Saharan Africa. A common manifestation of urban informality in African cities is the sprawling informal settlements that constitute the only available housing option for the majority of the urban poor. The analysis of informal urban settlement’s environmental composition, physical modelling and socio-economic and policy analysis have been areas of recent study. However there is limited literature on how the urban poor communities in Zambia manipulate their social, spatial and economic environments to meet their needs. This article seeks to broaden the knowledge base on the way informal urban settlement communities manipulate their urban space. The built environment provides the setting for human interaction and the explanatory theory of Environment-Behaviour Relations provides a suitable analytical framework for the identification of useful parameters for developing future settlement interventions. The study employs a case study method of research to analyse the informal urban settlement settings. Ng’ombe, a peri-urban informal settlement in Lusaka, Zambia is the case study location for this research. Analysis of social, spatial and economic environment at neighbourhood level provides vital information about the informal urban settlement conditions. The study in particular addresses the question of how the social-spatial circumstances of the informal urban population in the developing world influence and defines their built environment. The study shows that systems of settings and system of activities in Ng’ombe offer a suitable analytical framework for studying the settlement characteristics that can guide in formulating strategies for settlement regularisation. Residents devise means of adapting and manipulating their informal urban space to suit their immediate needs and they also devise livelihood coping strategies in the midst of their informal settings. The paper likewise contributes to the growing body of knowledge in urban informality.
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Milka, Milka. "Analisis Pengelolaan Lingkungan Permukiman Di Pinggiran Sungai Kahayan Kelurahan Pahandut Kota Palangka Raya." Pencerah Publik 7, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33084/pencerah.v7i1.1381.
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Management of settlements on the edge of the Kahayan river, pahandut, Palangkaraya city, is part of the way done by the community and assisted by the government to maintain the quality of clean water in the river environment and reduce the disposal of household waste to the river by providing slagging to the community, making MCK / sanitation and communal septic tank.
For a literature review on settlement management, the theory used by George R Terry's theory, while the indicators used to determine the process of settlement management that is using the approach of planning, organizing, implementing, and supervising or known as POAC.
The research method used is descriptive qualitative. data collection methods using observation, interviews, and documentation.
The results of the study revealed that the process of settlement management in the Kahayan river bank, pahandut, palangkaraya city, was running quite well, only that the utilization was not optimal in terms of the settlement management process which consisted of the planning, organizing, implementing, and controlling stages
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Xie, Yunfei, and Shichun Chi. "Optimization Method of Reducing the Differential Settlements of Piled Raft Foundations Based on Pile-to-Pile Interaction Theory." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (August 10, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1521876.
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In order to reduce the differential settlement of piled raft foundations, an optimization method based on pile-to-pile interaction theory is proposed in this paper, which translates the problem of pile-to-pile interaction (PPI) in pile groups into that in single piles using the interaction factor method. The pile lengths were adjusted via the relationship between load, settlement, and the length of single piles during the optimization design. ANSYS software, in conjunction with nonlinear elastic soil model, is used to analyze piled raft foundation models. Two cases with different safety factors that suffer different kinds of surface loads (uniform load and nonuniform load) are used to verify this method. The differential settlements of the raft in different cases are all reduced by nearly or more than 80% after optimization design. The results show that the optimization method proposed in this paper has high efficiency and stability. This study can help practicing engineers optimize the pile lengths in pile groups to satisfy higher differential settlement requirements.
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He, Yanfeng, Chie-Peng Chen, Rung-Jiun Chou, Haifeng Luo, and Jing-Shoung Hou. "Exploring the Transformation in the ‘Spirit of Place’ by Considering the Changed and Unchanged Defensive Spaces of Settlements: A Case Study of the Wugoushui Hakka Settlement." Land 10, no. 5 (May 5, 2021): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10050490.
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Over generations, economic development has accelerated traditional settlements in Taiwan while losing traditional culture. In Hakka villages, this is manifested in the changes in defensive spaces, the ‘spirit of place,’ and land use. Although some progress has been made through research into related issues, a correlated view has been missing. To explore the connection between the ‘spirit of place’ and defensive spaces in Wugoushui, a traditional representative settlement in Taiwan, this paper probes three questions: What are the changes in defensive spaces? What are the changes in the spirit of place? What are the connections between them? Taking the sixteen criteria of secure defensive space as the theoretical foundation, through more than a year of structured observations and in-depth interviews with ten representative residents, and based on context analysis and site analysis of the information collected, this paper has concluded that, although the actual functionality of Wugoushui settlement’s spiritual, behavioural, and physical defences have disappeared, cultural characteristics related to the settlement traditions, including religious beliefs, trust, sense of belonging, street network, nodes, institutions, territory, and social networks, constitute a concrete manifestation of the defensive space and the spirit of place as of today. This research contributes to developing a theory of the relevance of the spirit of place to the defensive space of settlements from a sustainability perspective and improving the cultural preservation and land management of traditional settlements.
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Waller, Joseph N. "Late Woodland Settlement and Subsistence in Southern New England Revisited: The Evidence from Coastal Rhode Island." North American Archaeologist 21, no. 2 (April 2000): 139–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/dgvh-cxyy-k3yf-rwjk.
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Archaeological investigations at Woodland sites in the Narragansett Bay drainage have aided in a refinement of Late Woodland settlement and subsistence models. Popular theory holds that intensive maize horticulture and the formation of tribal villages occurred relatively late in the prehistoric period or possibly were the result of European Contact. Archaeological investigations in coastal sections of Rhode Island indicate that village settlements and likely intensive maize horticulture were elements of Late Woodland settlement and subsistence behavior in and around Narragansett Bay and not Contact period phenomena.
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Sun, Hongfei. "MONEY, MARKETS, AND DYNAMIC CREDIT." Macroeconomic Dynamics 15, S1 (October 26, 2010): 42–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100510000556.
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This paper presents an integrated theory of money and dynamic credit. I study financial intermediation when both the intermediary and individuals have private information. I show that money is essential to solving two-sided incentive problems under the dynamic credit arrangement. First, requiring settlement with money can induce market trades that generate information-revealing prices to discipline the intermediary. Second, it is optimal for the intermediary to issue money that can record its own history of being used in settlements, and to require that settlements be made with only money that has been returned to the intermediary every settlement period. This arrangement effectively reduces individuals' incentives to deviate and allows intermediation to achieve efficient allocations.
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Xiang, Wei-Qi, Xiao-Hua Yang, and Yu-Qi Li. "A set pair analysis model for suitability evaluation of human settlement environment." Thermal Science 25, no. 3 Part B (2021): 2109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci191001095x.
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The human settlement environment is a dynamic subsystem where people live and produce in the social system. This paper aims at evaluating comprehensively the suitability state of a given human settlement environment in a certain time and space and its evolutionary trend, the set pair analysis theory and its connection numbers are introduced into the suitability evaluation, and the set of human settlements is established. The set pair analysis model based on partial connection number is used to assess the suitability status and the development trend of human settlements in Guizhou Province from 2014 to 2017. The result shows that the set pair analysis model has the features of convenience, impersonality and good feasibility.
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Jin, Sheng Ji, Da Sheng Zhang, Zhe Shu, and Yun Zhao. "Grey Model Theory Used in Prediction of Subgrade Settlement." Applied Mechanics and Materials 105-107 (September 2011): 1576–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.105-107.1576.
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In order to study the rule of highway subgrade settlement, both on-site experiments and theoretical analysis methods were used to analysis high fill embankment settlement. Gray model theory can be effectively forecasted the embankment of the different stages and the final settlement. According to the measured data of deposition tests, the comparative analysis of predicted results was carried out and some conclusions were drawn: 1) It is feasible that gray model theory is used to predict the settlement of the subgrade; 2) gray theory predictions adapt to these situations that similar information is less known, uncertainties and some rock deformation issues; 3)gray prediction accuracy is higher. The prediction model of GM established (1, 1) is reliable.
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Turnbull, Christopher. "Family Law Property Settlements: A Liberal Theoretical Framework for Law Reform." QUT Law Review 18, no. 2 (January 25, 2019): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/qutlr.v18i2.751.
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This article sets out a law reform framework for family property settlements, drawn expressly from a theoretical foundation. It applies Rawls’ theory of justice, which falls under a liberal philosophical umbrella. It explains the choice of a liberal theory for use in family property settlements and constituent elements of Rawls' theory of justice. Drawn from Rawls' theory, four foundation principles emerge. These are the rule of law (including transparency, consistency, and clear purpose), non-discrimination between spouses, recognition of financial disadvantage, and priority to the economic interests of children. From those principles, this article constructs the elements of a potential alternative property settlement law combining a rule of equal division while retaining judicial discretion for specific purposes.
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Liu, Dong, Zhi Min Li, and Xin Wang. "The Optimization and Reconstruction of the Urban and Rural Settlements under Community Vision: A Study on Yan Chang County of Yan’an City." Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (October 2011): 1719–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.1719.
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Based on the community theory, from the practice characteristic of the county urban and rural settlements, this paper analyzes the problems in concrete technology practice and science research, optimizes and reconstructs the residential system. With Yan Chang County of Yan’an City as an example, carried out the research and tested the application of the framework. Construction of the frame system coupled the relationships between the county settlement system and the community theory, which more expressed a kind of thought method and a concept of value, so then put forward the technical path of the urban and rural settlement system construction. At the same time, according to the urban and rural harmonious development, guided and constructed the urban and rural residential system with Shaanxi characteristic, which inferred with its space layout, scale, structure and planning method.
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Jin, Ju, Yuan Ming Dou, and Qi Nan Li. "The Application of Gray Theory on Predicting the Settlement of High Embankment." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 1272–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.1272.
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Stability of the road embankment is the foundation of the highway normal operation and maintenance, so there is strict requirement of road subgrade settlement for the highway. This article uses the gray theory to predict Cheng Chi high embankment construction settlement and builds a predicted model and tests the model’s accuracy. The results of settlement prediction are under the limits, so the stability of the road subgrade is good. This dynamic prediction method can be used on prediction of the settlement of high embankment and it’ll direct the operation and ensure the maintenance safety.
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Hu, Hai Ying, and Yu Cheng Zhang. "Embankment Settlement Calculation Based on the Unsaturated Soils Theory." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 316–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.316.
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Based on the one-dimensional constitutive relationship of unsaturated soils, this thesis has established the calculation model for embankment settlement with lateral deformation and without lateral deformation in accordance with the mechanic characteristics and in consideration of the influence of water environment. In addition, the thesis has provided the calculation methods for embankment settlement under various working situations (like under the situations of external load function, self-weight effect, increasing of the groundwater level, the invasion effect of rain water and the comprehensive effect of various working conditions) and used the settlement deformation results from the experiments of embankment models to check the calculation method. The method put forward in this thesis could not only be used in the calculation of the settlement deformation under load, but also could be used for the calculation of the deformation caused by the changes of water content in the embankment.
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Bourdeau, P. L., and M. E. Harr. "Stochastic theory of settlement of loose cohesionless soils." Géotechnique 39, no. 4 (December 1989): 641–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geot.1989.39.4.641.
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Baker, Scott. "Toward a Theory of Motion Practice and Settlement." Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 173, no. 1 (2017): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/093245616x14785139251701.
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Demougin, Dominique. "Toward a Theory of Motion Practice and Settlement." Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 173, no. 1 (2017): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/093245616x14785139251747.
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Pritchard, A. C. "Toward a Theory of Motion Practice and Settlement." Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 173, no. 1 (2017): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/093245616x14785139251792.
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Hulme, David. "State-sponsored Land Settlement Policies: Theory and Practice." Development and Change 18, no. 3 (July 1987): 413–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.1987.tb00279.x.
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Zhukovskaya, D., and A. Ivchenko. "PRINCIPLES OF ALGORITHMIC FORMATION IN DESIGNING RESIDENTIAL UNITS FOR TEMPORARY ARCTIC SETTLEMENT." Technical Aesthetics and Design Research 2, no. 3 (January 15, 2021): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2687-0878-2020-2-3-21-40.
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One of the special aspects of the Arctic region is the predominance of the rotational settlement. This article studies the types and principles of the formation of settlement systems in the Arctic zones as well as the factors that form the subject-spatial decisions in them. A distinctive characteristic of this form is the "sprouting" of domiciled settlements from temporary settlements as well as the simultaneous appearance of such a phenomenon as "dead cities". This influenced many life areas of the local population: from urban planning plans and housing construction technologies to the peculiarities of formation of subcultures and regional identity. By the example of subject-spatial complexes of temporary mobile settlements in the Arctic region, it is proposed to consider the time cycle as an object of design and its impact on the socio-cultural aspect of the life of the foreign-born population. A design concept for the self-organization of the system in the life cycle was proposed. Methods of spatial modeling were considered on the example of an engineering system for object modeling, where the feature is the presence of unified modular elements with an original mechanical detachable interface.
The study used the methods of historical, cultural, and systems analysis, a systematic approach to design, scenario modeling, conceptual forecasting based on synergetic theory (theory of self-organization of systems), structural and spatial modeling.
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Li, Hong-Yuan. "Comparison and analysis of pile-soil separate calculation and composite foundation calculation method for gravel pile reinforcement." E3S Web of Conferences 237 (2021): 03010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123703010.
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This paper uses Indraratna seepage theory, Han pile-soil seepage theory and composite foundation theory to establish three plane strain models. Through finite element calculations, the changes in pore pressure and settlement are compared, and the following laws are found: (1) The model established by the composite foundation theory cannot reflect the objective laws of seepage and deformation; (2) In the case of multiple piles, there is no difference in settlement between Han pile-soil seepage theory considering the bearing characteristics of gravel piles and Indraratna seepage theory without considering the bearing characteristics of gravel piles. (3) The settlement value obtained by the principle of composite foundation is much smaller than the settlement value obtained by the separate calculation of pile and soil.
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Li, Ren Ping. "Nonlinear Analysis of Foundation Settlement by Modified Secant Modulus Method." Advanced Materials Research 594-597 (November 2012): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.259.
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A new technique namely modified secant modulus method（MSMM）considering time factor for nonlinear settlement computation of foundation is proposed. The principle of MSMM is using correction technique of reverse solution to solve modified secant modulus (MSM) of subsoil under different additional stress level with load-settlement test data, and the additional stress is solved with Boussinesq elasticity theory, then layer wise summation method is adopt to calculate the total settlement of foundation. The loading test results of footings performed by Briaud and Gibbens (1993) on sand foundation are analyzed with MSMM. Normalized settlement curves over width versus pressure for all footings can be obtained in normalization processing, and the calculation curve agrees well with the normalization curves. The loads of Q25 and Q150 corresponding to the settlements of 25mm and 150mm respectively of different size footings are calculated and the errors of them are within 10% compared with testing results, and the creep exponents of 3m south and north footing for 30 minutes load test were 0.036 and 0.030, then the calculated total settlement in 2014 (20 years later) will be 39.6 and 36.7mm respectively.
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Mularczyk, Mirosław. "Development of the Jewish Urban Settlement in Israel in View of the Theory of the Innovation Diffusion." Miscellanea Geographica 11, no. 1 (December 1, 2004): 229–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2004-0026.
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Abstract Presentation of the current state and development tendencies of Jewish urban settlement in Israel against the innovation diffusion theory. Analysis of the growth tempo of the number of cities in Israel allows to claim that urban Jewish settlement network develops in accordance with the innovation diffusion model. Assuming that the theory fits the urban settlement development pattern on the surveyed territories, the directions taken by the impulses sent by innovation sources have been determined based on the corridor settlement development theory. The hypothesis has been verified against the factors influencing spatial development directions of the Jewish urban settlement using a dynamic (synchronic-comparative) diffusion process simulation model, built with the Monte Carlo method. The conducted analyses and procedures verifying the model distribution of Jewish settlement in Israeli cities in 1948, 1967 and 1992 allowed to conclude that the highest stochastic concordance between the model accounting for the innovation diffusion theory elements, and the real distribution of Jewish settlement cities holds for 1948 and 1967. According to the diffusion innovation theory, these years correspond to the colonisation stage. The model diversifies from reality for late 1967, when network densification process was coming to an end and city competition stage was starting. Despite statistical validity of the hypotheses, the results show that besides the analysed factors influencing the development of Jewish urban settlement, other variables, not accounted for in the model, are also significantly influential.
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Barker, Graeme. "Roman Rural Settlement." Classical Review 55, no. 1 (March 2005): 253–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clrevj/bni139.
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Zhang, Yuan Liang, and Yi Hu Zhang. "Land Subsidence Prediction Method of Power Cables Pipe Jacking Based on the Peck Theory." Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (January 2013): 3721–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.3721.
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Overhead transmission line and cable are generally used for across or crossing the railway, highways and rivers.For higher deformation requirement of operation of the railway and highway foundation settlement,to ensure that the cable through the process of foundation in regulating the allowable range, calculation and prediction of foundation settlement is specially necessary.Based on the Peck theory, the dominant factor in foundation settlement-strata loss calculation method is introduced supplemented with measured settlement observation records in this paper,which confirmes that the calculation results are replicab in engineering practice.
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Yakovleva, I. A. "A Settlement Agreement in an Administrative Dispute: Problems of Theory and Tendencies in Law Enforcement." Actual Problems of Russian Law 15, no. 1 (February 20, 2020): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2020.110.1.054-061.
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The paper has analyzed approaches to the issue of conclusion of a settlement agreement in administrative cases. The author justifies the possibility of conclusion of the settlement agreement in an administrative dispute. The settlement agreement (a conciliation agreement) serves an evidentiary and compromise function and, in the case of a dispute with the antimonopoly authority, may be resorted to as a means of protecting competition by referring in the text of such agreements to specific acts commission of which or omission to commit which is aimed at securing competition. The paper considers the issue of interrelation between the settlement agreement and the agreement on facts of the case in relation to the evidentiary function of the settlement agreement. There is a tendency to expand the use of the institution of the settlement agreement in order to put an end not only to disputes with antimonopoly authorities, but also to cases contesting cadastral value, tax disputes, as well as cases arising in connection with the change of place and/or time of a public event. It is proposed to use foreign experience with regard to the possibility of conclusion of the settlement agreement in administrative cases initiated due to violations of financial markets legislation and the use of insider information.
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Ortman, Scott G., Andrew H. F. Cabaniss, Jennie O. Sturm, and Luís M. A. Bettencourt. "Settlement scaling and increasing returns in an ancient society." Science Advances 1, no. 1 (February 2015): e1400066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1400066.
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A key property of modern cities is increasing returns to scale—the finding that many socioeconomic outputs increase more rapidly than their population size. Recent theoretical work proposes that this phenomenon is the result of general network effects typical of human social networks embedded in space and, thus, is not necessarily limited to modern settlements. We examine the extent to which increasing returns are apparent in archaeological settlement data from the pre-Hispanic Basin of Mexico. We review previous work on the quantitative relationship between population size and average settled area in this society and then present a general analysis of their patterns of monument construction and house sizes. Estimated scaling parameter values and residual statistics support the hypothesis that increasing returns to scale characterized various forms of socioeconomic production available in the archaeological record and are found to be consistent with key expectations from settlement scaling theory. As a consequence, these results provide evidence that the essential processes that lead to increasing returns in contemporary cities may have characterized human settlements throughout history, and demonstrate that increasing returns do not require modern forms of political or economic organization.
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Peltonen, Salla. "Mixing Everything Up! A New Settlement for Feminist Theory?" NORA - Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research 19, no. 4 (December 2011): 291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08038740.2011.596163.
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Dickinson, David L., and Lynn Hunnicutt. "DOES FACT-FINDING PROMOTE SETTLEMENT? THEORY AND A TEST." Economic Inquiry 43, no. 2 (April 2005): 401–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ei/cbi027.
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Guo, Cai Xia, and Rui Qian Wu. "Analysis of One-Dimensional Thermal Consolidation for Saturated Soil Considering Different Permeabilities." Advanced Materials Research 919-921 (April 2014): 641–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.919-921.641.
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Based on the analytical solutions of pore-water pressure and settlement. Problems of the one-dimensional thermal consolidation of saturated soil considering three different permeabilities were analyzed. Aiming at each permeability of thermal consolidation theory, compared with the corresponding Terzaghis consolidation theory, the one-dimensional thermal consolidation behaviour of saturated soil was analyzed in terms of excess pore-water pressure, the settlement. The results show that the permeability plays an important role in the thermal consolidation. The more permeability, the quicker pore-water pressure dissipation and the rate of settlement. Settlement of ground is more sensitive to temperature condition than the excess pore-water pressure. The behaviour of excess pore-water pressure in the process of thermal consolidation is very similar to the corresponding Terzaghis theory.
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Knight, John Brendan. "Migration theory and ‘Greek Colonisation’. Milesians at Naukratis and Abydos." Revista do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, no. 33 (December 12, 2019): 45–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2448-1750.revmae.2019.169246.
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With the application of post-colonial theoretical approaches in the last decades of the twentieth century CE, the study of archaic Greek overseas settlement has arrived at something of a terminological and methodological impasse. Scholars continue to debate whether Mediterranean and Black sea settlement can legitimately be termed ‘colonisation’ yet attempts to modify this language of imperialism have thus far failed to achieve significant alteration of the overarching paradigms. This paper will suggest a new approach to these problems using contemporary migration theory to conceptualise archaic Greek mobility and settlement, through the case studies of Milesian migration to Naukratis in Egypt and Abydos in the Troad during the 7th century BCE. Drawing on aspects of structuration and practice theory, it will seek to describe and explain the multi-faceted structures, practices and agency involved in the migration of Milesian Greeks to these areas. The two chosen case studies will be compared to understand how spatial, social, cultural and political factors may have impacted upon the characteristics of Naukratis and Abydos and the multitude of stimuli surrounding their settlement. This will provide ways to re-envisage an important period of Mediterranean history, offering a flexible methodological approach to be utilised in other contexts.
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Beliavets, Vadzim G. "Research in the village of Jaskavičy-1 in 2018: to the study of the monuments of the «pre-Prague culture» horizon in Belarusian Polesia." Journal of the Belarusian State University. History, no. 3 (July 31, 2019): 110–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2019-3-110-145.
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Unfortified settlement near the Jaskavičy village, Salihorsk District, Minsk Region is located on the northern margin of Pripyat Polesia. The settlement was discovered in 2017 by H. M. Byalickaya, researcher from the Institute of History of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. In 2018, archaeological investigation of the settlement was continued by an expedition of Belarusian State University and an area of 364 m2 was excavated there. Two dwelling structures (a log hut and a hut with post walls) and household structure, and several other features were excavated during field seasons of 2017 and 2018. This article deals with the major part of obtained materials that belong to the Roman period. Preliminary, this horizon on the settlement can be synchronized with phases B2/C1–C1a – C2–C3 according to the Central European relative chronology and roughly can be dated to the period from the second part of the 2nd century or the boundary of the 2nd and 3rd centuries till the beginning or the middle of 4th century AD. Analysis of pottery, most prevalent tools – clay spindle whorls as well as adornments and pieces of clothing allows to attribute the settlement to the Kyiv cultural circle. Based on the finds from the dwelling structures and their surroundings, it can be assumed that the residents of the settlement were specialized in working with non-ferrous metals and, probably, in iron production. Imports from the Wielbark culture are registered among metal items and, occasionally, fragments of pottery. These imports are the evidences of contacts between community of Jaskavičy-1 settlement and foreign population – the Goths who had started to penetrate territories in the middle flow of the Pripyat river from the end of the 2nd century AD. The Jaskavičy-1 settlement, most actively occupied in the Late Roman period (3rd – middle 4th century AD), can become the reference site of the Kyiv cultural circle for the territory of the Central Polesia. Even preliminary results of archaeological investigations there allow to state that the chronological lacuna between Polesian settlements of post-Zarubintsy period (middle 1st–2nd century AD) and the earliest (of phase «0») settlements of the Prague culture form the Migration Period (which is associated with Slavs people) is being filled. Hence, at the Jaskavičy-1 settlement we have got a new argument supporting the theory about the beginning of formation of culture of the early Slavs in the territory of Pripyat Polesia.
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Fenton, Gordon A., D. V. Griffiths, and W. Cavers. "Resistance factors for settlement design." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 42, no. 5 (October 1, 2005): 1422–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t05-053.
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To control serviceability problems arising from excessive settlement of shallow footings, geotechnical design codes generally include specifications regarding maximum settlement, which often govern the footing design. Once the footing has been designed and constructed, the actual settlement it experiences on a real three-dimensional soil mass can be quite different than expected, due to the soil's spatial variability. Because of this generally large variability (compared to other engineering materials, such as concrete and steel) and because this particular serviceability limit state often governs the design, it makes sense to consider a reliability-based approach to settlement design. This paper looks in some detail at a load and resistance factor design (LRFD) approach to limiting footing settlement. In particular, the resistance factors required to achieve a certain level of settlement reliability as a function of soil variability and site investigation intensity are determined analytically using random field theory. Simplified approximate relationships are proposed and tested using simulation via the random finite element method. It is found that the simplified relationships are validated both by theory and simulation and so can be used to augment the calibration of geotechnical LRFD code provisions with respect to shallow foundation settlement. Key words: reliability-based design, settlement, geotechnical, shallow foundation, random field, probability.
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Wu, Shou He, Zhong Li, and Si Yang Chen. "Study on Numerical Analysis of Tunnel Longitudinal Uneven Settlement Base on Elastoplastic Theory." Advanced Materials Research 446-449 (January 2012): 596–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.446-449.596.
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The stratum uneven settlement of tunnel is main factors that cause damage of tunnel longitudinal structure. a 3d numerical model is established for the force and deformation calculation of tunnel structure based on the elastoplastic theory. In the model, soil material is elastoplastic, and its constitutive model is Mohr Coulomb, the element type of soil is a three-dimensional solid, the element type of tunnel lining structure is space shell element, and tunnel settlement joint is three-dimensional linear spring. Calculation shows that, this calculation model is able to fully consider the impact of tunnel uneven settlement in all factors, and can simulate the vertical force and deformation behavior of tunnel structure in complex ground formation conditions. Research conclusion gives the vertical force and deformation of the tunnel structure under the condition of the stratum uneven settlement. It is very important reference for the longitudinal design and calculation of the tunnel lining structure.
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Veisi, Farzad. "Analysis Causes of the Incidence and Compare Social, Economic, Physical Characteristics of Informal Settlements, Case Study: City of Marivan in Kurdistan Province." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 63 (November 2015): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.63.233.
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Informal settlements are one of the problems of urban management in developing countries. Various theories about the causes and management of these settlements have been proposed. The most important of these theories, new socialist, liberal and dependency can be noted. The theory that argues for mandatory clearing informal settlement is not logical. Empowerment approach to be interested by countries and international organizations, and successful examples of this approach, with emphasis on the internal dynamics of these communities has been experienced. This paper tries to analyze the causes of marginalization and social, economic and spatial characteristics of informal settlement of Marivan city in Kurdistan province. Research areas consist of 4 region of Marivan informal settlement (Kosar,tape Mosk , sardoshiha, Tefine) sample size based on Cochran formula is 320 samples that Randomly and in four districts have been selected. Reasons for residents that they living in such places and social, economic characteristics of marginalized communities collected and entered into SPSS software and have been analyzed. The results show that more than 50 percent of residents in informal settlement areas of the city have come to this neighborhood. The main factor in the development of these four areas is not rural migrants. The highest levels of rural migrants from the neighborhood Tefin are that only 47% of residents are immigrants. The results suggest the great differences in social, economic and physical characteristics of slums. Among neighborhoods communities tapa Mosk and Tefini in the index close to each other and compare to two other neighborhoods are poor.
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Figlus, Tomasz, and Łukasz Musiaka. "Analysis of morphological changes of rural settlement patterns after World War II in the metropolitan area of Łódź using a graph theory based method." Environmental & Socio-economic Studies 8, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/environ-2020-0023.
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AbstractThis research concerns the complex problem of morphological transformations of villages in the intra-urban area (i.e. settlements incorporated into acity), as well as the suburban area, using the example of the metropolitan area of Łódź, Poland. The main aim of the research was to analyse the diversity of selected rural settlements and their spatial changes after World War II.. The study was based on preserved historical maps and today’s plans. An analysis of morphological changes of selected villages was conducted using graph theory methods. It was noticed that the graph development index should depend on the relative number of edges in relation to the number of nodes and the number of graph cycles, which express the degree of complexity of a settlement unit. Three main groups of villages, characterised by different scales of morphological transformations, were distinguished as a result of the study. Settlement units with orthomorphic transformations, where all spatial modifications were mainly additive and the initial layouts have been preserved almost completely, represent the first group of villages. The second group is composed of units with semi-metamorphic transformations, where the spatial reorganization was significant, but not total. The third group includes villages with metamorphic changes, where the initial layouts have been totallytransformed.
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Scardellato, Gabriele. "A Century and More of Italians in Toronto: An Overview of Settlement." Quaderni d'italianistica 28, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 7–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/q.i..v28i1.8548.
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Through the use of various published and original sources this study outlines the reception and settlement of Italian immigrants in a modern Canadian urban environment. Substantial Italian migration and immigration to Toronto began in the late nineteenth century. The first migrants and immigrants were dispersed across at least four relatively distinct, inner-city neighbourhoods. Over time, and in particular after World War Two, one of these neighbourhoods grew to become one of the largest settlements of its type outside of Italy. Now in the process of gentrification, the area known as College Street Little Italy served a pivotal role in the accommodation of Italian immigrants in Toronto.
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Owen-Smith, N., J. M. Fryxell, and E. H. Merrill. "Foraging theory upscaled: the behavioural ecology of herbivore movement." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1550 (July 27, 2010): 2267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0095.
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We outline how principles of optimal foraging developed for diet and food patch selection might be applied to movement behaviour expressed over larger spatial and temporal scales. Our focus is on large mammalian herbivores, capable of carrying global positioning system (GPS) collars operating through the seasonal cycle and dependent on vegetation resources that are fixed in space but seasonally variable in availability and nutritional value. The concept of intermittent movement leads to the recognition of distinct movement modes over a hierarchy of spatio-temporal scales. Over larger scales, periods with relatively low displacement may indicate settlement within foraging areas, habitat units or seasonal ranges. Directed movements connect these patches or places used for other activities. Selection is expressed by switches in movement mode and the intensity of utilization by the settlement period relative to the area covered. The type of benefit obtained during settlement periods may be inferred from movement patterns, local environmental features, or the diel activity schedule. Rates of movement indicate changing costs in time and energy over the seasonal cycle, between years and among regions. GPS telemetry potentially enables large-scale movement responses to changing environmental conditions to be linked to population performance.
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Pan, Wei Dong, Xiao Long Sheng, Ren Guo Gu, and Ke Zhu. "Research on the Consolidation Theory of Sand Drain Foundation Settlement." Advanced Materials Research 378-379 (October 2011): 282–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.378-379.282.
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In the consolidation theory of sand drain foundation settlement, the influence of groundwater level changes on the soil consolidation has been paid less attention. Therefore, discussing those changes' influence will help to deepen and perfect the sand drain consolidation theory. Through theoretical research and field measurements, the concrete influences of water level weight, dissipation rate and other factors on the consolidation process are obtained. This helps to improve the consolidation theory and efficiency.
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Shesterov, E. A., N. A. Kalyuzhnyi, and L. A. Losin. "The relevanceof the scientific heritage of M. S. Fishelson for solving problems of transport planning." Вестник гражданских инженеров 17, no. 2 (2020): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/1999-5571-2020-17-2-45-50.
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The paper considers the scientific heritage of M. S. Fishelson, who studied the regularities of the city settlement system in regard to the practical task of the city transportation system development. There has been carried out an analysis of the settlement theory developed by M. S. Fishelson, as well as a comparison study of the «settlement curve» proposed by the scientist with the graphs obtained during calculations using modern information software complexes for predicting transport demand and traffic flow distribution intensity. The relevance and applicability of this theory in modern conditions has been substantiated.
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Dimitropoulos, Georgios. "Investor–State Dispute Settlement Reform and Theory of Institutional Design." Journal of International Dispute Settlement 9, no. 4 (June 13, 2018): 535–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnlids/idy025.
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