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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Settlement choice

Academic literature on the topic 'Settlement choice'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Settlement choice"

1

Christopher Ledor, Deeyah, Ohochuku Chinwennwo P, and Eke Stanley N. "Determinants of household residential location choice among informal settlers in Port Harcourt." MOJ Ecology & Environmental Sciences 6, no. 3 (June 24, 2021): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojes.2021.06.00222.

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Informal settlements, sometimes called slums, are sites of significant environmental risk in developing cities. Despite its environmental challenges, residents prefer to live in informal settlements rather than planned allocated plots. This paper assesses the determinants of households’ residential location decision in an informal settlement in Port Harcourt in order to gain understanding on what makes individuals consider a particular location in an informal settlement. The study employs a case study approach and uses both indepth face-to-face interviews and structured questionnaires on waterfront households using Cluster sampling to group the settlements into seven (7) zones based on their location in order to capture information on residential location choice decisions of respondents in the informal settlements. In each settlement, we interviewed two households, thereafter questionnaires were administered on 55 respondents’ household by trained graduate students who worked as enumerators. In all a total of 14 interviews were conducted and 385 questionnaires administered. Out of the 385 questionnaires administered, 315 were completed and returned. The results of the survey corroborated by an indebth interview revealed that the growing informality are not limited to income level, but household uses social networks (living close to family or friends), livelihood opportunities, proximity to work, and commuting cost to find accommodation, land for building and support for everyday life in an informal settlement.

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Jones, Eric E. "Using Viewshed Analysis to Explore Settlement Choice: A Case Study of the Onondaga Iroquois." American Antiquity 71, no. 3 (July 2006): 523–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002731600039792.

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A multitude of factors, ranging from environmental to ideological, determine where human settlements are placed on the landscape. In archaeological contexts, finding the reasons behind settlement choice can be very difficult and often requires the use of ethnographic analogies and/or modeling in a geographic information system (GIS). Archaeologists have used one particular GIS-based method, viewshed analysis, to examine site features such as defensibility and control over economic hinterlands. I use viewshed analysis in this case study to determine how the natural and political landscapes affected the settlement location choices of the Late Woodland and early Historic Onondaga Iroquois. Proximity to critical resources and defensibility both factored into the decision of where communities would place villages. Although this study shows that resources, such as productive soils, had a more significant effect on settlement choice, Iroquois communities were also taking measures to maintain the defensibility of their villages. This examination displays how GIS analyses in archaeology can go beyond the statistical results and help us understand past behavior.

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Ch'ng, Eugene, Vince Gaffney, and Gido Hakvoort. "Stigmergy in comparative settlement choice and palaeoenvironment simulation." Complexity 21, no. 3 (October 20, 2014): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cplx.21616.

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Johanson, K., A. Kriiska, K. Sander, K. Sikk, and A. Vindi. "ENVIRONMENT AND SETTLEMENT LOCATION CHOICE IN STONE AGE ESTONIA." Estonian Journal of Archaeology 24, no. 2 (2020): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/arch.2020.2.01.

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Baglioni, Angelo, and Rony Hamaui. "The Choice Among Interbank Settlement Systems: The European Experience." Economic Notes 32, no. 1 (February 2003): 67–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0391-5026.2003.00103.x.

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Kahana, Nava. "Individual behavior and social choice in a cooperative settlement." Journal of Comparative Economics 14, no. 2 (June 1990): 351–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0147-5967(90)90080-s.

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Ben-Ner, Avner. "Individual behavior and social choice in a cooperative settlement." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 13, no. 1 (January 1990): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2681(90)90060-q.

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Churchill, R. R. "II International Tribunal For The Law Of The Sea The Southern Bluefin Tuna Cases (New Zealand v. Japan; Australia v. Japan): Order For Provisional Measures Of 27 August 1999." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49, no. 4 (October 2000): 979–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300064794.

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Under Part XV of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, any dispute concerning the interpretation or application of the Convention which cannot be settled by the consensual means set out in section 1 of that Part, may be referred by any party to the dispute for compulsory settlement under section 2. There are four possible fora for such settlement—the International Court of Justice, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (hereafter ITLOS), an arbitral tribunal constituted in accordance with Annex VII of the Convention, and a special arbitral tribunal constituted in accordance with Annex VIII. If the parties to a dispute have made a declaration under Article 287 (which is optional) specifying their choice of forum, and their choices coincide, that body will be the forum for the settlement of the dispute. If their choices do not coincide or if not all parties have made a declaration, the forum for settlement will be an Annex VII arbitral tribunal.1

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9

Luo, Ziwei, Wenfeng Xie, and Guohua Wang. "Regional Human Settlement Environmental Ethical Features of Dayi Liu’s Manor in the Western Sichuan Plain." E3S Web of Conferences 237 (2021): 04012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123704012.

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Manors are the most representative human settlements in the history of Western Sichuan, with complete regional tradition and ethical order. As a protective heritage in the revitalization and development of rural areas, manors have been recognized as construction achievements for their artistic and practical references. This paper starts from the perspective of human settlement environmental ethics, focusing on the environmental ethical order between the microcosm of the residential environment of Liu’s Manor and the macrocosm of the regional pattern of the Western Sichuan Plain. The result shows that the environment characteristics of Liu’s manor, under the regional settlement pattern, actually are the images of human subjective ethical choice; gathering in an ideal environment, dispersing to the origin, and the integration of classical styles. On this basis, this study proposes a means through which to realize sustainable development in rural settlement construction in the process of modernization in China.

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Gorovoy, Alexander, Igor Merzlikin, and Tatyana Kondratyeva. "City transport as a factor of availability and distribution of activity centres." MATEC Web of Conferences 193 (2018): 01024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819301024.

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Labor connections determine territorial unity and spatiotemporal settlement patterns in the structure of city connections. Labor connections define the life of the city, the distribution of the centers of gravity, and the functioning of its main subsystems, the leading one being the transport subsystem. The study is constructed to reveal the trend of settlement (by labor gravitation) based on the effect of the desired choice of workplace location in relation to residence location. The results of the sociological survey allowed establishing the trend of settlement on the basis of the effect of the desired choice. The study discovered a correlation between the values characterizing the topological structure of the plan: a distinctive “scale of settlement” (average shortest distances between the settlement variant and workplace locations) and the internal heterogeneity of the plan (uneven concentration of facilities and their connections). This allows drafting settlement curves for cities without empirical data.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Settlement choice"

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Ortiz-Mena, L. N. Antonio. "The politics of institutional choice : international trade and dispute settlement mechanisms /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3031945.

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Leu, Matthias. "Breeding territory settlement patterns and mate choice in a monochromatic tyrannid flycatcher /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5493.

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Martinez, Felix A. "The implications of group-size choice and post-settlement movement on the behavior and population dynamics of the damselfish dascyllus albisella." The Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1069794378.

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Luna, Julieta Uribe. "Choice of forum for NAFTA governments between NAFTA Chapter 20 and the WTO dispute settlement mechanisms." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29565.

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NAFTA's Article 2005 prescribes that the NAFTA governments, being Canada, Mexico and the US, may choose either a multilateral or a regional forum within which to solve their trade disputes. Thus, they may choose between either the new WTO dispute settlement mechanism or the NAFTA Chapter 20 dispute settlement mechanism. Nevertheless, in order to have an effective choice of forum, there is one essential condition: the subject matter of the dispute must be similar or identical, and there must be some degree of subject matter overlap in both the NAFTA and WTO provisions. The relationship between NAFTA, the WTO and GATT is complex. The core problem is whether there is a legal distinction between the GATT 1947 and the GATT 1994, incorporated into the WTO Agreement, in order to establish either NAFTA or WTO primacy. The latter-in-time treaty general rule will decide the issue. Nevertheless, a decisive conclusion cannot be drawn, as this should be studied on a case-by-case basis.

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Von, Der Meden Charles Eric Otto. "Intertidal patterns and processes tracking the effects of coastline topography and settlement choice across life stages of the mussels perna perna and mytilus galloprovincialis." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005407.

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Within landscapes, spatial heterogeneity is common and specific landscape features can influence propagule dispersal by wind or water, affecting population connectivity and dynamics. Coastline topographic features, such as bays and headlands, have a variety of biophysical effects on nearshore oceanography, larval transport, retention and supply, and the processes of larval settlement and recruitment. Although this has been demonstrated in several parts of the world, engendering a perception of a general ‘bay effect’, few studies have investigated this generality in a single experiment or region, by replicating at the level of ‘bay’. The Agulhas biogeographic region of the south coast of South Africa is a useful system within which to test for such generality. Using the intertidal mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis and Perna perna as model organisms, patterns of adult distribution were surveyed across four large ‘halfheart’ bays and intervening stretches of open coast, providing replication at the level of ‘bay’ and duplication of ecologically similar species. In support of a general, pervasive influence of bays on intertidal populations, mussel cover was found to be greater in bays than on the open coast for both species, although the effect was strongest for M. galloprovincialis. To explain this adult distribution, settlement, post-settlement mortality and recruitment were examined over 12mo at the same sites, with the prediction that rates of each would favour larger bay populations. Contrary to this, an interaction between month and bay-status was found, with greater settlement and recruitment on the open coast than in bays reflecting extreme settlement and recruitment events at 3 westerly open coast sites during summer. Re-analysis excluding these outliers, revealed the expected effect, of greater settlement and recruitment in bays. While this indicates the broad generality of the bay effect, it highlights exceptions and the need for replication in time and space when examining landscape effects. Measuring post-settlement mortality required testing small-scale settlement behaviour on established and newly deployed settler collectors. It was found that all settlers preferred collectors with biofilm, but that primary settlers avoided conspecific settlers, while secondary settlers were attracted to them. With discrepancies in settler attraction to new and established collectors accounted for, initial (over 2d) and longer-term (over 7d) post-settlement mortality rates were found to be substantial (ca 60 %) for both species. No topographic effect on p-s mortality was evident. Finally, recruit-settler, adult-recruit and interspecies correlations were examined at regional and local scales. Synergistic (or neutral) effects maintained the initial settlement pattern in recruit and adult populations regionally, but not at local scales; striking interspecies correlations suggested the influence of common regional transport processes. Ultimately, the results emphasize the importance of the direction of effects in different life stages and at different spatial scales, and the possibility that antagonistic effects may mask even strong patterns.

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Gaolaolwe, Dikabelo. "The nature of the legal relationship between the three RECs and the envisaged TFTA: a focus on the dispute settlement mechanism." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_4433_1380708981.

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Bellamy, Stephen, and steve bellamy@flinders edu au. "RESOURCE PARTITIONING BETWEEN TWO SYMPATRIC AUSTRALIAN SKINKS, EGERNIA MULTISCUTATA AND EGERNIA WHITII STEPHEN BELLAMY Thesis submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy AUGUST 2006 SCHOOL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES FLINDERS UNIVERSITY, ADELAIDE, SOUTH AUSTRALIA ________________________________________." Flinders University. Biological Sciences, 2007. http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au./local/adt/public/adt-SFU20070124.145924.

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When species compete for resources, in a stable homogeneous environment, there are two possible outcomes. The first is that one species will out-compete the other and exclude it from the environment. This is known as the competitive exclusion principle. The second is that both species will manage to coexist. Coexistence can only occur if the species niches are differentiated such that interspecific competition is minimised, or eliminated. This outcome is known as resource partitioning. Two closely related Australian skink species of the Egernia genus, Egernia multiscutata and Egernia whitii, are abundant and sympatric on Wedge Island in South Australias Spencer Gulf. The species are morphologically very similar and appear to have very similar life histories and habitat requirements. Ostensibly, they would compete for limiting resources in this environment. This thesis is the first investigation into resource partitioning in this previously unstudied model organism. I report the results of multi-faceted investigations into the coexistence of the skinks, E. multiscutata and E. whitii on Wedge Island and the evidence for, and mechanisms of, any facultative resource partitioning between them. Study methods involved a transect survey of most of Wedge Island to determine the species distributions and any evidence for resource partitioning; a morphological comparison to investigate any potential competitive advantages of either species; a habitat choice experiment to establish retreat-site preferences in the absence of interspecific interference; and, a series of staged dyadic encounter experiments to investigate interspecific competitive interactions. Resource partitioning was evidenced by differential distributions of the species among substrates containing the elements required for permanent refuge shelters. This partitioning was not mediated by avoidance of particular substrates but by the presence of the opponent species, combined with attraction to suitable substrates. Asymmetries in some morphological characters were found to confer a potential competitive advantage to E. multiscutata in agonistic encounters with E. whitii. Both species were found to have the same refuge site preferences when interference competition was experimentally removed. This result was not concordant with observed resource partitioning in the field and suggests that the habitat choices of both species are modified by the presence of the opponent species. Analyses of staged dyadic encounter experiments showed that E. multiscutata was more likely to gain greater access to a contested habitat resource and more likely to exclude E. whitii from the resource than vice-versa. Nevertheless, the outcome of competitive interactions was not completely deterministic and there was some tolerance of co-habitation. E. multiscutatas competitive advantage was attributable largely to its greater mass and head dimensions relative to snout to vent length. However, differential behavioural responses to the threat of larger opponent size also played an important part in resource partitioning between the species.

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Zimmermann, Claus D. "Essays on the law and economics of international economic dispute settlement." Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010047.

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Faisant appel à des cadres méthodologiques d'économie du droit et d'économie politique, cette thèse en quatre articles entreprend une analyse de différents aspects clés du règlement des différends économiques internationaux, tout particulièrement du règlement des différends tel qu'entrepris sous les auspices de l'Organisation Mondiale du Commerce (OMC). Les aspects clés ainsi analysés concernent la décision des parties signataires d'un traité international d'accorder ou de refuser le droit de porter plainte à des personnes privées, leur choix de l'arsenal de contre-mesures ainsi que des détails relatifs aux mécanismes de mise en œuvre. L'article 1 analyse les fondements économiques du pouvoir que possèdent les gouvernements des pays membres de l'OMC de s'interposer en tant que filtres politiques ex ante de potentiels litiges, tout en contrastant cette analyse avec ce que l'on peut observer dans le domaine des investissements étrangers. L'article 2 se penche sur un thème d'économie du droit plus« classique» en démontrant que, même s'il n'a pas été conçu expressément pour encourager la rupture efficiente des obligations contenues dans les accords de l'OMC, le mécanisme actuel de règlement des différends à l'OMC facilite, de facto, le non-respect temporaire du droit de l'OMC. L'article 3 examine les principales alternatives à des mesures de rétorsion en tant que mesures de dernier recours. L'article 4 identifie les déficits de l'analyse conventionnel de pourquoi le système de règlement des différends à l'OMC n'a pas été équipé de mesures correctives rétrospectives mais seulement prospectives.

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9

Duffy, Bernadette. "The values formation of children growing up in an informal settlement." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24362.

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This study explored the phenomena of pre-adolescents growing up in an informal settlement and explored how needs and wants influenced their value and moral formation. The research was located within the specific context of a qualitative interpretivist study. A phenomenological research design was used to highlight how these young people construct their personal identities rooted in their unique value and moral structures. The criteria used to choose the participants included pre-adolescents between the ages of 10 and 14 who lived alone without parental care or who were left alone for long periods during the day. The selected participants were young people who were daily exposed to adverse conditions and who had to make real life choices. Data on how these pre-adolescents viewed their situation were collected using stick figures, collages, drawings and observations, followed by in-depth individual and focus group interviews and discussions on moral dilemmas. The aim of interviewing the young people personally was to explore their own views of the realities of their lived experiences and how they perceived the world around them. From the empirical evidence and the theories studied a number of significant themes emerged that indicated a strong need for emotional and social support, besides their obvious material needs. The major themes were (1) family and community, (2) emotional needs, (3) financial and material needs, (4) protection and security, (5) moral choices and needs, (6) education and (7) religion. The findings of the study revealed that individuals progress through various stages of moral growth and development as they grow from childhood to adulthood, and that children are not born with an innate moral or value system. These have to be taught through the process of socialisation whereby they learn social values, morals, attitudes and expectations as these are communicated from one person to another. The findings also showed that these young people are able to act in a caring, concerned, altruistic and resilient manner, just as much as they are able to act in a destructive manner. These young people are as able to do good just as they are able to do bad things. They have a strong sense of moral rightness and wrongness and the values that underpin morality. It showed that even when their basic human needs are unmet they can still make choices that reflect good moral values. They have the capacity to transcend themselves and to make radical change in their personal lives and in turn contribute to the well being of a better society. Since this was an exploratory study of specific marginalised young people in a particular environment which focused more on pre-adolescents’ espoused theory and how they would act if faced by moral dilemmas, it suggests the need for further exploration and research on the theory in action by studying the reasons why preadolescents engage in at-risk behaviour. SEPEDI : Thuto ye e hlohlomiša ponagalo e kgolô ya baswa bofalalelong bjo e sego bja tlwaelo, gomme ya hlohletša ka moo dinyakwa le dihlokwa di tutueditšego popego ya metheo le setho. Nyakišišo ye e ile ya ela khwalithi ya seo se nyakišiswago tlhoko. Go somišitšwe moakanyetšo wa phatišišoponagalo go tšweletša ka fao baswa ba bopago boitšhupo bjo bo letšego popegong ya mehola le boitshwaro bja bona. Kêlo ye e šomišitšwego e aparetše baswa gare ga mengwaga ye 10 go iša go 14; bao ba phelago ba le tee, go se na tlhokomelo ya batswadi goba bao ba tlogelwago ba le tee nako ye telele mosegare. Batšeakarolo be e le baswa bao ba bego ba lebanwe ke maemo a šoro gomme ba swanetse go ikethela tsela. Data ya ka moo baswa bao ba lebelelago maemo a bona, e ile ya kgoboketšwa go šomišwa diphata, dibopego tšeo di gomareditšwego, dithalwa le temogo ye e latelwago ke poledišano le mongwe le mongwe, goba sehlopha ka ga mathata a boitshwaro. Maikemišetšo a poledisano le baswa ke go nyakišiša dikgopolo tša bona ka ga bonnete bja maitemogelo, le ka moo ba bonago lefase. Go tšwa bohlatseng bja boitekelo bjo, le go teori tše di nyakišitšwego, go bonagetše nyakego ya thekgo ya khuduego le leago, gape le tša dinyakwa tša bophelo. Dintlhakgolo di bile (1) lapa le tikologoleago (2) dinyakwa tša moya (3) dinyakwa tša tšhelele le didirišwa (4) tšhireletšo le potego (go lotega) (5) boitshwaro le dihlokwa (6) thuto (7) bodumedi. Dikhwetšo tša thuto ye di utollotše gore mongwe le mongwe o tšwelela dikgatong tše mmalwa tša kgolô ya boitshwaro le tšweletšopele ge ba ntše ba gola go tšwa bjaneng go ya bogolong; le gore bana ga ba belegwe ba na le mokgwa wa maitshwaro wa tlhago. Tšeo di rutwa ka tsela ya phedišano; ka fao ba ithute kagišano, maitshwaro bjale ka ge di hlagiswa ke batho ba bangwe. Khumano e laeditse gape gore baswa ba kgona go hlokomela, ba amege, ba be le phanô, gape ba itshware ka tsela ye e sa swanelago. Baswa ba kgono dira botse, ba fetoge ba dire bobe. Ba na le moya wa setho le moya wa tshenyo; gape le theô ye e laetšago maitshwaro a botse. E bontšhitse le gore, le ge dinyakwa tša bona di sa kgotšofatswe, ba kgono kgetha ba laetše maitshwaro a mabotse. Ba na le maatla a go feta mathateng, ba fetole maphelo a bona gomme ba be le kabelo go kaonafatša tikologoleago. Ka ge se e bego e le fela thutotlhotlhomišo ya baswa bao ba lego mellwaneng ya bophelo tikologong e itšego, gomme ya ikamanya fela go teori ya baswa le ka moo batla itshwarago, ge ba lebanwe le mathata a setho, e laetša nyako ya tlhotlhomišo e tseneletšego, e tšwelago pele ka nyakišišo ya teori ye ka go ithuta mabaka ao a dirago maitshwaro a.
Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Education Management and Policy Studies
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Limbumba, Tatu Mtwangi. "Exploring social-cultural explanations for residential location choices : the case of an African City - Dar es Salaam." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-12136.

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This study explores the factors urban residents consider when making residential location decisions. The context of the study is informal residential areas in a rapidly urbanising African city – the city of Dar es Salaam in Tanzania. A central concern in the study is how the urban poor make their residential location decisions; the assumption is that with income limitations the urban poor rely on other non-economic resources to enable their residential location decisions in the context of rapid urban growth and urban poverty. The study attempts to question residential location choice concepts that rely on economic approaches as well as question explanations based on the developing world experiences.The study suggests that in the absence of reliable incomes, social networks and informalchannels prevail in the decision-making process. The concept of social capital where networks and social relationships are used as a resource by individuals or groups to achieve goals is explored in a residential choices framework. Demonstrated through in-depth interviews with heads of households settling close to the CBD (termed the inner city), the intermediate informal residential areas and the peri-urban residential areas; the study shows how socio-cultural factors play a role in the decision makingprocess of households. This is illustrated inter alia, in the form of informal channels for information on accommodation and residential plots, being accommodated rent-free by a relative, the actions of subsequently making short-distance moves to a location within proximity of a relative, or seeking people of the same socio-economic status. The context within which the actions have taken place has also been shown to be important in corroborating the network and relationship elements in the concept of social capital. The uncertainty that residents in rapidly urbanizing cities have to deal with on an everyday basis calls for networks and relations as an important resource for survival. The study goes further to suggest how urban planning practice can learn from the social processes. The study is based on qualitative methods such as in-depth interviewing with heads of household and key informants.

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Books on the topic "Settlement choice"

1

Irwin, Colin. The Search for a settlement: The People's choice. Belfast: Fortnight Educational Trust, 1998.

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Nasr El Din Osman Amin. Nomadism versus sedenterization: An environmental choice in western Sudan : (the case of Gerih el Sarha). [Khartoum?] Sudan: Institute of Environmental Studies, University of Khartoum, 1986.

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Zussman, Pinchas. Individual behavior and social choice in a cooperative settlement: The theory and practice of the Israeli moshav. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, Hebrew University, 1988.

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Berg, Rosemary Van den. No options no choice!: The Moore River experience : my father, Thomas Corbett, an Aboriginal half-caste. Broome, W.A: Magabala Books, 1994.

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World Bank Seminar on "Payment Systems in Financial Sector Development" (1995 : Mexico City, Mexico), ed. Clearance and settlement systems for securities: Critical design choices in emerging market economies. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 1996.

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Zusman, P. Individual Behaviour and Social Choice in a Cooperative Settlement. Magnes Press,Israel, 1989.

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Norah, Gallagher, and Shan Wenhua. 8 Settlement Of Investor–State Disputes. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law:iic/9780199230259.003.008.

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The dispute-resolution provisions in bilateral investment treaties (BITs) have become the “ultimate” investor protection in modern investment treaties. This chapter reviews the different types of dispute-resolution provisions of the Chinese BITs. It first looks at the choice of arbitrations made in its treaties, ICSID, ad hoc, or other arbitration rules. It then continues to review the two main types of investor-state dispute-resolution clauses in China's BITs: restrictive—where the BIT permits international arbitration of disputes on the amount of compensation for expropriation only; and more liberal or expansive—which allows access to international arbitration for all disputes between the investor and host state. It then considers a topic of particular interest right now for investors and potential investors in China: the application of the MFN clause to dispute resolution. Finally, it looks at the applicable law to dispute settlement and the requirement to exhaust domestic remedies.

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Bernard H, Oxman. 18 Courts and Tribunals: The ICJ, ITLOS, and Arbitral Tribunals. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198715481.003.0018.

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The settlement of disputes between States is generally not regulated by municipal law and municipal courts but by international law regulated by treaty. Because States are not subject to the jurisdiction of international tribunals absent express consent, an important function of dispute settlement clauses in treaties is to indicate whether such consent is granted and, if so, with respect to which disputes before which tribunals. This chapter discusses the following: the obligation of states to settle disputes peacefully; the duty to arbitrate or adjudicate disputes under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC); choice of forum for compulsory settlement of LOSC disputes; nature of dispute; procedural and substantive limitations on jurisdiction under Section 2 of Part XV of the LOSC; and institutional constraints on the exercise of jurisdiction.

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Campbell, McLachlan, Shore Laurence, and Weiniger Matthew. Part I Overview, 3 Dispute Resolution Provisions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199676798.003.0003.

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Chapter 3 examines those aspects of dispute resolution provisions commonly found in bilateral investment treaties (BITs), with particular emphasis on four fundamental issues in the settlement of investment disputes through arbitration: (1) the clauses in investment treaties that provide for investor–State arbitration, focusing on the issue of the existence and limits of the consent to arbitrate; (2) transparency and the extent to which non-parties may be heard in the process; (3) the legal nature of the rights contained in investment treaties within the choice of law framework applicable to investment arbitration, in which both international law and host State law have a role to play; and (4) the overall approach to be taken to the interpretation of BITs under the general rule of interpretation provided in the Vienna Convention. The chapter concludes by discussing the role precedent plays in the development of investment treaty law.

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Kjeldgaard-Pedersen, Astrid. The Legal Personality of Individuals in International Claims. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820376.003.0004.

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Chapter 4 discusses international claims, that is, claims arising out of injury inflicted upon an individual by a foreign State in violation of international law. Such claims may be enforced either through diplomatic protection or by granting the injured individual himself the right to bring a case against the foreign State before an international dispute settlement body. The common idea is that claims of individuals against foreign States were solely asserted through diplomatic protection before the Second World War, whereas the right of individuals to petition international courts independently is a post-1945 phenomenon. By studying international claims practice in three historical periods (before the First World War, the interwar period, and after the Second World War), the present chapter tests this account against positive international law, and inquires whether the concept of international legal personality played a role in the contracting States’ choice of one method of dispute resolution over the other.

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Book chapters on the topic "Settlement choice"

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Guelke, Adrian. "The Pursuit of a Negotiated Settlement: Choice or Necessity?" In Rethinking the Rise and Fall of Apartheid, 147–65. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-80220-9_8.

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Perlman, Karni. "Settlement Adjudication and Judicial Responsiveness: The Choice Between a Wide and a Narrow Model." In The Responsive Judge, 61–86. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1023-2_3.

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Celero, Jocelyn O. "Settling for Welfare? Shifting Access to Welfare, Migration and Settlement Aspirations of Filipina Single Mothers in Japan." In IMISCOE Research Series, 87–104. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67615-5_6.

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AbstractThis chapter is concerned with Filipina single mothers’ access to diverse forms of welfare assistance in Japan and its impact on their decisions, aspirations and capabilities for migration and settlement. It fundamentally asks: Does access to the welfare system make Filipina migrant mothers settle in or move away from Japan? I argue that welfare arrangements significantly affect Filipina single mothers and the ways in which they raise their children and manage a transnational household. Access to child-rearing, subsidised living and housing benefits in Japan, combined with private welfare arrangements in the Philippines, have enabled them to navigate various life-course events. Analysis of their welfare access across time and space suggests that Filipina immigrants’ migration and settlement aspirations are contingent upon macro-level factors such as the restrictive nature of Japan’s immigration, welfare and labour policies, the ambivalent attitudes of Japanese society towards immigrants and individual factors such as legal status, residency and social networks that influence their socio-economic roles and family-related activities in Japan and the Philippines. Attaining permanent residency in Japan is a utilitarian choice which gives them flexible options for the future. Their aspirations to eventually either return to the Philippines or to settle in Japan are influenced less by the ‘adequate’ social protection available in Japan than by the age of their children, their investments and their dreams of a desirable retirement.

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Cartwright, Timothy J. "An embarrassment of choices (Burma)." In The Management of Human Settlements in Developing Countries, 57–68. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003170167-5.

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Eastaugh, Edward J. H., and Jeremy Taylor. "Settlement Size and Structural Complexity: A Case Study in Geophysical Survey at Phillip’s Garden, Port au Choix." In The Cultural Landscapes of Port au Choix, 179–88. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8324-4_9.

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Giagnoni, Laura, Tania Martellini, Roberto Scodellini, Alessandra Cincinelli, and Giancarlo Renella. "Co-composting: An Opportunity to Produce Compost with Designated Tailor-Made Properties." In Organic Waste Composting through Nexus Thinking, 185–211. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36283-6_9.

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AbstractCo-composting is a technique that allows the aerobic degradation of organic waste mixtures, primarily aiming at obtaining compost that can be used as fertiliser or soil amendment. As compared to the typical composting activity, the main difference is not merely the use of more than one feedstock to start and sustain the biodegradation process, but also the possibility of combining various kinds of waste to obtain ‘tailored’ products with designed properties, or to reclaim and valorise natural resources, such as degraded soils or polluted soils and sediments. Set up of appropriate co-composting protocols can be a way to optimise the management of waste produced by different sectors of agriculture and industry and also from human settlements. Different formulations can not only optimise the biodegradation process through the adjustment of nutrient ratios, but also lead to the formation of products with innovative properties. Moreover, co-composting can be a technique of choice for the reclamation of soils degraded by intensive agriculture or contaminated soils and sediments. In fact, an appropriate mix of organic waste and soils can restore the soil structure and induce fertility in nutrient-depleted soils, and also remediate polluted soils and sediments through degradation of organic pollutants and stabilisation of heavy metals. While the selection of different mixes of organic waste may lead to the design of composts with specific properties and the potential valorisation of selected waste materials, there are still several factors that hamper the development of co-composting platforms, mainly insufficient knowledge of some chemical and microbiological processes, but also some legislative aspects. This chapter illustrates the progress achieved in co-composting technology worldwide, some key legislative aspects related to the co-composting process, the main scientific and technical aspects that deserve research attention to further develop co-composting technology, and successful applications of co-composting for the reclamation of soils and sediments, allowing their use for cultivation or as growing media in plant nurseries. A specific case study of the production of fertile plant-growing media from sediment co-composting with green waste is also illustrated.

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COSTURA, MAUREEN. "Access to First-Choice Foods and Settlement Failure at French Azilum." In Archaeological Perspectives on the French in the New World, 136–53. University Press of Florida, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvx071c6.11.

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"Choice of Forum for Settlement of Law of the Sea Disputes." In A Bridge over Troubled Waters, 83–104. Brill | Nijhoff, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004434950_005.

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Costura, Maureen. "Access to First-Choice Foods and Settlement Failure at French Azilum." In Archaeological Perspectives on the French in the New World. University Press of Florida, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813054391.003.0006.

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Food preferences at the late 18th century refugee site of French Azilum in northern Pennsylvania were complicated by factors of status, national origin, and the desire for familiarity. Those fleeing the French and Haitian Revolutions, and the enslaved individuals accompanying them, were heirs to a tradition of hierarchical access to preferred foods. The consumption of these preferred foods bolstered their claims to status and belonging during a time of extreme, violent transformation of their social world. While documentary sources at Azilum portray a picture of food scarcity, excavations show expenditures of resources for high status, imported food items as well as lower status types of meat. Given the artifacts found, it seems likely that either the aristocratic French and Haitian refugees were preferentially importing only the highest status food items like coffee, chocolate, wine and sugar, or that the excavated areas are reflective of the diets of the enslaved individuals at the site.

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Maschner, Herbert D. G. "The Politics of Settlement Choice on the Northwest Coast: Cognition, GIS, and Coastal Landscapes." In Anthropology, Space, and Geographic Information Systems. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195085754.003.0013.

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The reasons why evolutionary ecology and, more specifically, optimal foraging theory, do not work in many archaeological situations are varied. Most importantly however, is our lack of understanding of basic human decision-making processes in societies intermediate between bands and states. From evolutionary ecology, we can predict some foraging behavior and thus explain some of the settlement behavior of foraging societies (Mithen 1991; Smith 1991). In states and empires, we can use modern microeconomic theory to predict settlement, trade, and political organization. However, we have very little understanding of how to predict behavior in societies that fall between these two extremes. One of the basic assumptions of modern economic, geographical, and cultural ecological studies is that humans are energy maximizers. Ecologists view this ability to be economically efficient as a product of our evolutionary history of being adaptive (Jochim 1981; Krebs and Davies 1991; Smith and Winterhalder 1992; Stephens and Krebs 1986; Winterhalder and Smith 1981). Support for this assumption is clearly seen in studies of small, mobile foraging societies where individuals and kin-based groups tend to maximize their economic return with subsistence and settlement behaviors that most would agree are adaptive in that particular context (Jochim 1981; Mithen 1991; Smith 1991). For sedentary communities with more complex political organizations (tribes and simple chiefdoms), however, this is not the case, and this discrepancy is seen archaeologically in settlement and subsistence strategies that do not conform to predictions derived from optimal foraging theory. Thus, an underlying assumption in ecological studies is that models of subsistence economizing behavior and studies of subsistence efficiency will work well for hunters and gatherers (Keene 1981; Winterhalder and Smith 1981) or small-scale horticulturalists (Keegan 1986), but will decrease in their explanatory power with increasing social and political complexity. Although this has not been specifically tested, the fact that optimal foraging theory is less effective in explaining behavior in agricultural and sedentary hunter-and-gatherer societies (Maschner 1992) and is not usually applied to chiefdoms and states at all supports this contention.

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Conference papers on the topic "Settlement choice"

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Purwanto, Annurdi, and M. Fahmi Hazdan. "The Choice of Forum in Business Dispute Settlement Among Chinese Business Community in Pontianak." In International Conference on Community Development (ICCD 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201017.129.

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Soluyanov, Yuriy, Alexander Fedotov, and Kamil Bakhteev. "Electrical Loads of Human Settlement and the Choice of Power Facilities for Their Power Supply." In 2020 International Conference on Industrial Engineering, Applications and Manufacturing (ICIEAM). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icieam48468.2020.9111894.

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Wang, Shanshan, and Jingjue Ai. "The Choice of European Settlement Currency and Its Influence on Risk Management of Enterprise in China." In ICEBA 2021: 2021 7th International Conference on E-Business and Applications. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3457640.3457653.

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Kubetskaia, Lyubov. "The Historical and Genetic Model as a Method of Structuring and Choice of the Settlement Development Strategy." In The 2nd International Conference on Architecture: Heritage, Traditions and Innovations (AHTI 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200923.071.

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Özkan, Gürsel. "The Settlement of Compansation Disputes through Peace before Administrative Judiciary." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01544.

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According to the Article 13 of the Law No. 2577, even though one must apply to the authorities as a preliminary condition of court case before filing a fully judicial lawsuit in terms of the administrative action, Article 13 of Law No. 2577 with its current form does not provide a contribution to the provision of the pre-trial dispute resolution. The Decree Law No. 659 set up the way for application which would also include the compensation claims arising from administrative actions that were designed according to The Article 13 of Law No. 2577. In this arrangement , the preference is left to the person concerned to make a choice either to refer to peace or not to against losses arising from administrative processes; one is not given the chance to eliminate the loses by means of peace during the process of law after administrative process is cancelled by law; this also prevents us to come to the desired objective because it doesn’t provide adequate legal assurance to the top executives and members of the legal disputes commission for their business and operations.

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Dewanjee, Biswanath. "Challenge in Tunnelling for Kolkata East West Metro – Passage of underground twin tunnels in the vicinity of Brabourne Road Flyover." In IABSE Conference, Kuala Lumpur 2018: Engineering the Developing World. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/kualalumpur.2018.0822.

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<p>The global trend of development of underground urban infrastructural facilities have come across in India too as majority of MRTS corridor projects involves tunnelling in busy districts of the city. In the context of the city of Kolkata, which is developed over a span of more than 300 years in changing regime with heterogeneous development authorities and policies, planning for an underground metro corridor encompasses diverse administrative & technological challenges. A major challenge of crossing of underground tunnel of East West Metro corridor in close vicinity of pile foundation of an extremely busy flyover viaduct structure is showcased in this paper to demonstrate the successful mitigation of this criticality by adopting systematic analysis & procedures. In this context, the paper covers Geomorphology & Geotechnical investigation & its impact on choice of tunnel boring machine, building condition survey and structural impact assessment and mitigative planning adopted. The theoretical prediction of tunnelling impact is compared with actual settlement and other tunnelling parameters.</p>

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Wang, Jianhua, Jiaqi Zhang, Lili Yan, Rongchao Cheng, Xiaoxiao Ni, and Haijun Yang. "Prevent Barite Static Sag of Oil-Based Completion Fluid in Ultra-Deep Wells." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21282-ms.

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Abstract Oil-based mud (OBM) is the first choice for complex deep wells due to its advantages of high-temperature resistance, good lubrication and borehole stability. But barite sagging under ultra-high temperature during the long-time stationary completion operation may lead to serious problems in ultra-deep wells, for instance, pipe sticking, density variation and well control problems. In this paper, the influence of high-temperature and high-pressure (HTHP) on the performance of oil-based completion fluid was studied, and a model of rheological parameters was established with HTHP static sag law. The barite sagging stability was evaluated by a high temperature (220°C) and high pressure (100MPa) sag instrument. The results indicated that RM6 value and static shearing force were the main factors of affecting the settlement stability. The viscosity of the completion fluid significantly decreased with the increase of temperature, but increased with the increase of pressure. In addition, the relationship was also studied between HTHP rheology and atmospheric pressure rheology at 50°C. The results showed that when RM6 value was kept above 10, the sag stability factor (SF) of oil-based completion fluid was less than 0.52 at 190°C for 10 days, which proved a good high-temperature sag stability. Furthermore, the anti-high temperature property of oil-based completion fluid was improved through enhancing the temperature-resistance of the additives. And the high-temperature-resistant organic soil was introduced to raise the RM6 value and the static shearing force. Based on these solutions, the barite sag under high temperature of the oil-based completion fluid was prevented during drilling and completion operation in ultra-high temperature wells. The oil-based completion fluid was successfully used in Well Keshen 17 (175°C,7475 m) in Kuche piedmont structure and TT 1 well (210°C,6500 m) in Sichuan basin. The casing run smoothly, the oil-test operation was completed smoothly for 15 days, and no barite sag happened. It testified that the oil-based completion fluid had excellent of high-temperature sag stability. Therefore, this oil-based completion fluid is expected to be used widely in ultra-deep wells.

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Yılmaz, Zelal. "Emergency Architecture: Van and Onagawa Example." In 4th International Conference of Contemporary Affairs in Architecture and Urbanism – Full book proceedings of ICCAUA2020, 20-21 May 2021. Alanya Hamdullah Emin Paşa University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.38027/iccaua2021311n7.

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The need for temporary housing in natural disasters is an important issue for people to develop. During this period, post-disaster accommodation needs are often planned with temporary housing applications that require rapid installation and where the minimum needs of inhabitant can be met. Decisions to be taken in the residential area; can range from the choice of urban relations to the architectural design of temporary residences and can affect the resident's quality of life. A temporary home that will resist a recurring disaster should be a design suitable for climate conditions, close to the adequacy of basic needs in containers, security, and access to urban infrastructure, sustainability of materials, sociality, health and education facilities. In this context, environmental and architectural evaluation of Van and Onagawa container settlements planned after the major earthquakes in 2011 reveals the essence and importance of the study. It also aims to analyse and compare architectural and urban decisions in these settlements, creating a checklist for projects made with the principle of planning and design before future disasters.

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Ruiz-Apilánez, Borja, Eloy Solís, Vicente Romero de Ávila, Carmen Alía, Irene García-Camacha, and Raúl Martín. "Spatial distribution of economic activities in heritage cities: The case of the historic city of Toledo, Spain." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.5164.

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Spatial distribution of economic activities in heritage cities: The case of the historic city of Toledo, Spain. Borja Ruiz-Apilánez¹, Eloy Solís¹, Vicente Romero de Ávila², Carmen Alía¹ ¹Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Escuela de Arquitectura. Avda. Carlos III, s/n ES-45071 Toledo ²Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Escuela de Ingenieros de Caminos. Avda. Camilo José Cela, s/n ES-19071 Ciudad Real E-mail: borja.ruizapilanez@uclm.es, eloy.solis@uclm.es, vicente.romeroavila@uclm.es, carmen.alia@alu.uclm.es Keywords (3-5): Urban Economics, Space Syntax, Heritage Cities, Spain Conference topics and scale: Urban form and social use of spacePrevious studies have shown: (a) that Space Syntax theories and tools can be helpful to explain pedestrian flows and the spatial distribution of economic activities in cities and other human settlements (Chiaradia et al., 2009; Perdikogianni, 2003; Vaughan et al., 2013), and (b) that the economy of many heritage cities highly depends on tourism (Ashworth and Tunbridge, 2000; Kemperman et al., 2009). Assuming that, in this particular type of human settlements, heritage buildings such as the cathedral, the town hall, and other similar constructions operate as tourist attractors, this research investigates to what extent the location of these buildings, together with the two main syntactic properties of the elements of the street network—integration and choice—can describe the spatial distribution of economic activities in touristic heritage cities, using the UNESCO Heritage site of Toledo, Spain, as case study. In order to investigate this question, each segment of the street network has been characterized with four main values: (1) economic activity, (2) spatial integration, (3) spatial choice, and (4) heritage intensity. The first value, economic activity, represents the presence or absence of economic activity in the buildings that are accessible through each corresponding street segment. The second value, spatial integration, accounts for the integration values that each segment has at two different scales—the neighborhood and the whole city. The third value, spatial choice, considers the choice values that each segment has, again, at these two scales. The fourth value, heritage intensity, reflects the proximity of listed building to each individual street segment. Street audits were used to record the economic activities taking place in the ground floors and upper floors of the buildings within the historic city. Space Syntax analysis was used to determine the different integration and choice values for each street segment; and GIS tools were used to establish their heritage intensity. Afterwards, statistical analysis was employed to investigate the relationships among these four variables, showing how the distribution of economic activity in the street network of the historic city of Toledo can be well explained by the other three variables—spatial integration, spatial choice and heritage intensity.References Ashworth, G.J., Tunbridge, J.E. (2000) The Tourist-historic City: Retrospect and Prospect of Managing the Heritage City. Routledge. Chiaradia, A., Hillier, B., Schwander, C., Wedderburn, M. (2009) ‘Spatial Centrality , Economic Vitality / Viability. Compositional and Spatial Effects in Greater London’, in Proceedings of the 7th International Space Syntax Symposium. 1–19. Kemperman, A.D.A.M., Borgers, A.W.J., Timmermans, H.J.P. (2009) ‘Tourist shopping behavior in a historic downtown area’. Tourism Manaement. 30, 208–218. Perdikogianni, I. (2003) ‘Heraklion and Chania: A study of the evolution of their spatial and functional patterns’, in 4th International Space Syntax Symposium. London, p. 19.1-19.20. Vaughan, L., Dhanani, A., Griffiths, S. (2013) ‘Beyond the suburban high street cliché - A study of adaptation to change in London’s street network: 1880-2013’. Journal of Space Syntax 4.

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Hendriks, Max A. N., C. Marcel P. ’t Hart, and Chantal M. Frissen. "3D Finite Element Modeling of Buried Pipelines: On the Interaction of Beam Action of Pipelines and Cross Sectional Behavior." In 2004 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2004-0735.

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A common finite element modeling approach for buried pipelines is the combined use of beam and spring elements. Typical loads are soil settlements, temperature variations, internal pressures, neutral topsoil weight load and traffic loads. The beam elements represent the pipeline; assemblies of spring elements represent the surrounding soil comprising an elastoplastic bedding with friction. The choice for such finite element models is a pragmatic one. The models are relatively easy to construct and the analyses can be performed within reasonable calculation time on an average PC. From a mechanical point of view the problem of a buried pipeline subjected to subsidence, or an offshore pipeline subjected to sand waves, is of a full 3D nature. Beam elements and spring elements only partly incorporate full 3D effects. In practice the common finite element models are therefore enhanced to take into account 3D effects that would be otherwise omitted. A major point is the distinction between beam action and cross sectional behavior of pipes in straight and curved sections and their mutual interaction. This paper discusses the pros and cons of two possible finite element approaches which deal with this full 3D problem. In the final example it is illustrated that the two approaches gives similar results for the relatively simple problem of a buried bended pipe subjected to a temperature load and internal pressure.

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Reports on the topic "Settlement choice"

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Mumah, Joyce, John Casterline, Kazuyo Machiyama, Marylene Wamukoya, Caroline Kabiru, and John Cleland. Method-specific attributes that influence choice of future contraception among married women in Nairobi’s informal settlements. Population Council, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh4.1074.

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