Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sesam indicum L'

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is a tropical oilseed found growing in the mid-altitude ($<$1700 m.a.s.l.) regions of Ethiopia. Recently, there has been an attempt by settler farmers from the Ethiopian plateau to expand sesame cultivation in the low altitude areas ($<$800 m.a.s.l.). A genotype-environment interaction study on sesame lines developed through progeny selection originating from a bulk of landraces was carried out at six environments in Ethiopia. The environments selected were believed to provide a wide variation in temperature (altitude), moisture and soil. The objective of the study was, therefore, to select a line or lines widely adaptable over these environments for variables seed yield, oil and protein content as well as fatty acid composition. Two statistical methods, namely, the regression model and the procedural approach of superiority measure were used to estimate line adaptability. Several lines were identified which were adapted over the six environments while others were specifically adapted to low- or high-yielding environments. Lines showing wide adaptation for one variable were not always widely adapted for others. In addition, the two parametric statistics used to analyze the data did not always agree for each variable.

This thesis investigated the effect of drought stress on agronomical, and physiological characteristics of sesame plants during growth and development, and analysed such responses using Fuzzy set theory (FST) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), two mathematical modeling tools. Subjected to cultivar and developmental stages exposed to drought, tested sesame cultivar/s expressed versatile morphological adaptations and adjusted leaf osmotic potential as a drought tolerant mechanism to survive drought conditions. The thesis proposed FST models with various membership functions to describe germination, growth and yield responses of sesame cultivars, and ANN models to forecast sesame yield under given climatic conditions.

The use of oil seeds as a source for biodiesel production constitutes an important raw material, and the encouragement of their production contributes to the agricultural development of the country. In this sense, there was a liquid-liquid equilibrium study of ternary systems: ethyl-glicerina- biodiesel ethanol and methyl-glycerin-methanol biodiesel to 313 K and 323 K. The miscibility limits or bimodal curve for these systems were obtained by the method determining the turbidity point. Data for the construction of mooring lines were determined by preparing mixtures of known concentrations of the three components in the two-phase forming region. These blends, after stirring were maintained at rest until the total separation of the phases, and then it was expected that the equilibrium was reached. After the samples of both phases were collected and analyzed on a balance of drying, where the alcohol was determined percentage of the glycerin rich phase, and the alcohol percentage in rich phase biodiesel. The other two biodiesel components and glycerin were determined using the equation found by the points of the binodal curve raffinate side, which is the phase rich in glycerine, and side extract, which is rich phase biodiesel, and thus created the lines bollard which called tie lines. This study evaluated the behavior of the bimodal curve via ethylic route and methyl at temperatures of 313 K and 323 K, and the study of phase equilibrium for biodiesel system sesame-glycerine-alcohol oil. The results showed that the effect of temperature is not influenced to the solubility of the systems studied, and the curves of the systems were well characterized, and the binodal curves sesame oil biodiesel system + ethanol + glycerin showed similarity to each other, however, there was a variation in the immiscibility region in relation to biodiesel system sesame oil + glycerine + methanol, making it smaller, an increase in the solubility between components. The model used UNIQUAC provided a good representation of experimental data, showing a standard of 1.47% and 0.90% deviations for biodiesel systems sesame oil + glycerine + ethanol and 0.49% and 0.21% for systems biodiesel sesame oil + glycerine + methanol, and there was also slight variation in solubility temperature variation.
Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas
O uso de sementes oleaginosas como fonte para produção de biodiesel constitui-se em uma importante matéria prima, e o incentivo da sua produção contribui para o desenvolvimento agrário do país. Nesse sentido, foi realizado um estudo de equilíbrio líquido-líquido dos sistemas ternários: biodiesel etílico-glicerina- etanol e biodiesel metílico-glicerina-metanol a 313 K e 323 K. Os limites de miscibilidade ou curva binodal para estes sistemas foram obtidos pelo método da determinação do ponto de turbidez. Os dados para a construção das linhas de amarração foram determinados pela preparação de misturas de concentrações conhecidas dos três componentes na região de formação de duas fases. Estas misturas, após agitação, foram mantidas em repouso até a total separação das fases, e em seguida, esperou-se que o equilíbrio fosse atingido. Após, as amostras de ambas as fases, foram coletadas e analisadas em uma balança de secagem, onde foi determinado o percentual de álcool presente na fase rica em glicerina, e o percentual de álcool presente na fase rica em biodiesel. Os outros dois componentes biodiesel e glicerina, foram determinados através da equação encontrada pelos pontos da curva binodal do lado rafinado, que é a fase rica em glicerina, e do lado extrato, que é a fase rica em biodiesel, e assim criadas a linhas de amarração as quais chamamos de tie lines. Neste trabalho foi avaliado o comportamento da curva binodal via rota etílica e metílica nas temperaturas de 313 K e 323 K , e o estudo de equilíbrio de fases para o sistema biodiesel do óleo de gergelim-glicerina-álcool. Os resultados obtidos apresentaram que o efeito da temperatura não influenciou para a solubilidade dos sistemas estudados, e que as curvas dos sistemas ficaram bem caracterizadas, sendo que, as curvas binodais do sistema biodiesel do óleo de gergelim + etanol + glicerina apresentou semelhança entre si, porem, houve uma variação na região de imiscibilidade em relação ao sistema biodiesel do óleo de gergelim + metanol + glicerina, tornando-a menor, apresentando um aumento na solubilidade entre os componentes. O modelo utilizado UNIQUAC forneceu uma boa representação dos dados experimentais, apresentando desvios padrão de 1,47% e 0,90% para os sistemas biodiesel do óleo de gergelim + etanol + glicerina e 0,49% e 0,21% para os sistemas biodiesel do óleo de gergelim + metanol + glicerina, assim como também houve pequena variação de solubilidade na variação da temperatura.

Sintomas típicos de infecção por fitoplasmas foram encontrados em plantas de gergelim cultivadas comercialmente. Estes sintomas se caracterizavam pela intensa proliferação de ramos, presença abundante de folhas levemente cloróticas e de tamanho menor que as normais, além de pétalas de coloração verde. A partir de plantas afetadas foi extraído o DNA total, o qual foi usado em reações de duplo PCR, visando detectar fitoplasmas nos tecidos vegetais. Fragmentos genômicos de 1,2 Kb da região do 16S rDNA foram amplificados demonstrando a constante associação entre fitoplasmas e plantas doentes. Através de duplo PCR usando primers específicos, foi identificado um fitoplasma pertencente ao grupo 16SrI em todas as amostras sintomáticas analisadas. Com base no sequenciamento desta região genômica e na digestão in sílico, as análises virtuais de RFLP revelaram que um dos fitoplasmas presentes nas amostras de gergelim era afiliado ao subgrupo 16SrI-B. No entanto, os padrões de restrição apresentados pelo outro fitoplasma mostraram que o mesmo era distinto dos demais representantes dos subgrupos que constituem o grupo 16SrI. Os valores calculados de coeficientes de similaridade e os mapas putativos de restrição confirmaram os resultados da análise de RFLP, indicando que este fitoplasma era representante de um novo subgrupo. A árvore filogenética, construída a partir das sequências nucleotídicas do 16S rDNA de diversos fitoplasmas evidenciou que este novo fitoplasma emergia de um ramo distinto, considerando as ramificações dentro do grupo 16SrI. A filodia do gergelim foi anteriormente relatada em vários países, sendo associada com fitoplasmas dos grupos 16SrI, 16SrII e 16SrVI. O presente trabalho revelou a ocorrência de dois fitoplasmas associados à filodia, sendo um deles pertencente ao subgrupo 16SrI-B e outro caracterizado como representante de um novo subgrupo, aqui denominado 16SrI-X.
Typical symptoms commonly induced by phytoplasmas were found in sesame plants grown in commercial fields. These symptoms were characterized by shoot proliferation, leaves of reduced size exhibiting light chlorosis, and green petals. Total DNA extracts were obtained from diseased plants and used as template in nested PCR, in order to detect phytoplasmas in the tissues of the hosts. Genomic fragments of 1.2 kb corresponding to the 16S rDNA region were amplified demonstrating the association of phytoplasmas and diseased plants. Using nested PCR with specific primers, a phytoplasma belonging to group 16SrI was identified in all symptomatic samples. Based on the sequencing of 16S rDNA and in silico digestion, the virtual RFLP analysis allowed identify the presence of a phytoplasma affiliated with the subgroup 16SrI-B. This analysis also revealed a second phytoplasma distinct of all representatives of the subgroups within the group 16SrI. Similarity coefficients values and analysis of putative restriction sites confirmed the results obtained from virtual RFLP analysis indicating that this phytoplasma was representative of a new subgroup. A phylogenetic tree generated by the 16S rDNA sequences belonging to diverse phytoplasmas evidenced that this new phytoplasma emerged from a distinct branch, within of the 16SrI group. The sesame phyllody was previously reported in various countries in association with phytoplasmas belonging to 16SrI, 16SrII, and 16SrVI groups. The present study revealed the association of the phyllody with a phytoplasma affiliated with 16SrI-B and a phytoplasma representative of a new subgroup here named 16SrI-X.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The strenuous exercise when performed with unbalanced diet and recovery period of the athlete can promote an undesirable state of chronic inflammation and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Those compounds can degrade muscle proteins and contribute to the signs and symptoms of muscle injuries. In recent years, those foods have been tested for their ability to attenuate the deleterious effects in athletes undergoing intense days of training and competition. In this context, sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) stands out for presenting a high nutritional value and recognized antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Considering these aspects, the present study had as its goal to evaluate the effects of the sesame paste consumption (S. indicum L.) on oxidative stress, inflammatory markers and muscle injuries in soccer players. Therefore, a randomized and placebo controlled study was conducted with 19 male soccer athletes, teenagers, with age about 16 years. The sesame paste has been prepared with an addition of 30% of honey from Apis mellifera. The participants were randomly assigned to consume 40 g / d sesame paste or placebo during 28 days of normal training. Before and after intervention were performed anthropometric measurements, functional exams and dosing blood creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and high-sensitivity c-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and during a four-week study was performed an evaluation of athletes dietary intake. Biochemical analyzes indicated a physiological unbalanced state of the athletes at the beginning of the experimental procedure. The intake of sesame paste resulted in decreased lipid peroxidation (p=0,002), reduced serum levels of hs-CRP (p=0,010) and LDH (p=0,001), accompanied by an improvement in the aerobic power (p=0.011) and top speed (p=0.005). On the other hand, it was not observed any change of these variables in the placebo group. For anthropometric variables, running speed at the lactate threshold and CK, there were no differences observed in the groups that received sesame paste and placebo after the intervention period. The current study results suggest that the consumption of sesame paste represents an important nutritional strategy by its ability to reduce the inflammatory status, oxidative stress and cause repair of muscle tissue, increasing the physical performance of soccer players, particularly in soccer players previously worn.
O exercício físico intenso quando executado em desequilíbrio com a dieta e período de recuperação do atleta pode promover um indesejável estado crônico de inflamação e geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs). Estes compostos podem degradar proteínas musculares e contribuir para os sinais e sintomas de lesões musculares. Nos últimos anos alguns alimentos têm sido testados quanto a sua capacidade de atenuar efeitos deletérios em atletas submetidos a jornadas intensas de treinamento e competição. Neste contexto, o gergelim (Sesamum indicum L.) se destaca por apresentar um alto valor nutricional, além de reconhecidas propriedades antioxidantes e antiinflamatórias. Considerando estes aspectos, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos do consumo de pasta de gergelim (S. indicum L.) sobre o estresse oxidativo, marcadores inflamatórios e danos musculares em atletas de futebol. Para tanto, um estudo randomizado com placebo controlado foi conduzido com 19 atletas de futebol, adolescentes, do sexo masculino, com idade média de 16 anos. A pasta de gergelim foi elaborada com adição de 30% de mel de Apis mellifera. Os participantes foram aleatoriamente designados a consumir 40 gramas por dia de pasta de gergelim ou placebo durante 28 dias de treinamentos normais. Antes e após a intervenção foram realizadas avaliações antropométricas, testes funcionais e dosagem sanguínea de creatina quinase (CK), lactato desidrogenase (LDH), malondialdeído (MDA) e proteína c-reativa ultra-sensível (PCR-us) e ao longo das quatro semanas do estudo foi realizada avaliação do consumo alimentar dos atletas. As análises bioquímicas indicaram um estado de desequilíbrio fisiológico dos atletas no início do procedimento experimental. A ingestão da pasta de gergelim resultou na diminuição da peroxidação lipídica (p=0,002), redução dos níveis séricos de PCR-us (p=0,010) e LDH (p=0,001), acompanhados por melhora da potência aeróbia (p=0,011) e velocidade pico (p=0,005). Em contrapartida, não foi observada qualquer alteração destas variáveis no grupo placebo. Para as variáveis antropométricas, velocidade de corrida do limiar de lactato e CK não foram observadas diferenças nos grupos que receberam a pasta de gergelim e placebo após o período de intervenção. Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que o consumo de pasta de gergelim representa uma importante estratégia nutricional devido a sua capacidade de reduzir o estado inflamatório, estresse oxidativo e de induzir reparo do tecido muscular em atletas de futebol, particularmente em atletas de futebol previamente desgastados.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Seeds frequently encounter biotic and abiotic stress that adversely affects growth, development, or productivity. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of nitric oxide (NO) like protective agent in sesame seeds submitted to different stresses. Therefore, two experiments were conducted. In the first one, sesame seeds were placed in soaked substrate with water or with different concentrations of cadmium chloride and cadmium chloride plus sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in the following treatments: 1) water (control), 2) +200 μM of SNP, 3) 800 μM of CdCl2, 4) 800 μM of CdCl2 +200 μM of SNP, 5) 600 μM of CdCl2, 6) 600 μM of CdCl2 +200 μM of SNP, 7) 400 μM of CdCl2 and 8) 400 μM of CdCl2 +200 μM of SNP. Were done the following determinations: germination (G), first count of germination (PC), speed germination index (IVG), hipocotyl length (CH), radicle length (CR), dry mass of hipocotyl (MSH) and dry mass of radicle (DMR) and imbibition curve. It were quantified the activity of antioxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and total peroxidase (POX). It was adopted the completely randomized design with five replicates. The data were submitted to variance analysis and the means obtained for treatments were compared by Tukey test at 5% of significance. The means obtained in treatments with and without SNP were compared by F test at 5% and the times of imbibition by Tukey test at 5%. For the realization of imbibition curve was realized a polynomial regression fit 3. In the second experiment, sesame seeds were placed in soaked substrate with water or with different concentrations of PEG 6000 and PEG 6000 plus SNP in the following treatments: 1) water (control), 2) +200 μM of SNP, 3) 0,1MPa, 4) -0,1MPa +200 μM of SNP, 5) - 0,2MPa, 6) -0,2MPa +200 μM of SNP, 7) -0,3MPa and 8) -0,3MPa, +200 μM of SNP. The same determinations done in experiment one, was made in the experiment two. Both stress caused the reduction of germination and vigor, being the highest concentrations, the most harmful to sesame seeds. NO was able to minimize the damage caused by the stresses, reversing partially all the biochemical parameters evaluated, what provides higher and faster germination, beyond the higher initial development of xiii seedlings. Cadmium and PEG 6000 provoked less absorption and less gain of mass in higher concentrations in relation to water, and an extension of Phase II. In relation to the antioxydative system, there was an increaseof enzymatic activity in period of 0 to 24 houras, showing the organization of the antioxidant system with the sesame seeds over time. Was observed that in higher potentials and in solutions more concentrated, the activity enzymatic was higher, what suggest detoxifying activity of these molecules in seeds submitted to water deficit and solution of cadmium more strict. The use of SNP, increased the activity of antioxidative enzymes, evidencing an efficient of elimination of EROs formed.
Sementes estão frequentemente expostas a diversos estresses bióticos e abióticos que prejudicam o seu crescimento, desenvolvimento e produtividade. O objetivo desse trabalho foi investigar o efeito do óxido nítrico (ON) como agente protetor em sementes de gergelim (Sesamum indicum L.) submetidas à diferentes estresses. Para tanto, foram conduzidos dois experimentos. No primeiro, as sementes foram semeadas em substrato umedecido com água ou com diferentes concentrações de cloreto de cádmio (CdCl2) e cloreto de cádmio acrescido de nitroprussiato de sódio (SNP) nos seguintes tratamentos: 1) água (controle), 2) +200 μM de SNP, 3) 800 μM de CdCl2, 4) 800 μM de CdCl2 +200 μM de SNP, 5) 600 μM de CdCl2, 6) 600 μM de CdCl2 +200 μM de SNP, 7) 400 μM de CdCl2 e 8) 400 μM de CdCl2 +200 μM de SNP. As seguintes determinações foram feitas: germinação (G), primeira contagem de germinação (PC), índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG), comprimento de hipocótilo (CH) e radícula (CR), massa seca de hipocótilo (MSH) e radícula (MSR), curva de embebiçao, além da quantificação da atividade das enzimas antioxidativas, superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbato peroxidase (APX) e peroxidases totais (POX). O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) e as médias obtidas para os tratamentos foram comparadas pelo teste Tukey a 5% de significância. As médias obtidas nos tratamentos com e sem SNP foram comparadas pelo teste F a 5% de significância e os tempos de embebição na análise das atividades das enzimas, também pelo teste Tukey a 5%. Para a realização da curva de embebição realizou-se regressão com ajuste polinomial de grau 3. No segundo experimento, as sementes de gergelim foram semeadas em substrato umedecido com água ou em diferentes concentrações de polietileno glicol (PEG 6000) e PEG 6000 acrescido de SNP nos seguintes tratamentos: 1) água (controle), 2) +200 μM de SNP, 3) 0,1Mpa, 4) -0,1MPa +200 μM de SNP, 5) - 0,2MPa, 6) -0,2MPa +200 μM de SNP, -7) 0,3MPa e 8) -0,3MPa, +200 μM de SNP. As mesmas determinações e análises estatísticas do primeiro experimento foram realizadas. Conclui-se que ambos os estresses causaram a redução da germinação e do vigor, sendo Xi as maiores concentrações as mais prejudiciais às sementes de gergelim. O ON foi capaz de amenizar os danos causados pelos estresses invertendo parcialmente todos os parâmetros fisiológicos avaliados, o que proporcionou maior e mais rápida germinação além de maior desenvolvimento inicial das plântulas. O cádmio e o PEG 6000 provocaram menor absorção e menor ganho de massa nas maiores concentrações em relação à água assim como um prolongamento da Fase II da embebição. Em relação ao sistema antioxidante, houve aumento da atividade enzimática no período de 0 a 24 horas, demonstrando organização do sistema antioxidante nas sementes de gergelim com o decorrer do tempo. Observou-se que nos maiores potenciais e nas soluções mais concentradas, a atividade enzimática foi maior, o que sugere atividade desintoxicante dessas moléculas em sementes submetidas ao déficit hídrico e solução de cádmio mais rigorosa. O uso do SNP, de maneira geral, aumentou a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes, evidenciando um eficiente sistema de eliminação das espécies reativas de oxigênio formadas.

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O gergelim é uma cultura bastante adaptada às condições edafoclimáticas do Nordeste, confígurando-se como um excelente potencial económico para esta região, entretanto, as sementes perdem rapidamente a viabilidade quando manipuladas e armazenadas sem os devidos cuidados, sendo necessário o uso de técnicas que preservem a qualidade dessas sementes ao longo do armazenamento. Assim, objetivou-se com este trabalho determinar as propriedades físicas, bem como, o estudo da cinética de secagem desta oleaginosa quando submetida às temperaturas de 30, 35, 40 e 45°C aplicando diferentes modelos matemáticos aos dados observados, além de obter as propriedades termodinâmicas durante a secagem. As sementes de gergelim cultivar BRS Seda foram caracterizadas fisicamente quanto a sua forma, tamanho, volume, área superficial, massa especifica, circularidade, esfericidade e a massa de 1000 sementes. As sementes foram submetidas à secagem em um secador de leito fixo, nas temperaturas de 30, 35, 40 e 45 °C. Os dados experimentais de secagem das sementes de gergelim em camada fina foram ajustados às equações de Page, Henderson e Pabis, Lewis, Cavalcanti Mata, Thompson e Midilli. Com base nos resultados obtidos para o ângulo de repouso das sementes de gergelim, pode-se afirmar que esta cultivar apresenta uma boa fluidez, favorecendo o processamento deste produto. Com relação à massa de mil sementes, verifica-se que a cultivar avaliada atende satisfatoriamente aos padrões exigidos pelo mercado. A melhor predição ao processo de cinética de secagem foi obtida pelo modelo de Cavalcanti Mata. O aumento da temperatura do ar de secagem promoveu o aumento da difusividade das sementes e da energia livre de Gibbs e reduziu os valores das propriedades de entalpia e entropia.
Sesame is a crop very adapted to the edaphoclimatic conditions of the Northeast, constituting as an excellent economic potential for this region, however, the seeds lose the viability quickly when manipulated and stored without the proper care, being necessary the use of techniques that preserve the quality of these seeds throughout the storage. The objective of this study was to determine the physical properties and the drying kinetics of this oil when subjected to temperatures of 30, 35, 40 and 45 ° C, applying different mathematical models to the observed data. thermodynamic properties during drying. Silage BRS sesame seeds were physically characterized as to their shape, size, volume, surface area, specific mass, circularity, sphericity and the mass of 1000 seeds. The seeds were dried in a fíxed bed dryer at temperatures of 30, 35, 40 and 45 ° C. Experimental drying data of the thin layer sesame seeds were adjusted to the equations of Page, Henderson and Pabis, Lewis, Cavalcanti Mata, Thompson and Midilli. Based on the results obtained for the angle of repose of the sesame seeds, it can be stated that this cultivar presents an excellent flowability, favoring the processing of this product. With respect to the mass of one thousand seeds, it is verified that the evaluated cultivar satisfies to the standards demanded by the market. The best prediction to the drying kinetic process was obtained by Cavalcanti Mata model. Increasing drying air temperature promoted increased seed diffusivity and Gibbs free energy and reduced enthalpy and entropy values.

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O Gergelim {Sesamum indicum L.) é uma das mais importantes culturas oleaginosas, sendo as sementes e óleo altamente valorizado como um alimento tradicional na saúde. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo determinar os índices de crescimento e de rendimento quando submetido a diferentes níveis de suplementação de água e doses de adubo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado em um fatorial 4x2 com 4 repetições. Os fatores estudados foram: fator A - variação do turno de rega determinado pelo coeficiente de depleção CDi - coeficiente de depleção de 0%; CD2 - coeficiente de depleção de 20%; CD3 coeficiente de depleção de 40% e CD4 - coeficiente de depleção de 60%; fator B: Aplicação de dois diferentes adubos nitrogenados, AB - adubação com biossólido, na dosagem de 1375 kg.ha"1 e AM - adubação mineral com ureia, na dosagem de 125 kg.ha"1. O ensaio foi conduzido em área protegida, na Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, localizada a 7o15' 18" S e 35° 52'28" W, altitude de 552 metros. Para se calcular os teores de umidade do solo em cada tratamento (vaso) determinou-se o peso crítico de cada vaso correspondente aos diferentes coeficientes de depleção e, uma vez feita a irrigação, foram efetivadas as pesagens diárias, cujo peso, hora e data foram anotados em planilha; cada tratamento era irrigado novamente, quando esta atingia o peso correspondente à disponibilidade crítica de água para aquele tratamento. Após a germinação, foi realizado um desbaste permanecendo apenas 4 plantas em cada vaso, e se coletando, a cada 30 dias, uma planta, para determinação do peso seco da raiz. A coleta de dados foi realizada quinzenalmente, com o início quinze dias após a completa germinação. As variáveis analisadas foram: diâmetro do coleto; altura da planta; área foliar (largura x comprimento); início da floração; início da produção de frutos; massa morta das raízes e da parte aérea e rendimento. Verificou-se que não houve diferenças significativas para a altura de planta, diâmetro do caule, área foliar, matéria seca da raiz e para matéria seca da parte aérea (MSPA) aos 30 e 45 DAE, mas houve diferença estatística para esta variável aos 60, 75 e 90 DAE, nos diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento, em função dos níveis de estresse hídrico, embora tenha ocorrido ligeira tendência para aumento da estatura da planta até 40% de estresse hídrico. Os resultados indicam que o gergelim é tolerante ao estresse hídrico, uma vez que nos diferentes níveis aplicados até supressão de 60% da água (40% de umidade disponível no solo) essas variáveis tiveram o mesmo comportamento. Não houve diferença do efeito das diferentes fontes de nitrogénio aplicadas sobre as variáveis estudadas. O gergelim apresentou melhores respostas dos componentes de produção em nível de água 40% de estresse hídrico, que correspondem a 60% da capacidade de campo. O biossólido poderá substituir a ureia como adubo nitrogenado para o cultivo do gergelim.
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the most important oilseed crops, having seeds and oil that are highly valued as a traditional health food. This research aimed to determine the rate of growth and yeld when submmeted to different leveis of water suplementation and rates of fertilization. The experimental design applied was the completily randomized design; at factorial 4x2 with 4 replicatation.The factors studied were: Factor A: range of turn of irrigation determined by the coefficient of depletion CD1 - coefficient of depletion of 0%; CD2 - coefficient of depletion of 20%; CD3 - coefficient of 40% and depletion of CD4 - coefficient of depletion of 60%. Factor B: Application of two different types of nitrogen fertilizer.: AB with biosolid fertilizer, in the dosage of 1375 kg.ha-1 and AM - mineral fertilizer with urea, in the dosage of 125 kg.ha-1.The experiment was carried out in the protected area, at the Federal University of Campina Grande, located at 7 ° 15'18 "S and 35 ° 52'28" W, and altitude of 552 meters. To calculate the leveis of soil moisture in each treatment (pot), it was determined the criticai weight of each vessel corresponding to the different coeffícients of depletion and once made the irrigation, were effective as daily weighings, whose weight, time and date were recorded in spreadsheet; each treatment was irrigated again, when it reached the criticai weight corresponding to the availability of water for that treatment; after germination, was made a thinning where only 4 remaining plants in each pot, and if cotelando, each 30 days, a plant for determination of the dry weight of the root. The data collection was performed twice, beginning 15 days after germination complete; variables collected are: diameter of collect; height of the plant, leaf area (width x length) of each; beginning of flowering; start of production of fruits; mass of dead roots and shoots of the plant and production. It was found that there were no signifícant differences for plant height, diameter of the stem, leaf area, the dry root and shoot dry matter (MSPA) at 30 and 45 DAE, but was no statistical difference in this variable at 60 , 75 and 90 DAE, in the different stages of development of the culture of sesame, depending on the leveis of water stress, although it occurred slight tendency to increase the stature of the plant up to 40% of water stress. The results induce that the sesame is tolerant to drought stress since the different leveis of water stress by removal of 60% of water (40% of available moisture in the soil) these variables had the same behavior. There was no difference of the effect of the different sources of nitrogen applied on the variables studied. The sesame presented better answers of the components of production in water levei of 40% of water stress, which corresponds to 60% of capacity in the field. The biosolid can replace the urea as nitrogen fertilizer for sesame crop.

This work tested on field 5 sesame accessions to identify the most appropriate GAP and to have a phenotypic description of the most relevant morpho–productive traits in different ecosystems. Eventually through the adoption of SSR markers it has been measured the genetic distances among these accessions and 6 more from different African countries in order to design the most appropriate breeding programme per the different ecosystems considered. A cropping financial analysis was eventually conducted to measure the profitability of the improved crop revealing that Those farmers in riverine on the Shabelle river who adopted the identified GAP (including the seasonal crop rotation with Maize) and best performing varieties increased their income at 1.04 USD/day/person.

Biologische Diversität existiert sowohl zwischen mehreren Arten als auch innerhalb einer Art, innerhalb von Populationen und Individuen einer Population. Die intraspezifische Diversität wurde bislang ausgiebig auf der Ebene des Genoms untersucht. Sie ist im Kontext metabolischer Zusammenhänge in Pflanzen bisher kaum untersucht und es existieren nur wenige Veröffentlichungen zu diesem Thema. Uns sind bisher keine Publikationen zu Phytohormonen in Sesam bekannt. Neben dem wissenschaftlichen Interesse an der metabolischen Diversität in Sesam, spielen Stresshormone eine wichtige Rolle in der pflanzlichen Abwehr. Der Phytohormonspiegel im Samen ist unter agronomischen Gesichtspunkten relevant, da es vorkommen kann, dass Sesamsamen spontan auskeimen, während sie sich noch an der grünen Pflanze befinden. Diese Eigenschaft ist unerwünscht, da der wertvolle Samen auf diese Weise verloren geht. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde die Variation im Phytohormonniveau in 16 Akzessionen mit unterschiedlicher geographischer Herkunft untersucht. In Blättern und Wurzeln konnten ABA, JA, SA und SAG nachgewiesen werden, während GA4 lediglich in Blättern vorkam. Eine der Akzessionen aus Japan („Japan 2“) produzierte JA, SA und SAG in hohem Ausmaß. Hier konnten außerdem hohe Gehalte an Chitinasen festgestellt werden. Chitinasen sind für den Abbau von Chitin, dem Hauptbestandteil der pilzlichen Zellwand, verantwortlich. Eine Charakterisierung der Akzessionen mittels AFLP-Analyse zeigte, dass sich „Japan 2“ genetisch nicht mehr von anderen Akzessionen unterschied, als das Mittel der Unterschiede innerhalb aller gesammelten Proben. Bereits in früheren Untersuchungen unserer Arbeitsgruppe im Rahmen einer ungerichteten Metabolitenanalyse, konnte eine hohe Variabilität bei Sesamakzessionen gezeigt werden (Laurentin et al. 2006). Darüber hinaus, stimmen die Unterschiede im metabolischen Profil der Akzessionen nicht mit dem Grad ihrer genetischen Verwandtschaft überein. Es ist bekannt, dass tageszeitliche Unterschiede viele biologische Prozesse kontrollieren. Wir haben die tageszeitlichen Effekte auf den Phytohormonstatus untersucht und dabei die Unterschiede in Pflanzenorganen berücksichtigt. Tageszeitliche Konzentrationen von ABA, JA, IAA, SA und SAG wurden zu 8 unterschiedlichen Tageszeitpunkten in 3 unabhängigen Replikaten mittels HPLC untersucht. Wir konnten keine statistisch signifikanten Unterschiede erkennen. Die Untersuchungen zeigten jedoch eine Variation in den Phytohormonkonzentrationen in unterschiedlichen pflanzlichen Organen. Sekundäre pflanzliche Metabolite spielen als Resistenzfaktoren gegen Mikroorganismen eine wichtige Rolle. Sesamakzessionen, die diese Substanzen im hohen Ausmaß produzieren, stellen eine wichtige züchterische Ressource da. Um die Variation innerhalb der Akzessionen zu untersuchen, die ein hohes Niveau an sekundären Inhaltsstoffen aufweisen, haben wir die Effekte von 32 Pflanzenextrakten aus Sesamakzessionen gegen phytopathogene Pilze untersucht. Darunter befand sich ein Wurzelpathogen mit Spezialisierung auf Sesam (Macrophomina phaseolina), ein Blattpathogen mit breitem Wirtspflanzenkreis (Alternaria alternata) und Gefäßpathogen (Fusarium oxysporum). Die Diversität der Effekte, die für die unterschiedlichen Akzessionen beobachtet werden konnten, führt zu der Annahme, dass die Resistenzeigenschaften der Pflanzen durch gezielte züchterische Beeinflussung der metabolischen Aktivität verbessert werden können. In weiterführenden Untersuchungen zur Aufreinigung der Substanzen mit inhibitorischer Wirkung wurden Pflanzenextrakte in 80% Ethanol mit verschiedenen organischen Lösungsmitteln fraktioniert. Die meisten inhibitorischen Effekte konnten der Diethylether-Fraktion zugeschrieben werden. Im ersten Schritt wurden 4L des Extraktes hergestellt. Zwei aufgereinigte Lignane aus Sesam wurden gegen M. phaseolina, A. alternata und F. oxysporum getestet. Sesamin zeigte keinen Effekt bis zu einer Konzentration von 5mg/ml, während Sesamol (und 2,4-Dinitrophenol als Kontrolle) einen starken inhibitorischen Effekt aufwies. Für diese Substanzen wurden IC50 Werte ermittelt. Man kann festhalten, dass Sesamol dazu dienen kann, das Wachstum invasiver Pathogene einzuschränken. Durch die Kreuzung von zwei Elternlinien, die in der AFLP-Analyse einen signifikanten Polymorphismus aufwiesen, wurden Inzuchtlinien erzeugt. Die Nachkommen dieser Kreuzung wurden in 5 Generationen selbstbefruchtet. Das so entstandene Set aus RILs wurde mittels AFLP charakterisiert. Alle untersuchten RILs waren Hybride. Dies zeigt, dass während der ersten Kreuzung der Elternlinien keine Selbstung erfolgte. Wie erwartet, spalteten polymorphe AFLP-Marker der Elternlinien in den RILs zufällig auf. Monomorphe Marker fehlten in einigen RILs. Des Weiteren traten neue Marker auf, die zuvor nicht in den Elternlinien festgestellt werden konnten. Das Auftreten neuer Marker kann durch Rekombination zwischen Restriktionsfragmenten erklärt werden, welche die AFLP-Marker begrenzen. Die RILs werden nun von unseren Kooperationspartnern zum Aufbau einer genetischen Karte verwendet (Prof. Sami Doganlar und seine Arbeitsgruppe, Universität Antalya, Türkei).

碩士
國立嘉義大學
農藝學系研究所
107
Abstract This study aimed to investigate the influences of the stability analysis of regional trials and different cultivation methods on agronomic characters, lignans and oil contents of sesame. The four candidate lines, CYS1, CYS6, CYSL4 and CYSL5, were used as materials which were selected from the progeny of ‘Tainan No.1 (TN1)’ and ‘e-26’. The results of the stability analysis of regional trials showed that CYSL5 and CYS1 were stable, high yield and high lignans. CYSL5 had yield 2227 kg ha-1 in spring, yield 2151 kg ha-1 in fall, lignans 108.1 mg 100 g-1, and oil content 48.6％. CYS1 had yield 1898 kg ha-1 in spring, yield 1695 kg ha-1 in fall, lignans 89.8 mg 100 g-1, and oil content 45.3％. The spring crop indicated that CYS1 had the best agronomic performances when plant spacing was 15 cm. In fall crop, CYS1 had the best agronomic performances in 10 cm of plant spacing. In addition, CYS6 had the best agronomic performances in spring crop when plant spacing was 10 cm. In fall crop, CYS6 had the best agronomic characters when plant spacing was 15 cm. CYSL4 had the best agronomic performances in 20 cm of plant spacing in spring crop; in fall,CYSL4 was showed the best when plant spacing was 15 cm. CYSL5 had the best agronomic performances in 20 cm of both spring and fall crops. “Tainan No. 1” had the best agronomic performances in 20 cm of both spring and fall crops. The spring crop indicated that CYS1 had the best agronomic performances when the fertilizer doses was 150 kg ha-1 of basal dressing and 50 kg ha-1 of top dressing. In fall crop, CYS1 had the best agronomic performances when the fertilizer doses was 300 kg ha-1 of basal dressing and 100 kg ha-1 of top dressing. In both spring and fall, CYS6 had the best agronomic performances when the fertilizer doses was 600 kg ha-1 of basal dressing and 200 kg ha-1 of top dressing. CYSL4 had the best agronomic performances in both spring and fall when the fertilizer doses was 300 kg ha-1 of basal dressing and 100 kg ha-1 of top dressing. In both spring and fall, CYSL5 had the best agronomic performances when the fertilizer doses was 300 kg ha-1 of basal dressing and 100 kg ha-1 of top dressing. “Tainan No. 1” had the best agronomic performances in both spring and fall when the fertilizer doses was 600 kg ha-1 of basal dressing and 200 kg ha-1 of top dressing.