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Journal articles on the topic 'Settlement choice'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Christopher Ledor, Deeyah, Ohochuku Chinwennwo P, and Eke Stanley N. "Determinants of household residential location choice among informal settlers in Port Harcourt." MOJ Ecology & Environmental Sciences 6, no. 3 (June 24, 2021): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojes.2021.06.00222.

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Informal settlements, sometimes called slums, are sites of significant environmental risk in developing cities. Despite its environmental challenges, residents prefer to live in informal settlements rather than planned allocated plots. This paper assesses the determinants of households’ residential location decision in an informal settlement in Port Harcourt in order to gain understanding on what makes individuals consider a particular location in an informal settlement. The study employs a case study approach and uses both indepth face-to-face interviews and structured questionnaires on waterfront households using Cluster sampling to group the settlements into seven (7) zones based on their location in order to capture information on residential location choice decisions of respondents in the informal settlements. In each settlement, we interviewed two households, thereafter questionnaires were administered on 55 respondents’ household by trained graduate students who worked as enumerators. In all a total of 14 interviews were conducted and 385 questionnaires administered. Out of the 385 questionnaires administered, 315 were completed and returned. The results of the survey corroborated by an indebth interview revealed that the growing informality are not limited to income level, but household uses social networks (living close to family or friends), livelihood opportunities, proximity to work, and commuting cost to find accommodation, land for building and support for everyday life in an informal settlement.

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2

Jones, Eric E. "Using Viewshed Analysis to Explore Settlement Choice: A Case Study of the Onondaga Iroquois." American Antiquity 71, no. 3 (July 2006): 523–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002731600039792.

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A multitude of factors, ranging from environmental to ideological, determine where human settlements are placed on the landscape. In archaeological contexts, finding the reasons behind settlement choice can be very difficult and often requires the use of ethnographic analogies and/or modeling in a geographic information system (GIS). Archaeologists have used one particular GIS-based method, viewshed analysis, to examine site features such as defensibility and control over economic hinterlands. I use viewshed analysis in this case study to determine how the natural and political landscapes affected the settlement location choices of the Late Woodland and early Historic Onondaga Iroquois. Proximity to critical resources and defensibility both factored into the decision of where communities would place villages. Although this study shows that resources, such as productive soils, had a more significant effect on settlement choice, Iroquois communities were also taking measures to maintain the defensibility of their villages. This examination displays how GIS analyses in archaeology can go beyond the statistical results and help us understand past behavior.

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3

Ch'ng, Eugene, Vince Gaffney, and Gido Hakvoort. "Stigmergy in comparative settlement choice and palaeoenvironment simulation." Complexity 21, no. 3 (October 20, 2014): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cplx.21616.

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4

Johanson, K., A. Kriiska, K. Sander, K. Sikk, and A. Vindi. "ENVIRONMENT AND SETTLEMENT LOCATION CHOICE IN STONE AGE ESTONIA." Estonian Journal of Archaeology 24, no. 2 (2020): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/arch.2020.2.01.

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5

Baglioni, Angelo, and Rony Hamaui. "The Choice Among Interbank Settlement Systems: The European Experience." Economic Notes 32, no. 1 (February 2003): 67–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0391-5026.2003.00103.x.

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6

Kahana, Nava. "Individual behavior and social choice in a cooperative settlement." Journal of Comparative Economics 14, no. 2 (June 1990): 351–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0147-5967(90)90080-s.

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7

Ben-Ner, Avner. "Individual behavior and social choice in a cooperative settlement." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 13, no. 1 (January 1990): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2681(90)90060-q.

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8

Churchill, R. R. "II International Tribunal For The Law Of The Sea The Southern Bluefin Tuna Cases (New Zealand v. Japan; Australia v. Japan): Order For Provisional Measures Of 27 August 1999." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49, no. 4 (October 2000): 979–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300064794.

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Under Part XV of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, any dispute concerning the interpretation or application of the Convention which cannot be settled by the consensual means set out in section 1 of that Part, may be referred by any party to the dispute for compulsory settlement under section 2. There are four possible fora for such settlement—the International Court of Justice, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (hereafter ITLOS), an arbitral tribunal constituted in accordance with Annex VII of the Convention, and a special arbitral tribunal constituted in accordance with Annex VIII. If the parties to a dispute have made a declaration under Article 287 (which is optional) specifying their choice of forum, and their choices coincide, that body will be the forum for the settlement of the dispute. If their choices do not coincide or if not all parties have made a declaration, the forum for settlement will be an Annex VII arbitral tribunal.1

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9

Luo, Ziwei, Wenfeng Xie, and Guohua Wang. "Regional Human Settlement Environmental Ethical Features of Dayi Liu’s Manor in the Western Sichuan Plain." E3S Web of Conferences 237 (2021): 04012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123704012.

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Manors are the most representative human settlements in the history of Western Sichuan, with complete regional tradition and ethical order. As a protective heritage in the revitalization and development of rural areas, manors have been recognized as construction achievements for their artistic and practical references. This paper starts from the perspective of human settlement environmental ethics, focusing on the environmental ethical order between the microcosm of the residential environment of Liu’s Manor and the macrocosm of the regional pattern of the Western Sichuan Plain. The result shows that the environment characteristics of Liu’s manor, under the regional settlement pattern, actually are the images of human subjective ethical choice; gathering in an ideal environment, dispersing to the origin, and the integration of classical styles. On this basis, this study proposes a means through which to realize sustainable development in rural settlement construction in the process of modernization in China.

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10

Gorovoy, Alexander, Igor Merzlikin, and Tatyana Kondratyeva. "City transport as a factor of availability and distribution of activity centres." MATEC Web of Conferences 193 (2018): 01024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819301024.

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Labor connections determine territorial unity and spatiotemporal settlement patterns in the structure of city connections. Labor connections define the life of the city, the distribution of the centers of gravity, and the functioning of its main subsystems, the leading one being the transport subsystem. The study is constructed to reveal the trend of settlement (by labor gravitation) based on the effect of the desired choice of workplace location in relation to residence location. The results of the sociological survey allowed establishing the trend of settlement on the basis of the effect of the desired choice. The study discovered a correlation between the values characterizing the topological structure of the plan: a distinctive “scale of settlement” (average shortest distances between the settlement variant and workplace locations) and the internal heterogeneity of the plan (uneven concentration of facilities and their connections). This allows drafting settlement curves for cities without empirical data.

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11

Gavrilov, N., and I. Prilepskiy. "Ruble as a currency for internationalsettlements: Problems and prospects." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 6 (June 20, 2017): 94–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2017-6-94-113.

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The article studies recent trends in the international role of the ruble. It is demonstrated that, despite the rise in the share of ruble settlements in Russian foreign trade, as well as in nominal value of ruble transactions in foreign exchange markets, ruble’s position in the global currency system has generally deteriorated. The analysis of factors behind choice of settlement currency, as well as of country cases, shows that, for ruble’s role to rise in the future, Russian authorities need to, on the one hand, ensure macroeconomic stability and promote economic diversification; on the other hand, take special measures to develop settlement systems, enhance financial market infrastructure, expand the volume of trade finance and trade credit insurance denominated in rubles.

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12

Nakamura, Yohei. "Settlement habitat choice in coral-reef fish larvae: a review." Sessile Organisms 24, no. 2 (2007): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4282/sosj.24.111.

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13

Yao, Zhiyong. "IMMEDIATE SETTLEMENT OR ENDURING A STRIKE: THE CHOICE OF SIGNALS." Bulletin of Economic Research 67, no. 4 (April 4, 2013): 324–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/boer.12007.

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14

Li, Dong Hai. "Analysis of Monitoring and Controlling of Settlement Caused by Construction of Wide Subway Tunnel with Center Drift Method." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 394–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.394.

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With the modern process of city, subway becomes the best choice of resolving the traffic jamming because it is convenient and effective and well-environmental. As so far, there are three kinds of subway construction methods (shield tunnel, hidden excavated tunnel, pit and cover). Hidden excavated tunnel becomes the only choice in complex conditions because it is suitable. It is inevitable that hidden excavation leads to settlement and influence use of adjacent structure. That is even so when the big span tunnel excavates. This paper analyzes the action mechanism of construction scheme with central boring in controlling settlement according to a case in Beijing. At the same time, it analyzes the value and percent of settlement in each step of center drift method according to monitoring data in site. Finally, center drift method is effective measure to control settlement in big span tunnel and reduces the settlement in 5mm. As a successful case, it may be useful to future similar engineering.

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15

Scott, Anna, and Danielle L. Dixson. "Reef fishes can recognize bleached habitat during settlement: sea anemone bleaching alters anemonefish host selection." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1831 (May 25, 2016): 20152694. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.2694.

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Understanding how bleaching impacts the settlement of symbiotic habitat specialists and whether there is flexibility in settlement choices with regard to habitat quality is essential given our changing climate. We used five anemonefishes ( Amphiprion clarkii , Amphiprion latezonatus , Amphiprion ocellaris , Amphiprion percula and Premnas biaculeatus ) and three host sea anemones ( Entacmaea quadricolor , Heteractis crispa and Heteractis magnifica ) in paired-choice flume experiments to determine whether habitat naive juveniles have the olfactory capabilities to distinguish between unbleached and bleached hosts, and how this may affect settlement decisions. All anemonefishes were able to distinguish between bleached and unbleached hosts, and responded only to chemical cues from species-specific host anemones irrespective of health status, indicating a lack of flexibility in host use. While bleached hosts were selected as habitat, this occurred only when unbleached options were unavailable, with the exception of A. latezonatus , which showed strong preferences for H. crispa regardless of health. This study highlights the potential deleterious indirect impacts of declining habitat quality during larval settlement in habitat specialists, which could be important in the field, given that bleaching events are becoming increasingly common.

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16

Mace, Alan, and Mark Tewdwr-Jones. "Neighborhood Planning, Participation, and Rational Choice." Journal of Planning Education and Research 39, no. 2 (August 24, 2017): 184–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739456x17727334.

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The focus of this article is the development of neighborhood planning in England, in particular its guiding principle of local people as rational actors. The article looks at neighborhood planning in its own terms; that is, it looks at the rationality of engagement in a new system that seeks to tip the balance of rationality in favor of communities following the UK government’s aims of overcoming local resistance to the development of new housing. While there is evidence that neighborhood planning is enjoying some success, this is a delicate settlement.

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17

Teliurа, N. "INTRODUCTION OF THE TECHNOLOGY SELECTION METHOD FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE WATER DISPOSAL TECHNOLOGIES AS AN ELEMENT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN SETTLEMENTS OF UKRAINE." Municipal economy of cities 1, no. 154 (April 3, 2020): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2020-1-154-94-99.

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The article presents the results of the analysis of the main provisions of the concept of ensuring the ecological safety of settlements. The requirements for the water disposal system as a component of safe water use in settlements are determined in accordance with the principles of sustainable development. Scientifically based criteria formulated as components of sustainable development - ecological, social and economic-technological. The technologies of ecologically safe water disposal are theoretically justified and proposed. The sequence of the gradual conversion of the water disposal systems of a specific locality into an ecologically safe one was determined by selecting priority technologies for water disposal. A multi-criteria multi-level hierarchy of the choice of ecologically safe water disposal technologies has been developed, which has allowed the ecological sustainable functioning of a water body as an element of the environment. The program-analytical method for selecting priority technologies for ecologically safe water disposal, including the method of analyzing hierarchies to improve the quality of the results obtained in the formation of the decision-making process for the ecological safety management tasks of a particular settlement, was substantiated and tested. For specific localities, the priority of technology implementation was determined, the correct pairwise comparison was made with the achievement of the given level of consistency (ІY≤0.1 %). Based on this, it was determined that a reasonable choice for the implementation of priority technologies for ecologically safe water disposal can improve the ecological safety of eutrophic water bodies – sources of drinking water supply and recreational use and rise up the living conditions of residents of the settlements. Keywords: ecological safety, method for choosing environmentally sound wastewater technologies, settlement.

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18

Mohorčich, J. "Energy Intensity and Human Mobility after the Anthropocene." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 18, 2020): 2376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062376.

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After the Anthropocene, human settlements will likely have less available energy to move people and things. This paper considers the feasibility of five modes of transportation under two energy-constrained scenarios. It analyzes the effects transportation mode choice is likely to have on the size of post-Anthropocene human settlements, as well as the role speed and energy play in such considerations. I find that cars, including battery-electric cars, are not feasible under a highly energy-constrained scenario, that buses, metros, and walking are feasible but will limit human settlement size, and that cycling is likely the only mode of transportation that would make suburbs possible in an energy-constrained post-Anthropocene scenario.

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19

Turnbull, Christopher. "Family Law Property Settlements: A Liberal Theoretical Framework for Law Reform." QUT Law Review 18, no. 2 (January 25, 2019): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/qutlr.v18i2.751.

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This article sets out a law reform framework for family property settlements, drawn expressly from a theoretical foundation. It applies Rawls’ theory of justice, which falls under a liberal philosophical umbrella. It explains the choice of a liberal theory for use in family property settlements and constituent elements of Rawls' theory of justice. Drawn from Rawls' theory, four foundation principles emerge. These are the rule of law (including transparency, consistency, and clear purpose), non-discrimination between spouses, recognition of financial disadvantage, and priority to the economic interests of children. From those principles, this article constructs the elements of a potential alternative property settlement law combining a rule of equal division while retaining judicial discretion for specific purposes.

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20

Aggarwal, Parv. "On de-risking and de-dollarizing intra-BRICS trade via smart contracts." BRICS Journal of Economics 4, no. 1 (December 28, 2020): 54–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.38050/2712-7508-2020-1-4-6.

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This study explores the existing systemic barriers to intra-BRICS national currency use (“de-dollarization”) in currency swaps and trade finance. The author examines the current de-dollarization initiatives, as well as the actual levels of de-dollarization in Russia’s intra-BRICS settlements (as a representative sample), to find gaps between de-dollarization goals and current initiatives and offers a near-term phased solution to overcome these gaps and de-risk trade within BRICS. It is found that 1) the New Development Bank’s Contingency Reserve Arrangement has built-in systemic barriers which are preventing direct currency swaps between BRICS member states; 2) the Euro is replacing the Dollar as Russia’s preferred settlement currency within BRICS, indicating a gap between Russian traders’ settlement currency choice and BRICS de-dollarization priorities; and, furthermore, 3) while payment and settlement systems are being integrated and FinTech applications are being explored, efforts to fundamentally address the systemic market factors preventing national settlement use are missing. A phased solution is proposed to address the fundamental market barriers to national currencies by using smart contracts to de-risk intra-BRICS trade. Specific mechanisms are outlined to promote trade contracts in national currency and reduce dependency on both the Dollar/Euro and Western institutions (such as the IMF and Western commodities markets), a high-level architecture is proposed, and implementation considerations are discussed.

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21

Gorodetska, Galyna. "Ukrainian migrants in Spain: settlement or return?" Ukrainian society 2013, no. 2 (July 10, 2013): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/socium2013.02.025.

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The article examines the driving force and the effects of staying of Ukrainian immigrants in Spain. Do they intend to return to Ukraine? And whether planning to build their lives in Spain? Through the prism of such factors as employment in the labor market in Spain, the presence/absence of a family in a new country, the situation in Ukraine, and access to various social services offered by the country of immigration, is shown Ukrainian migrant future choice.

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22

Bliege Bird, Rebecca, Chloe McGuire, Douglas W. Bird, Michael H. Price, David Zeanah, and Dale G. Nimmo. "Fire mosaics and habitat choice in nomadic foragers." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 23 (May 27, 2020): 12904–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1921709117.

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In the mid-1950s Western Desert of Australia, Aboriginal populations were in decline as families left for ration depots, cattle stations, and mission settlements. In the context of reduced population density, an ideal free-distribution model predicts landscape use should contract to the most productive habitats, and people should avoid areas that show more signs of extensive prior use. However, ecological or social facilitation due to Allee effects (positive density dependence) would predict that the intensity of past habitat use should correlate positively with habitat use. We analyzed fire footprints and fire mosaics from the accumulation of several years of landscape use visible on a 35,300-km2mosaic of aerial photographs covering much of contemporary Indigenous Martu Native Title Lands imaged between May and August 1953. Structural equation modeling revealed that, consistent with an Allee ideal free distribution, there was a positive relationship between the extent of fire mosaics and the intensity of recent use, and this was consistent across habitats regardless of their quality. Fire mosaics build up in regions with low cost of access to water, high intrinsic food availability, and good access to trade opportunities; these mosaics (constrained by water access during the winter) then draw people back in subsequent years or seasons, largely independent of intrinsic habitat quality. Our results suggest that the positive feedback effects of landscape burning can substantially change the way people value landscapes, affecting mobility and settlement by increasing sedentism and local population density.

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23

Hamer, John P., and Graham Walker. "Avoidance of dried biofilms on slate and algal surfaces by certain spirorbid and bryozoan larvae." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 81, no. 1 (February 2001): 167–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315401003526.

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The effect of aerial drying of biofilmed surfaces to simulate a tidal emersion upon the settlement preferences of spirorbid and bryozoan larvae was investigated using choice experiments with still water conditions carried out in the laboratory. Aerial drying of biofilmed slates and pieces of Fucus serratus for 1 h at 20°C negated their usual settlement-inducing properties to larvae of Spirorbis spirorbis, S. tridentatus and Flustrellidra hispida. Such larval settlement preference may contribute to observed variations in the natural distribution of these species in the intertidal.

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24

Sahari, Faridah, Anna Durin, Rahah Hasan, Shahren Ahmad Zaidi Adruce, and Shahri Abdul Rahman. "Adaptability to Settlement Pattern and Choice of Subsistence Activities: Emergence of Material Culture within the Saribas Malay in Betong, Sarawak." SHS Web of Conferences 45 (2018): 06001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184506001.

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Despite many job opportunities in the market and the challenges they have to face, some minority of the Saribas Malay community in Betong, Sarawak is still maintaining traditional subsistence activities in food production based on the nipah tree (locally known as apong) such as gula apong, garam apong cuka apong, jarik mayang, air sadap and the sago tree (locally known as mulong) produce, lemantak. This research examines the choice of subsistence strategies and settlement pattern of the Malay community who inhabit the Saribas region. Through the in-depth interview and participant observation, the finding suggested that reliance on a river as the main highway to connect them to the other parts of Sarawak and river as a source of marine resources determine the choice of linear settlement pattern along the river. The results also suggest that river terrestrial resources; apong and mulong accessibility and abundance availability that influence the community in continuing the traditional subsistence activities (apong and mulong based food production) related to those flora source. As such, the assemblage of material culture that exist within the Saribas Malay community is the representation and manifestation of their choice of settlement pattern and subsistence activities.

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25

Schill, Stephan W., and Geraldo Vidigal. "Designing Investment Dispute Settlement à la Carte: Insights from Comparative Institutional Design Analysis." Law & Practice of International Courts and Tribunals 18, no. 3 (February 7, 2020): 314–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718034-12341407.

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Abstract The multilateral expression of the desire to reform investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) at the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) obscures the diverging preferences states have in respect of which future dispute settlement model to adopt. In order to garner broad acceptability, this article proposes that the reformed system could be designed as “dispute settlement à la carte”, with a Multilateral Investment Court coexisting with other forms of dispute resolution under the umbrella of one multilateral institution. With a view to showing that such a system is feasible, this article draws on comparative institutional design analysis, that is, a comparative assessment of dispute settlement design features across different international dispute settlement systems. This approach helps to explore what institutional design features are a useful source of inspiration for a future investment dispute settlement system that preserves flexibility for states in the choice of their preferred means of adjudication, while safeguarding legal certainty and promoting coherence in investment dispute settlement.

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26

Gruchenkova, A. A., P. V. Chepur, and A. A. Tarasenko. "Studying of the wall cylindrical rigidity influence on the stress-strain state of the tank during local settlement." Oil and Gas Studies, no. 2 (June 2, 2020): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2020-2-98-106.

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The article numerically researched the stress-strain state of the tank RVS-20000 at the settlement zone is located near the tank wall. A numerical model of the tank was developed in accordance with the actual geometric dimensions, taking into account all structural elements of the structure and the maximum operating loads. When modeling local settlement to account for the spatial work of the soil, the model of the Pasternak soil base was used. The stress-strain state calculation of the tank was performed at values of the radius of the drawdown zone from 1 to 10 m. The choice of this interval is due to the fact that in more than 92 % of cases, tanks with local bottom settlements fall within this range of values.The dependences of the maximum acting stresses in the wall of the internal combustion engine on the position of the inhomogeneity area in the soil base are established. The boundary of the zone of action of the edge effect from the tank wall is established. If the center of the heterogeneity area is located in this zone, it is necessary to conduct additional analysis of the tank metal structures stress-strain state when assigning the maximum settlement.

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27

Ruthven, Orlanda. "Money mosaics: financial choice and strategy in a West Delhi squatter settlement." Journal of International Development 14, no. 2 (2002): 249–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.875.

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28

Sucharitkul, Sompong. "A Choice of Means of Dispute Settlement in International Practice: Thailand’s Experience." Asia Pacific Law Review 17, sup1 (December 2009): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10192557.2009.11788214.

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29

Crisp, D. J. "Field experiments on the settlement, orientation and habitat choice ofChthamalus fragilis(Darwin)." Biofouling 2, no. 2 (August 1990): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927019009378139.

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30

Junussov, Bahyt, and Tatyana Morozova. "Scheduling of Cottage Settlement Building." Applied Mechanics and Materials 725-726 (January 2015): 1038–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.725-726.1038.

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In this paper, the analysis of the general tendencies of line building of cottage settlement is carried out by houses. The analysis of domestic and foreign development showed that many questions connected with formation of schedules of building of objects of settlement and calculation of parameters of works taking into account restriction on resources at development of local plans of settlement by houses, now finally aren't solved.As practice of construction of settlement shows further improvement of a technique of scheduling of building of settlement by houses has to go on an alternative basis and a choice among them the most effective on economic indicators because of modern computer technologies. The calculation procedure and optimization of options of the line organization of construction of houses because of modern computer technologies is offered.The technique of a technical and economic assessment of optimizing solutions of cottage building is offered. In this paper data on application to the developed technique for scheduling of construction of houses of settlement. The developed techniques can find application when developing projects of the organization of mass building of cottage settlement by houses.

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Winkler, Natalia S., John M. Pandolfi, and Eugenia M. Sampayo. "Symbiodinium identity alters the temperature-dependent settlement behaviour of Acropora millepora coral larvae before the onset of symbiosis." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1801 (February 22, 2015): 20142260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2260.

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The global distribution of marine species, many of which disperse during the larval stages, is influenced by ocean temperature regimes. Here, we test how temperature and the coral symbionts ( Symbiodinium ) affect survival, symbiont uptake, settlement success and habitat choice of Acropora millepora larvae. Experiments were conducted at Heron Island (Australia), where larvae were exposed to 22.5, 24.5, 26.5 and 28.5°C. Within each temperature treatment, larvae were offered symbionts with distinct characteristics: (i) homologous Symbiodinium type C3, (ii) regionally homologous thermo-tolerant type D1, and (iii) heterologous thermo-tolerant type C15, as well as controls of (iv) un-filtered and (v) filtered seawater. Results show that lower instead of higher temperatures adversely affected recruitment by reducing larval survival and settlement. Low temperatures also reduced recruit habitat choice and initial symbiont densities, both of which impact on post-settlement survival. At lower temperatures, larvae increasingly settle away from preferred vertical surfaces and not on crustose coralline algae (CCA). Surprisingly, substrate preference to CCA was modified by the presence of specific symbiont genotypes that were present ex-hospite (outside the coral larvae). When different symbionts were mixed, the outcomes were non-additive, indicating that symbiont interactions modify the response. We propose that the observed influence of ex-hospite symbionts on settlement behaviour may have evolved through ecological facilitation and the study highlights the importance of biological processes during coral settlement.

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Kuzmenko, Tetiana, Vasyl Liakh, and Andrii Dmytrenko. "Improvement of Functional Planning Organization of Rural Settlements in Suburban Zones." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.2 (June 20, 2018): 626. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.2.14603.

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The purpose of the article is to define the principles of functional and planning organization of suburban rural settlements (SRS) and to determine the main techniques corresponding with them.Researches, which were conducted, and analysis of existing experience of formation of settlement planning structure and summarizing research and methodics literature determined allocation of principles of unity with central city, functional specialization, alternativeness and systematics of town-planning documentation updating. The following methods guarantee implementation of them: organic integration of objects of small business and service into the production-residential and production-service formations as new design objects, formation of new town-forming functions of settlements: businesses, services, recreations; formation of different functional types of SRS, considering dependence of plan structure on external transport corridors and natural features; forming SRS with a number of functions: monofunctional, bifunctional, multifunctional; identification of the most suitable way of development of SRS according to the defining factors of development and its gradual formation as certain type, the choice of the defining factors of development and mark assessment based on the defining factors of development; transformation of structural parts of the settlement and their re-profiling into a different function. Recommendations for improvement of functional and planning organization of different SRS types have been developed.

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Lei, Tong Bing, Shu Dan Xiong, Ling Fa Jiang, and Zhang Jun Dai. "Study on Comparison of Predicting Method on Settlement and Deformation of Unballasted Track in the Button of Tunnel on High Speed Railway." Applied Mechanics and Materials 513-517 (February 2014): 2647–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.513-517.2647.

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Curve fitting method is one of the methods that predict and make analysis to the settlement and deformation of unballasted track tunnel project. Based on the measured date of the button of a certain unballasted track tunnels settlement, hyperbolic method and three-point method and Asaoka method were used to predict the settlement and deformation, according to the predicted result, we can get the best predicted method in this paper. The result shows that, on the premise of predictable, to a small accumulated settlement value and a small fluctuation state, the fitting result is close to each other with the prediction of three-point method and Asaoka method, while the result of hyperbolic method made it be the best choice here, as for the greater predicted post-construction settlement value and final settlement value, this method was regarded as a safe and reasonable method, which was regarded as the best one in the above three methods.

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Beyer, Vincent. "Dispute Settlement in Preferential Trade Agreements and the WTO: A Network Analysis of Idleness and Choice of Forum." European Journal of International Law 32, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 433–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chab011.

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Abstract It is generally presumed that World Trade Organization (WTO) members display a preference for dispute settlement under WTO rules over those provided for in preferential trade agreements (PTAs). This assumption is driven by observations relating to the large number of PTAs, the low number of PTA cases and the large number of WTO cases, including between PTA partners. These observations are challenged by adopting a methodology that has so far seen relatively limited use in the study of international law network analysis. This article finds, first, the network of connections among WTO members formed by PTAs is far less dense than appears to have been assumed. Second, while almost half of all WTO members have participated in WTO proceedings at least once, the vast majority of bilateral relations among WTO members have never been subject to WTO dispute settlement. This puts the perceived idleness of PTA dispute settlement into perspective. Lastly, the share of WTO cases that could have been settled under PTA procedures is far lower than commonly believed. This low share shows that there is no widespread predilection for the WTO, as commonly argued, but, more often than not, a genuine absence of choice. Ultimately, as the PTA network is unable to act as a substitute, WTO dispute settlement continues to hold a central place in the rules-based global trading system.

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Radovanović, Ivana. "Houses and burials at Lepenski Vir." European Journal of Archaeology 3, no. 3 (2000): 330–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/146195700807860918.

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Houses and burials recorded in the settlements of Lepenski Vir I and II and burials previously ascribed to Lepenski Vir III are here discussed in view of the recent analyses of archaeological material and re-analyses of the field burial record from this site. Evidence of pottery in situ in houses of Lepenski Vir I, together with the evidence for important dietary change in the Lepenski Vir community in the course of the second half of the seventh millennium cal BC, reinforces the assumption, made by a number of scholars over several previous decades, of intensive contacts between early Neolithic groups and local hunter-gatherers. Burial practice throughout the seventh and sixth millennia cal BC at Lepenski Vir is thus reanalyzed in this new light. Apart from burials unrelated to architectural remains, five ‘types’ of burial deposition are noted in relation to houses of Lepenski Vir I–II, all but one having a distinct chronological and spatial patterning. The inhabitants' choice of mode of deposition of the deceased is always associated with a certain location in the settlement, sometimes used over several centuries. In the course of their history, these locations were often used for building a particular house or group of houses. The content of such houses is also discussed wherever it was possible. Duality in settlement organization could also be recognized in the burial practices related to settlement architecture. The attribution of the majority of burial remains to early Neolithic Lepenski Vir III is here also questioned in the light of new data and reinterpreted settlement sequences.

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Utama, Meria, and Irsan Irsan. "General Overview on Selecting and Drafting Construction Contract Disputes Resolution." Sriwijaya Law Review 2, no. 2 (July 31, 2018): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.28946/slrev.vol2.iss2.129.pp152-169.

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A good international contract as the experts considered is the most complicated one the parties must draft carefully. It involves many stakeholders and containing documents to attach likewise financial judgment, technical specifications, work scope, rights, obligation, responsibility and other external factors which are beyond the parties’ consideration. A good design contract will prevent the parties from disputes. The dispute settlement mechanisms should be explicitly stated in the international construction contract. The nullity of the choice dispute settlement mechanisms or in the absence of the choice dispute settlement mechanisms and also the unperformed of the contract purposes will not prevent the dispute from being occurred. The most common process to resolve disputes is through litigation, but the process takes time, energy and funding. The method of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) such as mediation, conciliation, mini-trial, arbitration or other ADR techniques eradicate all the obstacles above. The question arises then, how the parties select the best alternative disputes settlement mechanism and how it should be drafted in their contract. Normative legal research is the method employed to respond the problems. Therefore, this article will elaborate the methods that will effectively settle the constructions disputes and mechanism in drafting construction contract disputes resolutions provisions

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de Boer, Nynke. "Waar de doden woonden. De samenhang tussen de locaties van laat-prehistorische urnenvelden en nederzettingen." Paleo-aktueel, December 14, 2018, 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/pa.29.19-26.

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Where the dead dwelt. The relation between the locations of late prehistoric burial grounds and settlements. This article addresses the question whether there is an association between the choice of locations of urnfields and contemporaneous settlements in the province of Drenthe. For both urnfield and settlement, three factors related to location choice have been tested in a GIS: physical geography (soil type, water table and geomorphology), visibility from the surrounding fields, and the presence of visible funerary monuments from earlier periods, especially megalithic tombs (Dutch: hunebedden) and Bronze Age burial mounds. The results have been compared: both urnfields and settlements show a preference for relatively high locations. Probably, this similarity is related to the requirements of dwelling and agriculture: burial follows habitation. However, in the choice of urnfield location, the proximity of earlier funerary elements was also taken into account. This does indicate a difference between urnfield and settlement location choice, despite the earlier-mentioned similarities between the two.

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"Inka settlement planning." Choice Reviews Online 28, no. 08 (April 1, 1991): 28–4576. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.28-4576.

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"Hawkesbury settlement revealed: a new look at Australia's third mainland settlement, 1793-1802." Choice Reviews Online 47, no. 12 (August 1, 2010): 47–7026. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.47-7026.

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"The Pale of Settlement: stories." Choice Reviews Online 45, no. 07 (March 1, 2008): 45–3654. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.45-3654.

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"Settlement and society in Wales." Choice Reviews Online 27, no. 01 (September 1, 1989): 27–0467. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.27-0467.

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"American settlement houses and Progressive social reform: an encyclopedia of the American settlement movement." Choice Reviews Online 37, no. 04 (December 1, 1999): 37–1909. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.37-1909.

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"Shaping medieval landscapes: settlement, society, environment." Choice Reviews Online 41, no. 04 (December 1, 2003): 41–2406. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.41-2406.

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"Sustainable settlement in the Brazilian Amazon." Choice Reviews Online 34, no. 04 (December 1, 1996): 34–2351. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.34-2351.

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"A History of settlement in Ireland." Choice Reviews Online 37, no. 11 (July 1, 2000): 37–6471. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.37-6471.

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"The American settlement movement: a bibliography." Choice Reviews Online 37, no. 07 (March 1, 2000): 37–3676. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.37-3676.

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"Building Zion: the material world of Mormon settlement." Choice Reviews Online 53, no. 02 (September 17, 2015): 53–0588. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.192570.

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"The Versailles settlement: peacemaking in Paris, 1919." Choice Reviews Online 29, no. 06 (February 1, 1992): 29–3492. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.29-3492.

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"The moon: resources, future development, and settlement." Choice Reviews Online 45, no. 07 (March 1, 2008): 45–3768. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.45-3768.

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"Epic in American culture: settlement to Reconstruction." Choice Reviews Online 50, no. 03 (November 1, 2012): 50–1336. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.50-1336.

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