Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Settlement Theory'

The first two chapters of this thesis trace the development of historical and archaeological thought in an attempt to arrive at an understanding of the reasons behind the present polarization of the two disciplines. It is concluded that this polarization is the result of the stress placed on a series of oppositions -structure/agency, society/individual, synchrony/diachrony, past/present. It is argued that a rapprochement between History and Archaeology Is essential, especially for those who study the early med e.val period where both have some relevance, and that this rapprochement is only possible through an adequate theorisation of the recursive links which connect each of the oppositions. This theorisation is the subject of chapters 3 and 4. The essential elements of the theoretical perspective produced are that all the traces of the past should be seen as material culture produced by agents working in and through societal structures. The link between the past and the present is also stressed, and the past is seen as a resource drawn upon in the creation and negotiation of social relations. I use this theoretical perspective in a re-examination of the nature of settlement patterns and social structures in early medieval central Italy. I suggest that the archaeological evidence used to support the notion of massive depopulation at the end of the Roman empire, refers more to the dominance of the feudal mode of production. This is not to argue that population did not decline. It did, and much of this thesis is concerned with attempting to isolate the mechanisms through which elites tried to exercise control over people. These included increased management of production through the use of the written text and the development of administrative sites. These efforts culminated in the tenth century with the "incastellation" of much of the rural population.

La population - en son sens originel de processus de peuplement - est un sujet étonnamment absent de l'énorme volume d’études sur Adam Smith. Ce thème était au centre de la philosophie morale et de l'économie politique du 18e siècle, les deux domaines auxquels les contributions de Smith sont les plus connues. Son importance dans l’œuvre de Smith a été obscurcie au 20e siècle par une focalisation étroite sur les questions économiques dans la littérature secondaire. Pour une analyse intégrale de son œuvre, il est essentiel que la place centrale du peuplement soit révélée. Trois thèmes aujourd'hui considérés comme essentiels au projet de Smith sont ainsi intimement liés à la population : le lien entre division du travail et étendue du marché ; la théorie des quatre stades du progrès de la société ; et le lien entre développement rural et urbain, lui-même au centre du plaidoyer de Smith pour la liberté du commerce. Le marché est un concept aujourd'hui assimilé au fonctionnement du système économique capitaliste ; pour Smith, il décrivait la faculté de commercer, aux vecteurs essentiellement démographiques et géographiques. Le progrès de la société est à la fois cause et effet de la croissance de la population. En son sein se trouve l'interrelation symbiotique entre le développement rural et urbain que Smith appelait le «progrès naturel de l'opulence». Adopter l’optique smithienne plutôt que néo-malthusienne dans l'examen des dynamiques de population et de développement - y compris l'analyse de la transition démographique - conduit alors à une reconsidération fondamentale des interactions causales entre mortalité, fécondité, richesse et variables institutionnelles
Population - in its original sense of the process of peopling - is a topic surprisingly absent from the huge volume of scholarship on Adam Smith. This topic was central to 18th century moral philosophy and political economy, the two fields Smith most famously contributed to. Its importance in Smith’s work was obscured in the 20th century by a narrow focus on economic matters in the secondary literature. For an undivided analysis of Smith’s oeuvre it is crucial that the central position of the peopling process be brought to light. Three topics that are today recognised as essential to Smith’s project are thus intimately connected to population: the relation between the division of labour and the extent of the market; the stadial theory of progress; and the link between the development of town and country, itself central to Smith’s advocacy of the freedom of trade. The market is a concept read today through an institutional lens linking it to the functioning of the capitalist economic system; Smith conceived of it as facility for trade, with essentially demographic and geographic vectors. The progress of society is both cause and effect of the growth of population. At its core is the symbiotic interrelationship between rural and urban development that Smith called the “natural progress of opulence”. In turn, looking at dynamics of population and development - including the analysis of the demographic transition - through a Smithian rather than a neo-Malthusian lens leads to a fundamental reconsideration of causal interactions between mortality, fertility, wealth and institutional variables

This thesis considers the human spatial occupational behaviour generically called 'settlement'. Within this process a diagnostic index of settlement is created to assist in analysing, defining, and exploring the parameters of 'Settlement Theory'. There is particular reference to Edward Gibbon Wakefield's Theory of Systematic Colonisation in South Australia, as it is one of the few Settlement Theories actually put into practice. Two case studies are examined to develop a transitional argument that connects theory to material outcome. Firstly, considering the macro implications of theory and material culture by comparing the implementation of Wakefield's theory (The South Australian Experiment) and the site, design, and Government Domain of the Capital (Adelaide). Secondly, by considering the micro effect of the theory on material culture in the form of the Governor's residence between 1836 and 1856, including search for the first Government House (Government Hut), to test the connection at this level.

Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die tatsächliche und potenzielle Mobilität von Kindern aus einer ‎informellen Siedlungsstruktur in einer Megacity des globalen Südens am Fall Ezbet El-Hagganas im ‎Großraum Kairos; die Entwicklung von Mobilitätsgewohnheiten in der Kindheitsphase ‎und bezieht sich dabei nicht nur auf Kinder als Nutzer, sondern berücksichtigt zudem deren ‎unmittelbares soziales Umfeld und den gesamtgesellschaftlichen Kontext. Der theoretische Rahmen für die ‎Untersuchung der Mobilität von Kindern basiert auf Icek Ajzens Theorie des geplanten Verhaltens ‎sowie auf Vincent Kaufmanns Konzeptualisierung des Motilitätsbegriffes. Primärdaten wurden in ‎einer Feldstudie und in Fokusgruppen erhoben. Die Ergebnisse deuteten auf eine hohe Prävalenz der ‎unabhängigen Mobilität von Kindern (child independent mobility, CIM) auf deren am häufigsten zu ‎bewältigenden Strecke (zur Schule) hin, zunächst durch nicht motorisierte Formen der ‎Verkehrsteilnahme, aber weitgehend auch mit Hilfe von verschiedenen formellen wie informellen ‎Nahverkehrsmitteln. Es wurden sozio-kulturelle und sozialpsychologische Einflussfaktoren seitens ‎sowohl Kindern als auch ihren Eltern identifiziert, die die Verkehrsteilnahme von Kindern hemmen ‎oder befördern können. Gleichermaßen wurden hemmende ‎Faktoren untersucht. Die Akzeptanz des Radfahrens von Kindern wurde als Fallbeispiel für ‎unerschlossenes Mobilitätspotenzial untersucht und deutet auf die Prävalenz sozialpsychologischer ‎Faktoren hin, die Entscheidungsfaktoren rationaler und praktischer Natur entgegenstehen und die die ‎Verkehrsmittelnutzung von Kindern mindern; hier benannt als Nutzungslücke (appropriation gap). Die ‎Ergebnisse wurden schließlich in Zusammenhang mit dem Konzept der Verkehrsteilnahme gestellt ‎und erlauben die Diskussion von Implikationen für die politische Ebene und für den Diskurs von ‎Mobilität in benachteiligten Gruppen der Gesellschaft.
This study investigates the nature of children's actual and potential mobility in a case study of an ‎‎informal settlement in a megacity of a developing country; namely Ezbet El-Haggana in Greater Cairo ‎and explores the nature of the childhood ‎phase of developing mobility practices and habits, not only ‎as enabled by children themselves as ‎commuters, but also as enabled by parents and the surrounding ‎community and society. A theoretical framework was constructed through which ‎children's mobility is ‎investigated. It is based on Icek Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior and Vincent ‎Kaufmann's ‎conceptualization of Motility. The data was primarily collected through a field survey and ‎focus groups. ‎Results indicated high prevalence of child independent mobility (CIM) in the most ‎frequent trip (to ‎school), not only through active transport but also largely through different formal ‎and informal ‎transport services available. There are socio-cultural and socio-psychological factors ‎among both the ‎parents and the children that constitute the appropriation of mobility options that ‎cater to children, ‎either enabling or inhibiting their mobility. Through the experiences of children's ‎mobility, the acquired ‎skills and adaptive attitudes by both children and parents enhance children's ‎potential mobility ‎compared to children in wealthier communities that may be granted less mobility ‎rights or have less ‎competences among other factors. Inhibiting factors were also ‎investigated; the specific case of ‎acceptance of cycling for children. This exemplified prevalence of socio-psychological factors that ‎overshadow ‎practical and rational aspects of choice; it is articulated here as an appropriation gap. ‎Results were ‎finally associated with the conceptualization of appropriation to discuss implications for ‎policy and for ‎the discourses of mobility in disadvantaged communities.‎

This dissertation contributes to post-war public opinion research by examining the perceptions of migrants – the gastarbeiter, the refugee, the family reunited after war – and the local population in comparative perspective. Existing surveys of post-war populations are typically conducted in a single country affected by war. However, particularly following forced expulsion and campaigns of ethnic cleansing substantial portions of national communities affected by conflict no longer live within the boundaries of the state. Current research may therefore overlook important populations as well as contextual factors that shape post-war attitudes. I help to address this problem by examining three widely held assumptions in the literature: that migrants hold more conflictive attitudes than the local population after war; that assimilation in settlement countries leads migrants to hold more peaceful attitudes; and that traumatic experiences lead migrants to hold more conflictive attitudes. These claims are largely based on theoretical accounts, case studies that suffer from selection bias and quantitative results that have proven unstable. By contrast, I examine new micro-level data: two large-scale surveys conducted simultaneously in post-war Bosnia and Sweden as a settlement country. Sweden’s choice to grant permanent residency in toto to refugees from the Bosnian War in 1993 resulted in the vast majority remaining settled in Sweden. As a result, the population of ex-Yugoslavs in Sweden is arguably more representative than in other comparable settlement country contexts. To explain differences among ex-Yugoslavs in Sweden and between these migrants and the local population in Bosnia, I connect social-psychological processes that help meet individuals’ basic psychological needs. These include: belief formation in the context of war; acculturation strategies in settlement countries; the development of nostalgic memories; and coping with traumatic experiences. The findings shed light on largely misunderstood processes. Under certain conditions, migration may provide an exit from detrimental wartime and post-war settings that produce and sustain conflictive societal beliefs after war. At the same time, the migration context may provide a richer set of socioeconomic and psychological resources for coping, offsetting the need to rely on conflictive beliefs as a way of dealing with the conflict crisis.

This thesis investigates Iberian communities in central Hispania Citerior during the Roman Republic. I demonstrate the usefulness of an actor-network approach for understanding a topic characterised by scarce archaeological datasets. This approach is not intended to create a new narrative for Roman Provincial Studies but instead allows us to ask new questions: what was at stake for these communities? What was of interest to the Iberians? How did things happen? Iberians lived primarily in small, often fortified settlements in elevated locations, although some larger settlements are known and during the Republic many sites were abandoned for new locations on flatter ground. I find that throughout the period settlements were often clustered, creating communities distributed in small groups of sites. These Iberian groups grew versatile staple crops in a variety of locations but may have tailored additional crops to regional environmental conditions. I consider the potential for collaboration in the autumn ploughing and conclude that any such collaboration must have relied on dense and wide relationships given changing patterns of variability in rainfall. I show differences within coin circulation that suggest Iberian coins were part of distinct sets of relationships. I also test the ability of carts to pass over various long-distances routes and find that some coins were bound up in the same assemblages as cart transport. The thesis positions the interface between all these different assemblages as crucial to further work on these communities.

Anatolia has been the cradle of many different cultures throughout history. One of these was the Celts who migrated from Europe to Anatolia in the 3rd century BC and had various impacts on the settlement pattern of the region called Galatia after their arrival. Therefore in Anatolia urbanization history we know them as Galatians. The main statement of this thesis is that, cultural identity is not a static, inherent quality, but a dynamic and contigent aspect of the existence of people. Therefore cultural identity should be regarded as a pattern continuum. In thisd study, in order to predict the Galatian settlement pattern until thr Roman dominance in the late 1st century BC in Anatolia, European Celtic settlement pattern has been reviewed as well as archaeolgical evidence and the Celtic language. The Hallstatt and the following La Tene periods in European history have been investigated since La Tene period is isochronic with Galatians in Anatolia. From the archaeological evidence in Europe, it is clear that the Celts established defended settlements, mastered the art of iron working and mining, and traded with the classical world. In previous literature, Anatolia Celts/Galatians have been regarded as nomads who were involved mostly in warfare. However, the location of their forts and village-like settlements along the ancient trade routes implies that they were settled people who were engaged in production and trading activities as well, similar to La Tene in Europe. Settlement types and their distribution pattern, linguistic and archaeological evidence investigated in this thesis verify that Celtic cultural identity in the history of Europe and Anatolia should be regarded as a pattern continuum.

Sovereignty over the South China Sea waters and the territorial features therein has been a contentious issue since at least the 1970’s, with conflicting claims going back even further. Key concepts of Liberal and Neo-Realist International Relations Theory are used to assess respective theory’s explanatory capability for why the South China Sea Dispute is difficult to settle. The scope of the study is limited to three pairings of international relations: China-Philippines, China-Vietnam and China-USA. The analysis concerns the development of these sets of international relations from 2016 up until now. The findings point to unilateral action by one claimant in the face of contesting claims by another as being one of the main factors perpetuating the conflict. Treaties and international law are designed with Liberal development of international relations in mind, but in practice Neo-Realist hard power politics interrupts this development. Examples of disruptive action include attempts to unilaterally exploit natural resources in the region, settling features in the sea, doing construction work on features in the sea, as well as regular FONOPS conducted by navy ships in the region. Finally, there are difficulties settling on a mechanism for sovereignty settlement, as China makes its claims based on historic- or historical claims, rather than international law as it is written out in UNCLOS.

Sweden, like Europe, has had an increased influx of people seeking asylum in recent years, instigating restrictive measures within the Swedish asylum regime. Simultaneously as the sustainability of settlement and housing policies for people seeking asylum has been the subject of large political debate, restrictive methods such as a minimum rights approach has been adopted, putting the Swedish asylum regime at the edge of the European Convention. In 2019, 25 years after its implementation, Sweden’s refugee reception system was amended. As of then, people seeking asylum who choose their own housing (EBO) in certain municipalities over assigned housing in accommodation facilities (ABO) are no longer entitled to state subsidies. Drawing on Michel Foucault’s discourse theory and Carol Bacchi’s policy analysis, What’s the Problem Represented to be, this thesis examines how the political discourse on refugee reception and EBO settlement has changed from the implementation of the LMA Act in 1994 to its amendment in 2019 by observing how the motifs of the implementation and amendment have been expressed, what underlying presumptions or assumptions such expressions hold, and what effects such discourse has. The study shows a discursive shift represented in the political discourse, portraying EBO settlement as contributing to societal degradation and in need of restrictions through reprisals. The main findings show that the discourse constructs an imagery of people seeking asylum as responsible for, and a threat to, Swedish welfare and societal structure. Moreover, the analysis displays a conceptualization of social sustainability as a matter of meeting the interest of the state, rather than the needs of the individual. In sum the study contributes in part to a deeper understanding of how political discourses shape the knowledge and conceptualization of people seeking asylum, the restrictive trajectory of Swedish asylum policy, and highlights the consequences of restrictive state bureaucracies for people seeking protection within Swedish borders.

Using complementary methods of palaeoecological reconstruction (pollen, microscopic charcoal, organic content, peat humification and tephrochronology) integrated with a critical and contrastive re-evaluation of archaeological data, this PhD project is the first to test the hypothesis that marginal, upland settlements were abandoned because of 'catastrophic' climatic or environmental changes during the Later Bronze Age (ca. 1200 BC). The Strath of Kildonan possesses a remarkably rich and well preserved record of multi-period settlement and land-use situated in an area, currently and historically, perceived as culturally, economically and environmentally 'marginal'. Previous archaeological work has been used to support the abandonment hypothesis, making it an ideal location for reconstructing associated palaeoclimatic and vegetation changes from 'off-site' environmental contexts. There are no extant palaeoclimatic reconstructions and existing pollen work is of low spatial/temporal resolution. Three deep peat sites were selected for their relationship to archaeological sites which reflect a gradient of increasing ecological 'marginality', thus sensitivity to climate change. Palaeohydrological reconstructions reveal a highly variable Late Holocene climate with regional shifts recorded ca. 4,360-4,090 cal BP (ca. 2410-2140 cal BC); ca. 3,160-2,870 cal BP (ca. 1210-920 cal BC); 2,160-1,940 cal BP (ca. 210 cal BC-cal AD 10); ca. 1,520- 1,350 cal BP (ca. cal AD 430-600). Pollen- and peat-stratigraphic data reflect the continuity of settlement, through the record of land-use, during and after the inferred Late Bronze Age climate deterioration ca. 3,160-2,870 cal BP (ca. 1210-920 cal BC) at the two most marginal sites, Loch Ascaig and Kinbrace Hill. The only significant evidence for abandonment occurs at Loch Ascaig substantially before the palaeohydrological shift ca. 1,520-1,320 cal BP and persists for ca. 200 years. The results of the palaeoenvironmental programme and re-appraisal of the archaeological record in the Strath of Kildonan, northern Scotland, have led to a rejection of a Later Bronze Age 'catastrophe' as a stimulus of land-use change and settlement abandonment. There is no evidence that climatic change or Icelandic volcanic eruptions were detrimental to 'marginal' agricultural settlements in the Strath of Kildonan during the past 4,000 years. The results both challenge environmentally deterministic interpretations and also highlight some of the ways which culture and cultural adjustments provide strategies for coping with times of uncertainty and scarcity. This research has highlighted the importance of examining how settlements and landscapes were inhabited and transformed by the dynamic interaction of human activity, climatic variability and internal environmental processes, not merely identifying the 'if and 'when' of abandonment.

Values matter in both legal decision (lawmaking and lawapplying) and discourse (lawshaping and lawinfluencing). Yet, their purported subjectivity means that gaining or improving knowledge about values (whether they be epistemic, legal, moral, ethical, economic, political, cultural, social, or religious) in the context of analytic legal thought and understanding is often said to be at odds with its goal of objectivity. This phenomenon is amplified at the international level where the infusion of seemingly subjective political values by sovereigns, and the decisionmakers to whom they delegate, can, and does, interfere with an idealized and objective rule of law. The discourse on value subjectivity, and its relation to the purpose and function of the law, is particularly apparent in evolving international legal orders such as investment treaty arbitration. The primary aim of this work is to provide a new method for gaining empirical knowledge about value subjectivity that can help close a weak link in all nonpositivist (value-laden) legal theory: a weakness that has manifest itself as skepticism about the possibility of measuring value objectively enough to permit its incorporation as a necessary component of analytic jurisprudence. This work proposes a theory of configurative fairness for addressing the problem related to the development or evolution of legal regimes, and how legal regimes perceived as subjectively unfair can be remedied. Such a theory accepts the premise that perceptions of fairness matter in directing the way that legal orders develop, and that perceptions of fairness relate to the manner in which values are distributed and maximized in particular legal orders. It is posited that legal orders perceived as fair by their participants are more likely to be endorsed or accepted as legally binding (and are therefore more likely to comply with the processes and outcomes that such laws mandate). The purpose of a theory of configurative fairness is an attempt to provide a methodological bridge for improving knowledge about value in the context of legal inquiry through the employment of a technique called Q methodology: an epistemological and empirical means for the measurement and mapping of human subjectivity. It is a method that was developed in the early twentieth century by physicist-psychologist William Stephenson: the last research student of the inventor of factor analysis, Charles Spearman. What Stephenson did was to create a way for systematically measuring subjective perspectives, and although not previously used in jurisprudential thought, Q methodology will facilitate a means for the description and evaluation of shared subjectivities. In the context of law generally, and in investment treaty arbitration specifically, these are the subjectivities that manifest themselves as the conflicting perspectives about value that are omnipresent in both communicative lawshaping discourse and authoritative and controlling lawmaking and lawapplying decision. Knowledge about these shared value subjectivities among participants in investment treaty arbitration will allow the legal analyst to delineate and clarify points of overlapping consensus about the desired distribution of value as they relate to the regime-building issues of evolving legal orders. The focus for a theory of configurative fairness pertains to the identification of the various value positions that participants hold about a particular legal order and to configure those values, through its rules and principles, in a manner that is acceptable (and perceived as fair) by all of its participants. If such a value consensus can be identified, then particular rules in the legal order can be configured by decisionmakers in a way so as to satisfy participants’ shared value understandings. To engage such a theory, a means for identifying shared value subjectivities must be delineated. This work conducts a Q method study on the issues under debate relating to regime-building questions in investment treaty arbitration. The Q method study asked participants knowledgeable about investment treaty arbitration to rank-order a set of statements about the way that the values embraced by this legal order ought to be configured. The results of the study demonstrate that there is significant overlap about how participants in investment treaty arbitration perceive the desired distribution of values across the regime. The Q method study identified six distinct perspectives that represent shared subjectivities about value in the context of the development of investment treaty arbitration. The Q method study was also able to identify where there is an overlapping consensus about value distribution across the distinct perspectives. It is these areas of overlapping consensus that are most likely to reflect shared value understandings, and it is proposed that it is upon these shared value understandings that the future development of investment treaty arbitration ought to aim.

Disertacijos tikslas – atlikti I–XII a. Lietuvos teritorijos apgyvenimo sistemų palyginamąją priežastinę analizę. Tyrimui sukurta unikali Lietuvos geležies amžiaus archeologinių vietų ir radimviečių GIS GDB, kurios pagrindu, panaudojant GIS technologijas, atlikta išsami skirtingų I–XII a. Lietuvos teritorijoje lokalizuotų kultūrinių regionų teritorijos apgyvenimo sistemų chronologinės raidos analizė (skiriant jų plėtros, kaitos, stabilumo bei regresijos laikotarpius). Detalios kartografinės analizės rezultatas – papildyti ir patikslinti iki šiol kitų tyrinėtojų atlikti tyrimai, vertinant kultūrinių regionų struktūrinį nevienalytiškumą, išskiriant juose branduolius, periferiją, tarpgentines ir vidujgentines neapgyventas teritorijas bei mišrios kultūrinės priklausomybės periferines teritorijas. Daug dėmesio skirta kultūrinių regionų riboms, jų kaitai. Atkreiptas dėmesys į inovacijų plitimo teritorinį netolygumą, išskiriant jų židinius bei konservatyviuosius senųjų tradicijų centrus. Lietuvos teritorijos apgyvenimo ir etnogenezės procesų raidos regioniniai skirtumai vertinti neatsiejant jų nuo gamtinės aplinkos – kaip itin svarbaus jų raidą determinuojančio faktoriaus, įtakos vertinimo. Tuo pagrindu parengta gamtinės aplinkos ir kultūrinių darinių integralumo (etnogeocenozių) koncepcija, šiame darbe tapusi teoriniu pagrindu atliekant tolimesnę teritorijos apgyvenimo sistemų struktūrinę analizę. Aptariant bendruomenių adaptaciją nevienalytėje gamtinėje aplinkoje, išryškinti Rytų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The aim of the study is to carry out a comparative causative analysis of population systems in the territory of Lithuania in the 1st–12th century AD. For this purpose, a unique GIS GDB of archaeological sites and find spots of Iron Age in Lithuania was compiled making advantage of the possibilities offered by GIS technologies. The comprehensive analysis of chronological development of territory population (by cultural groups localized in the territory of Lithuania) systems was carried out distinguishing their progression, change, stability and regression stages. The results obtained by detailed cartographic analysis allowed supplementing the data obtained by other researchers who have investigated the structural homogeneity of cultural areas and distinguished their kernel areas, peripheries, unpopulated tribal and intertribal territories, and peripheral areas of mixed cultural possession. Much attention was paid to the boundaries of cultural areas and their changes. The territorial unevenness of the spread of innovations is pointed out and their seed-beds and centres of old tradition distinguished. The regional differences of population and ethnogenetic processes in the territory of Lithuania were evaluated in close correlation with the natural environment as a determining factor of paramount importance. A concept of natural environment and integrity of cultural divisions (ethnogeocoenoses) is presented and used as an ideological and theoretical basis for further structural... [to full text]

The aim of the study is to carry out a comparative causative analysis of population systems in the territory of Lithuania in the 1st–12th century AD. For this purpose, a unique GIS GDB of archaeological sites and find spots of Iron Age in Lithuania was compiled making advantage of the possibilities offered by GIS technologies. The comprehensive analysis of chronological development of territory population (by cultural groups localized in the territory of Lithuania) systems was carried out distinguishing their progression, change, stability and regression stages. The results obtained by detailed cartographic analysis allowed supplementing the data obtained by other researchers who have investigated the structural homogeneity of cultural areas and distinguished their kernel areas, peripheries, unpopulated tribal and intertribal territories, and peripheral areas of mixed cultural possession. Much attention was paid to the boundaries of cultural areas and their changes. The territorial unevenness of the spread of innovations is pointed out and their seed-beds and centres of old tradition distinguished. The regional differences of population and ethnogenetic processes in the territory of Lithuania were evaluated in close correlation with the natural environment as a determining factor of paramount importance. A concept of natural environment and integrity of cultural divisions (ethnogeocoenoses) is presented and used as an ideological and theoretical basis for further structural... [to full text]
Disertacijos tikslas – atlikti I–XII a. Lietuvos teritorijos apgyvenimo sistemų palyginamąją priežastinę analizę. Tyrimui sukurta unikali Lietuvos geležies amžiaus archeologinių vietų ir radimviečių GIS GDB, kurios pagrindu, panaudojant GIS technologijas, atlikta išsami skirtingų I–XII a. Lietuvos teritorijoje lokalizuotų kultūrinių regionų teritorijos apgyvenimo sistemų chronologinės raidos analizė (skiriant jų plėtros, kaitos, stabilumo bei regresijos laikotarpius). Detalios kartografinės analizės rezultatas – papildyti ir patikslinti iki šiol kitų tyrinėtojų atlikti tyrimai, vertinant kultūrinių regionų struktūrinį nevienalytiškumą, išskiriant juose branduolius, periferiją, tarpgentines ir vidujgentines neapgyventas teritorijas bei mišrios kultūrinės priklausomybės periferines teritorijas. Daug dėmesio skirta kultūrinių regionų riboms, jų kaitai. Atkreiptas dėmesys į inovacijų plitimo teritorinį netolygumą, išskiriant jų židinius bei konservatyviuosius senųjų tradicijų centrus. Lietuvos teritorijos apgyvenimo ir etnogenezės procesų raidos regioniniai skirtumai vertinti neatsiejant jų nuo gamtinės aplinkos – kaip itin svarbaus jų raidą determinuojančio faktoriaus, įtakos vertinimo. Tuo pagrindu parengta gamtinės aplinkos ir kultūrinių darinių integralumo (etnogeocenozių) koncepcija, šiame darbe tapusi teoriniu pagrindu atliekant tolimesnę teritorijos apgyvenimo sistemų struktūrinę analizę. Aptariant bendruomenių adaptaciją nevienalytėje gamtinėje aplinkoje, išryškinti Rytų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Includes abstract.
Includes bibliographical references.
Effective provision of water services to informal settlements in Zambia has, andcontinues to challenge policy makers and those mandated to provide this service.Despite effecting widespread reforms for the sector in the mid to late 1990’s witha prime intent of rapidly reinvigorating the sector, problems still remain as vastnumbers of the informal settlement populace continue to live without adequateand sustained access to clean water. The complex nature of these informalsettlements has been cited as one of the key factors responsible for this situationin that the housing units are constructed devoid of any municipal planning andcontrol; are poorly constructed; and, not laid out in a systematic geometric arraywhich is essential for effective provision of modern water reticulationinfrastructure. Other factors include challenges by the service providers tomobilise resources required to install the network infrastructure and also theirinability to fully meet and recover their operational costs. The literature reviewquestioned whether other actors should be willingly allowed to participate in orderto augment service provision and also whether provision of incentives to theservice providers would serve to eradicate this condition of poor service delivery.The research was undertaken using a grounded theory approach within thesocial constructivist paradigm which is most suited where there is an absence oftheory to underpin the research area, or where the existent knowledge base inthe particular area is devoid of any theoretical foundation. The methods of datacollection included focus group discussions and in-depth semi-structuredinterviews. The research revealed that existing service delivery approaches tothese areas needs to be remodelled primarily through overhaul of the existentpolicy framework, if they are to fully cater for the various operational impedimentsinherent in informal settlements. Other findings included the requirement ofoperational incentives to entice the service providers to service these areas andthe formation of ‘quad partnerships’ through which to render services. Thetheoretical propositions (key cornerstones) for informal settlement water supplystated in this research were derived and assembled from these key findings.

The 1995 UN Fish Stocks Agreement established the principle of compatibility envisaging that conservation and management measures adopted within national Exclusive Economic Zones and those adopted on the adjacent high seas should be compatible. However, the aforementioned principle has been regarded as representing one of the most contentious elements in the new law of the sea régime. The ambiguity lies in the existent legal uncertainty about the measures which shall be regarded as the referential basis for international regulatory schemes. The above controversy becomes more acute in the shade of the doubtful application that the available disputes settlement provisions under the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea might have on this kind of disputes. The present disquisition studies the rationale behind an obscure system of clausal construction which was conceived by, and for first time emerged from the drafts of, the UN International Law Commission in early 1950s. This clausal construction refers to the peculiar pattern of legal drafting wherein procedural clauses are amalgamated into articles of substantive law. It is argued that treaty articles containing such clauses are predisposed to establish an inextricable connection between the substantive provisions and the provisions of procedure for the settlement of disputes. This kind of blended provisions represents a sui generis law, the peculiarity of which derives from its own insusceptibility to State auto-interpretation. The purpose of this analysis is to argue in favour of the compulsory application of the 1995 UN Fish Stocks Agreement's settlement procedures on compatibility disputes in remaining unaffected by the operation of the procedural limitation. In advancing this argument the present thesis aims at developing a theory over the functional role of the procedural clauses which initially seem that for no obvious reason have been extracted from Part VIII of the Agreement and been embedded into the substantive article of compatibility. By analysing thus the textual formation of embedded clauses the present thesis constructs its argument upon – and further advances – an existing proposition in the literature that views compulsory dispute settlement procedures as indispensable element of the substantive principle insofar as compatibility is vaguely construed in neutral terms; i.e., without a predetermined orientation in its geographical scope.

Spatial Decision Making as a branch of decision making science deals with geographically related data in order to achieve complex spatial decision problems. Fuzzy set theory is one of the methods that can be used to come up with these types of problems. On the other hand, Geographical Information Systems (GIS) is one of the most powerful tools that we can use to accomplish spatial decision problems. Selection of the suitable site or land-use for the real estate is also a spatial decision making problem. When we consider the initial dynamics of the suitably located property from the point of view of value and potential we observe that the &ldquo
good location&rdquo
is the dominating factor. This study reports on the development of a kind of decision support system for locational suitability of settlements that integrates the fuzzy set (FZ) theory, a rule-based system (RBS) and GIS. This study is thought as the assistant for the property managers that are buyers and sellers. It can function as the property consultant for the buyers when they are looking for a property to buy and also it helps the real estate agencies to sell their properties. On the other hand, different scenarios of the potential areas according to the different user&rsquo
s preferences are depicted and they are joined and compared with the results of the vulnerability to earthquake hazards&rsquo
of the same area. Odunpazari - Eskisehir area is selected for implementation of the case study because of the data availability. As a result of this study, it can be said that most suitable property changes depending on the people&rsquo
s preferences. In addition, it is seen that most of the buildings that are locationally suitable are highly vulnerable to the earthquake hazards.

This thesis investigates the narrated experiences of a number of individuals that migrated to Argentina from Russia and Ukraine in the wake of the fall of the Soviet Union. The over-arching aim of this thesis is to study the ways in which these migrants navigated the social reality in Argentina, with regards to available physical, material, and socioeconomic positions as well as with regards to their narrated self-understandings and identifications. The empirical data consists of ethnographic in-depth interviews and participatory observation from Buenos Aires between the years 2011 and 2014. Through the theoretical frameworks of political discourse theory, critical race studies, auto-ethnography, and theories on coloniality, the author examines questions of migration, mobility, race, class, and gender in the processes of re-establishing a life in a new context. The interviewees were not only directly affected by the collapse of the USSR in the sense that it drastically changed their terrain of possible futures as well as retroactive understandings of their pasts, but they also began their lives in Argentina during the turmoil of the economic crisis that culminated in 2001. Central to this thesis is how these dislocatory events impacted the interviewees’ possibilities and limitations for living the life they had expected, and thus how discursive structures affect subject positions and identifications, and thereby create specific conditions for different relocatory trajectories. By focusing on how these individuals narrate their reasons for migration and their integration into Argentine labor and housing markets, the author demonstrates the role Argentine and East European history, as well as the neoliberal restructuring of the postsocialist region and Argentina in the 1990’s, had for self-understandings, subject positions, identities, and mobility. Various intersections of power, and particularly the making of race and whiteness, are important for the way that the interviewees negotiated subject positions and identifications. The author addresses how affect and hope played a part in these processes and how downward mobility was articulated and made meaningful. She also examines how participants’ ideas about a “good life” were related to understandings of the past, questions of race, social inequality, and a logic of coloniality.
Den här avhandlingen undersöker hur ett antal individer som migrerade från Ryssland och Ukraina till Argentina efter Sovjetunionens fall berättar om sin erfarenhet. Det övergripande syftet är att studera hur dessa migranter navigerade i den sociala verkligheten i Argentina, särskilt vad det gäller kroppsliga, materiella och socioekonomiska positioner, såväl som hur detta påverkat deras berättade självförståelse och identifikationer. Det empiriska materialet består av etnografiska djupintervjuer och deltagande observationer gjorda i Buenos Aires mellan åren 2011 och 2014. Författaren använder sig av ett teoretiskt ramverk bestående av politisk diskursteori, kritiska ras- och vithetsstudier, autoetnografi och teorier om kolonialitet för att undersöka frågor om migration, mobilitet, rasialisering, klass och kön i en kontext av återetablering av ett liv i ett nytt samhälle. De som intervjuas i denna avhandling påverkades inte bara av Sovjetunionens kollaps, på så sätt att det påverkade deras förståelse av möjlig framtid samt deras retroaktiva förståelser av det förflutna, utan de påbörjade även sina nya liv i Argentina under den ekonomiska krisen som kulminerade år 2001. Centralt i avhandlingen är hur dessa dislokatoriska händelser inverkade på de intervjuades möjligheter och begränsningar för att kunna leva det liv som de hade förväntat sig, och därmed hur diskursiva strukturer påverkar subjektspositioner och identifikationer och därmed skapar specifika villkor för olika vägar för återetablering. Genom fokus på hur dessa individer berättar om sina anledningar för migrationen och om deras väg in i den argentinska arbets- och bostadsmarknaden visar författaren vilken roll argentinsk och östeuropeisk historia, såväl som 1990-talets nyliberala omstrukturering av den postsovjetiska regionen och Argentina, hade för deras självförståelse, subjektspositioner, identitet och mobilitet. Viktigt för hur de intervjuade förhandlade om olika subjektspositioner och identifikationer är intersektionella maktordningar och särskilt skapandet av ras och vithet. Författaren analyserar hur affekt och hopp spelade en roll i dessa processer och hur social deklassering artikulerades och gjordes meningsfull. Här undersöks även hur de intervjuades idéer om möjligheten att leva ett ”gott liv” var sammanflätade med förståelser av det förflutna, rasialisering, social ojämlikhet och en logik som präglades av kolonialitet.
Тема этой диссертации – это личный опыт ряда индивидуумов, переехавших в Аргентину вскоре после распада Советского Союза, на основе их собственных повествований. Основная цель работы заключается в исследовании того, как мигранты-участники вписывались в общественную реальность Аргентины на фоне её превалирующих физических,  материальных и социо-экономических позиций, а также по отношению к тому, как согласно их рассказам, эти люди сами себя воспринимали и идентифицировали. Эмпирическая компонента диссертации включает в себя комплекс углубленных этнографических интервью и включенного наблюдения, проводимых в Буэнос Айрес в 2011 -2014 гг. Автор изучает вопросы миграции, класса, социальной мобильности, расы и гендера в процессе переустановки жизни в новых условиях, руководствуясь теоретическими посылами теорий политического дискурса, критических расовых исследований (critical race studies), автоэтнографии и теорий колониальности. В дополнение к тому факту, что на интервьюируемых оказал непосредственное влияние распад Советского Союза, который кардинальным образом изменил как возможные сценарии их будущего, так и ретроактивные интерпретации их прошлого, эти люди начали свою новую жизнь в Аргентине сразу после сумятицы экономического кризиса, достигшего кульминации в 2001 г. Центральным аспектом диссертации является изучение воздействия, которое имели эти дислоцирующие обстоятельства на спектр естественных возможностей и преград на пути реализации жизненного проекта участников исследования, как они себе его представляли, а также какое влияние оказывают соответствующие дискурсивные структуры на позиции и идентификации субъектов, обуславливая определенные условия реализации различных траекторий их жизни в эмиграции. Фокусируя внимание на том, как эти индивидуумы повествуют о том, что побудило их к эмиграции в Аргентину и интеграции в местные рынки труда и жилья, автор подчеркивает ту роль, которую сыграли в этом особенности как аргентинской, так и восточноевропейской истории, наряду с более поздними структурными изменениями 90х гг., происходившими как на постсоветском, так и аргентинском пространствах в эпоху неолиберализма. Это касается в равной степени аспектов самовосприятия, позиций субъектов, а также вопросов их идентификации и мобильности. Важной составляющей того, каким образом интервьюируемые устанавливали рамки своей субъективной идентификации и позиции, являлись различные грани концепции власти; в частности того, как возникают понятия расы и ‘белизны’ (whiteness). Автор обращается к вопросу, какую роль в этих процессах сыграли аффект и надежда, и как субъекты исследования артикулировали и находили смысл в своей нисходящей мобильности. Параллельно автор анализирует то, как представления участников о "хорошей жизни" ставились ими в зависимость от их собственной интерпретации прошлого, наряду с вопросами расы, общественного неравенства и колониальной логики.
Esta tesis investiga las experiencias narradas por una serie de individuos que emigraron a Argentina desde Rusia y Ucrania a raíz de la caída de la Unión Soviética. Su objetivo general es estudiar el modo en que estos inmigrantes transitaron la realidad social argentina en lo que se refiere a las posiciones físicas, materiales y socioeconómicas disponibles, así como también a su auto-comprensión y a las identidades construidas desde sus narraciones. La autora examina cuestiones de migración, movilidad, raza, clase y género en los procesos de restablecimiento de la vida de estos sujetos a través del marco de la teoría política del discurso, los estudios críticos de la raza, la auto-etnografía y teorías sobre la colonialidad. Los datos empíricos consisten en entrevistas etnográficas en profundidad y observación participante realizadas en Buenos Aires entre los años 2011 y 2014. Los entrevistados no sólo se vieron directamente afectados por el colapso de la URSS en el sentido de que éste cambió drásticamente su terreno de futuros posibles y la comprensión retroactiva de su pasado, sino que también comenzaron sus vidas en Argentina durante las turbulencias de la crisis económica que estalló en el año 2001. En esta tesis, es central la indagación sobre cómo estos eventos dislocatorios impactaron en las posibilidades y limitaciones de los entrevistados para vivir la vida que esperaban y cómo las estructuras discursivas afectan las posiciones y las identificaciones de los sujetos, creando condiciones específicas para diferentes trayectorias de reubicación. Al enfocarse en cómo estos individuos narran sus razones para la migración y su integración en los mercados laborales y de la vivienda en Argentina, la autora demuestra el papel que tienen en las auto-comprensiones, posiciones de sujeto, identidades y movilidad, tanto la historia argentina y de Europa del Este, así como también la reestructuración neoliberal de la región postsocialista y de la Argentina en los años 90. Diversas intersecciones de poder, y particularmente la raza y la blancura son importantes para la manera en que los entrevistados negociaron posiciones subjetivas e identificaciones. La autora aborda cómo el afecto y la esperanza desempeñaron un papel en estos procesos y cómo la movilidad descendente se articuló y se hizo significativa. También examina cómo las ideas de los participantes acerca de una "buena vida" se relacionan con la comprensión del pasado, las cuestiones de raza, desigualdad social y una lógica colonial.

"Sem resumo feito pelo autor"; Os sinais do tempo parecem dizer-nos que vivemos o colapso de uma civilização (a industrial) e a fundação de uma outra era. Em plena transição entre sistemas de pensamento, na criação de novos paradigmas, os tempos não são optimistas, como foram no início deste século. Hoje vemos o futuro com apreensão, entre a anestesia do consumo e algum pessimismo ecológico. A História, registando a constância das grandes questões dos homens, afirmou-se como um porto de partida para as limitadas aventuras que se pedem, em arquitectura, à nossa geração. Passados que foram os tempos das grandes causas, das grandes revoluções, exige-se o compromisso, a negociação com os lugares, os contextos e as gentes, maximizando os recursos disponíveis, pelo que falamos (cada vez mais) em "arquitecturas e cidades sustentáveis" e, portanto, também em conservação. A falência da cidade moderna e a (re)descoberta do desenho da cidade histórica, introduziram aproximações disciplinares onde o colectivo, o permanente e o tipológico substituíram a voragem individualista, objectual e criativa que, durante a primeira metade do século, orientaram a arquitectura. No novo mundo do excesso da informação, do aparente e fácil contacto de todos com todos e das novas solidões, o olhar arquitectónico, despertado pela história, descobre incrédulo outras histórias, que não estavam, que estavam mal, ou só estavam parcialmente contadas. Olhar não é fácil. Só vemos o que conhecemos, o que adjectivamos. Umas das lições essenciais, que recebi de Fernando Távora, referia-se à dificuldade de ver em arquitectura. Dizia Távora, nas suas saudosas aulas, que era impossível vero que ignoramos, amar (arquitectonicamente) o que desconhecemos; ...que passamos anos a passar por coisas, olhar para coisas que não vemos, que não temos sequer a consciência que existem, até um dia em que se faz luz (ou cor). Partindo do Porto, nas viagens que, começando pelo Alentejo, iniciei na descoberta da arquitectura do meu país, vi que ele era feito de outros países, de muitas gentes e culturas. Pessoa, Orlando Ribeiro e depois José Mattoso (re)confirmaram-me esta descoberta; de que havia vária almas e muitos corpos portugueses, num continente peninsular e algumas ilhas (...na madorra da espera do terceiro império), entre um Norte atlântico, viril e teutónico do granito, do castanho e dos carvalhos; e um Sul mediterrânico, mais colorido e luminoso, mais sensual e flexível, como o calcário e as casquinhas brandas, de construção mais pobre que se cobre de sensuais rebocos. A evolução da teoria da conservação diz-nos, hoje, que temos de preservar o físico, mas também o intangível (os saberes, as práticas culturais, as funções e as actividades históricas da cidade), verificando-se uma grande ampliação no que hoje consideramos como «património». Para a nossa geração património será tanto a «obra de arte», o monumento clássico digamos assim, como o lugar e o ambiente, a cidade histórica e a cidade consolidada. Mas é também património o território e a paisagem humanizadas, de que tanto fala Ribeiro Telles, enquanto arquitecturas de vasta escala, ou seja: organizações voluntárias do espaço feitas pelo homem e portadoras dos seus valores. Depois da II Grande Guerra, nas décadas da renovação, interveio-se na cidade segundo uma lógica de substituição (demolindo para construir a nova arquitectura do novo urbanismo). Mais tarde praticou-se uma reabilitação sistemática do "parque edificado", onde a arquitectura histórica era apenas mais uma das "pré-existências" contextuais, condicionadoras do projecto. Mais recentemente, iniciou-se a conservação e/ou o restauro filológico aplicados ao contexto urbano, correspondendo à valorização económica e cultural da história e dos "Centros Históricos". Com o regresso à cidade, com as novas formas de produção e o terciário avançado a sustentarem o retomo da ideia da cidade consolidada como local de miscigenação funcional, de novo adequado à residencialidade e ao trabalho, chegamos ao momento em que a reciclagem destes tecidos se manifesta como campo promissor do exercício da actividade de projecto. Em Portugal acordámos relativamente tarde para o problema da conservação da cidade histórica. Num país afastado da marcha do progresso, durante décadas amordaçado cultural e politicamente, tomámos como segura a continuidade das cidades tradicionais, a permanência das antigas práticas construtivos, isto quando ambas já se encontravam perdidas, ou definitivamente ameaçadas. O olhar para o amanhã significava a procura das novas comodidades, das novas possibilidades abertas pelo consumo, pelo que, nesse contexto, a história e os seus cenários físicos foram (são ainda) para muitos, sinónimo de atrofiamento e de pobreza. Se observarmos o fortíssimo impacto, na actualidade, da cultura da conservação patrimonial e do restauro urbano, patente nas economias de alguns países da Europa - continente onde justamente se deu o apogeu da cultura das cidades -, é mais paradoxal ainda constatar os erros estratégicos de um dos poucos Estados europeus, o nosso, cujo património urbano sobreviveu quase incólume aos grandes cataclismos do século. Iniciando-se em meados dos anos 70, o olhar português sobre a reabilitação urbana teve, durante as últimas décadas e ao contrário de outros países europeus, um forte enfoque social. Com as acções práticas dos Gabinetes Técnicos Locais (GTL's), tentou combater-se a gentrification que, noutros contextos, expulsou os menos afortunados dos (mal chamados) "centros históricos". No entanto, também entre nós a cidade histórica se revela de novo apetecível para a burguesia ou a classe média-alta que, em Lisboa, regressa hoje à Lapa e à Graça, por vezes subvertendo o habitat proletário (as vilas operárias) em condomínios de luxo (como a Vila Bagatela), voltando ao centro depois de décadas de refúgio nos Estoris e em Sintra, encerrado o ciclo do acesso limitado ao automóvel, antes privilégio de poucos. Se é de toda a justiça apontar o nosso firme envolvimento na reutilização social da cidade histórica, importa também não esconder que se deixou para segundo plano os factores histórico-culturais – eventualmente, também, os macroeconómicos, pela permanência do congelamento das rendas e o abandono estratégico das questões urbanas pelas políticas patrimoniais -, verificando-se o predomínio de ópticas eminentemente utilitárias e pragmáticas, a que chamamos de "reabilitação urbana", sobre os aspectos da conservação patrimonial e do chamado "restauro urbano". Disciplinarmente, à arquitectura e ao projecto pediu-se eficácia e utilitarismo, no sentido de uma reconversão contemporânea do existente, mais do que desenvolver as capacidades de mediação entre os valores materiais e patrimoniais a preservar e as aspirações sociais a satisfazer. Ao contrário do que acontece noutros países europeus (a Itália, por exemplo), os nossos curricula de ensino da Arquitectura, na maioria dos mais de 20 cursos hoje existentes, pouco (ou nada) contemplam a teoria da conservação e do restauro, faltando entre nós uma projectualidade integradora das dimensões teóricas e técnicas inerentes a intervenções sobre património! Em consequência, enquanto estratégias de projecto, o novo (substituidor) ou, mais lamentavelmente, o falso histórico, impuseram-se às obrigações da salvaguarda material dos originais, pelo que renovamos mais do que restauramos e, neste contexto, praticamos cada vez mais extensivamente o fachadismo. Primeiro no estudo da reabilitação do Bairro Alto, depois na oportunidade da (re)visita a dezenas de cidades históricas, quando da escrita do Guião de apoio à reabilitação de edifícios, apercebi-me de alterações que senti como traumáticas: em muitos dos núcleos históricos, a cuja "reabilitação" assistia, verificava que modificávamos de forma excessivamente decisiva a sua essencialidade, prejudicando valores que os tomavam particularmente caros, alterando (por vezes, afectando irremediavelmente) a sua identidade urbana e arquitectónica. Esta sensação de absurdo e de perda, cuja causas precisas não sabia definir, aumentou quando assisti ao fenómeno 7ª Colina e particularmente quando, entre 1997 e 1999, revisitei, por diversas vezes, alguns dos núcleos históricos objecto de um programa governamental, conhecido pelo slogan `Dez milhões para dez aldeias". Durante duas décadas, na Primavera, com a lentidão de um 2CV azul tropical, corri as pequenas cidades e vilas de fronteira. Fotografei ciclicamente a sua arquitectura, nos mesmos ângulos, dos mesmos pontos de vista. Se existiam ainda entre nós lugares plenos de autenticidade e de capacidade rememorativa, onde sentíamos a emoção da descoberta e do contacto não intermediado coma história, eram certamente esses. Em algumas dessas terras, o antes e o depois da "reabilitação", foi, em demasiados casos, o antes e o depois de perdas irremediáveis. Em algumas dessas intervenções, como outras que visitei por todo o país, resultando da actuação de dezenas de GTL's, as mudanças mais radicais incidiam sobre a imagem urbana. Casas das quais me lembrava com pinturas e frescos, imitando pilastras, fingindo remates arquitectónicos eruditos, estavam agora rebocadas e integralmente pintadas de um ascético branco. Fachadas que sempre tiveram rebocos, algumas com grafitos, apresentavam-se agora nuas, obedecendo à moda da pedra à vista. Os problemas pareciam-me de ordem tecnológica, na incapacidade de (re)fazer, e de natureza disciplinar, nas carências metodológicas do desenvolvimento de projectos dirigidos para a conservação, mas que foram incapazes de a alcançar. Pedia-se salvaguarda, respondia-se com renovação. 0 caso dos revestimentos e acabamentos arquitectónicos, aquilo que vulgarmente designamos como "a cor dos centros históricos", era, nitidamente, uma das áreas mais problemáticas. Parecia existir algum desconhecimento sobre a importância testemunhal do valor e do contributo expressivo de elementos e partes das construções originais, como os revestimentos, tanto quanto o desconhecimento tecnológico sobre as possibilidades da sua conservação e restauro. A sociedade contemporânea, e a sua enorme capacidade de reproduzir virtualmente o real em imagens que aparentam ser ainda mais reais do que a própria realidade (como disse Eco), dessacralizou padrões e significados imemoriais: a visão do ouro já não desperta as emoções de outros tempos, a cor do ouro abunda em todo o pechisbeque, e a emoção só eventualmente surge quando o especialista no diz estarmos materialmente perante o ouro verdadeiro!. A capacidade industrial de fazer o super-perfeito - a cor eficaz e homogénea, os acabamentos polidos e brilhantes - acabou por transformar o desejo em vulgata. Instaura-se então a aspiração inversa: o regresso à aparente imperfeição do que é artesanal, heterogéneo, ecológico, mais natural do que o natural. E o tradicional toma-se caricatura, ou kitsch. 0 contacto com a cor, as texturas, a pátina, os ornamentos particulares, o todo que define a linguagem do rosto colectivo e parte essencial da identidade das cidades históricas que descobrimos, toca-nos imediatamente, deixando-nos impressões profundas. É paradoxal constatar que esse rosto é hoje profundamente desconsiderado quando planeamos a reabilitação dessas cidades e das suas arquitecturas. Deixamos o seu controlo ao acaso de protagonistas individuais (sejam eles projectistas, ou executantes) raramente vinculados (cultural, antropológica e socialmente) à realidade onde intervêm, recorrendo a meios expressivos limitados ou limitadores, o cimento, as tintas de areia ou plásticas, as paletas de cor iguais, do Norte ao Sul do país. Agentes raramente capazes, sequer, de uma afinação de cores, tentando (pelo menos) a correspondência às pré-existências, ou a inserção no contexto dos lugares. «Olhos que não vêem», como dizia o sempre odiado-amado Le Corbusier, que por vezes também não via. Como quando equiparou a arquitectura grega a uma máquina precisa, feita de mármore, dando-a como exemplo da essência construtivista, na total correspondência entre forma e matéria, ou declarando brancas as catedrais. A história há muito que deu a verdade a Hittod: a arquitectura grega sempre foi revestida e policroma! Provam-no os inúmeros vestígios arqueológicos estudados desde meados do século XIX, não só na Grécia, como também nas comunidades gregas da Sicília e de Paestum. Provaram-no também Peroni e Erlande-Brandenburg ao constatarem que, afinal, as catedrais não eram brancas. Nas vontades de raiz industrial e mecanicista, da qual acaba por resultar a fuga à cor, na opção pelo purismo do branco ou pelo ascetismo minimalista neoplástico, desenhou-se o destino da geração moderna - que esqueceu Bruno Taut - sonhando com as novas formas permitidas pelos novos materiais de aplicação universal (como o cimento, mas também o amianto), supostamente capazes de serem, ao mesmo tempo, forma e estrutura, protecção e isolamento, superfície e cor – dispensando revestimentos e "fingidos" que, desde Ruskin, se condenavam como pouco "verdadeiros". A tão desejada matéria-prima universal, capaz de construir a nova estética do mundo da indústria, material mágico que (aparentemente) ainda hoje não existe, pareceu manifestar-se no betão armado simplesmente descofrado, e manifesta-se hoje no betão branco da moda fim-de-século. Material almejado que deu origem -depois dos primeiros sinais da falência do betão - à procura de outro tipo de produtos de síntese, da química orgânica, e aos protótipos das casas feitas de plástico (nos anos 50) ou insufláveis (nos anos 60), aos pavilhões de estética lunar e às cúpulas transparentes de policarbonato, às agulhas metálicas e às aranhas de cabos de aço (da Munique dos anos 70), no auge da crença no progresso da ciência, adivinhando-se já o despertar ecológico. Mais recentemente regressou o sonho, com as transparências do vidro, material estrutural que nos dizem ser capaz de substituir o betão armado. O ornamento é crime! disse Loos. A verdade da forma arquitectónica confundiu-se, desde há mais de um século, com as possibilidades expressivas dos materiais tectónicos, instalando-se uma moral que condena a ocultação, mesmo quando esta é, também, protecção. Em grande medida este tipo de posições, de grande impacto ainda hoje, parte de um desconhecimento objectivo das práticas de construção ancestral, e dirige-se, obviamente, para a resolução dos novos problemas de produção, levantados pela revolução industrial.

"Sem resumo feito pelo autor"; Os sinais do tempo parecem dizer-nos que vivemos o colapso de uma civilização (a industrial) e a fundação de uma outra era. Em plena transição entre sistemas de pensamento, na criação de novos paradigmas, os tempos não são optimistas, como foram no início deste século. Hoje vemos o futuro com apreensão, entre a anestesia do consumo e algum pessimismo ecológico. A História, registando a constância das grandes questões dos homens, afirmou-se como um porto de partida para as limitadas aventuras que se pedem, em arquitectura, à nossa geração. Passados que foram os tempos das grandes causas, das grandes revoluções, exige-se o compromisso, a negociação com os lugares, os contextos e as gentes, maximizando os recursos disponíveis, pelo que falamos (cada vez mais) em "arquitecturas e cidades sustentáveis" e, portanto, também em conservação. A falência da cidade moderna e a (re)descoberta do desenho da cidade histórica, introduziram aproximações disciplinares onde o colectivo, o permanente e o tipológico substituíram a voragem individualista, objectual e criativa que, durante a primeira metade do século, orientaram a arquitectura. No novo mundo do excesso da informação, do aparente e fácil contacto de todos com todos e das novas solidões, o olhar arquitectónico, despertado pela história, descobre incrédulo outras histórias, que não estavam, que estavam mal, ou só estavam parcialmente contadas. Olhar não é fácil. Só vemos o que conhecemos, o que adjectivamos. Umas das lições essenciais, que recebi de Fernando Távora, referia-se à dificuldade de ver em arquitectura. Dizia Távora, nas suas saudosas aulas, que era impossível vero que ignoramos, amar (arquitectonicamente) o que desconhecemos; ...que passamos anos a passar por coisas, olhar para coisas que não vemos, que não temos sequer a consciência que existem, até um dia em que se faz luz (ou cor). Partindo do Porto, nas viagens que, começando pelo Alentejo, iniciei na descoberta da arquitectura do meu país, vi que ele era feito de outros países, de muitas gentes e culturas. Pessoa, Orlando Ribeiro e depois José Mattoso (re)confirmaram-me esta descoberta; de que havia vária almas e muitos corpos portugueses, num continente peninsular e algumas ilhas (...na madorra da espera do terceiro império), entre um Norte atlântico, viril e teutónico do granito, do castanho e dos carvalhos; e um Sul mediterrânico, mais colorido e luminoso, mais sensual e flexível, como o calcário e as casquinhas brandas, de construção mais pobre que se cobre de sensuais rebocos. A evolução da teoria da conservação diz-nos, hoje, que temos de preservar o físico, mas também o intangível (os saberes, as práticas culturais, as funções e as actividades históricas da cidade), verificando-se uma grande ampliação no que hoje consideramos como «património». Para a nossa geração património será tanto a «obra de arte», o monumento clássico digamos assim, como o lugar e o ambiente, a cidade histórica e a cidade consolidada. Mas é também património o território e a paisagem humanizadas, de que tanto fala Ribeiro Telles, enquanto arquitecturas de vasta escala, ou seja: organizações voluntárias do espaço feitas pelo homem e portadoras dos seus valores. Depois da II Grande Guerra, nas décadas da renovação, interveio-se na cidade segundo uma lógica de substituição (demolindo para construir a nova arquitectura do novo urbanismo). Mais tarde praticou-se uma reabilitação sistemática do "parque edificado", onde a arquitectura histórica era apenas mais uma das "pré-existências" contextuais, condicionadoras do projecto. Mais recentemente, iniciou-se a conservação e/ou o restauro filológico aplicados ao contexto urbano, correspondendo à valorização económica e cultural da história e dos "Centros Históricos". Com o regresso à cidade, com as novas formas de produção e o terciário avançado a sustentarem o retomo da ideia da cidade consolidada como local de miscigenação funcional, de novo adequado à residencialidade e ao trabalho, chegamos ao momento em que a reciclagem destes tecidos se manifesta como campo promissor do exercício da actividade de projecto. Em Portugal acordámos relativamente tarde para o problema da conservação da cidade histórica. Num país afastado da marcha do progresso, durante décadas amordaçado cultural e politicamente, tomámos como segura a continuidade das cidades tradicionais, a permanência das antigas práticas construtivos, isto quando ambas já se encontravam perdidas, ou definitivamente ameaçadas. O olhar para o amanhã significava a procura das novas comodidades, das novas possibilidades abertas pelo consumo, pelo que, nesse contexto, a história e os seus cenários físicos foram (são ainda) para muitos, sinónimo de atrofiamento e de pobreza. Se observarmos o fortíssimo impacto, na actualidade, da cultura da conservação patrimonial e do restauro urbano, patente nas economias de alguns países da Europa - continente onde justamente se deu o apogeu da cultura das cidades -, é mais paradoxal ainda constatar os erros estratégicos de um dos poucos Estados europeus, o nosso, cujo património urbano sobreviveu quase incólume aos grandes cataclismos do século. Iniciando-se em meados dos anos 70, o olhar português sobre a reabilitação urbana teve, durante as últimas décadas e ao contrário de outros países europeus, um forte enfoque social. Com as acções práticas dos Gabinetes Técnicos Locais (GTL's), tentou combater-se a gentrification que, noutros contextos, expulsou os menos afortunados dos (mal chamados) "centros históricos". No entanto, também entre nós a cidade histórica se revela de novo apetecível para a burguesia ou a classe média-alta que, em Lisboa, regressa hoje à Lapa e à Graça, por vezes subvertendo o habitat proletário (as vilas operárias) em condomínios de luxo (como a Vila Bagatela), voltando ao centro depois de décadas de refúgio nos Estoris e em Sintra, encerrado o ciclo do acesso limitado ao automóvel, antes privilégio de poucos. Se é de toda a justiça apontar o nosso firme envolvimento na reutilização social da cidade histórica, importa também não esconder que se deixou para segundo plano os factores histórico-culturais – eventualmente, também, os macroeconómicos, pela permanência do congelamento das rendas e o abandono estratégico das questões urbanas pelas políticas patrimoniais -, verificando-se o predomínio de ópticas eminentemente utilitárias e pragmáticas, a que chamamos de "reabilitação urbana", sobre os aspectos da conservação patrimonial e do chamado "restauro urbano". Disciplinarmente, à arquitectura e ao projecto pediu-se eficácia e utilitarismo, no sentido de uma reconversão contemporânea do existente, mais do que desenvolver as capacidades de mediação entre os valores materiais e patrimoniais a preservar e as aspirações sociais a satisfazer. Ao contrário do que acontece noutros países europeus (a Itália, por exemplo), os nossos curricula de ensino da Arquitectura, na maioria dos mais de 20 cursos hoje existentes, pouco (ou nada) contemplam a teoria da conservação e do restauro, faltando entre nós uma projectualidade integradora das dimensões teóricas e técnicas inerentes a intervenções sobre património! Em consequência, enquanto estratégias de projecto, o novo (substituidor) ou, mais lamentavelmente, o falso histórico, impuseram-se às obrigações da salvaguarda material dos originais, pelo que renovamos mais do que restauramos e, neste contexto, praticamos cada vez mais extensivamente o fachadismo. Primeiro no estudo da reabilitação do Bairro Alto, depois na oportunidade da (re)visita a dezenas de cidades históricas, quando da escrita do Guião de apoio à reabilitação de edifícios, apercebi-me de alterações que senti como traumáticas: em muitos dos núcleos históricos, a cuja "reabilitação" assistia, verificava que modificávamos de forma excessivamente decisiva a sua essencialidade, prejudicando valores que os tomavam particularmente caros, alterando (por vezes, afectando irremediavelmente) a sua identidade urbana e arquitectónica. Esta sensação de absurdo e de perda, cuja causas precisas não sabia definir, aumentou quando assisti ao fenómeno 7ª Colina e particularmente quando, entre 1997 e 1999, revisitei, por diversas vezes, alguns dos núcleos históricos objecto de um programa governamental, conhecido pelo slogan `Dez milhões para dez aldeias". Durante duas décadas, na Primavera, com a lentidão de um 2CV azul tropical, corri as pequenas cidades e vilas de fronteira. Fotografei ciclicamente a sua arquitectura, nos mesmos ângulos, dos mesmos pontos de vista. Se existiam ainda entre nós lugares plenos de autenticidade e de capacidade rememorativa, onde sentíamos a emoção da descoberta e do contacto não intermediado coma história, eram certamente esses. Em algumas dessas terras, o antes e o depois da "reabilitação", foi, em demasiados casos, o antes e o depois de perdas irremediáveis. Em algumas dessas intervenções, como outras que visitei por todo o país, resultando da actuação de dezenas de GTL's, as mudanças mais radicais incidiam sobre a imagem urbana. Casas das quais me lembrava com pinturas e frescos, imitando pilastras, fingindo remates arquitectónicos eruditos, estavam agora rebocadas e integralmente pintadas de um ascético branco. Fachadas que sempre tiveram rebocos, algumas com grafitos, apresentavam-se agora nuas, obedecendo à moda da pedra à vista. Os problemas pareciam-me de ordem tecnológica, na incapacidade de (re)fazer, e de natureza disciplinar, nas carências metodológicas do desenvolvimento de projectos dirigidos para a conservação, mas que foram incapazes de a alcançar. Pedia-se salvaguarda, respondia-se com renovação. 0 caso dos revestimentos e acabamentos arquitectónicos, aquilo que vulgarmente designamos como "a cor dos centros históricos", era, nitidamente, uma das áreas mais problemáticas. Parecia existir algum desconhecimento sobre a importância testemunhal do valor e do contributo expressivo de elementos e partes das construções originais, como os revestimentos, tanto quanto o desconhecimento tecnológico sobre as possibilidades da sua conservação e restauro. A sociedade contemporânea, e a sua enorme capacidade de reproduzir virtualmente o real em imagens que aparentam ser ainda mais reais do que a própria realidade (como disse Eco), dessacralizou padrões e significados imemoriais: a visão do ouro já não desperta as emoções de outros tempos, a cor do ouro abunda em todo o pechisbeque, e a emoção só eventualmente surge quando o especialista no diz estarmos materialmente perante o ouro verdadeiro!. A capacidade industrial de fazer o super-perfeito - a cor eficaz e homogénea, os acabamentos polidos e brilhantes - acabou por transformar o desejo em vulgata. Instaura-se então a aspiração inversa: o regresso à aparente imperfeição do que é artesanal, heterogéneo, ecológico, mais natural do que o natural. E o tradicional toma-se caricatura, ou kitsch. 0 contacto com a cor, as texturas, a pátina, os ornamentos particulares, o todo que define a linguagem do rosto colectivo e parte essencial da identidade das cidades históricas que descobrimos, toca-nos imediatamente, deixando-nos impressões profundas. É paradoxal constatar que esse rosto é hoje profundamente desconsiderado quando planeamos a reabilitação dessas cidades e das suas arquitecturas. Deixamos o seu controlo ao acaso de protagonistas individuais (sejam eles projectistas, ou executantes) raramente vinculados (cultural, antropológica e socialmente) à realidade onde intervêm, recorrendo a meios expressivos limitados ou limitadores, o cimento, as tintas de areia ou plásticas, as paletas de cor iguais, do Norte ao Sul do país. Agentes raramente capazes, sequer, de uma afinação de cores, tentando (pelo menos) a correspondência às pré-existências, ou a inserção no contexto dos lugares. «Olhos que não vêem», como dizia o sempre odiado-amado Le Corbusier, que por vezes também não via. Como quando equiparou a arquitectura grega a uma máquina precisa, feita de mármore, dando-a como exemplo da essência construtivista, na total correspondência entre forma e matéria, ou declarando brancas as catedrais. A história há muito que deu a verdade a Hittod: a arquitectura grega sempre foi revestida e policroma! Provam-no os inúmeros vestígios arqueológicos estudados desde meados do século XIX, não só na Grécia, como também nas comunidades gregas da Sicília e de Paestum. Provaram-no também Peroni e Erlande-Brandenburg ao constatarem que, afinal, as catedrais não eram brancas. Nas vontades de raiz industrial e mecanicista, da qual acaba por resultar a fuga à cor, na opção pelo purismo do branco ou pelo ascetismo minimalista neoplástico, desenhou-se o destino da geração moderna - que esqueceu Bruno Taut - sonhando com as novas formas permitidas pelos novos materiais de aplicação universal (como o cimento, mas também o amianto), supostamente capazes de serem, ao mesmo tempo, forma e estrutura, protecção e isolamento, superfície e cor – dispensando revestimentos e "fingidos" que, desde Ruskin, se condenavam como pouco "verdadeiros". A tão desejada matéria-prima universal, capaz de construir a nova estética do mundo da indústria, material mágico que (aparentemente) ainda hoje não existe, pareceu manifestar-se no betão armado simplesmente descofrado, e manifesta-se hoje no betão branco da moda fim-de-século. Material almejado que deu origem -depois dos primeiros sinais da falência do betão - à procura de outro tipo de produtos de síntese, da química orgânica, e aos protótipos das casas feitas de plástico (nos anos 50) ou insufláveis (nos anos 60), aos pavilhões de estética lunar e às cúpulas transparentes de policarbonato, às agulhas metálicas e às aranhas de cabos de aço (da Munique dos anos 70), no auge da crença no progresso da ciência, adivinhando-se já o despertar ecológico. Mais recentemente regressou o sonho, com as transparências do vidro, material estrutural que nos dizem ser capaz de substituir o betão armado. O ornamento é crime! disse Loos. A verdade da forma arquitectónica confundiu-se, desde há mais de um século, com as possibilidades expressivas dos materiais tectónicos, instalando-se uma moral que condena a ocultação, mesmo quando esta é, também, protecção. Em grande medida este tipo de posições, de grande impacto ainda hoje, parte de um desconhecimento objectivo das práticas de construção ancestral, e dirige-se, obviamente, para a resolução dos novos problemas de produção, levantados pela revolução industrial.

The study of the integration of the children of migrants—the so-called ‗second generation‘—is a recent trend in migration literature. Their integration is thought to be an important indicator of the degree of integration of immigrants in general into a specific society. This thesis is the first full-length comparative study of the Albanian second generation. Using a variety of field methods, it compares the ethnic identities, transnational ties and integration pathways of Albanian-origin teenagers in three European cities—London, Thessaloniki and Florence—by focusing on intergenerational transmission between the first and the second generation. Greece, Italy and the UK are, in that order, the three main European countries where Albanian migrants have settled during their short but intense migration experience of the past two decades. My study shifts the focus partly to the situation and developments in Southern Europe, where the awareness and interest in issues of the integration of the second generation are still at an initial phase. The research involved fieldwork in each of the above-named cities, where quota samples of three categories of informants were interviewed: parents, their second-generation teenage children, and teachers and other key informants within the host society. Findings show significant differences in the integration patterns of both generations, affected by sharp differences between the three contexts and the history of immigration in each context. They also point to important within- and inter-group differences, based on various socio-economic indicators. Intergenerational transmission appears as a dynamic process affected not only by context and the parents‘ socio-economic background, but also by parents‘ stage of integration. By studying a settling immigrant group and their descendants, the thesis takes a proactive approach towards the integration of ethnic minorities.

The State of Israel’s control of the West Bank and their creation of settlements has led to feelings of frustration amongst the Palestinian population. The significance of the next generation in a conflict that has been ongoing for generations becomes crucial when aiming for peace, as the youth of today will be the adults of tomorrow. Therefore, this study researches how Palestinian university students perceives the Israeli settlements as well as examining whether if the Relative Deprivation Theory can explain these potential perceptions and the possible willingness amongst Palestinian students to participate in social movements. The methodology is based on qualitative semi-structured interviews with ten Palestinian students from Bethlehem University, which then has been analysed. The results of this study indicate that the respondents feel deprived of seven different themes, namely (1) Demolition, (2) Economy, (3) Freedom of Movement, (4) Freedom of Speech, (5) Permits, (6) Resources and (7) Services. Furthermore, the result shows that nine out of ten respondents are, or have been, participating in activities to achieve social change. In addition to feeling deprived of the seven different themes, all the respondents also felt frustration and/or negative feelings towards the existence of Israeli settlements. The analysis focuses on how the respondents partake in social movements as well as what their opinions about the resistance activities are. It became clear that all the respondents feel, or have felt, a willingness to participate in activities to achieve social change. However, the respondents use different forms of activities, such as protesting in the streets, demonstrating, and/or raising awareness, but there is an overarching social movement which focuses on “the Palestinian cause”. Finally, this study supports the idea of Relative Deprivation Theory, as the willingness to partake in social movements seems to be high amongst the respondents due to them being deprived of essential services and resources.

Tillgång till sanitet är en mänsklig rättighet och en förutsättning för liv och hälsa. Trots det lever miljontals människor världen över med bristande sanitet. Den här uppsatsens syfte är att studera hur sanitetssituationen i informella bosättningar kan se ut och hur den upplevs av de boende, samt hur det är möjligt att förbättra den situationen. Genom att utföra en intervjustudie i den informella bosättningen Kibera i Kenyas huvudstad Nairobi, har de boende där fått ge sin bild av hur de upplever sanitetsproblemen och hur det gått till när sanitetslösningen Peepoo introducerades i området. I den här uppsatsen står själva förändringen i centrum och Kurt Lewins teori om förändringsprocessen används som teoretiskt verktyg. Med hjälp av den har informanternas svar analyserats för att se hur processen fortgått och vilka krafter som drivit respektive hindrat förändringen. Det framkom att ett framgångsrikt sätt att genomföra en dylik förändring är genom att minska motståndet till den genom information, både från formella och informella kanaler. Det är också viktigt att det finns tydliga incitament till att genomföra förändringen, både direkt märkbara och ur ett längre perspektiv.
Access to sanitation is a human right and a prerequisite for life and health. Despite that millions of people worldwide lives without adequate sanitation. The aims of this thesis is to study how the sanitary situation in informal settlements might look like and how the situation is perceived by the residents, as well as how it is possible to improve the situation. By conducting an interview study in the informal settlement of Kibera in the capital of Kenya, Nairobi, the residents got to give their own view of how they experience the sanitary problems and how the implementation of the sanitary solution Peepoo was conducted in the area. In this thesis the change itself is in the centre and Kurt Lewin's theory of change is used as theoretical tool. With this tool the informants' answers were analysed to see how the process of introducing Peepoo proceeded, and what forces drove and hindered the change. It emerged that a successful way to implement such a change is by reducing the resistance through information, both from formal and informal channels. It is also important that there are clear incentives to implement the change, both directly perceptible and from a longer perspective.

The aim of this master thesis is to expand on the understanding of the resource utilisation on the 19 Gotlandic Pitted Ware Culture sites: Ajvide, Alvena, Fridtorp, Grausne, Gullrum,Gumbalde, Hau, Hemmor, Hoburgen, Ire, Kinner/Tjauls, Rangvide, Barshalder, Stenstugu,Stora Förvar, Sudergårds II, Visby, Västerbjers and Västerbys. The study utilises theoretical frameworks such as Site Catchment Analysis, Site Territorial Analysis and Optimal ForagingTheory and is based on two main questions: Which animals did the diet on each site consist of? And are there any apparent connections between diet and topography/environment? To answer these questions, osteological records have been studied to get an idea of the animal food resources utilised on each site. ArcGIS has also been used to create height- and soil maps with contemporary shorelines which show how the sites were located in the middle Neolithic Gotlandic landscape. The study has shown that most sites appear to have included a variety of animals like pig/boar, cattle, sheep/goat, fish, seal, porpoise and birds in their diet. The sites with the lowest number of confirmed animals also tend to have undergone the least archaeological investigation, suggesting that further excavations on these sites might unearth more animal species. Additional discoveries show a small albeit noticeable emphasis on marine animal resources, especially porpoise, on southern sites. Sites located in areas mostly consisting of sandy, meager soils also show an increased marine resource utilisation. This might suggest that the area around these sites were somewhat barren and lacking in terrestrial prey animals.

What is queer? What is queer? What is queer theory? Where can it go from here? This thesis sets out to explore the origins and influences of queer theory before investigating the present and the future spaces (ie, bodies and settlements) it can potentially move into. Three distinct experiments of fieldwork and ethnographic filmmaking test the truths and potentialities of queer theory when relating to queer bodies and settlements. That is to say that each chapter balances a film and its supporting text by embracing the value and urgency of practice led research. The first chapter questions queer history and details the importance of emerging trans politics in the post-gender, leftist, avant-garde, queer activist and militant space of Bologna. Queer bodies, case one: transgender and transsexual perspectives. Settlements, case one: Bologna and Lido di Classe (Italy). The second chapter considers the interface between disability theory and queer theory with particular attention paid to the practical theory of ‘curative education’. Defined by Rudolf Steiner in 1922 and further developed by Karl König with the foundation of the Camphill movement in 1944, curative education privileges the social model over the medical model in the field of disability so that disability is in fact ability. Queer bodies, case two: learning differences and disabilities perspectives. Settlements, case two: Berlin (Germany), Chatou and La Rochelle (France), Barry and Glasallt Fawr (Wales, United Kingdom). The third chapter uses queer perspectives to promote the relevance of quantum physics to the human body, thus involving contemporary dance, physical theatre and the arts more generally to address and redress the chiasm between science and technology on the one hand, and arts, humanities and socio-cultural sciences on the other. Queer bodies, case three: the inescapably queer reality of the physical world. Settlements, case three: multiple locations in Tuscany (Italy), and Thamesmead, London (England, United Kingdom). This thesis brings notions of queer and otherness deceptively close to notions of the self. Otherness and queerness become mirrors in which our own queerness comes into view.

The challenges of backlogs experienced amongst Grade R-learners, results in learners not being school and learning ready when entering Grade 1. Obstacles for example are insufficient stimulation, under developed perception, and poor gross and fine motor skills, require early intervention and ought to receive attention in Grade R. From the socialecological perspective and taking into consideration the great amount of learners in South Africa originating from deprived environments, the study is focused in the domain of the Social Deprivation Theory. The bio-ecological context within which learners find themselves, influence the cognitive and perceptual development of every learner. Epistemologically the study focuses on the similarity between Critical Theory and Interpretivism. Critical Theory highlights the meaning of experience as manifested in relation to social circumstances and developmental background. Interpretivism in this study focuses on the meaning which individuals attach to their experiences in the spotlight and results in greater understanding and insight of the researched phenomenon. Circumstances of deprivation occur worldwide, even in developed countries like United States of America (USA) and England. Already for decades in USA young children gain in their development through intervention in early childhood (Ludwig & Phillips, 2007). Duncan and Brooks-Gunn (2000) identified a relation between child poverty/deprivation and poor school performance in the USA. Research in England (Thompson, 2000) shows that the impact of social neglect of children have serious consequences. The National Education Policy Act (Pandor, 2008; SA DvO, 1997:2) uses Early Childhood Development (ECD) as an umbrella term which refers to the development processes whereby children physically, intellectually, emotionally, spiritually, morally and socially grow and develop from birth to the age of nine years (SA, DoE, 1995, White paper 5,). The kind of education learners receive in Grade R is crucial to their further development in the education system (Van Zyl, Le Roux & Janse van Rensburg 2011, DvO, 1997:2). Learners lacking an adequate foundation may experience difficulties throughout their school career. In South Africa there is concern as to the standard of education and training, manifesting in a low pass rate on Grade 12-level. This study is undertaken to determine the current shortages in the South African educational system which may hinder the learning potential of Grade R-learners. An attempt is made to determine which handicaps/backlogs Grade R-learners experience, which fits the framework of the deprivation theory, which can undermine learner readiness. This study determine whether intervention by means of a perceptual-motor skills programme can enhance the school readiness of pre-school learners. Finally to determine which shortages/ backlogs exists in the perceptual-motor skills of Grade R nlearners from deprived backgrounds in South Africa. Guidelines for a perceptual-motor intervention program was developed through this study. A combination of quantitative and qualitative data-analysis is used in this study (Onwuegbuzie, Johnson en Collins, 2009). The dissertation is compiled in article format. In the first article of the study, the issues of teacher development and support mechanisms and equipment at primary schools and kindergartens are explored. Qualitative and phenomenological research was undertaken and information was gathered by means of questionnaires directed at teachers. In the following article the school readiness of 48 Grade R-learners from deprived backgrounds were tested. The research participants came from similar sosio-economic background, from quintile one and two schools. Seeing that those were the only primary schools with Grade R classes in that area, they were identified on behalf of their availability. In this study the data was analysed and descriptive statistics (means, averages, standard deviations, minimum and maximum values, percentages) and t-tests were used to determine variations in terms of perceptual motor skill development and learning readiness. An experimental group of 21 Grade R learners followed a 10 week long perceptual-motor skills intervention programme. In the follow-up school readiness test (article 3), results indicated that the intervention showed a positive response with regards to the school readiness of the Grade R learners. Drawing to a conclusion (article 4), the intervention programme is critically discussed and recommendations were made to all those concerned with Grade R teaching (teachers, principals, Departments of Education). The conclusion according to the results of the research shows that the intervention had a positive effect on the school and learning readiness of this group of Grade R learners.
Thesis (PhD (Curriculum Development Innovation and Evaluation))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

Dans ce travail, je chercherai à montrer l'intérêt d'une approche phylomémétique des mythes dans la perspective d’une reconstruction du peuplement de l’Afrique et du globe sur la très longue durée. Après une présentation historique de cette approche méthodologique, je soutiendrai que les mythes forment une classe, distincte et largement indépendante, de réplicateurs culturels dont le comportement et la fidélité peuvent rivaliser avec ceux des gènes et des langues, et montrerai qu'il est possible d’appliquer des outils informatiques utilisés en biologie à des familles de mythes ou de traditions orales pour tenter de répondre à des questions portant sur l'histoire des peuples et de leurs migrations, ou encore pour contribuer à l’interprétation des vestiges archéologiques. Je discuterai des objections communes à l'application de la modélisation phylogénétique aux mythes et mettrai en évidence l'extrême lenteur évolutive de certains d'entre eux. J’établirai ensuite une corrélation entre la diffusion des mythes et celle des gènes, ce qui me conduira à proposer, grâce à la construction d'arbres phylogénétiques, un modèle de diffusion des peuples en Afrique et à travers le monde. La forme première de plusieurs récits ou traditions orales, parfois antérieurs à la sortie d'Afrique, pourra ainsi être retrouvée, en même temps qu’un éclairage sur la signification de certains vestiges archéologiques – incluant l’art rupestre – pourra être apporté. Les résultats obtenus apparaissent solides, notamment du fait qu'ils résistent aux changements de corpus et de méthode, tout en demeurant cohérents avec ceux provenant d’autres approches
In this dissertation, I will try to show you the interest of a phylomemetic approach of myths in the perspective of a reconstruction of the settlement of Africa, and of the globe over longterm.After an historical presentation of this methodological approach, I will argue that the myths form a distinct and largely independent class of cultural replicators whose behaviour and fidelity can rival those of genes and languages, and show that it is possible to apply computer tools used in biology to families of myths or oral traditions in an attempt to answer questions about the history of people and their migrations, or to contribute to the interpretation of archaeological remains.I will discuss common objections to the application of the phylogenetic model of myths, and highlight the extreme slowness of evolution for some of them. I will then establish a correlation between myths and gene diffusion, thanks to the construction of phylogenetic trees, a model of diffusion of peoples inside Africa and throughout the world.The first form of several oral narratives or traditions, sometimes existing prior to the Out-of-Africa process, can thus be found at the same time as a clarification on the meaning of certain archaeological remains including rock art can be brought. Results appear solid, in particular because they resist changes in the corpus and method and remain consistent with those from other approaches

The thesis has been written on the basis of main architectural concepts and their application in real life within a historical context investigation. Main architectural concepts are represented in a harmony of architectural composition that deals with relations among form, structure and space in the unique art work. Genius loci play very important role in the architectural creation - it represents a special and extra-ordinary urban locality and its architectural value in the historical, geographical and cultural context. The origin of Ostravice village within the historical frame concept of Moravia domain is the topic of this thesis. Other historical documents gave information about Bruneswerde as the Brno Castle. That means Brno Castle had to be founded not in Brno (as it has been consid-ered for many years) but it was located in Beskydy at Ostravice. The sacred city – Civitas Dei had been located in Bruneswerde region in early ages as the centre of European culture, education and spiritual life. Civitas Dei – divine Jerusalem in the transcription of St. Augustine's book De civitate Dei – is not only glorification of God and religious fantasy. It is also one of significant clues for recognition of historical architecture. The depiction of unknown settlement from the book of unde-fined origin is a superb testimony about extinct architectural works. They are legible from cadastral maps. Brno Castle - residence of nobility and power served shelter to St. Vojtěch, St. Prokop, St. Václav and St. Ludmila as it is obvious for the mentioned picture. Three major temples, three com-position axes symbolized by three towers on coins are in analogical relation to Brno triangle of four saints - the Saint family of Brno temples. Powerful ambitions of Brno City principals and clergy are inscribed into the urban structure in the way of composition relations which are legible to them who devoted themselves to the mystery of harmony. The absence of historical continuity affects personal attitudes and also identity of the whole community. The architecture truly reflects the past state of polis and it is eloquent even after its death. The architectural composition relations influence the natural environment for long time, longer than the architectural work existence. The geometric order of Renaissance Brno existence has not been in attention of architects so far. The features were discovered in characteristic paintings by Albrecht Durer. They are evidently secret works of the genius. A meaningful collaborator and follower in the extensive project was also his friend Jan Čert from Brno and lately from Vienna. His noble genealogy played a significant role in history of Silesia and Moravia for centuries. It is tendency to consider him as Austrian or even German architect. It is because of the fact that the genealogy tree of his noble family had roots in Moravia. It is supposed that Durer with Jan Čert´s support created the extraordinarily monumental architectural and urban works in Brno. A remarkable consensus in the urban composition of two squares and transition of traditional urban structure of Ostravice Civitas Dei into the modern Brno is also confirmed due to the identification of noble creators and owners, who were at the foundation, transformation and extinction of elements of the Moravian urban structure.

碩士
國立臺北大學
都市計劃研究所
88
In the wake of the land-use policy worldwide, Taiwan has promoted redevelopment and private sector participation for developing urban and rural area in the recent years. Although there are many studies on the issues of redevelopment, most of them focus on urban area, with little attention to rural area. In addition, most of the studies concentrate more on the methods and mechanisms of redevelopment than on the theory of redevelopment. The may lead to few efforts to exploring the reasons and identifying the turning points in urban/area redevelopment. Because these two issues play an important role in urban/area redevelopment it requires much more efforts to theory construction for rural redevelopment. A way to develop theory on rural redevelopment is to observe and analyze the urban/rural areas that are developed successfully. However, few successful cases are found in Taiwan except for the Chiu-Fen settlement. Chiu-Fen was redeveloped to be a famous resort in north Taiwan from a decayed mining village. Although its redevelopment was accompanied with some bad results, the redevelopment process itself is successful and special. Therefore, this study chose Chiu-Fen as a case study to explore the reasons for its redevelopment and the process. This research adopted the Grounded Theory to study the redevelopment of the Chiu-Fen settlement for developing a theory of settlement redevelopment for Taiwan. The developed theory should explain why a settlement can redevelop, what factors affect its redevelopment, and how they affect. This study focused on what attracts people to settle down in Chiu-Fen from other places. The results show that whether a settlement can redevelop relies heavily on two types of factors. One is the redevelopment inherent conditions established from the settlement own characteristics, such as impressive natural landscape, special environment, low prices of house, and accessibility. The inherent conditions account for the opportunity for redevelopment. The other type of factor is redevelopment external conditions that attract people from other places to engage in the redevelopment and then to improve the surroundings. This process helps to agglomerate centripetal force and build consensus among the residents, which will contribute to successful redevelopment in the end. But there is still some bottleneck in the redevelopment of Chiu-Fen. The reasons can be distinguished as five categories: real estate, mobilization, government policy, industry economy, and tourism. These reasons not only cause the same problems in most tourism areas of the Chiu-Fen settlement, but also result in the loss of external conditions and inherent conditions. Therefore, this study suggests that two development principles should be adopted to ensure the redevelopment successfully. One is to preserve local characteristics, and the other one is to develop tourism. In other word, the practical methods are to promote tourism quality of Chiu-Fen, to hold back the disorder of current development, to strengthen its own inherent conditions of redevelopment, and continually to create external conditions for facilitating redevelopment.

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
地理學系
105
Houjing, located in Nanzih District is an industrial capital in the northern part of Kaohsiung.. Having Kaohsiung Oil Refinery and Nanzih Export Processing Zone, it is also an old settlement with traditional features. Houjing changed from a Agricultural Settlement consist of Surrounding and Consanguinity in Ching(Qing) Dynasty into a Industry Settlement consist of complex population structure at present.Besides internal factor of Settlement economic development, External forces of nation and Globalized economy etc. acts as well there. By using the perspective of political ecology and the model of explanation chain, the study discusses how agricultural-based Houjing is influenced and then transforms its ways of main type of population and economic structure from international, national and local scales.

This dissertation is concerned with the ways in which Māori legal traditions have changed in response to the process of negotiated settlement of historical claims against the state. The settlements agreed between Māori groups and the state provide significant opportunities and challenges for Māori communities and, inevitably, force those communities to confront questions relating to the application of their own legal traditions to these changed, and still changing, circumstances. This dissertation focuses specifically on Māori legal traditions and post-settlement governance entities. However, the intention is not to simply record changes to Māori legal traditions, but to offer some assessment as to whether these changes and adaptations support, or alternatively detract from, the two key goals of the settlement process - reconciliation and Māori self-determination. I argue that where the settlement process is compelling Māori legal traditions to develop in a way that is contrary to reconciliation and Māori self-determination, then the settlement process itself ought to be adjusted. This dissertation studies the nature of changes to Māori legal traditions in the context of the Treaty settlement process, using a framework that can be applied to Māori legal traditions in other contexts. There are many more stories of Māori legal traditions that remain to be told, including stories that drill into the detail of specific legal traditions and create pathways between an appropriate philosophical framework and the practical operation of vibrant Māori legal systems. Those stories will be vital if we in Aotearoa/New Zealand are to move towards reconciliation and Māori self-determination. The story that runs through this dissertation is one of a settlement process that undermines those objectives because of the pressures it places on Māori legal traditions. But it need not be this way. If parties to the Treaty settlement process take the objectives of self-determination and reconciliation seriously, and pay careful attention to changes to Māori legal traditions that take place in the context of that process, a different story can be told – a story in which Treaty settlements signify, not the end of a Treaty relationship, but a new beginning.
Graduate
0398
0332
0326
carwyn@uvic.ca

碩士
國立暨南國際大學
公共行政與政策學系
105
The National Highway has been changed to a new toll collection system charged by the mileage since December 30, 2013. The Far Eastern Electronic Toll Collection Company had made five guarantees to the rights and interests of these previous toll collectors, but they did not think the company had fulfilled its commitment. Each stuck to his own statement and barely reached an agreement. The highway toll collectors’ protest first occurred on January 3, 2014. After more than two years of constant fighting, the Government proposed “the Dispute Settlement Program of Freeway Toll Collectors” to subsidize these toll collectors on August 29, 2016. There are two reasons. For one, the unemployment of the highway toll collectors was caused in accordance with the national traffic policy, but the Government and the Far Eastern Electronic Toll Collection Company did not implement a complete resettlement plan. For the other, it is the Government’s responsibility to take care of the vulnerable and protect people’s right to work. This study cited Stuart Hall’s Theory of “Encoding and Decoding” as a research approach. The research regarded “the Dispute Settlement Program of Freeway Toll Collectors”as an advertising text, that is, a symbol encoded. Thus, this study contends that on one hand, the symbol was encoded by the Government of Democratic Progressive Party, which can be referred to as an encoding action based on the two reasons above.On the other hand, people’s interpretation for the project was regarded as a decoding action, which can be interpreted through three different deciphering positions. The first is the dominant-hegemonic position.Its meanings can be:(1)The appeal of the toll collectors is reasonable and their rights should be respected.(2)The Far Eastern Electronic Toll Collection Company was negligent with the resettlement and the Government did not supervise properly.(3)The Government should assume moral obligations in addition to its legal responsibilities. The second is the negotiated position. Its meanings can be subdivided into two as follows:(1)Basically the viewpoint of the dominant-hegemonic position is accepted except for certain exceptional circumstances.This can mean: (a)Though these toll collectors’ appeal is reasonable, their demands should not be met endlessly considering a win-win situation for the interests of all the Government, consortium and labor. (b) “The Dispute Settlement Program of Freeway Toll Collectors” is legal but there is still a need for supporting measures and enforcement. (2)Basically the opposition position is accepted except for certain exceptional circumstances. This can mean: (a)The Government has given severance pay according to the law so the toll collectors should not make exorbitant demands. Yet the government seemed too rough and irresponsible in the process. (b)The Government has signed a contract with the Far Eastern Electronic Toll Collection Company concerning the resettlement of the toll collectors but the real resettlement seemed far from perfect and the Government shrank responsibility. The third is the opposition position. Its meaning can be: (1)“Noisy children have sugar to eat” and it is contrary to the principle of good faith in the rule of law. (2)The Government has dealt with the dispute and taken good legal responsibilities for it. (3)These toll collectors are a group of greedy people and their contracts was only been agreed for one year. On reflection of this study, I tend to adopt the dominant-hegemonic position.To solve the dispute of the National highway toll collectors, this is definitely a win-win policy if we can settle the problem from the angles of the government to take care of vulnerable workers, to protect labor’s benefits and an enterprise’ social responsibilities.On top of that, I deeply feel that the interpretation of encoding is one thing but for decoding, it is another. Both parties are not necessarily in agreement.

abstract: The dynamic nature of Navajo or Diné culture is continuing to be constrained by a mechanistic planning paradigm supporting delivery of colonial subdivisions across the land. Poor housing and subdivision conditions levy pressures on the Navajo People that reduce their ability to cope with environmental, financial and social pressures. This study has taken this complex social justice related health challenge to heart through a 2015-2016 school year of Arizona State University dissertation driven, community-based participatory action research with high school students from Navajo Preparatory School (NPS) in Farmington, New Mexico and community participants from the Shiprock Chapter of the Navajo Nation. Fieldwork focused on case study analysis of cluster settlements across the Navajo Northern Agency and existing subdivisions within the town of Shiprock to develop the Framework for a transformational Navajo model of the Pattern Language (Alexander et al, 1977) for new neighborhood design. Pattern data supporting the Framework was generated at the linked scales of the Navajo nuclear Family Camp, the extended family Cluster Camp, and the community-scaled Constellation Settlement “spatial model” that is proposed by this study as new neighborhood planning model. An ethnographic research methodology was employed with students, faculty, Board leadership and neighboring Shiprock Chapter and Shiprock Planning Commission research participants. The study’s research methodology was anchored by a pioneering Indigenous Planning high school course that was housed within the School’s International Baccalaureate curriculum. Goals for student education in Indigenous Planning theory and much needed Diné planning-based language building were married with practical aims for use of the Diné Pattern Language and Constellation Settlement spatial model for anticipated Shiprock Chapter housing projects.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Design 2017

碩士
國立中央大學
客家政治經濟研究所
103
Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) is a new paradigm that combines agriculture and community, and a farm operation model that promotes safe and healthy food supplies. This model uses risk-sharing and participation to strive to resolve the “sales,” “employment,” and “environmental” problems. In addition, the model attempts to create transparent channels between the farmers (producers) and the supporting members (consumers) in order to satisfy the consumers’ food safety needs and support sustainable agriculture developments locally. The researcher in this study investigated how the public welfare plan of the Industrial Technology Research Institute can assist in the establishment of the farm while employing urban aboriginal farmers throughout the process. Therefore, this study has three objectives. The first objective is to explore the application of the CSA concept in the development process and operating model of the “Hsinchu City Qianjia Settlement CSA Farm.” The second objective is to analyze how the “Qianjia Settlement CSA Farm” interacts with diverse stakeholders. The third objective is to explain how social enterprises can combine with diverse employment programs and eventually achieve sustainable CSA developments in the Hakka region. The researcher in this study used the literature analysis method to comb through the relevant domestic and foreign research results as well as analyze the CSA development and agricultural education practices. The researcher also conducted in-depth interviews with the stakeholders as the survey tool to analyze the practical results of Qianjia CSA Farm in terms of social, economic, and environmental orientations. The conclusion is as follows: First, the social enterprise operation model practiced by nonprofit organizations can contribute to CSA farm development. Second, the decision-making control unit of a mother agency must provide full support. High density connection and supportive relationship between an enterprise and a mother agency is a critical factor in creating a work-integrated social enterprise. Third, the external conditions of government grants in support of farm construction and diverse employment development programs can enable organizations to achieve their goals more efficiently. Finally, inadequate connection between the producers and the consumers is a case management concern.

This study was undertaken in the Kingsway informal settlement, which is situated in Ekhurhuleni on the East Rand. This is a poor community as many residents are unemployed and unable to obtain adequate healthcare especially for HIV/AIDS. The perceived high rate of HIV infection, as well as, the apparent high death rate due to AIDS was my major concern. Intervention and help were my main intention. I was motivated to embark on this study to be empowered and informed about treatment processes of HIV/AIDS. The study was intended to use living theory action research to investigate the need for establishing a Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) centre. For action in the real environment a research team was formed from volunteers. The relevant influential persons in the community were consulted and the required permission obtained to embark on the study. This was also to ensure that there was co-operation from community leaders. Proper documents, giving permission, were obtained after formal requests were made. Ethical guidelines were followed in this research. I started by stating my values before the research. During the process I showed how my values were transformed by various activities that were intended to educate me. These changes were indications of my development. At the end of the study I indicated how my initial values were improved or transformed, and what new values I gained.
Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Psychology
unrestricted

碩士
國立清華大學
科技法律研究所
100
The research of Diao-Yu-Tai’s sovereignty from the stands of the historical and international law has a lot. Lately, the related discussion from Diao-Yu-Tai’s sovereignty to delimitation, because Taiwan scholars try to solve delimitation problem instead of complex sovereignty problem who seek to reach a joint development agreement. However, the delimitation is distinct from sovereignty. If Taiwan of Japan could raise a more convincing historical evidence, the region of delimitation will be affected. Therefore, Taiwan needs to strengthen its sovereignty argument. On the one hand, Taiwan need to strengthen its historical studies. On the other hand, Taiwan could try to reach a joint development agreement with China, so that Taiwan could indirectly give some pressure to Japan, pushing Japan to accelerate negotiation. In the end, Taiwan, China and Japan could all reach a joint development agreement and solve Taiwan-Japan fishery dispute.

Settlement services for immigrants are a relatively new phenomenon in Canada. There is a dearth of research examining the roles of settlement services in the transition process of immigrant youth. Drawn from Bronfenbrenner’s (1979) ecological systems theory, this interpretive qualitative study explores the experience of Asian immigrant youth who settled in Canada with the assistance of settlement services for youth. This study, conducted in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, involved immigrant youth from China, Korea, and the Philippines, aged 15-24, who participated in semi-structured, audio taped interviews regarding the roles a local settlement services agency (the Victoria Immigrant and Refugee Centre Society) played in their transitions to Canada. Data were analyzed using an iterative thematic analysis approach. The findings contribute to understanding the ecological context of settlement experiences of youth and shed light on challenges and barriers that Asian immigrant youth may experience in smaller, predominantly white, urban centres such as Victoria. The study also yields insight about the impact of settlement services in the acculturative process of Asian immigrant youth. This research offers a theoretical framework that can informs the design of settlement programs and the delivery of programs in practice. The study also supports several recommendations for settlement services that may be useful for the particular agency and for settlement agencies in general.
Graduate

Canada's immigration policy is based on the notion that increased levels of immigration will bring economic prosperity to the nation and its citizens. However, some immigrants and refugees face a number of challenges in finding adequate employment which has contributed to their living in low socio-economic conditions. Using a document analysis, I investigated the structural and historical contexts and the accountability mechanisms of Canada’s immigration policy under the lens of critical political studies theory and critical race theory to gain some insight as to what some of the dynamics are which could account for the discrepancy between the expected economic outcomes and the actual experiences of new Canadians. I learned that the policy is driven by hegemonic economic forces. From this perspective, I have concluded that immigration is a policy tool used to support the nation’s economic policy resulting in settlement and integration practices favouring the industry that immigration has created rather than the interests and needs of immigrants.

Despite recent rhetoric advocating the diversification of the teacher workforce, teachers in Canada continue to be disproportionately white and of northern European heritage. By investigating responses to difference experienced by racial and linguistic minority immigrant teacher candidates in an initial teacher education program, this thesis sheds light on dynamics that challenge or support the induction of minoritized individuals as members of the teaching profession in Canada. Data collected through interviews with eight immigrant teacher candidates, four instructors, and five student support staff of an initial teacher education program at an urban Canadian university (UCU) indicated that teacher candidates at UCU experienced varied responses to difference. Influences of both hegemony and collaboration were found in the university and practice teaching contexts where individuals representing regimes of competence enacted challenging assimilationist or supportive multiculturalist ideologies. In practice teaching contexts, although all of the teacher candidates engaged with at least one collaborative mentor teacher and they all persisted to complete the program, six of the eight teacher candidates (i.e., all of the linguistic minority teacher candidates in this study) encountered a challenging and significantly discouraging relationship with a mentor teacher. In these hegemonic contexts the legitimacy of the teacher candidates appeared to be measured against a conception of “real teachers” as “real Canadians” who are native English-speakers and who are familiar with the culture of schooling in Canada. Within the university context, student support staff were consistent in their critical awareness of the challenges and supports experienced by teacher candidates while instructors demonstrated a range of familiarity with these issues and with concepts of equity as they relate to the experiences of teacher candidates. Implications of this study support the following: continuation of programs offered through student support services; educative collaborative implementation of UCU’s equity policy to promote greater consistency in its influence; application of inclusive pedagogy; greater curricular emphasis on social power and constructions of difference; recognition of immigrant teachers’ linguistic capital; development of a collaborative method to evaluate teacher candidates in practice teaching contexts; and continued effort to advance a more profound and consistent influence of multiculturalist ideology in Canadian schools.

Memento Mori, Latin for “remember thy death,” implores us to be mindful that death is both inevitable and inescapable. What of the records created during the process of dying and about death? Based upon wide-ranging archival research into primary documents, this thesis explores the rich sources of both official, public records, and personal, private ones, relating to mortality on the small-town Canadian frontier before 1950. The community of Red Lake, Ontario, which was established on the frontier as the result of the Red Lake gold rush of 1926, is the subject of a case study. Rather than merely cataloguing sources, this thesis illustrates that by adapting aspects from such archival appraisal methodologies as macroappraisal and documentation strategy, one is able to make available to researchers a wider range of sources relevant to the themes of dying and death. Specifically, by employing a documentation strategy methodology to identify and illuminate the records of human activities surrounding the functions of dying and death, archivists can offer to researchers the opportunity to locate relevant records wherever they may physically be. Since this is an Archival Studies thesis, it does not provide an historical analysis of dying and death, but is an archival study of the types of records related to the theme of mortality on the Canadian frontier: how those records were created, their character, and their capture and preservation in a small community. This thesis is organized into three chapters and a conclusion. Chapter One explores some relevant trends in the secondary literature of three fields: archival appraisal and description, small town or local development on the frontier, and dying and death as human activities. Chapter Two sets the context in which the thesis analyzes mortality on the frontier by outlining the relevant history of the Red Lake District of Northwestern Ontario and its pioneers. The focus is especially on the gold-mining boom years from the mid-1920s until shortly after the Second World War. The heart of the thesis, Chapter Three, is a case study of the various records creators, human activities, and resultant records related to mortality. It is organized according to three phases or functional categories surrounding dying, death, and memorialization. The conclusion summarizes the usefulness of the case study, in light of the literature review in Chapter One. It also suggests areas of further research, including aspects not covered herein, of the records of dying and death on the Canadian frontier. The documentation strategy, adapted from the original methods employed by archivists Helen Samuels and Richard Cox, was found to work best when deployed as a research and descriptive tool for exploring and documenting the records of mortality, more so than its original purpose as an acquisition tool. The strategy has wide-ranging usefulness discovering and then describing a “virtual” documentation universe relating to record-generating human functions and activities.

Memento Mori, Latin for “remember thy death,” implores us to be mindful that death is both inevitable and inescapable. What of the records created during the process of dying and about death? Based upon wide-ranging archival research into primary documents, this thesis explores the rich sources of both official, public records, and personal, private ones, relating to mortality on the small-town Canadian frontier before 1950. The community of Red Lake, Ontario, which was established on the frontier as the result of the Red Lake gold rush of 1926, is the subject of a case study. Rather than merely cataloguing sources, this thesis illustrates that by adapting aspects from such archival appraisal methodologies as macroappraisal and documentation strategy, one is able to make available to researchers a wider range of sources relevant to the themes of dying and death. Specifically, by employing a documentation strategy methodology to identify and illuminate the records of human activities surrounding the functions of dying and death, archivists can offer to researchers the opportunity to locate relevant records wherever they may physically be. Since this is an Archival Studies thesis, it does not provide an historical analysis of dying and death, but is an archival study of the types of records related to the theme of mortality on the Canadian frontier: how those records were created, their character, and their capture and preservation in a small community. This thesis is organized into three chapters and a conclusion. Chapter One explores some relevant trends in the secondary literature of three fields: archival appraisal and description, small town or local development on the frontier, and dying and death as human activities. Chapter Two sets the context in which the thesis analyzes mortality on the frontier by outlining the relevant history of the Red Lake District of Northwestern Ontario and its pioneers. The focus is especially on the gold-mining boom years from the mid-1920s until shortly after the Second World War. The heart of the thesis, Chapter Three, is a case study of the various records creators, human activities, and resultant records related to mortality. It is organized according to three phases or functional categories surrounding dying, death, and memorialization. The conclusion summarizes the usefulness of the case study, in light of the literature review in Chapter One. It also suggests areas of further research, including aspects not covered herein, of the records of dying and death on the Canadian frontier. The documentation strategy, adapted from the original methods employed by archivists Helen Samuels and Richard Cox, was found to work best when deployed as a research and descriptive tool for exploring and documenting the records of mortality, more so than its original purpose as an acquisition tool. The strategy has wide-ranging usefulness discovering and then describing a “virtual” documentation universe relating to record-generating human functions and activities.
February 2008

Dans ce travail, je chercherai à montrer l'intérêt d'une approche phylomémétique des mythes dans la perspective d’une reconstruction du peuplement de l’Afrique et du globe sur la très longue durée. Après une présentation historique de cette approche méthodologique, je soutiendrai que les mythes forment une classe, distincte et largement indépendante, de réplicateurs culturels dont le comportement et la fidélité peuvent rivaliser avec ceux des gènes et des langues, et montrerai qu'il est possible d’appliquer des outils informatiques utilisés en biologie à des familles de mythes ou de traditions orales pour tenter de répondre à des questions portant sur l'histoire des peuples et de leurs migrations, ou encore pour contribuer à l’interprétation des vestiges archéologiques. Je discuterai des objections communes à l'application de la modélisation phylogénétique aux mythes et mettrai en évidence l'extrême lenteur évolutive de certains d'entre eux. J’établirai ensuite une corrélation entre la diffusion des mythes et celle des gènes, ce qui me conduira à proposer, grâce à la construction d'arbres phylogénétiques, un modèle de diffusion des peuples en Afrique et à travers le monde. La forme première de plusieurs récits ou traditions orales, parfois antérieurs à la sortie d'Afrique, pourra ainsi être retrouvée, en même temps qu’un éclairage sur la signification de certains vestiges archéologiques – incluant l’art rupestre – pourra être apporté. Les résultats obtenus apparaissent solides, notamment du fait qu'ils résistent aux changements de corpus et de méthode, tout en demeurant cohérents avec ceux provenant d’autres approches
In this dissertation, I will try to show you the interest of a phylomemetic approach of myths in the perspective of a reconstruction of the settlement of Africa, and of the globe over longterm.After an historical presentation of this methodological approach, I will argue that the myths form a distinct and largely independent class of cultural replicators whose behaviour and fidelity can rival those of genes and languages, and show that it is possible to apply computer tools used in biology to families of myths or oral traditions in an attempt to answer questions about the history of people and their migrations, or to contribute to the interpretation of archaeological remains.I will discuss common objections to the application of the phylogenetic model of myths, and highlight the extreme slowness of evolution for some of them. I will then establish a correlation between myths and gene diffusion, thanks to the construction of phylogenetic trees, a model of diffusion of peoples inside Africa and throughout the world.The first form of several oral narratives or traditions, sometimes existing prior to the Out-of-Africa process, can thus be found at the same time as a clarification on the meaning of certain archaeological remains including rock art can be brought. Results appear solid, in particular because they resist changes in the corpus and method and remain consistent with those from other approaches

This thesis examines Late Minoan Settlements in Crete that were destroyed or abandoned due to the consequences of the Santorini volcano eruption. A summary of geological history of Crete, Thera and the surrounding area is given in the first part. The next chapter sums up the research in the fields of relative and mainly absolute chronology, of which scientists have not yet been able to provide a convincing calendar date for the eruption of the volcano nor a possible fixed absolute chronology of the general Later Bronze Age not only in the Aegean. The development of the Santorini Volcano eruption in the Late Minoan IA period (LM IA) is described. According to the research, this eruption must have caused earthquakes and tsunamis. The possible impact on the near island of Crete, its inhabitants and settlements, mainly in the coastal area of north-northeast part of the island, is also discussed.