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1

Clark, P., and P. B. S. Spencer. "Haematological characteristics of wild quokka (Setonix brachyurus)." Comparative Clinical Pathology 15, no. 2 (June 14, 2006): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00580-006-0619-1.

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2

Wynne, C. D. L., and B. Leguet. "Detour behavior in the Quokka (Setonix brachyurus)." Behavioural Processes 67, no. 2 (September 2004): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2004.04.007.

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3

Miller, S. J., R. Bencini, and P. E. Hartmann. "Consumption of milk by quokka (Setonix brachyurus) young." Australian Journal of Zoology 58, no. 2 (2010): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo09085.

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We investigated the consumption of milk by the young quokka using the stable isotope deuterium oxide. The volume of milk consumed increased from 1.6 mL day–1 at 55 days post partum to 32.5 mL day–1 at 165 days. The daily energy intake ranged from ~22 to 151 kJ day–1 during pouch life. The crude growth efficiency (grams of growth per millilitre of milk consumed) increased from an average of 0.35 to 0.46 g mL–1 in the early stages of pouch life, and then decreased to 0.24 g mL–1 during Phase 2b of lactation. The crude growth efficiency measured in our study indicates that quokkas are equally efficient in converting milk energy to body mass as other marsupials reported in the literature. Measuring milk intake with this method offers a non-toxic, minimally invasive alternative to other techniques for measuring milk consumption in marsupials, when milk is the only source of water intake.
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4

Shield, John. "Reproduction of the quokka, Setonix brachyurus, in captivity." Journal of Zoology 155, no. 4 (August 20, 2009): 427–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1968.tb03060.x.

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5

McLean, I. G., and N. T. Schmitt. "Copulation and Associated Behaviour in The Quokka, Setonix brachyurus." Australian Mammalogy 21, no. 1 (1999): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am99139.

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While preparing a review of published descriptions of copulatory behaviour in macropod marsupials (McLean, Lundie-Smith and Jarman 1993), we were surprised to find no description for one of the most studied species, the quokka (Setonix brachyurus, e.g. see Bradshaw 1983). Copulating quokkas have been seen previously by researchers (e.g. Kitchener 1970), but no account was given. Here we provide descriptions of copulatory behaviour in quokkas, and comment on levels of sexual behaviour and activity by quokkas in the wild and in captivity.
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6

Miller, S. J., R. Bencini, and P. E. Hartmann. "Composition of the milk of the quokka (Setonix brachyurus)." Australian Journal of Zoology 57, no. 1 (2009): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo08065.

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We investigated the composition of the milk of the quokka between 70 and 300 days post partum. From 70 to 180 days, the mean concentration of protein in the milk was 63.5 ± 6.50 g L−1. The protein levels then began to increase, peaking at 120 g L−1 towards the end of lactation. The mean lipid and total solids content were 45.0 ± 6.50 and 175.0 ± 11.77 g L−1 from 70–180 days, increasing to 150 and 250 g L−1 after permanent pouch exit. In contrast, the total carbohydrate concentration of the milk decreased from 80 to 20 g L−1 at 150 days. The concentration of lactose started to decrease at 180 days from 30 to 10 g L−1, and galactose and glucose began to rise from 1 to 9 g L−1 and 0.5 to 4.0 g L−1, respectively. The milk lipid consisted mainly of long- and medium-chain fatty acids, with no short-chain fatty acids detected. The major fatty acids present were palmitic and oleic acids, followed by linoleic, trans-vaccenic and stearic acids. The percentage composition of oleic and stearic acids varied significantly during lactation. The composition of the milk of the quokka changed during lactation, coincident with the young reaching critical milestones in its development. This finding supports the hypothesis that the composition of the milk changes to meet the nutritional needs of the developing young.
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7

Harman, A. M., and L. D. Beazley. "Development of visual projections in the marsupial, Setonix brachyurus." Anatomy and Embryology 175, no. 2 (December 1986): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00389594.

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8

Coleman, L.-A., A. M. Harman, and L. D. Beazley. "Displaced retinal ganglion cells in the wallaby setonix brachyurus." Vision Research 27, no. 8 (January 1987): 1269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(87)90203-3.

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9

SHIELD, J. W., and PATRICIA WOOLLEY. "POPULATION ASPECTS OF DELAYED BIRTH IN THE QUOKKA (SETONIX BRACHYURUS)." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 141, no. 4 (August 20, 2009): 783–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1963.tb01625.x.

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10

Makanya, A. N., S. A. Tschanz, B. Haenni, and P. H. Burri. "Functional respiratory morphology in the newborn quokka wallaby (Setonix brachyurus)." Journal of Anatomy 211, no. 1 (July 2007): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00744.x.

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11

Harman, A. M., and L. D. Beazley. "Generation of retinal cells in the wallaby, Setonix brachyurus (quokka)." Neuroscience 28, no. 1 (January 1989): 219–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(89)90246-7.

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12

FLEMING, PATRICIA A., ALISON M. HARMAN, and LYN D. BEAZLEY. "Retinal Pigment Epithelium Topography in the Mature Quokka, Setonix brachyurus." Experimental Eye Research 62, no. 1 (January 1996): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exer.1996.0010.

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13

Bonney, Kathryn R., and C. D. L. Wynne. "Quokkas ( Setonix brachyurus ) demonstrate tactile discrimination learning and serial-reversal learning." Journal of Comparative Psychology 116, no. 1 (2002): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7036.116.1.51.

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14

Hayward, Matt W., Paul J. de Tores, Michael J. Dillon, Barry J. Fox, and Peter B. Banks. "Using faecal pellet counts along transects to estimate quokka (Setonix brachyurus) population density." Wildlife Research 32, no. 6 (2005): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr03046.

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A study was conducted to determine the validity of using transect counts of faecal pellet groups to estimate population densities of a threatened, macropodid marsupial – the quokka (Setonix brachyurus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1830)). Mark–recapture estimates of population density were regressed against counts of faecal pellet groups at six sites with and three sites without fox control within the northern jarrah forest of Western Australia. Significant linear relationships were found between population density and pellet counts for all sites (r2 = 0.56, P < 0.02) and when all unbaited sites were excluded (r2 = 0.98, P < 0.01). We suggest that this method could be used for broad-scale monitoring of this threatened species.
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15

Sinclair, E. A. "Phylogeographic variation in the quokka, Setonix brachyurus (Marsupialia: Macropodidae): implications for conservation." Animal Conservation 4, no. 4 (November 2001): 325–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136794300100138x.

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16

Freedman, Leonard, and Lance T. Twomey. "Relative growth rates of limb muscles in the diprotodont marsupial, Setonix brachyurus." Journal of Zoology 188, no. 2 (August 20, 2009): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1979.tb03398.x.

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17

Bonney, K. R., and C. D. L. Wynne. "Configural learning in two species of marsupial (Setonix brachyurus and Sminthopsis crassicaudata)." Journal of Comparative Psychology 117, no. 2 (2003): 188–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7036.117.2.188.

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18

Sinclair, Elizabeth A., and Bridget M. Hyder. "Surviving quokka (Setonix brachyurus) population on the Swan Coastal Plain, Western Australia." Australian Mammalogy 31, no. 1 (2009): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am09002.

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A survey of the Muddy Lakes area on the Swan Coastal Plain was carried out to determine the presence of quokkas. Extensive on-ground searches found a carcass, juvenile skull, and fresh scats, which were identified as belonging to quokka, using DNA analyses. This is currently the only known population remaining on the coastal plain.
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19

Beg, Obaid Ullah, and Denis C. Shaw. "The complete primary structure of late lactation protein from quokka (Setonix brachyurus)." Journal of Protein Chemistry 13, no. 6 (August 1994): 513–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01901532.

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20

Kaldor, Imre, and Evan H. Morgan. "Iron metabolism during lactation and suckling in a marsupial, the quokka (Setonix brachyurus)." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 84, no. 4 (January 1986): 691–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(86)90389-0.

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21

Sinclair, E. A. "Morphological variation among populations of the quokka, Setonix brachyurus (Macropodidae : Marsupialia), in Western Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 46, no. 5 (1998): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo98014.

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Variation in five external morphological characters was examined among two island populations and five remnant mainland populations of the quokka, Setonix brachyurus. Sexual dimorphism was observed, with males being significantly larger than females at each location. Pairwise comparisons among populations showed that significant differences were mostly between the two island populations. There was a general trend for animal size to decrease with latitude. Multivariate analyses did not show clear geographic groups, although the island populations tended to cluster. The inheritance of the morphological characters was examined by comparing island populations with those of a captive colony on the mainland, but which originated from the same island. Significant differences between these populations were observed for tail-width measures, suggesting that environmental conditions may be responsible for some variation, but considerable variation may also be due to underlying genetic variation.
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22

CHILTON, N. B., M. A. SHUTTLEWORTH, F. HUBY-CHILTON, A. V. KOEHLER, A. JABBAR, R. B. GASSER, and I. BEVERIDGE. "Speciation in the genus Cloacina (Nematoda: Strongylida): species flocks and intra-host speciation." Parasitology 144, no. 13 (July 12, 2017): 1828–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182017001238.

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SUMMARYSequences of the first and second internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 + ITS2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA were employed to determine whether the congeneric assemblages of species of the strongyloid nematode genus Cloacina, found in the forestomachs of individual species of kangaroos and wallabies (Marsupialia: Macropodidae), considered to represent species flocks, were monophyletic. Nematode assemblages examined in the black-striped wallaby, Macropus (Notamacropus) dorsalis, the wallaroos, Macropus (Osphranter) antilopinus/robustus, rock wallabies, Petrogale spp., the quokka, Setonix brachyurus, and the swamp wallaby, Wallabia bicolor, were not monophyletic and appeared to have arisen by host colonization. However, a number of instances of within-host speciation were detected, suggesting that a variety of methods of speciation have contributed to the evolution of the complex assemblages of species present in this genus.
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23

Austen, Jill M., Andrea Paparini, Simon A. Reid, James A. Friend, William G. F. Ditcham, and Una Ryan. "Molecular characterization of native Australian trypanosomes in quokka (Setonix brachyurus) populations from Western Australia." Parasitology International 65, no. 3 (June 2016): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2015.12.005.

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24

Linklater, Wayne, Ian Mclean, Karin Pulskamp, Elissa Cameron, and Natalie Schmitt. "Partnerships in the social system of a small macropod marsupial, the quokka (Setonix brachyurus)." Behaviour 146, no. 1 (2009): 89–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853908x390940.

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25

Shield, John. "A seasonal change in blood cell volume of the Rottnest Island Quokka, Setonix brachyurus." Journal of Zoology 165, no. 3 (August 20, 2009): 343–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1971.tb02192.x.

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26

Dundas, Shannon J. "Tell-tale testicles: observations of morphological abnormalities in small, spatially restricted mainland quokka (Setonix brachyurus) populations." Australian Mammalogy 41, no. 1 (2019): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am17045.

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The quokka (Setonix brachyurus) exists in spatially restricted populations in the northern jarrah forest in south-west Western Australia. Observations were made of adult male quokkas exhibiting morphological anomalies (cryptorchidism and micropthalmia) that may be indicative of inbreeding within these populations. Despite the presence of males with abnormalities that could potentially affect their fertility, most females captured were carrying a pouch young or feeding a joey at foot. Field researchers and managers should routinely report abnormalities seen in wild captured animals. Reduced genetic diversity of quokka populations in the northern jarrah forest may not be the key threatening process and preservation of habitat may be more important to ensure persistence of populations. Future management of this species in the northern jarrah forest should include up-to-date occurrence mapping across their range using targeted camera trap surveys and management of habitat to improve connectivity between populations.
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27

AUSTEN, J. M., R. JEFFERIES, J. A. FRIEND, U. RYAN, P. ADAMS, and S. A. REID. "Morphological and molecular characterization of Trypanosoma copemani n. sp. (Trypanosomatidae) isolated from Gilbert's potoroo (Potorous gilbertii) and quokka (Setonix brachyurus)." Parasitology 136, no. 7 (May 6, 2009): 783–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182009005927.

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SUMMARYLittle is known of the prevalence and life-cycle of trypanosomes in mammals native to Australia. Native Australian trypanosomes have previously been identified in marsupials in the eastern states of Australia, with one recent report in brush-tailed bettongs (Bettongia penicillata), or woylie in Western Australia in 2008. This study reports a novel Trypanosoma sp. identified in blood smears, from 7 critically endangered Gilbert's potoroos (Potorous gilbertii) and 3 quokkas (Setonix brachyurus) in Western Australia. Trypanosomes were successfully cultured in vitro and showed morphological characteristics similar to members of the subgenus Herpetosoma. Phylogenetic analysis of 18S rRNA gene sequences identified 2 different novel genotypes A and B that are closely related to trypanosomes previously isolated from a common wombat (Vombatus ursinus) in Victoria, Australia. The new species is proposed to be named Trypanosoma copemani n. sp.
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28

Alacs, Erika, Deryn Alpers, Paul J. de Tores, Mick Dillon, and Peter B. S. Spencer. "Identifying the presence of quokkas (Setonix brachyurus) and other macropods using cytochrome b analyses from faeces." Wildlife Research 30, no. 1 (2003): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr01109.

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Non-invasive methods have the potential to circumvent problems associated with using more traditional techniques when surveying for rare and elusive species. In this study, non-invasive molecular-based methods have been used to analyse the scats of several species of marsupials. DNA was successfully extracted from scats of the quokka, Setonix brachyurus, and three other macropods (Macropus fuliginosus, M. irma and M. eugenii) sympatric with the quokka and with similar-appearing scats. Partial sequence from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene from these four species and seven other macropods was used to measure genetic differentiation among them to determine whether the quokka could be unambiguously identified from the scats alone. The results confirm that molecular approaches can be used for macropod species identification using scats as the source material. The approach will have potential survey and management applications, and, more specifically, may lead to more accurate assessment of the quokka's geographic range, leading to implementation of more appropriate management strategies for its conservation.
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29

Hayward, Matt W., Paul J. de Tores, Michael J. Dillon, and Barry J. Fox. "Local population structure of a naturally occurring metapopulation of the quokka (Setonix brachyurus Macropodidae: Marsupialia)." Biological Conservation 110, no. 3 (April 2003): 343–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3207(02)00240-9.

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30

Harman, Alison M. "Development and cell generation in the hippocampus of a marsupial, the quokka wallaby (Setonix brachyurus)." Developmental Brain Research 104, no. 1-2 (December 1997): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-3806(97)00134-x.

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31

Kakulas, Byron A., and Raymond D. Adams. "PRINCIPLES OF MYOPATHOLOGY AS ILLUSTRATED IN THE NUTRITIONAL MYOPATHY OF THE ROTTNEST QUOKKA (SETONIX BRACHYURUS)." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 138, no. 1 (December 16, 2006): 90–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1966.tb41158.x.

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32

Hayward, Matt W., Paul J. de Tores, Michael J. Dillon, and Peter B. Banks. "Predicting the occurrence of the quokka, Setonix brachyurus (Macropodidae:Marsupialia), in Western Australia's northern jarrah forest." Wildlife Research 34, no. 3 (2007): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr06161.

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The quokka, Setonix brachyurus, is a medium-sized, macropodid marsupial that is endemic to south-western Australia. It has declined markedly in its distribution and abundance since the early 1930s and is listed as vulnerable under IUCN criteria. The presence or absence of quokka populations at 66 sites in the northern jarrah forest of Australia was investigated using generalised linear models (GLM). We hypothesised that fox control and the presence of a mosaic of post-fire seral stages within Agonis linearifolia swamp vegetation were important in predicting the presence of quokkas. The number of poison meat baits delivered per hectare, the average number of years since the swamps burnt and the number of post-fire age classes within the swamps (mosaic value) were used as explanatory variables. Two models had substantial support (ΔAICc < 2), with the best approximating model including the variables ‘baiting’ and ‘swamp age’, and the second-best model including the additional variable ‘swamp mosaic value’. The two best models had Akaike weights (weight of evidence as being the best model of the data) of 0.465 and 0.308 respectively. We used an information-theoretic approach and multimodel inference to determine the best approximating model of baiting, swamp age and swamp mosaic, and Akaike weights to assess model fit and to rank variable importance. Baiting had a model average parameter estimate of 98, swamp age 79 and a mosaic of swamp age classes 42, implying that baiting was more than twice as important as the number of swamp ages classes at a site in predicting the occurrence of quokkas. Evidence from our analysis therefore supports previous studies that concluded that continued fox control and the maintenance of a mosaic of early seral stage (<10 years since fire) and long unburnt habitat (>19 years since fire) are essential for its conservation.
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33

Hayward, M. W. "Diet of the quokka (Setonix brachyurus) (Macropodidae:Marsupialia) in the northern jarrah forest of Western Australia." Wildlife Research 32, no. 1 (2005): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr03051.

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The diet of the quokka in the northern jarrah forest of Western Australia was investigated by microscopic examination of faecal pellets of known individuals and comparison with a reference collection of plant epidermal tissue. Twenty-nine plant species were identified from the 97 faecal pellet groups collected from 53 individuals, confirming that the quokka is a browsing herbivore that favours leaves and stems. Of those 29 species, 11 made up over 90% of the diet and five species accounted for 71%. Thomasia species were the most common in the diet and the most preferred; Dampiera hederacea was also preferred and these species, along with Bossiaea aquifolia, Mirbelia dilatata and Agonis linearifolia, were the five most important food items. The seasonal variation in the diet of the quokka, and that between sites, can be attributed to increases in nutrient content associated with fresh growth associated with season or vegetation seral stage after fire. The reduced dietary diversity at sites with younger seral stages (<10 years after fire) and the importance of certain species that are more common in these younger ages explains the cause of the species’ habitat preference for sites with a mosaic of young and old (>25 years after fire) age classes. The relatively short availability of sufficient, high-quality, succulent plants in the seral succession of swamps occupied by quokkas is likely to drive a regular pattern of local extinction and recolonisation.
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34

Austen, J. M., J. A. Friend, R. Yang, and U. M. Ryan. "Further characterisation of two Eimeria species (Eimeria quokka and Eimeria setonicis) in quokkas (Setonix brachyurus)." Experimental Parasitology 138 (March 2014): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2014.01.007.

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35

Warburton, Natalie M., Maud Yakovleff, and Auréline Malric. "Anatomical adaptations of the hind limb musculature of tree-kangaroos for arboreal locomotion (Marsupialia : Macropodinae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 60, no. 4 (2012): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo12059.

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Tree-kangaroos (Dendrolagini) are Australasian marsupials that inhabit tropical forests of far north-eastern Queensland and New Guinea. The secondary adaptation of tree-kangaroos to an arboreal lifestyle from a terrestrial heritage offers an excellent opportunity to study the adaptation of the musculoskeletal system for arboreal locomotion, particularly from a template well adapted to terrestrial bipedal saltation. We present a detailed descriptive study of the hind limb musculature of Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroo (D. lumholtzi) in comparison to other macropodines to test whether the hind limb musculature of tree-kangaroos is functionally adapted to the different mechanical demands of locomotion in the uneven three-dimensional arboreal environment. The hind limb musculature of Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus lumholtzi), the western brush wallaby (Macropus irma), the western grey kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus) and the quokka (Setonix brachyurus) are described. The hind limb anatomy of D. lumholtzi differed from that of the terrestrial macropodines in that the muscles had a greater degree of internal differentiation, relatively longer fleshy bellies and very short, stout tendons of insertion. There was also a modified arrangement of muscle origins and insertions that enhance mechanical advantage. Differences in the relative proportions of the hind limb muscle mass between tree-kangaroos and terrestrial macropodines reflect adaptation of the limb musculature of tree-kangaroos for arboreal locomotion. The hind limb musculature of Setonix was different to that of both Dendrolagus and Macropus, possibly reflecting its more basal phylogenetic position within the Macropodinae.
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36

Martínez-Pérez, Pedro, Timothy H. Hyndman, and Patricia A. Fleming. "Salmonella in Free-Ranging Quokkas (Setonix brachyurus) from Rottnest Island and the Mainland of Western Australia." Animals 10, no. 4 (March 31, 2020): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10040585.

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Salmonella is a genus of Gram-negative, motile, and facultative anaerobic bacteria with a worldwide distribution that contaminates multiple substrates (vegetation, food, soil, and water) and inhabits the gastrointestinal tract of birds, reptiles, and mammals, including humans. Rottnest Island is a popular tourist destination and is abundantly inhabited by quokkas (Setonix brachyurus), a charismatic small wallaby. Current data on the association between Salmonella and quokkas on Rottnest Island are outdated by approximately 30 years. Additionally, previous studies on quokkas on this island and mainland Western Australia did not perform physical examinations or any diagnostic tests. The aim of the project was to assess the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in quokkas from Rottnest Island and mainland Western Australia and correlate the presence of the bacterium with the health of the animal. Ninety-two quokkas from Rottnest Island (n = 71) and populations on the mainland (n = 21) were screened for Salmonella, and a prevalence of 47.9% and 4.8%, respectively, was determined. A total of 16 serovars were identified from 37 isolates; five of these serovars had previously not been described in the quokka. Salmonella appeared to have an effect on the haematology and blood chemistry of quokkas on Rottnest Island consistent with subclinical salmonellosis. The health of Rottnest Island quokkas, and their potential impact on the health of the visitors to the island, should continue to be monitored carefully.
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37

Hayward, Matt W., Paul J. de Tores, and Peter B. Banks. "HABITAT USE OF THE QUOKKA, SETONIX BRACHYURUS (MACROPODIDAE: MARSUPIALIA), IN THE NORTHERN JARRAH FOREST OF AUSTRALIA." Journal of Mammalogy 86, no. 4 (August 2005): 683–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2005)086[0683:huotqs]2.0.co;2.

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38

Casinos, A., N. Milne, F. K. Jouffroy, and M. F. Médina. "Muscle fibre types in the reduced forelimb and enlarged hindlimb of the quokka (Setonix brachyurus, Macropodidae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 4 (2016): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo15055.

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The quokka (Setonyx brachyurus) is restricted to two offshore islands and small isolates on the mainland of south-western Australia. It displays a tendency to saltatorial locomotion and moves at speed by bipedal hopping, although it also uses its forelimbs at low speed. Its bipedal adaptation involves enlarged hind limbs, with elongated feet. The fibre type distribution of the elbow and knee extensors, and the ankle plantar flexors, in comparison with two eutherians, the quadrupedal rhesus monkey, as a locomotor generalist, and the jerboa, a small eutherian hopping species morphologically similar to the quokka, were studied. The quokka’s forelimb showed the same characteristics as that of the jerboa, lacking the fatigue-resistant Type I fibres that are used to sustain posture. As in the jerboa, the gastrocnemius lateralis was the muscle head with the highest proportion of fast twitch fibres. Muscular fibre pattern is not identical in the quokka and the jerboa hindlimb, but it appears that both species have similar anatomical adaptations to saltatorial locomotion. Differences in muscle fibre proportions could be due to several factors including, resting posture, body size and the propensity for elastic energy storage, the burrowing behaviour of the jerboa, but also to phylogenetic constraints where the adaptation to hop on the hindlimbs is a shared behaviour of the Macropodoidea (jerboas are the only Dipodidae to have elongated hindlimbs).
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39

Scholtz, E. J., and L. R. G. DeSantis. "Invasive species, not environmental changes, restrict the population and geographical range of the quokka ( Setonix brachyurus )." Journal of Zoology 311, no. 2 (February 21, 2020): 106–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12765.

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40

Learmonth, Mark James, Sally Sherwen, and Paul H. Hemsworth. "The effects of zoo visitors on Quokka (Setonix brachyurus ) avoidance behavior in a walk-through exhibit." Zoo Biology 37, no. 4 (July 2018): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21433.

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41

Blumstein, Daniel T., Janice C. Daniel, and Ian G. McLean. "Group size effects in quokkas." Australian Journal of Zoology 49, no. 6 (2001): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo01032.

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The amount of time allocated to vigilance, foraging, and locomotion as a function of group size were studied in the quokka (Setonix brachyurus), a small, moderately social, macropodid marsupial, on Rottnest Island. Despite living in isolation from most predators for up to 7000 years, quokkas exhibited typical group size effects of aggregation: they foraged more and showed less visual vigilance as group size increased. Group size effects, therefore, may result from factors other than antipredator benefits. In groups larger than 10, quokkas, uniquely among macropodids, allocated virtually all of their time to foraging and none to looking. Given virtually no predation risk on Rottnest Island and no antipredator benefit from aggregation, competition for food or other resources may also be important factors influencing time allocation in quokkas. Quokkas seemingly retained some apparent antipredator behaviour: they remained sensitive to the distance they were from cover and to the time of day when allocating time to foraging and looking.
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42

Richardson, KC, and RS Wyburn. "Electromyography of the Stomach and Small-Intestine of the Tammar Wallaby, Macropus-Eugenii, and the Quokka, Setonix-Brachyurus." Australian Journal of Zoology 36, no. 4 (1988): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9880363.

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Electromyographic activity recorded by chronically implanted bipolar electrodes showed the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) and the quokka (Setonix brachyurus) to have slow wave activity over the entire stomach and small intestine. Slow wave mean frequency (min-') were: 5.5 and 5.3 for the forestomach; 5.4 and 5.0 for the pylorus; 26 and 17.8 for the duodenum; and 25 and 17.5 for the ileum in the tammar and quokka, respectively. There was virtually no frequency gradient of the slow wave along the length of the small intestine in both macropods, which is extremely unusual. Action potentials were recorded from the quokka stomach but not from the tammar stomach. Action potentials were recorded from the small intestine of both species. The pattern of action potential activity was similar in both species. There were periods of up to 30 minutes during which the intestine was quiescent (q) with no action potential activity. This was followed by extended periods when bursts of action potentials occurred irregularly to be followed by periods of about 5 minutes when action potentials were associated with every slow wave.
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43

Hayward, Matt W., Paul J. de Tores, Michael L. Augee, and Peter B. Banks. "Mortality and survivorship of the quokka (Setonix brachyurus) (Macropodidae : Marsupialia) in the northern jarrah forest of Western Australia." Wildlife Research 32, no. 8 (2005): 715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr04111.

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The potential for the quokka (Setonix brachyurus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1830)), a threatened macropodid marsupial, to increase in abundance following the initiation of predator control was investigated by determining the cause of deaths of radio-collared individuals. Predation was identified as a major cause of death followed by road kills. The non-parametric Kaplan–Meier method modified for staggered entry of individuals was used to estimate survivorship. Although males and females were affected differently by each cause of mortality, their overall survivorship did not differ significantly. Individuals alive at the beginning of the 25-month study had a 61% chance of surviving to the end. This represented an 81% chance of surviving for 1 year. There was no significant difference in survivorship between adults and juveniles. Current rates of adult and juvenile survivorship should allow population recovery, although none has been evident. Pouch young mortality is hypothesised to have inhibited the anticipated quokka population increase since the initiation of predator control. The observed expulsion of pouch young by females when threatened may be a primary predator avoidance strategy.
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44

Dundas, Shannon J., Peter J. Adams, and Patricia A. Fleming. "Population monitoring of an endemic macropod, the quokka (Setonix brachyurus), in the northern jarrah forest, Western Australia." Australian Mammalogy 40, no. 1 (2018): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am16033.

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Monitoring populations of threatened species plays a part in continued conservation and contributes to assessment of how effective management actions are. We estimated population indices and studied cohort demographics of mainland populations of quokkas (Setonix brachyurus) at 14 sites across the northern jarrah forest. One site is currently monitored through annual trapping, seven were intensively surveyed a decade previously, while six sites had no previous monitoring. Across the 14 study sites, no quokkas were detected at one site and the other population estimates ranged from 5 to 25 adults. Most females (86% of capture events) carried a pouch young or were lactating (indicating a young at foot). Quokka populations at the eight previously-surveyed sites showed variable population changes. We discuss likely contributing factors, including broad-scale fox baiting and fire. Comparative studies of native species over time are important; however, such comparison has limited capacity to explain population changes without comparable methods or where relevant contributing factors (e.g. predator numbers, habitat change) have not likewise been monitored. The threat of changing climate in the northern jarrah forest (where increasing temperatures and greater frequency of drought have been witnessed over the last decades) and implications for control of fire regimes increases the urgency for an updated review of quokka populations to guide appropriate management actions.
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45

HART, R. P., J. B. IVESON, and S. D. BRADSHAW. "The ecology of Salmonella serotypes in a wild marsupial (the quokka Setonix brachyurus) in a disturbed environment." Austral Ecology 12, no. 3 (September 1987): 267–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.1987.tb00948.x.

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46

McDonald, I. R., and S. D. Bradshaw. "Adrenalectomy and Steroid Replacement in a Small Macropodid Marsupial, the Quokka (Setonix brachyurus): Metabolic and Renal Effects." General and Comparative Endocrinology 90, no. 1 (April 1993): 64–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/gcen.1993.1061.

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47

Bradshaw, F. J., and S. D. Bradshaw. "Estradiol-17β secretion by the newly formed corpus luteum of a macropodid marsupial, the quokka (Setonix brachyurus)." General and Comparative Endocrinology 87, no. 3 (September 1992): 425–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-6480(92)90050-t.

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48

Phillips, Veronica F., Brian K. Chambers, and Roberta Bencini. "Habitats modified for tourism affect the movement patterns of an endemic marsupial, the Rottnest Island quokka (Setonix brachyurus)." Australian Mammalogy 42, no. 1 (2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am17063.

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The quokka (Setonix brachyurus), an iconic marsupial endemic to Western Australia, is listed as vulnerable. It is found at its greatest abundance on Rottnest Island, where little is known about its home range and movement patterns. We estimated the home ranges of 22 male and 23 female quokkas within each season in four habitat types on Rottnest Island: coastal dune, grass/heath, woodland and settlement areas developed for tourism. We also tested for factors affecting home range and space use. The mean seasonal home-range size of quokkas was 1.91 ± 0.23 ha, and there was no effect of sex or weight, habitat type or wet or dry periods on the size of the home ranges. Home-range overlap during both night and day was significantly lower in the settlement (25.9%), compared with costal dunes (78.5%), woodlands (70.3%) and grass/heath (66.6%). This was due to feeding and resting sites being spatially separated, with quokkas resting outside of the settled areas during the day and travelling back to these areas to feed at night. This research demonstrates how tourism development can impact on the behaviour and movement patterns of local species and will inform future management of the quokka on Rottnest Island.
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Makanya, A. N., B. Haenni, and P. H. Burri. "Morphometry and allometry of the postnatal lung development in the quokka wallaby (Setonix brachyurus): a light microscopic study." Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 134, no. 1 (February 2003): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1569-9048(02)00204-5.

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50

Arrese, Catherine A., Alison Y. Oddy, Philip B. Runham, Nathan S. Hart, Julia Shand, David M. Hunt, and Lyn D. Beazley. "Cone topography and spectral sensitivity in two potentially trichromatic marsupials, the quokka ( Setonix brachyurus ) and quenda ( Isoodon obesulus )." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 272, no. 1565 (April 22, 2005): 791–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2004.3009.

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