Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Set of elements of an offense'

Дисертаційне дослідження присвячено розробці моделі адміністративної відповідальності за порушення порядку подання декларації про доходи та ведення обліку доходів і витрат. У роботі визначено правову природу юридичної відповідальності за правопорушення у податковій сфері України, розкрито сутність і зміст адміністративної відповідальності, передбаченої у ст. 164-1 КУпАП, в структурі юридичної відповідальності за податкові правопорушення. Встановлено та систематизовано підстави та умови адміністративної відповідальності за ст. 164-1 КУпАП. Конкретизовано зміст і складові елементи об’єктивних і суб’єктивних елементів складу порушення, передбаченого ст. 164-1 КУпАП. Виокремлено, проаналізовано та узагальнено основні актуальні проблеми притягнення порушників до адміністративної відповідальності за ст. 164-1 КУпАП, зокрема: теоретичні; ідеологічні; нормативно-правові; політико-правові, економічні і процедурні. Сформульовано пропозиції щодо вдосконалення чинного адміністративного законодавства у досліджуваній сфері, а також окреслено основні шляхи оптимізації адміністративно-юрисдикційної діяльності органів, уповноважених притягувати порушників до адміністративної відповідальності за ст. 164-1 КУпАП. The dissertation for the first time reveals theoretical and practical issues of administrative responsibility for violation of the procedure for income declaration and maintaining records of income and expenditure, as defined in the Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine. Administrative liability for violation of Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine is considered as a special manifestation of the «system of legal responsibility in the tax area», being its integral element, characterized by many common and special features. This liability takes place as a result of illegal actions committed by individuals in the tax area. These unlawful acts belong to the group of «administrative violations of legal obligations for tax payment and declaration of incomes and property status». The social and legal essence and legal content of causes and conditions for administrative responsibility have been clarified. The criteria for causes and a set of necessary conditions for the liability under Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine have been defined. Particular attention is paid to a critical analysis of the composition of the offense under Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine. The object of this offense is public relations that take place in the field of tax accounting and income declaration, the objective side is the illegal acts provided for in Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine. The social consequences of the illegal act are determined; in addition, a causal link was established between the act under Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine, and its consequences. The main characteristics of the subject of the offense (an individual with a corresponding duty) and the subjective side (guilt in the form of intent or negligence; optional characteristics of the offense are the purpose and motive of crime) are revealed. Special conditions have been established under which the objective and subjective elements of this offense will be sufficient for the emergence of administrative responsibility under Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine. The work systematized the problems of bringing violators to administrative responsibility under Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine, in particular: conceptual problems (lack of an integrated scientific approach for understanding the responsibility under Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine); ideological problems (low level of legal society awareness, an increase of legal nihilism, discredited state tax policy); normative problems (a difficult concept understanding of an offense as in Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine, uncertainty in the consequences of ineffective use of administrative resources when prosecuted under Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine); political and legal, economic and cultural crisis (difficulties in identifying and bringing violators to responsibility under Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine: in the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine); procedural problems (slow response to offenses, non-compliance with the rules for drawing up a protocol and/or other documents of a case on an administrative offense under Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine. Dissertation has identified the factors that aggravate the negative effect of the identified problems of bringing violators to administrative responsibility under Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine. Moreover, specific proposals were formulated in order to solve the identified problems, improve the current national legislation, as well as to optimize the administrative and jurisdictional activities of the recently created Tax Service of Ukraine in the context of bringing the relevant violators to administrative responsibility under Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine.

With the relentless shrinking of the minimum feature size of VLSI Integrated Circuits (ICs), reduction in operating voltages and increase in operating frequencies, VLSI circuits are becoming more vulnerable to radiation strikes. As a result, this problem is now important not only for space and military electronics but also for consumer ICs. Thus, the design of radiation-hardened circuits has received significant attention in recent times. This thesis addresses the radiation hardening issue for VLSI ICs. In particular, circuit techniques are presented to protect against Single Event Transients (SETs). Radiation hardening has long been an area of research for memories for space and military ICs. In a memory, the stored state can ip as a result of a radiation strike. Such bit reversals in case of memories are known as Single Event Upsets (SEUs). With the feature sizes of VLSI ICs becoming smaller, radiation-induced glitches have become a source of concern in combinational circuits also. In combinational circuits, if a glitch due to a radiation event occurs at the time the circuit outputs are being sampled, it could lead to the propagation of a faulty value. The current or voltage glitches on the nodes of a combinational circuit are known as SETs. When an SET occurring on a node of a logic network is propagated through the gates of the network and is captured by a latch as a logic error, it is transformed to an SEU. The approach presented in this thesis makes use of Code Word State Preserving (CWSP) elements at each ip-op of the design, along with additional logic to trigger a recomputation in case a SET induced error is detected. The combinational part of the design is left unaltered. The CWSP element provides 100% SET protection for glitch widths up to min{(Dmin-D1)/2, (Dmax-D2)/2}, where Dmin and Dmax are the minimum and maximum circuit delay respectively. D1 and D2 are extra delays associated with the proposed SET protection circuit. The CWSP circuit has two inputs - the flip flop output signal and the same signal delayed by a quantity 6. In case an SET error is detected at the end of a clock period i, then the computation is repeated in clock period i+1, using the correct output value, which was captured by the CWSP element in the ith clock period. Unlike previous approaches, the CWSP element is i) in a secondary computational path and ii) the CWSP logic is designed to minimally impact the critical delay path of the design. It was found through SPICE simulations that the delay penalty of the proposed approach (averaged over several designs) is less than 1%. Thus, the proposed technique is applicable for high-speed designs, where the additional delay associated with the SET protection must be kept at a minimum.

Слиш, М. В. Поняття рецидиву кримінального правопорушення : випускна кваліфікаційна робота : 262 "Правоохоронна діяльність" / М. В. Слиш ; керівник роботи І. В. Берднік ; НУ "Чернігівська політехніка", кафедра правоохоронної діяльності та загальноправових дисциплін. – Чернігів, 2021. – 75 с.
В сучасних умовах актуальність дослідження рецидиву кримінального правопорушення у кримінальному праві України зумовлюється підвищеною суспільною небезпечністю даного явища. Як наслідок, підвищена суспільна небезпечність рецидивної злочинності в цілому полягає в тому, що вона виражає таку якість злочинності, як її стійкість, засвідчуючи вперте небажання низки осіб поводити себе відповідно до прийнятих у суспільстві норм, надання переваги кримінальних варіантів вирішення такими особами своїх проблем, незважаючи на вжиті до них заходи. Застосування покарання є останнім стримуючим засобом у системі протидії злочинності і її серцевині – рецидивній злочинності. Не можна закликати до толерантності щодо рецидивістів, які вчинили чергове кримінальне правопорушення. Тому, закономірно, що толерантність повинна мати межі. Не можна загравати зі злом, це погано закінчується. Таким чином, враховуючи вищевикладене, дослідження особливостей рецидиву кримінального правопорушення в кримінальному праві України має не тільки теоретичне, але й практичне значення, що й обумовлює актуальність обраної теми дослідження. В Розділі 1 випускної кваліфікаційної роботи досліджуються поняття і ознаки рецидиву кримінального правопорушення, кримінально-правове значення рецидиву кримінального правопорушення, рецидив кримінальних правопорушень за законодавством зарубіжних країн. В Розділі 2 випускної кваліфікаційної роботи проаналізовано особливості відмежування рецидиву від одиничного кримінального правопорушення, відмежування рецидиву від повторного правопорушення а також відмежування рецидиву від сукупності кримінальних правопорушень. Розділ 3 випускної кваліфікаційної роботи присвячено аналізу проблем кваліфікації рецидиву кримінальних правопорушень та судової практики рецидиву кримінальних правопорушень (на прикладі судових проваджень Північного регіону). Основні положення та висновки випускної кваліфікаційної роботи обговорювалися під час Круглого столу «Розвиток правоохоронної системи України в сучасних умовах» (20 листопада 2020 року, м. Чернігів).
In modern conditions, the relevance of the study of recidivism in the criminal law of Ukraine is due to the increased social danger of this phenomenon. As a result, the increased social danger of recidivism in general is that it expresses such a quality of crime as its persistence, demonstrating the stubborn reluctance of some people to behave in accordance with accepted norms in society, giving preference to criminal options for solving such problems, despite on the measures taken against them. The use of punishment is the last deterrent in the system of combating crime and its core - recidivism. Tolerance cannot be called for recidivists who have committed another criminal offense. Therefore, it is natural that tolerance should have limits. You can't flirt with evil, it ends badly. Thus, taking into account the above, the study of the features of recidivism in the criminal law of Ukraine has not only theoretical but also practical significance, which determines the relevance of the chosen research topic. In Section 1 of the final qualifying work the concepts and signs of recidivism of criminal offense, criminal-legal value of recidivism of criminal offense, recidivism of criminal offenses under the legislation of foreign countries are investigated. Section 2 of the final qualifying work analyzes the features of delimitation of recidivism from a single criminal offense, delimitation of recidivism from a repeated offense and delimitation of recidivism from a set of criminal offenses. Section 3 of the final qualification work is devoted to the analysis of the problems of qualification of recidivism of criminal offenses and judicial practice of recidivism of criminal offenses (on the example of court proceedings of the Northern region). The main provisions and conclusions of the final qualifying work were discussed during the Round Table "Development of the law enforcement system of Ukraine in modern conditions" (November 20, 2020, Chernihiv).

La presente tesi tratta dello studio di concetti volti all'ottenimento di strutture meccaniche a rigidezza variabile per applicazioni in ambito di ricerca scientifica, in particolare per una futura applicazione in un robot aereo ad ala battente, al fine di studiare l'interazione tra ala elastica ed aria. Vengono riassunti i metodi per ottenere rigidezza variabile ed, in seguito ad una fase di confronto basato su requisiti ed obiettivi di progetto, vengono scelte due soluzioni. Il lavoro mostra che il concetto "sliding segments" funziona bene per una trave composta da un'asta interna ed un tubo esterno, entrambi formati da segmenti rigidi e flessibili alternati, di due materiali differenti. La rigidezza flessionale della trave varia grazie ad una traslazione dell'asta interna. Viene inoltre mostrato come un'asta ed un tubo possono essere combinati per ottenere una trave rotante con diversi livelli di rigidezza flessionale in una direzione, riducendo gli effetti della flessione deviata.

La macroségrégation est un défaut connu dans les procédés de coulées industrielles. La genèse de ce défaut est la conséquence de l'interaction complexe entre la microségrégation ou la distribution des espèces chimiques à l'échelle de la microstructure et les mouvements des phases liquide et solides. Les hétérogéneités de concentration en solutés à l'échelle de la pièce peuvent être rédhibitoires vis-à-vis de la qualité du produit.Dans ce travail, on propose un modèle numérique pour simuler et prédire la formation des macroségrégations en coeur des pièces d'alliages multi-constitués, induites par des variations thermiques et solutales dans la phase liquide. Dans un premier temps, on considère que le métal solidifie à volume constant. Dans ce contexte, la convection thermosolutale est étudiée ainsi que son influence sur la formation des canaux ségrégées à différentes échelles de modélisation. Dans un deuxième temps, le modèle vise à prédire les macroségrégations en présence de changement de volume du métal, dont la cause principale est le retrait à la solidification, pouvant être à l'origine du phénomène de ségrégation inverse. La surface entre le métal et le gaz environnant au cours du retrait évolue pendant le retrait en fonction du chemin de solidification qui varie avec la macroségrégation. Cette évolution d'interface est suivi par la méthode level set. Des prédictions de concentration moyenne, couplées aux bases de données thermodynamiques pour mieux prédire les chemins de solidification des alliages multi-constitués, sont analysées et comparées avec des résultats expérimentaux. Finalement, des calculs de solidification en microgravité sont présentées, simulant un essai expérimental dans le contexte du projet CCEMLCC lancé par l'Agence Spatiale Européenne. Les résultats en fin de solidification montrent un accord acceptable quant à la forme et l'élongation des échantillons solidifiés. Ces calculs sont faits avec des approximations binaire, ternaire et quaternaire d'une même nuance d'acier utilisée dans les essais en microgravité
Macrosegregation is key defect in industrial casting processes. During solidification, solute redistribution at the scale of microstructure, also known as microsegregation, take place with complex interactions, in order to form one or more solid phases. These interactions between microsegregation and movements of liquid and solid phases may lead to macrosegregations. These solute heterogeneities spanning on a larger scale, may result in a bad casting quality. In this thesis, we propose a numerical model to simulate and predict macrosegregations occurring in the centre of multicomponent alloys, caused by thermal and solutal variations in the liquid phase. First, we assume that the metallic alloy solidifies with a constant volume. In this context, we study the influence of thermosolutal convection on the formation of channel segregations, at different modelling scales. The second part of this modelling work consider solidification while the metallic alloy's volume is decreasing, mainly due to overall density variation, also known as solidification shrinkage, possibly leading to the so-called inverse segregation phenomenon, appearing on the alloy's skin. In the context of solidification shrinkage, the shape of the metal's boundary with surrounding gases varies according to a constantly changing solidification path due to macrosegregation. The level set method is therefore used to track its evolution with time. Composition predictions, coupled with thermodynamic database mappings for more accurate multicomponent solidification paths, are analysed and compared to existing experimental setups. Finally, simulations of a reduced-gravity solidification cases are performed, mocking an experimental benchmark from the CCEMLCC project launched by the European Space Agency. The results after complete solidification show acceptable agreement for the final shape, compared to experimental results. These computations were performed with binary, ternary and quaternary approximations of the same steel grade which was used in reduced-gravity experiments

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University
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Seeking to contribute clarity in understanding the essential characteristics of social science, the thesis this essay defends is that the legitimacy of "social science" as a distinct patterned activity oriented to attaining objective knowledge of humanity depends upon the recognition of its characteristic set of phenomena and that this set is comprised of meaningful behavior; this set was isolated by Max Weber in his major theoretical work and is the central subject matter of his empirical studies. Weber's approach and view is compared with that of the contemporary Chicago historian William H. Sewell, Jr.; specifically, examination of Sewell's view on the nature of the "social" leverages the importance of Weber's concept of "action" underlying "social action" and draws attention to the elemental importance of "action" for social science. Chapter 1 discusses science seen as a "social institution." In this context, the goal or end of "social science" is examined, and a discussion of Geertz' concept "cultural system" is introduced so as to offer clarity concerning the value of the concept of "social institution." Delineating the "social" for "social science" is argued to be essential for the testing of social scientific theories grounded in empirical phenomena. Chapter 2 engages Sewell's approach to the question of the "social" with a view toward the status of his response as an ontological claim and examines his definition of "semiotic practices." A theoretical discussion of the concepts of "action" and "social action" rooted in Weber's Economy and Society provides the framework for Chapter 3, and a discussion of the importance of explanation and understanding in Weber's view is developed. The central argument here is that the concept of "action" is elemental to Weber's approach. Chapter 4 looks forward and discusses the convergence of thought between Sewell and Max Weber and argues that the merits of this view are suggestive for contemporary scholarship.
2031-01-02

Le dimensionnement des disques de superalliage base nickel dans les moteurs d’avion est un processus complexe et critique pour le bon fonctionnement du transport aérien. L’amélioration continue des performances de ces composants doit assurer la bonne tenue du moteur dans des conditions mecaniques et thermiques extrêmes. Un des aspects les plus importants dans la genèse de ces produits est l’état microstructural de la matière. Les ingénieurs qui développent ces turbines ont donc un besoin spécifique pour des modèles capables de prédire les évolutions microstructurales pendant le forgeage. Ce travail a pour but d’améliorer les approches numériques de type Elément Finis - Level Set appliquées à l’ évolution des microstructures métalliques en enrichissant la description des joints de grains. L’enrichissement de la représentation des joints de grains est nécessaire afin de prendre en compte des joints particuliers - comme les joints de macles - qui sont observés en très grand nombre dans les superalliages forés. Cette activité vise particulièrement à incorporer l’effet des énergies arbitraires des interfaces cristallines dans les modèles de migration de joints de grains. Les modifications aportées à la méthode sont à la fois numériques et mathématiques. En incluant des termes supplémentaires dans l’expression de la vitesse de migration de l’interface, cette étude montre, par la simulation de cas analytiques et non-analytiques, que l’approche est capable de simuler un éventail de phénomènes. A la fois l’effet de l’ancrage dû à l’orientation et le moment sur les joints multiples sont mis en évidence. La méthode donne aussi des résultats plus fiables sur la simulation des joints avec des propriétés particulières comme les joints de macles
The design of nickel based superalloy disks in an industrial setting is a stringent process which must produce critical components of the aircraft engine. Improving these components is no small feat given the extreme mechanical and thermalconstraints endured by these types of parts. One of the most important aspects of the design is the microstructure of the unerlying material. As such, the engineers who design these machines have a specific need for models capable of predicting microstructural evolution in metallic materials during the forging process. This work aims to improve on the existing Level Set Finite Element framework for microstructural evolution by including enriched descriptions of grain boundaries. These enriched characterizations are needed in order to take into account special boundaries - such as the twin boundary - which can be observed in great number in forged superalloys. This effort is concentrated on integrating arbitrary values for the grain boundary energy density into the numerical models.This enhancement of the model lies not only in the numerical aspects but also in the underlying mathematical formulation. By including supplemental terms in the expression of the velocity of a migrating grain boundary, this investigation has found, using analytical and non-analytical benchmarks, that the new approach is able to take into account a host of phenomena. Evidence of both orientation pinning and torque applied to triple junctions has been found in virtually annealed polycrystals. Also, the model has proven to be more capable of taking into account the singular behavior of the twin boundary then previous iterations of the method

Les propriétés mécaniques et fonctionnelles des matériaux métalliques sont conditionnées par leurs microstructures, qui sont elles-mêmes héritées des traitements thermomécaniques subis. Etre capable de prévoir et simuler la microstructure et ses hétérogénéités lors des procédés de mise en forme complexes est récemment devenu crucial dans l'industrie métallurgique. C'est également un véritable challenge d'un point de vue numérique qui met en évidence l'importance des matériaux numériques dans les nouvelles méthodes de modélisation. Dans ce travail, nous nous intéressons à un modèle en champ complet récent basé sur la méthode level set (LS) dans un cadre éléments finis (EF) pour la modélisation des mécanismes de recristallisation.Les points forts de cette approche par rapport à l'état de l'art ont motivé le développement d'un logiciel appelé DIGIMU® par la société TRANSVALOR avec le soutien de grandes entreprises industrielles. Toutefois, le principal inconvénient de cette approche, commun aux autres méthodes en champ complet utilisant des maillages EF non structurés, reste son coût numérique important.Le principal objectif de ce travail a donc été d'améliorer considérablement le coût numérique de la formulation LS utilisée dans le contexte de maillages EF non structurés. De nouveaux développements génériques ont été réalisés pour améliorer l'efficacité globale du modèle. La formulation 2D LS existante, déjà utilisée pour modéliser la croissance de grains, la recristallisation statique et l'effet d'ancrage de Smith-Zener, a été étendue et améliorée afin de modéliser ces mécanismes en 3D pour des polycristaux à grand nombre de grains en des temps de calcul raisonnables
Mechanical and functional properties of metallic materials are strongly related to their microstructures, which are themselves inherited from thermal and mechanical processing. Being able to accurately predict and simulate the microstructure and its heterogeneities after complex forming paths recently became crucial for the metallurgy industry. This is also a real challenge from a numerical point of view which highlights the importance of digital materials in new modeling techniques. In this work, we focus on a recent front-capturing full field model based on the level set (LS) method within a finite element (FE) framework to model recrystallization mechanisms.The strengths of this approach comparatively to the state of the art have motivated the development of a software package called DIGIMU® by the company TRANSVALOR with the support of major industrial companies. However, the main drawback of this approach, common with other front-capturing full field approaches working on unstructured FE meshes, is its important computational cost, especially in 3D.Main purpose of this work was finally to drastically improve the numerical cost of the considered LS-FE formulation in context of unstructured FE meshes. New generic numerical developments have been proposed to improve the global efficiency of the model. The existing 2D LS formulation, already used to model grain growth, static recrystallization and the Smith-Zener pinning effect, has been extended and improved in order to model these mechanisms in 3D for large-scale polycrystals with reasonable computational costs

L'application du procédé SLM est limitée par la difficulté à contrôler le procédé. Son application aux céramiques est particulièrement difficile en raison de leur faible absorption au laser et de leur faible résistance au choc thermique. La maîtrise de ce procédé nécessite une compréhension complète du transfert de chaleur, de la dynamique des fluides et de la mécanique des solides. Dans ce travail, nous proposons un modèle numérique pour la simulation du procédé SLM appliqué aux céramiques. Le modèle est développé à l'échelle du cordon et avec l'hypothèse d'un lit de poudre continu. Il est basé sur la méthode level set et l'homogénéisation multiphasique, avec laquelle nous sommes capables de suivre l'évolution de l'interface gaz/matière et les transformations de phase. La simulation dévelopée permet d'étudier l'influence des propriétés du matériau et des paramètres du procédé sur la température, la forme du bain liquide, la dynamique des fluides et la mécanique des solides. En dehors de la puissance du laser et de la vitesse de balayage, l'absorption du matériau est également importante pour la thermique et la forme du bain liquide. Avec la dynamique des fluides, la forme convexe du cordon est obtenue sous tension de surface. Les gouttelettes liquides se forment lors de la fusion de la poudre et créent une instabilité du bain. Ceci entraîne une irrégularité du cordon après solidification. L'effet Marangoni, provoqué par le gradient surfacique de la tension de surface, est étudié. Son influence sur la répartition de la température, la forme du bain liquide et la régularité du cordon est évoquée. Cet effet peut lisser la surface du cordon avec ∂γ/∂T négatif. En augmentant la vitesse de balayage, la surface du cordon devient plus irrégulière. L'effet de « balling » est reproduit avec une vitesse de balayage élevée. Cela peut être utile pour trouver le régime donnant une forme de cordon régulière étant données la puissance et la vitesse du laser. Le défaut de fissuration est délétère dans la fabrication additive. L'utilisation d'un laser auxiliaire peut aider à éviter ce défaut en diminuant la contrainte de traction maximale. Le mode de fonctionnement de ce laser auxiliaire reste un sujet intéressant à étudier et quelques pistes ont été données par les simulations présentées. Le modèle est validé par la comparaison de la forme du bain liquide avec des expériences dans différentes conditions de procédé. Les simulations peuvent également révéler la tendance de variation de la surface du cordon dans certains cas. Par la simulation de la déposition de cordons multiples, l'influence de taux de recouvrement sur la surface d'une couche, la température et l'évolution de contrainte est soulignée
The application of SLM process is limited by the difficulty of process control. Its application to ceramics is especially challengeable due to their weak absorption to laser and weak resistance to thermal shock. The mastery of this process requires a full understanding of heat transfer, fluid dynamics in melt pool and solid mechanics. In this work, we propose a numerical model for the simulation of SLM process applied to ceramics. The model is developed at the track scale and with the assumption of continuous powder bed. It is based on level set method and multiphase homogenization, with which we are able to follow the evolution of gas/material interface and phase transformation. Simulations are performed to study the influence of material properties and process parameters on temperature, melt pool shape, fluid dynamics and solid mechanics. Apart from the laser power and scanning speed, material absorption is also found to be important to the thermal behavior and the melt pool shape. With the fluid dynamics, convex shape of track cross section is achieved under surface tension. Besides that, liquid droplets collapsing formed by the melting of powder create melt pool instability when falling, thus leading to track irregularity after solidification. The Marangoni effect, caused by surface tension gradient at gas/material interface, is investigated. Its influence on temperature distribution, melt pool shape and track regularity is recognized. One interesting finding is the smoothing effect of track surface with negative ∂γ/∂T. When combine surface tension with scanning speed, track surface becomes more irregular with the increase of scanning speed. The well-known balling effect is reproduced with high scanning speed. This can be helpful to find the regime for regular track shape with given laser power and scanning speed. Cracking defect is deleterious in additive manufacturing. The use of an auxiliary laser can help to avoid this defect by decreasing the maximum tensile stress. The process mode of this auxiliary laser remains an interesting subject to be studied and some guidelines have been given by the presented simulations. The model is validated by the comparison of melt pool shape with experiments under different process conditions. Simulations can also reveal the tendency of track surface variation for certain cases. By the application to multi-track deposition, the influence of hatch distance on layer surface, temperature and stress evolution is emphasized

An examination of the utilization of folk song elements in the wind band music of Australian composer David Stanhope, represented in two movements ("Lovely Joan" and "Rufford Park Poachers") from his Folk Songs for Band. Sets 1 and 2. Included is an historical overview of English folk music, emphasizing the theoretical properties of the English folk song and the events surrounding the modern renaissance of British folk music. Background information related to the musical development of Vaughan Williams, Grainger, and Stanhope is provided, noting the influence of the folk idiom in their compositional styles and Grainger's influence on the music of David Stanhope. An historical account of the two folk songs examines the events and compositional procedures related to the inclusion of "Lovely Joan" in Vaughan Williams' Fantasia on Greensleeves. and Grainger's use of "Rufford Park Poachers" in Lincolnshire Posv. Emphasis is placed on the subsequent compositional treatment of the folk elements in Stanhope's wind band compositions. A detailed analysis of Stanhope's compositional style includes structural, harmonic, melodic, and historical considerations, while specifically illuminating his contemporary and innovative approaches to scoring and instrumentation.

La fissuration des couches d’enrobé bitumineux (EB) est un mode de dégradation majeur des chaussées, dont la compréhension des divers mécanismes et facteurs responsables nécessite entre autres le développement de modélisations théoriques et d’outils numériques. Dans ce cadre cette thèse s’intéresse à la fissuration des matériaux à rhéologie thermo-viscoélastique. Un modèle d’endommagement local est ainsi développé en se basant sur le principe de contraintes effectives et la loi rhéologique de Poynting-Thomson. Le critère d’endommagement adopté repose sur le taux de restitution d’énergie élastique. Ce modèle est ensuite régularisé par l’approche Thick Level Set (TLS). L’étude semianalytique d’une barre 1D en traction monotone directe permet d’investiguer l’aptitude de ce modèle à reproduire les principales observations expérimentales faites sur EB. Un algorithme de calcul par méthode aux éléments finis permettant alors d’étendre la résolution au cas de problèmes 2D est proposé et implémenté dans le code de calcul eXlibris de l’ECN. Nous montrons la capacité de cet outil à simuler l’initiation et la propagation de fissure avec endommagement d’une poutre viscoélastique chargée en flexion trois points. Les simulations rendent compte du caractère plus ou moins fragile/ductile des résultats d’essais observés sur EB en fonction de la température du matériau et de la vitesse de chargement. Ces travaux offrent ainsi une base théorique et numérique pour de futures applications en Mécanique des Chaussées
Fracture of asphalt concrete (AC) layers is a major mode of deterioration in pavements, whose understanding of the various mechanisms requires the development of theoretical models and numerical tools. In this context, the research focuses on damage and fracture in thermo-viscoelastic materials. Hence, a local damage model is developed based on the principle of effective stresses and the Poynting-Thomson rheological law. The damage criterion considered relies on the elastic energy release rate. This model is then regularized according to the Thick Level Set (TLS) approach. The semi-analytical study of the 1D rod subjected to monotonous direct tension is performed to investigate the ability of the model to mimic the main experimental observations made for AC materials. An algorithm dedicated to the finite element solution of 2D problems is proposed and implemented subsequently in the eXlibris numerical code developed at ECN. The potential of this model to simulate damage and crack growth from initiation to collapse is demonstrated through the example of a viscoelastic beam under three-point bending test loading conditions. The simulations reflect the more or less brittle/ductile nature of the test results observed on AC materials depending on temperature and the loading rate. This work offers a theoretical and numerical basis for future applications in pavement mechanics

Within the general context of solid-state sintering process, this work presents a numerical modeling approach, at the particle scale, of ceramic particle packing consolidation. Typically, the sintering process triggers several mass transport paths that are thermally activated. Among those diffusion paths, the most important ones are: surface diffusion, grain boundary diffusion and volume diffusion. Including this physics into a high-performance computing framework would permit to gain precious insights about the driving mechanisms. The aim of the present work is to develop a model and a numerical strategy able to integrate the different diffusion mechanisms into continuum mechanics framework. In the cases of surface diffusion and volume diffusion, the mass flux is calculated as a function of the surface curvature Laplacian and the hydrostatic pressure gradient, respectively. The physical model describing these two transport mechanisms is first presented within the framework of continuum mechanics. Then the numerical strategy developed for the simulation of the sintering of many particles is detailed. This strategy is based on a discretization of the problem by using a finite element approach coupled with a Level-Set method used to describe the particles free surface. This versatile strategy allows us to perform simulations involving a relatively large number of particles. Furthermore, a mesh adaptation technique allows the particles surface description to be improved, while the number of mesh elements is kept reasonable. Several 3D simulations, performed in a parallel computing framework, show the changes occurring in the structure of 3D granular stacks.

The built environment in the old city of Homs has been brutally destroyed by the conflict in Syria. The research gap in post-conflict planning and architectural design in the old city of Homs is alarming as it indicates that there are no clear roadmaps on how to deal with post-conflict housing units in such a historic area. This study aims to investigate the possible design basis of housing typologies and plans for the housing units in the old city after the conflict. This study is primarily based on a literature review and extensive discussions with a specialist architect from the city of Homs, who helped to gain a deeper understanding of how to approach such a topic. The literature review deals with the historical Arab cities’ components and the elements of courtyard houses both in general and in the old city of Homs in particular. Likewise, it looks at the city’s urban plans and building code and their shortcomings and highlights the current conditions there. It also highlights proposed strategies for post-conflict construction and discusses them. The findings of the study propose a design ideology for reconstruction strategies and translate these ideologies and findings from the literature into a practical design of typologies placed on a proposed plot of land in the old city, along with a proposal of what the plans of these houses might look like.

La fissuration à chaud est un défaut majeur rencontré en solidification des alliages d'aluminium. Elle est liée à l'incapacité du liquide de s'écouler dans les zones où des porosités sont présentes, ne permettant pas de les refermer avant qu'elles gagnent en volume. Pour comprendre la fissuration à chaud, il est crucial de développer nos connaissances du comportement mécanique de la zone pâteuse. Pour cela, il est très utile d'effectuer des expériences de microtomographie aux rayons X et des simulations mécaniques sur des volumes élémentaires représentatifs. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons de coupler les deux approches en initialisant une simulation par éléments finis grâce à des données de microtomographie issues d'un test de traction isotherme d'un alliage d'aluminium-cuivre à l'état pâteux. Cette approche originale nous donne directement accès à la réalité expérimentale et permet des comparaisons des évolutions numérique et expérimentale de l'éprouvette. Nous expliquons dans un premier temps comment obtenir la représentation numérique à l'aide de l'algorithme des marching cubes et de la méthode d'immersion de volume. Nous présentons ensuite notre modèle numérique qui s'appuie sur une résolution monolithique des équations de Stokes. Une fois le champ de vitesse obtenu dans l'ensemble des phases solide, liquide et gazeuse, nous utilisons une méthode level set dans un formalisme eulérien afin de faire évoluer la morphologie de notre échantillon numérique. Malgré la simplicité du modèle, les résultats expérimentaux et numériques montrent un accord raisonnable en ce qui concerne la propagation de l'air à l'intérieur de l'échantillon
Hot tearing is a major defect arising during solidification of aluminium alloys. This defect is associated with the inability of liquid to feed areas where voids have started to appear, not allowing to heal small defects before they grow bigger. To understand hot tearing, it is mandatory to develop a good knowledge of the semi-solid mechanical behaviour. It is thus very useful to carry out X-ray microtomographies experiments and mechanical simulations on representative elementary volumes. In this work, we couple the both approaches by initialising a finite element simulation with the help of microtomography data obtained during an isothermal tensile testing of an aluminium-copper alloy in the mushy state. This innovative approach gives a direct access to the experimental reality and allows comparisons of numerical and experimental evolutions of the sample. We explain in a first time how to get the numerical representation thanks to a marching cubes algorithm and the immersed volume method. Then, we present our numerical model for which we solve the Stokes equations in a monolithic way. Once the velocity computed in all the solid, liquid and gaseous phases, we use a level set method in a Eulerian formalism to obtain the morphological evolution of our numerical sample. Despite the model simplicity, numerical and experimental results show a reasonable agreement concerning the air propagation inside the sample

Dans le cadre de la simulation du procédé de consolidation de pièces céramiques ou composites CerMet par frittage, cette thèse se propose de modéliser et de simuler deux aspects particuliers du frittage. Le premier consiste à prendre en compte l'effet d'éléments dopants sur l'évolution microstructurale d'un élément volumique représentatif d'un compact de poudre. Pour cela les chemins de diffusion tels que la diffusion volumique et de surface sont pris en compte. Le second aspect est en relation avec l'élaboration de matériaux composites à dispersoïdes et l'étude de l'évolution de leur microstructure par simulation numérique selon les caractéristiques des inclusions ne participant pas au processus de frittage. Ces simulations reposent sur le développement de la méthode Level-Set qui permet de suivre tous les changements de topologie qui interviennent au cours du frittage à l'échelle des grains.Des résultats concluants ont été obtenus à partir de la simulation de l'effet du dopage, dans le cas particulier de l'alumine dopée magnésie, puis généralisés au cas du codopage. Pour les multimatériaux, la première étape de la modélisation a consisté à considérer des inclusions ayant le même type de loi de comportement que la matrice céramique, à savoir élastique, linéaire et isotrope. Cependant, les propriétés des matériaux seront différentes. Du point de vue numérique, la complexité du problème a consisté à bien gérer les deux phases solides, et en particulier leur interface commune en vue de la résolution de l'équilibre mécanique par éléments finis, en utilisant plusieurs fonctions Level-Set.

Le chauffage par induction électromagnétique est un procédé efficace permettant de chauffer directement une zone d'épaisseur contrôlée sous la surface de pièces métalliques en vue de les tremper. Cette thèse présente un modèle mathématique couplé électromagnétique/thermique et des approches numériques pour modéliser le procédé. Le modèle électromagnétique est basé sur une formulation en potentiel vecteur magnétique. Les courants de source sont imposés à l'aide d'une formulation en potentiel scalaire électrique permettant de modéliser des inducteurs de forme géométrique arbitraire. Le problème du transfert de chaleur est modélisé à l'aide de l'équation classique de diffusion de la chaleur. Le modèle électromagnétique est entièrement transitoire, afin de permettre l'introduction des effets non linéaires. La discrétisation spatiale est basée sur une approche éléments d'arêtes en utilisant un domaine global air/pièce/inducteur. Le système linéaire d'équations issu de la formulation implicite est creux et défini semi-positif ; il possède un noyau de taille importante. Il est démontré qu'un préconditionneur basé sur une méthode multigrille algébrique construit conjointement avec un solveur du type Krylov réduit substantiellement le temps de calcul du problème électromagnétique par rapport aux méthodes classiques de solution et peut être très efficace pour le calcul parallèle. Des exemples d'application pour le traitement thermique d'un pignon et pour un vilebrequin automobile sont présentés. Le traitement thermique des surfaces des pièces aux géométries complexes nécessite l'introduction d'un mouvement relatif de la pièce et de l'inducteur pour assurer un traitement homogène de la surface. Une nouvelle méthode est proposée, basée sur une représentation discrète d'une fonction level set du mouvement de l'inducteur qui peut être utilisée pour générer des maillages éléments finis conformes dans le cadre d'une configuration lagrangienne.

In geotechnical engineering, the uncertainties such as the variability and uncertainty inherent in the geotechnical properties have caught more and more attentions from researchers and engineers. They have found that a single “Factor of Safety” calculated by traditional deterministic analyses methods can not represent the slope stability exactly. Recently in order to provide a more rational mathematical framework to incorporate different types of uncertainties in the slope stability estimation, reliability analyses and non-deterministic methods, which include probabilistic and non probabilistic (imprecise methods) methods, have been applied widely. In short, the slope non-deterministic analysis is to combine the probabilistic analysis or non probabilistic analysis with the deterministic slope stability analysis. It cannot be regarded as a completely new slope stability analysis method, but just an extension of the slope deterministic analysis. The slope failure probability calculated by slope non-deterministic analysis is a kind of complement of safety factor. Therefore, the accuracy of non deterministic analysis is not only depended on a suitable probabilistic or non probabilistic analysis method selected, but also on a more rigorous deterministic analysis method or geological model adopted. In this thesis, reliability concepts have been reviewed first, and some typical non-deterministic methods, including Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS), First Order Reliability Method (FORM), Point Estimate Method (PEM) and Random Set Theory (RSM), have been described and successfully applied to the slope stability analysis based on a numerical simulation method-Strength Reduction Method (SRM). All of the processes have been performed in a commercial finite difference code FLAC and a distinct element code UDEC. First of all, as the fundamental of slope reliability analysis, the deterministic numerical simulation method has been improved. This method has a higher accuracy than the conventional limit equilibrium methods, because of the reason that the constitutive relationship of soil is considered, and fewer assumptions on boundary conditions of slope model are necessary. However, the construction of slope numerical models, particularly for the large and complicated models has always been very difficult and it has become an obstacle for application of numerical simulation method. In this study, the excellent spatial analysis function of Geographic Information System (GIS) technique has been introduced to help numerical modeling of the slope. In the process of modeling, the topographic map of slope has been gridded using GIS software, and then the GIS data was transformed into FLAC smoothly through the program built-in language FISH. At last, the feasibility and high efficiency of this technique has been illustrated through a case study-Xuecheng slope, and both 2D and 3D models have been investigated. Subsequently, three most widely used probabilistic analyses methods, Monte Carlo Simulation, First Order Reliability Method and Point Estimate Method applied with Strength Reduction Method have been studied. Monte Carlo Simulation which needs to repeat thousands of deterministic analysis is the most accurate probabilistic method. However it is too time consuming for practical applications, especially when it is combined with numerical simulation method. For reducing the computation effort, a simplified Monte Carlo Simulation-Strength Reduction Method (MCS-SRM) has been developed in this study. This method has estimated the probable failure of slope and calculated the mean value of safety factor by means of soil parameters first, and then calculated the variance of safety factor and reliability of slope according to the assumed probability density function of safety factor. Case studies have confirmed that this method can reduce about 4/5 of time compared with traditional MCS-SRM, and maintain almost the same accuracy. First Order Reliability Method is an approximate method which is based on the Taylor\'s series expansion of performance function. The closed form solution of the partial derivatives of the performance function is necessary to calculate the mean and standard deviation of safety factor. However, there is no explicit performance function in numerical simulation method, so the derivative expressions have been replaced with equivalent difference quotients to solve the differential quotients approximately in this study. Point Estimate Method is also an approximate method involved even fewer calculations than FORM. In the present study, it has been integrated with Strength Reduction Method directly. Another important observation referred to the correlation between the soil parameters cohesion and friction angle. Some authors have found a negative correlation between cohesion and friction angle of soil on the basis of experimental data. However, few slope probabilistic studies are found to consider this negative correlation between soil parameters in literatures. In this thesis, the influence of this correlation on slope probability of failure has been investigated based on numerical simulation method. It was found that a negative correlation considered in the cohesion and friction angle of soil can reduce the variability of safety factor and failure probability of slope, thus increasing the reliability of results. Besides inter-correlation of soil parameters, these are always auto-correlated in space, which is described as spatial variability. For the reason that knowledge on this character is rather limited in literature, it is ignored in geotechnical engineering by most researchers and engineers. In this thesis, the random field method has been introduced in slope numerical simulation to simulate the spatial variability structure, and a numerical procedure for a probabilistic slope stability analysis based on Monte Carlo simulation was presented. The soil properties such as cohesion and friction angle were discretized to continuous random fields based on local averaging method. In the case study, both stationary and non-stationary random fields have been investigated, and the influence of spatial variability and averaging domain on the convergence of numerical simulation and probability of failure was studied. In rock medium, the structure faces have very important influence on the slope stability, and the rock material can be modeled as the combination of rigid or deformable blocks with joints in distinct element method. Therefore, much more input parameters like strength of joints are required to input the rock slope model, which increase the uncertainty of the results of numerical model. Furthermore, because of the limitations of the current laboratory and in-site testes, there is always lack of exact values of geotechnical parameters from rock material, even the probability distribution of these variables. Most of time, engineers can only estimate the interval of these variables from the limit testes or the expertise’s experience. In this study, to assess the reliability of the rock slope, a Random Set Distinct Element Method (RS-DEM) has been developed through coupling of Random Set Theory and Distinct Element Method, and applied in a rock slope in Sichuan province China.

Un réseau de cellules est un graphe orienté dont chaque sommet (aussi appelé cellule) représente un ensemble de variables et dont les arcs symbolisent les interactions entre ces variables. Les réseaux de cellules jouent un rôle important dans la modélisation de phénomènes neurologiques, de systèmes économiques ou biologiques, etc.. Soit G un graphe orienté possédant N sommets, on dit qu'une application f=(f_1,...,f_N) de X=X_1×...×X_N dans X (où X_j=R^dj) est admissible, si pour tout sommet j, f_j(x) dépend de x_i seulement si i->j est un arc de G. Dans cette thèse nous montrons que si G est fortement connecté et auto-dépendant, génériquement par rapport à f appartenant à l'ensemble des applications admissibles de classe C¹, le système dynamique engendré par l'équation différentielle x'(t)=f(x(t)) vérifie la propriété de Kupka-Smale, c'est-à-dire tous les éléments critiques (points d'équilibre et orbites périodiques) sont hyperboliques et les variétés stable et instable des éléments critiques s'intersectent transversalement. Ainsi, pour un ensemble dense d'applications admissibles, le système dynamique est au moins localement stable par perturbation (admissible ou non). Nous considérons également l'ensemble des applications « dissipatives » f de classe C¹ dont la différentielle Df(x) est une matrice de Jacobi cyclique positive en tout point x. De telles applications définissent un système coopératif. Nous montrons que le système dynamique engendré par l'équation x'(t)=f(x(t)) vérifie génériquement la propriété de Morse-Smale par rapport à de telles applications f, c'est-à-dire le système vérifie la propriété de Kupka-Smale, les éléments critiques sont en nombre fini et l'ensemble des points non-errants est égal à l'ensemble des éléments critiques. Cette propriété entraîne la stabilité structurelle du système dynamique. Finalement, dans cette thèse nous étudions aussi des réseaux de cellules satisfaisant des contraintes de symétrie locale. Pour de tels systèmes, nous montrons tout d'abord des résultats génériques d'observation à symétrie près, de synchronisation et de décalage de phase. Nous utilisons ces résultats pour montrer la généricité de l'hyperbolicité des points d'équilibre ainsi qu'un lemme d'injectivité pour les trajectoires. Les résultats de généricité de cette thèse sont obtenus à l'aide de théorèmes de transversalité de type Sard-Smale
A coupled cell network consists in a directed graph, with each node (also called cell) representing a set of variables and with each arrow representing the interaction between these variables. Coupled cell networks play an important role in the modeling of phenomena in neurology, economics or biology, etc.. Let G be a directed graph with N nodes. A mapping f=(f_1,...,f_N) of X=X_1×...×X_N to X (where X_j=R^dj) is admissible, if for each node j, f_j(x) depends on x_i only if i->j is an arrow of G. In this thesis, we show that if the graph G is strongly connected and self-dependant, generically with respect to f in the class of admissible C¹-functions, the dynamical system generated by the differential equation x'(t)=f(x(t)) satisfies the Kupka-Smale property, that is all the critical elements (i.e. the equilibria and periodic orbits) are hyperbolic and the stable and unstable manifolds of these critical elements intersect transversally. As a consequence, for a dense set of admissible functions, the dynamical system is locally stable with respect of small perturbations (admissible or not). We also consider the set of "dissipative" mappings f of class C¹, the differential Df (x) of which is a positive cyclic Jacobi matrix at any point x. Such maps define a cooperative system. We show that the dynamical system generated by the equation x'(t)=f(x(t)) is generically Morse-Smale with respect to such mappings f, that is the system is Kupka-Smale, the critical elements are in finite number and the non-wandering set is equal to the set of critical elements. This property implies the structural stability of the dynamical system. Finally, in this thesis we also study coupled cell networks satisfying local symmetry constraints. For such systems, we first show generic results of observation, synchronization and phase shift. We use these properties to show the genericity of hyperbolicity of equilibrium points and an injectivity lemma for trajectories. In the proof of these genericity results, we use different Sard-Smale type theorems

碩士
國立臺北教育大學
數位科技設計學系(含玩具與遊戲設計碩士班)
102
In the quest for amusement in modern life, toys and their function as well as the games they are used for, have become very important to a very wide range of people of all age groups. Toys for game playing and entertainment merchandise now occupy a significant position in the market. The selection of games and gaming devices is huge and diverse, but the pursuit of shooting as an amusement has become a massive segment and toy guns are remarkable in their variety and number. A modern toy gun can be made of many different kinds of material and can be of many different shapes and sizes. The type of game for which it is used and the game rules (Paint Ball, Water Gun, Laser gun for war games with computers, etc) will determine the function and the design. In these examples, a particular series of guns can become quite popular, and the appearance can be very similar to that of real weapons which presents very serious considerations for public security and can be problematical. Then there is the fashion element and the requirement for an impressive appearance which is very important for such toys. In this study, an attempt has been made to create toys that combine “alien sci-fi” elements into toy guns that will give the impression of an alien culture and high tech. These include guns with long barrels or short ones, and other alien looking equipment and even languages that are distinctive and give pleasure to the user, but at the same time do not result in the unwelcome and negative influence of a real gun. This study is based on reference materials which are “alien” elements and are combined with the appropriate toy guns to match a formal design process that allows the rapid development of prototypes. The aim being to combine a referential investigation with a formal design process and rapid prototype development that will be useful for designer’s in the future.

碩士
世新大學
公共關係暨廣告學研究所(含碩專班)
98
Developing cultural creative industry is an efficient way to improve a country's world competitiveness, Korean drama's success is the best example. Taiwan's trendy drama has world competitiveness, however, enterprise in Taiwan lacked for managing brand in a long-term branding concept, which may reduce culture marketing and profits making's chance. In order to improve this difficult position, this research using a case study to analyze Taiwan's trendy drama's branding elements. By understanding case's branding strategy, brand's core value and key elements, hope the research result can provide a long-term brand managing strategy, and be a reference resource for trendy drama in Taiwan. The research result shows that SET's trendy drama's branding strategy is developing from inside out. "Brand identity" is playing a core roll in the branding process and becoming a foundation in developing SET's trendy drama, meanwhile, "brand identity" interacts with other 4 brand elements, which are "organization", "brand architectures", "brand-building plan" and "authorization".

No
Transposable elements (TEs), such as endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), are common in the genomes of vertebrates. ERVs result from retroviral infections of germ-line cells, and once integrated into host DNA they become part of the host's heritable genetic material. ERVs have been ascribed positive effects on host physiology such as the generation of novel, adaptive genetic variation and resistance to infection, as well as negative effects as agents of tumorigenesis and disease. The avian leukosis virus subgroup E family (ALVE) of endogenous viruses of chickens has been used as a model system for studying the effects of ERVs on host physiology, and approximately 30 distinct ALVE proviruses have been described in the Gallus gallus genome. In this report we describe the development of a software tool, which we call Vermillion, and the use of this tool in combination with targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) to increase the number of known proviruses belonging to the ALVE family of ERVs in the chicken genome by 4-fold, including expanding the number of known ALVE elements on chromosome 1 (Gga1) from the current 9 to a total of 40. Although we focused on the discovery of ALVE elements in chickens, with appropriate selection of target sequences Vermillion can be used to develop profiles of other families of ERVs and TEs in chickens as well as in species other than the chicken.
Financial support was provided by the EW GROUP, as well as grants from the Canada Foundation for Innovation, Canada Research Chairs Program, and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada to RGB, and Canada Institutes of Health Research funding to MGIL and CJM.

Die Bodenzone, in der Literatur vielfach auch Wurzelzone, Aerationszone oder ungesättigte Zone genannt, ist geprägt durch variabel-wassergesättigte Verhältnisse und nimmt in vielen Disziplinen eine wichtige Rolle ein. Aus Sicht des Schutzguts Grundwasser stellt sie eine Schutz- und Pufferzone vor oberirdischen Umwelteinflüssen dar, in der eindringende oder eingebrachte Schadstoffe durch die dort ablaufenden Transport-, Abbau- und Sorptionsprozesse retardiert, teilweise bis vollständig abgebaut oder in andere Stoffe umgesetzt werden können, und somit eine Verunreinigung des Grundwassers verhindern kann. Um potenzielle Gefährdungen des Grundwassers anhand einer Altlast oder eines Schadensfalls abschätzen zu können, ist in Deutschland eine Sickerwasserprognose nach dem Bundesbodenschutzgesetz und der Bundesbodenschutzverordnung vorgeschrieben. Hierbei übernimmt die ungesättigte Zone die Funktion des Quell- und Transportterms für den Schadstoff. Der Quellterm dient der Beschreibung des zeitlichen Austragsverhaltens von Schadstoffen aus der Schadstoffquelle mit dem Sickerwasser, der Transportterm beschreibt den Wirkungspfad im Boden von der Geländeoberkante bis zur Grundwasseroberfläche. Die Anforderungen und Aufgaben des vom BMBF geförderten Forschungsvorhabens „Prognose des Schadstoffeintrags in das Grundwasser mit dem Sickerwasser“ (SiWaP) motivierten die Entwicklung des Programms PCSiWaPro. Innerhalb des Vorhabens sollte die Möglichkeit geschaffen werden, mit geringem Aufwand eine modellgestützte Sickerwasserprognose unter Berücksichtigung der Forschungsergebnisse aus SiWaP durchführen zu können. Kommerziell verfügbare Software blieb dabei außen vor, da die Implementierung eigener Prozesse, Datenbanken und Parameter damit nicht möglich ist. Gleichzeitig war eine komplexe Betrachtung der ablaufenden Prozesse erforderlich sowie die Dokumentation der Ein- und Ausgabedaten für eine entsprechende Nachweispflicht. Dies führte zur Entwicklung einer grafischen Benutzeroberfläche (GUI) mit einem Assistenten, der den Anwender in 5 sequenziell ablaufenden Schritten zu einem physikalisch begründeten Ergebnis führt (Protokoll). Alle notwendigen Eingaben werden dazu mit sinnvollen Werten vorbelegt und bei Änderung durch den Nutzer auf Plausibilität geprüft. Gleichzeitig sollte die Funktionalität nicht auf die Möglichkeiten des Assistenten beschränkt bleiben und dem erfahrenen Modellierer alle Optionen der numerischen Simulation bereitstellen. Die Dokumentation der Ein- und Ausgabedaten wird dabei durch die Verwendung von Datenbanken sichergestellt. Für den Einsatz in Ingenieurbüros, Behörden oder auch international war die GUI mehrsprachig zu implementieren. Diese Anforderungen begründeten die Entwicklung eines Simulationssystems, um den Wasserhaushalt und Stofftransport in ungesättigten Böden auch unter komplexen Bedingungen berechnen zu können. Das aus dem zuvor genannten BMBF-Verbundvorhaben SiWaP entstandene Programm PCSiWaPro war wesentlicher Bestandteil nachfolgender Forschungsvorhaben, deren Ergebnisse in die weitere Entwicklung des Programms einflossen und dessen Anwendungsgebiete außerhalb der Sickerwasserprognose erweiterten. So sind erforderliche Eingangsdaten wie bodenhydraulische und Stofftransportparameter oft mit Unsicherheiten behaftet oder können nur in Wertebereichen gefasst werden. Um derartige Unschärfen auch in den Berechnungsergebnissen von numerischen Simulationen ausweisen zu können, wurde die Fuzzy-Set-Theorie verwendet, die eine Zuordnung der Unsicherheiten über sogenannte α-Schnitte ermöglicht. Für jeden unscharfen Parameter kann dessen Schwankungsbreite definiert und in der Simulation berücksichtigt werden. Die Ausweisung der Unschärfen im Ergebnis erfolgt unter Angabe des sich ergebenden Minimums und Maximums der berechneten Größe (Druckhöhe, Konzentration). Anhand verschiedener Beispielanwendungen werden die in der Arbeit vorgestellten Problemstellungen durch Einsatz von PCSiWaPro behandelt. Die Arbeit gibt ebenso einen Ausblick auf weiterführenden Forschungs- und Entwicklungsbedarf, der sich aus den in der Arbeit erzielten Ergebnissen und Betrachtungen ableiten lässt.:Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis Symbolverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 2 Wasserhaushaltsberechnung in variabel gesättigten porösen Medien 2.1 Zugrundeliegende Gleichung 2.2 Numerische Lösung 3 Transport- und Umsetzungsprozesse 3.1 Erhaltungsgleichung 3.2 Transportprozesse 3.3 Umsetzungsprozesse 3.4 Basisgleichung für den Stofftransport in PCSiWaPro 3.5 Numerische Lösung 4 Entwicklung des Programms PCSiWaPro 4.1 Softwarearchitektur 4.2 Datenbankkonzept 4.3 Benutzeroberfläche für das Preprocessing 4.4 Ergebnisvisualisierung und Postprocessing 4.5 Parallelisierung des Rechenkernels 4.6 Dual-Porosität nach DURNER 4.7 Strömungsrandbedingung als zeitvariable Polygonfunktion 4.8 Berücksichtigung von Unsicherheiten in den Eingangsdaten 5 Anwendungsbeispiele 5.1 Deichdurchströmung 5.2 Modellgestützte Sickerwasserprognose mit unscharfen Eingangsdaten 5.3 Test der Parallelisierung am synthetischen Beispiel 5.4 Zusammenfassung Anwendungsbeispiele 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 7 Literaturverzeichnis 8 Anhang
The soil zone, often referred to as root zone, aeration zone or unsaturated zone in the literature, is characterized by variably saturated conditions and is of particular importance in many disciplines. From the groundwater point of view, it is a zone for protection and buffering of environmental processes at the surface. Penetrating hazardous substances can be retarded or even completely decayed due to the transport, degradation and sorption processes which occur and thus, can prevent a contamination of the groundwater. In order to estimate potential threats to the groundwater based on a contaminated site or a damage, a leachate forecast is required in Germany according to the Federal Soil Protection Act (BBodSchG) and the Federal Soil Protection Ordinance (BBodSchV). The unsaturated zone takes on the function of the source and transport term for the pollutant. The source term function is used to describe the temporal discharge behavior of pollutants from the contaminant source with the leachate, the transport term describes the action path in the soil from the top of the site to the groundwater surface. The requirements and tasks of the BMBF-funded research project 'Prognosis of Pollutant Infiltration into Groundwater with Leachate' (“Prognose des Schadstoffeintrags in das Grundwasser mit dem Sickerwasser”) (SiWaP) motivated the development of the PCSiWaPro program. Within the project, the possibility should be created to be able to carry out a model-based leachate forecast with little effort, taking into account the research results from the SiWaP project. Commercially available software had to be left out, since the implementation of new processes, databases and parameters is not possible. At the same time, a total consideration of the complex processes taking place was necessary, as was the documentation of the input and output data to provide evidence. This led to the development of a graphical user interface (GUI) with an assistant that leads the user in 5 sequential steps to a physically based result including a protocol. All necessary input data are pre-assigned with useful values and checked for plausibility when changed by the user. At the same time, the functionality should not be limited to the possibilities of the assistant and the GUI must provide all available options of a numerical simulation to advanced users. The documentation of the input and output data is ensured by using databases. The GUI provides multiple languages for use in engineering offices, authorities or international projects. These requirements justified the development of a simulation system to be able to calculate the water balance and solute transport in unsaturated soils even under complex conditions. The PCSiWaPro program, emerged from the BMBF joint project SiWaP mentioned above, was an integral part of subsequent research projects, the results of which were incorporated into the further development of the program and expanded its fields of application outside of the leachate forecast. Required input data such as soil hydraulic and solute transport parameters are often subject to uncertainties or can only be captured in value ranges. In order to show such blurring in the calculation results of numerical simulations, the fuzzy set theory was used, which enables the uncertainties to be assigned using so-called α-cuts. The fluctuation range for each uncertain parameter can be defined individually and considered in the simulation. The blurring in the result is indicated by specifying the resulting minimum and maximum of the calculated quantity (pressure level, concentration). Using various sample applications, the problems presented in the thesis are dealt with by using PCSiWaPro. The thesis also gives an outlook on further research and development perspectives, which are derived from the results achieved in this thesis and the demands from the daily practice.:Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis Symbolverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 2 Wasserhaushaltsberechnung in variabel gesättigten porösen Medien 2.1 Zugrundeliegende Gleichung 2.2 Numerische Lösung 3 Transport- und Umsetzungsprozesse 3.1 Erhaltungsgleichung 3.2 Transportprozesse 3.3 Umsetzungsprozesse 3.4 Basisgleichung für den Stofftransport in PCSiWaPro 3.5 Numerische Lösung 4 Entwicklung des Programms PCSiWaPro 4.1 Softwarearchitektur 4.2 Datenbankkonzept 4.3 Benutzeroberfläche für das Preprocessing 4.4 Ergebnisvisualisierung und Postprocessing 4.5 Parallelisierung des Rechenkernels 4.6 Dual-Porosität nach DURNER 4.7 Strömungsrandbedingung als zeitvariable Polygonfunktion 4.8 Berücksichtigung von Unsicherheiten in den Eingangsdaten 5 Anwendungsbeispiele 5.1 Deichdurchströmung 5.2 Modellgestützte Sickerwasserprognose mit unscharfen Eingangsdaten 5.3 Test der Parallelisierung am synthetischen Beispiel 5.4 Zusammenfassung Anwendungsbeispiele 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 7 Literaturverzeichnis 8 Anhang

Маломуж С.І. Малозначність діяння в кримінальному праві України: дис. ... канд. юрид. наук: 12.00.08 / Маломуж Сергій Ігорович. - Одеса, 2017. - 254 с.
Дисертація на здобуття наукового сту пеня кандидата юридичних наук за спеціальністю 12.00.08 - кримінальне право та кримінологія; кримінально- виконавче право. - Національний університет «Одеська юридична академія», Одеса, 2017. Дисертація є одним із перших у вітчизняній науці кримінального права спеціальним комплексним дослідженням малозначності діяння з ураху ванням законодавчого досвіду7 окремих зарубіжних країн. Досліджено генезис малозначності діяння в історії кримінального законодавства України, поняття та види малозначності діяння в теорії кримінального права. Визначено малозначність діяння за об’єктом посягання, а також за ознаками об'єктивної та суб’єктивної сторони. Відмежовано малозначність діяння від суміжних понять («відсутність складу злочину», «відсутність події злочину», «звільнення від кримінальної відповідальності», «обставини, що виключають злочинність діяння»), а також досліджено проблеми малозначності діяння в кримінальному судочинстві. Запропоновано удосконалити законодавче визначення поняття малозначності діяння та викласти частину другу ст. 11 КК України в наступній редакції: «Не є кримінальним правопорушенням дія або бездіяльність, які хоча формально і містять ознаки діяння, передбаченого цим Кодексом, але через малозначність не становлять необхідної для кримінального правопорушення суспільної небезпеки, тобто які не могли заподіяти істотної шкоди».
Диссертация на соискание научной степени кандидата юридических наук по специальности 12.00.08 - уголовное право и криминология; уголовно- исполнительное право. - Национальный университет «Одесская юридическая академия», Одесса, 2017. Диссертация является одним из первых специальных комплексных исследований малозначительности деяния в уголовном праве Украины, в котором изучен опыт других государств по определению признаков малозначительности деяния, а также предложены пути усовершенствования части 2 ст. 11 УК Украины. Исследованы генезис малозначительности деяния в истории уголовного законодательства Украины, понятие и виды малозначительности деяния в теории уголовного права. Определена малозначительность деяния по объекту посягательства, а также по признакам объективной и субъективной стороны. Разграничены малозначительность деяния от смежных понятий («отсутствие состава преступления», «отсутствие события преступления», «освобождение от уголовной ответственности», «обстоятельства, исключающие преступность деяния»), а также исследованы проблемы малозначительности деяния в уголовном судопроизводстве, перспективы совершенствования понятия малозначительного деяния. Предложено законодательное определение малозначительности деяния: «Не является уголовным правонарушением действие или бездействие, которое хотя формально и содержат признаки деяния, преду смотренного настоящим Кодексом, но в силу малозначительности, не представляет необходимой для уголовного правонару шения общественной опасности, то есть не могло причинить су щественного вреда».
Thesis for obtaining scientific degree of Candidate of Juridical Science, specialty 12.00.08 - criminal law and criminology: penal law. - The National University «Odessa Law Academy». Odessa. 2017. Dissertation is one of the special complex researches on insignificance of act in criminal law of Ukraine, where the experience of other countries in determining of the value and features of insignificance of act are analyzed for the first time, and it has been suggested the ways of improving its legislative term. It has been investigated the genesis of insignificance of act in the history of criminal law of Ukraine, concepts and types of insignificance of act in the theory of criminal law. the insignificance of act in the criminal law of other countries. In the criminal law of continental legal family the insignificance of act was enshrined as: 1) the reasons for the creation of preferred essential elements of offences (CC of Sweden); 2) the circumstances that exclude criminality of act (CC of Denmark); 3) the grounds for remission from punishment (the Criminal Code of Denmark); 4) the act that is not identified as a crime (CC of Switzerland); 5) grounds for bringing to administrative amenability (CC of Bulgaria). In the criminal legislation of the countries of the “former Soviet Union” the insignificance of act was confirmed as: 1) an act that is not considered as a crime (the most of countries); 2) the grounds for remission from criminal amenability (CC of Lithuania). The insignificance of act was identified as for the object of trespass, and for the features as the objective and subjective sides. It lias been proved that the degree of protection of the object of crime and the possibility of identifying the invasion for this object of the crime by the insignificant of act is in direct ratio correlated with the proximity of the object of criminal influence to the subjects of public relations as a stmctural element of the object of crime. In the legislation determination the insignificance of act the feature “... it was not caused significant damage to physical or legal persons, society or the state” describes the lack of socially dangerous result, and the feature “...it could cause significant damage to physical or legal persons, society or the state” describes the lack of public danger of acting. It is established that the act has been committed in a maimer that is a qualifying feature can not be considered the insignificant one. The insignificant of act can only be the acts which are committed with the intention causing by accidental damage. It has been investigated the division of insignificance of act from similar concepts (“the absence of essential elements of offence”, “the absence of the act of offence”. “ remission from criminal amenability”, “the circumstances that excluding criminality”), the problems of the insignificance of act in criminal judiciary. For solving problems in distinguishing between the concepts “ the absence of essential elements of offence” and “the insignificant of act” was proposed to delete from Ch. 2, Art. 11 Criminal Code of Ukraine that phrase as “... has not caused significant damage ...”. According to tins, it is proposed to write Ch. 2, Art. 11 Ukraine in the following way: “An action or inaction is not a criminal offense that although fonnally contains the signs of the act provided by this Code, but in accordance with insignificance they do not contain the public danger which is necessary for the criminal infraction of public insecurity, so that they could not cause any significant damage”.

Health practitioners collect health data on a daily basis at health facility levels in order to monitor and evaluate the performance of priority national health programmes (District Health Plan 2012:6). Routine data quality for health programmes monitoring need a collective intervention to ensure clear understanding for what data to be collected at primary health care setting. The aim of the study is to explore the understanding of routine health data, determine the use of routine data and feedback mechanism at primary health care clinic setting. Quantitative descriptive research design was used to answer the research question on this research study. Structured data collection questionnaire was used for the study to accomplish the research purpose and reach the study objectives. A total of 400 participants was sampled, and 247 responded. One of the findings was that the understanding of routine health data by Health Practitioners was at 82.6% (% = f/n*100, f= 3242 and n= 3926).
Health Studies