Relevant bibliographies by topics / Service replication

Academic literature on the topic 'Service replication'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Service replication"

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Adams, A. Troy, Kristine J. Ajrouch, Howard Henderson, and Irene Heard. "Service-Learning Outcomes Research: The Role and Scarcity of Replication Studies." Journal of Applied Sociology os-22, no. 2 (September 2005): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/19367244052200204.

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The effect of service-learning on college and university students has attracted considerable scholarly attention in the last decade. However, few attempts to replicate studies are conducted. The purpose of the research reported in this article is threefold: (1) to assess the reliability of a modified version of Kelly, Chase, and Tucker's (1979) taxonomy to discriminate accurately between sub-categories of replication in studies of service-learning outcomes; (2) to determine the extent of replications in the service-learning outcomes literature; and (3) to make recommendations based on the study's results. The research sample consists of data-based articles published in peer-reviewed journals between[space] 1993 and 2004. The taxonomy's ability to discriminate [between] types of replications yields an inter-rater reliability of 88 percent. The results indicated that 31 (70.4 percent) of the studies were classified as either operational or constructive replications. Many of the studies were “within-study” replications, meaning that researchers are replicating their own research. Several recommendations for improving the quality of service-learning outcomes research are proposed.
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Boshoff, Christo, and Nic S. Terblanché. "Measuring retail service quality: A replication study." South African Journal of Business Management 28, no. 4 (December 31, 1997): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v28i4.797.

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In the recent past, few services marketing topics have attracted as much attention as the measuring and management of service quality. In this study an instrument developed in the United States of America, which measures the service quality in a South African retail environment, is empirically evaluated. The retail service quality instrument has been shown to be a valid and reliable instrument and the developers' claim of construct reliability can be supported.
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Abreu, David Perez, Karima Velasquez, Luis Paquete, Marilia Curado, and Edmundo Monteiro. "Resilient Service Chains through Smart Replication." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 187021–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3030537.

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Mohamed, Marwa F. "Service replication taxonomy in distributed environments." Service Oriented Computing and Applications 10, no. 3 (January 14, 2016): 317–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11761-015-0189-7.

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Obilikwu, PO, and VS Terwase. "An implementation of Replication Oriented Architecture (ROA) for Web Service Scalability." NIGERIAN ANNALS OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCES 4, no. 1 (August 21, 2021): 168–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.46912/napas.176.

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Web services provide application to application integration across different platforms. However, the consumption of web services generates request traffic that must be attended to by an instance of the web server without fail. To guarantee dependability of the web service, the instances of the web service are replicated as a way of scaling the web service. The Replication Oriented Architecture (ROA) has been designed and implemented using the Java Enterprise application development platform and interesting results have been obtained. Improvements in the PHP scripting language have made it a popular programming language for web and enterprise application development. In this paper, an implementation of the ROA architecture using PHP is done. The implementation is simulated on the Apache Jmeter and results compared to the results obtained in the Java implementation. The results show that both application development platforms achieve web service scalability as a quality of service (QOS) expected of a web service. In specific terms, 50.9% at 95.0% confidence level improvement in response time was achieved when PHP is used which compares favorably with 22.5% improvement at 95.0% confidence level achieved on the Java platform.
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Hengming Zou and F. Jahanian. "A real-time primary-backup replication service." IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems 10, no. 6 (June 1999): 533–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/71.774905.

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Joshi, Gauri. "Boosting Service Capacity via Adaptive Task Replication." ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review 45, no. 2 (October 11, 2017): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3152042.3152046.

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Vamosi, Ralf, Mario Lassnig, and Erich Schikuta. "Data Allocation Service ADAS for the Data Rebalancing of ATLAS." EPJ Web of Conferences 214 (2019): 06012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921406012.

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The distributed data management system Rucio manages all data of the ATLAS collaboration across the grid. Automation, such as data replication and data rebalancing are important to ensure proper operation and execution of the scientific workflow. In this proceedings, a new data allocation grid service based on machine learning is proposed. This learning agent takes subsets of the global datasets and proposes a better allocation based on the imposed cost metric, such as waiting time in the workflow. As a service, it can be modularized and can run independently of the existing rebalancing and replication mechanisms. Furthermore, it collects data from other services and learns better allocation while running in the background. Apart from the user selecting datasets, other data services may consult this meta-heuristic service for improved data placement. Network and storage utilization is also taken into account.
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Christian, Thu-Mai Lewis, Sophia Lafferty-Hess, William G. Jacoby, and Thomas Carsey. "Operationalizing the Replication Standard." International Journal of Digital Curation 13, no. 1 (December 23, 2018): 114–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/ijdc.v13i1.555.

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In response to widespread concerns about the integrity of research published in scholarly journals, several initiatives have emerged that are promoting research transparency through access to data underlying published scientific findings. Journal editors, in particular, have made a commitment to research transparency by issuing data policies that require authors to submit their data, code, and documentation to data repositories to allow for public access to the data. In the case of the American Journal of Political Science (AJPS) Data Replication Policy, the data also must undergo an independent verification process in which materials are reviewed for quality as a condition of final manuscript publication and acceptance. Aware of the specialized expertise of the data archives, AJPS called upon the Odum Institute Data Archive to provide a data review service that performs data curation and verification of replication datasets. This article presents a case study of the collaboration between AJPS and the Odum Institute Data Archive to develop a workflow that bridges manuscript publication and data review processes. The case study describes the challenges and the successes of the workflow integration, and offers lessons learned that may be applied by other data archives that are considering expanding their services to include data curation and verification services to support reproducible research.
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Miloudi, Imad Eddine, Belabbas Yagoubi, Fatima Zohra Bellounar, and Taieb Chachou. "Adaptive replication strategy based on popular content in cloud computing." Multiagent and Grid Systems 17, no. 3 (December 20, 2021): 273–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/mgs-210354.

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The cloud is an infrastructure that provides decentralized on-demand services. It allows consumers to pay only for the services they use. The consumer is the important entity in the cloud. The violation of the SLA contract between the consumer and the provider often leads to consequences because the service provider has to pay penalties. Data replication is emerging as an ideal solution to meet the new challenges of the cloud. This paper proposes a new replication strategy based on the popularity of data. This strategy adaptively selects the files to be replicated to improve the overall availability of data in the system, minimize query response time, and achieve the required quality of service. In addition, it dynamically determines the number of replicas to add and the best locations to store them. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Service replication"

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Bengtson, John, and Ola Jigin. "Increasing the availability of a service through Hot Passive Replication." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-119526.

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This bachelor thesis examines how redundancy is used to tolerate a process crash fault on a server in a system developed for emergency situations. The goal is to increase the availability of the service the system delivers. The redundant solution uses hot passive replication with one primary replica manager and one backup replica manager. With this approach, code for updating the backup, code for establishing a new primary and code to implement fault detection to detect a process crash has been written. After implementing the redundancy, the redundant solution has been evaluated. The first part of the evaluation showed that the redundant solution can deliver a service in case of a process crash on the primary replica manager. The second part of the evaluation showed that the average response time for an upload request and a download request had increased by 31\% compared to the non-redundant solution. The standard deviation was calculated for the response times and it showed that the response time of an upload request could be higher compared to the average response time. This large deviation has been investigated and the conclusion was that the database insertion was the reason.
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Bonner, Michael L. "Accountability of School Psychology Practicum: A Procedural Replication." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=ucin1006784236.

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van, Wyk David. "The effects of micro data centres for multi-service access nodes on latency and services." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/61342.

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Latency is becoming a significant factor in many Internet applications such as P2P sharing and online gaming. Coupled with the fact that an increasing number of people are using online services for backup and replication purposes and it is clear that congestion increases exponentially on the network. One of the ways in which the latency problem can be solved is to remove core network congestion or to limit it in such a way that it does not pose a problem. In South Africa, Telkom rolled out MSAN cabinets as part of their Fibre-to-the-curb (FTTC) upgrades. This created an unique opportunity to provide new services, like BaRaaS, by implementing micro data centres within the MSAN to reduce congestion on the core network. It is important to have background knowledge on what exactly latency is and what causes it on a network. It is also essential to have an understanding of how congestion (and thus latency) can be avoided on a network. The background literature covered helps to determine which tools are available to do this, as well as to highlight any possible gaps that exist for new congestion control mechanisms. A simulation study was performed to determine whether implementing micro data centres inside the MSAN will in fact reduce latency. Simulations must be done as realistically as possible to ensure that the results can be correlated to a real-world problem. Two different simulations were performed to model the behaviour of the network when backup and replication data is sent to the Internet and when it is sent to a local MSAN. In both models the core network throughput as well as the Round Trip Times (RTTs) from the client to the Internet and the MSAN cabinets, were recorded. The RTT results were then used to determine whether latency had been reduced. Once it was established that micro data centres will indeed help in reducing congestion and latency on the network, the design of a storage server, for inclusion inside the MSAN cabinet, was done. A cost benefit analysis was also performed to ensure that the project will be financially viable in the long term. The cost analysis took into account all the costs associated with the project and then expanded them over a certain period of time to determine initial expenses. Extra information was then taken into consideration to determine the possible income per year as well as extra expenditure. It was found that the inclusion of a micro data centre reduces latency on the core network due to the removal of large backup data traffic from the core network, which reduces congestion and improves latency. From the Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) it was found that the BaRaaS service is viable from a subscription point of view. Finally, the relevant conclusions with regard to the effects of data centres in MSAN cabinets on latency and services were drawn.
Vertraagtyd word 'n belangrike faktor in baie Internet toepassings soos P2P-deel en aanlyn-speletjies. Gekoppel met die feit dat 'n toenemende getal mense internetdienste gebruik vir rugsteun en replisering, word opeenhoping in die datanetwerk eksponensieel verhoog. Een van die maniere waarop die vertraagtydsprobleem opgelos kan word, is om opeenhoping in die kern-datanetwerk te verwyder of om dit op so 'n manier te beperk dat dit nie 'n probleem veroorsaak nie. In Suid Afrika het Telkom MSAN-kaste uitgerol as deel van hulle "Fibre-to-the-Curb" (FTTC) opgraderings. Dit het 'n unieke geleentheid geskep om nuwe dienste te skep, soos BaRaaS, deur mikro-datasentrums in die MSAN-kas te implementeer om opeenhoping in die kernnetwerk te verminder. Dit is belangrik om agtergrondkennis te hê van presies wat vertraagtyd is en waardeur dit op die netwerk veroorsaak word. Dit is ook belangrik om 'n begrip te hê van hoe opeenhoping (en dus vertraagtyd) op die netwerk vermy kan word. Die agtergrondsliteratuur wat gedek is help om te bepaal watter instrumente beskikbaar is, asook om moontlikhede na vore te bring vir nuwe meganismes om opeenhoping te beheer. 'n Simulasiestudie is uitgevoer om vas te stel of die insluiting van datasentrums in die MSAN-kaste inderdaad 'n verskil sal maak aan die vertraagtyd in die datanetwerk. Twee simulasies is uitgevoer om die gedrag van die netwerk te modelleer wanneer rugsteun- en repliseringsdata na onderskeidelik die Internet en die plaaslike MSAN gestuur word. In altwee is die deurset van die kernnetwerk sowel as die sogenaamde Round Trip Times (RTTs) van die kliënt na die Internet en die MSAN-kaste aangeteken. Die RTTs-resultate sal gebruik word om te bepaal of vertraagtyd verminder is. Nadat dit bepaal is dat mikro-datasentrums wel die opeenhoping in die netwerk sal verminder, is die ontwerp van 'n stoorbediener gedoen, vir insluiting in die MSAN-kas. 'n Koste-ontleding neem alle koste wat met die projek verband hou in ag en versprei dit dan oor 'n bepaalde tydperk om die aanvanklike kostes te bepaal. Verdere inligting word voorts in ag geneem om die moontlike inkomste per jaar sowel as addisionele uitgawes te bepaal. Daar is bevind dat die insluiting van 'n mikro-datasentrum vertraagtyd verminder deur groot rugsteen-dataverkeer van die kernnetwerk af te verwyder. Die koste-ontleding het gewys dat uit 'n subskripsie-oogpunt, die BaRaaS diens lewensvatbaar is. Uiteindelik word relevante gevoltrekkings gemaak oor die effek van datasentrums in MSAN-kaste op vertraagtyd en dienste.
Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering
MEng
Unrestricted
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Hensley, Lauren Elizabeth. "A Replication Comparing Two Teaching Approaches: Teaching Pre-service Teachers to Implement Evidence-Based Practices with Fidelity." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1468352869.

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Leuschner, Rudolf. "The Impact of Product, Price, Promotion and Place/Logistics on Customer Satisfaction and Share of Business." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1291203718.

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Clutterbuck, Peter. "Maximizing the Availability of Distributed Software Services." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2005. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16134/1/Peter_Clutterbuck_Thesis.pdf.

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In a commercial Internet environment, the quality of service experienced by a user is critical to competitive advantage and business survivability. The availability and response time of a distributed software service are central components of the overall quality of service provided to users. Traditionally availability is a measure of service down time. Traditionally availability measures the probability that the service will be live and is expressed in terms of failure occurrence and repair or recovery time. Response time is a measure of the time taken from when the service request is made, to when service provision occurs for the user. Deteriorating response time is also a valuable indicator to denial of service attacks which continue to pose a significant threat to service availability. The concept of the service cluster is increasingly being deployed to improve service availability and response time. Cluster processor replication increases service availability. Cluster dispatching of service requests across the replicated cluster processors increases service scalability and therefore response time. This thesis commences with a review of the research and current technology in the area of distributed software service availability. The review aims to identify any deficiencies within that area and propose critical features that mitigate those deficiencies. The three critical features proposed are in relation to user wait time, cluster dispatching, and the trust-based filtering of service requests. The user wait time proposal is that the availability of a distributed service should reflect both liveness probability level and probabalistic user access time of the service. The cluster dispatching proposal is that dispatching processing overhead is a function of the number of Internet Protocol (IP) datagrams/Transport Control Protocol (TCP) segments that are received by the dispatcher in respect of each service request. Consequently the number of IP datagrams/TCP segments should be minimised ideally so that for each incoming service request there is one IP datagram/TCP segment. The trust-based filtering proposal is that the level of trust in respect of each service request should be identified by the service as this is critical in mitigating distributed denial of service attacks - and therefore maximising the availability of the service A conceptual availability model which supports the three critical features within an Internet clustered service environment is then described. The conceptual model proposes an expanded availability definition and then describes the realization of this definition via additional capabilities positioned within the Transport layer of the Internet communication environment. The additional capabilities of this model also facilitate the minimization of cluster dispatcher processing load and the identification by the cluster dispatcher of request trust level. The model is then implemented within the Linux kernel. The implementation involves the addition of several options to the existing TCP specification and also the addition of several functions to the existing Socket API. The implementation is subsequently evaluated in a dispatcher-based clustered service environment.
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Clutterbuck, Peter. "Maximizing the Availability of Distributed Software Services." Queensland University of Technology, 2005. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16134/.

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In a commercial Internet environment, the quality of service experienced by a user is critical to competitive advantage and business survivability. The availability and response time of a distributed software service are central components of the overall quality of service provided to users. Traditionally availability is a measure of service down time. Traditionally availability measures the probability that the service will be live and is expressed in terms of failure occurrence and repair or recovery time. Response time is a measure of the time taken from when the service request is made, to when service provision occurs for the user. Deteriorating response time is also a valuable indicator to denial of service attacks which continue to pose a significant threat to service availability. The concept of the service cluster is increasingly being deployed to improve service availability and response time. Cluster processor replication increases service availability. Cluster dispatching of service requests across the replicated cluster processors increases service scalability and therefore response time. This thesis commences with a review of the research and current technology in the area of distributed software service availability. The review aims to identify any deficiencies within that area and propose critical features that mitigate those deficiencies. The three critical features proposed are in relation to user wait time, cluster dispatching, and the trust-based filtering of service requests. The user wait time proposal is that the availability of a distributed service should reflect both liveness probability level and probabalistic user access time of the service. The cluster dispatching proposal is that dispatching processing overhead is a function of the number of Internet Protocol (IP) datagrams/Transport Control Protocol (TCP) segments that are received by the dispatcher in respect of each service request. Consequently the number of IP datagrams/TCP segments should be minimised ideally so that for each incoming service request there is one IP datagram/TCP segment. The trust-based filtering proposal is that the level of trust in respect of each service request should be identified by the service as this is critical in mitigating distributed denial of service attacks - and therefore maximising the availability of the service A conceptual availability model which supports the three critical features within an Internet clustered service environment is then described. The conceptual model proposes an expanded availability definition and then describes the realization of this definition via additional capabilities positioned within the Transport layer of the Internet communication environment. The additional capabilities of this model also facilitate the minimization of cluster dispatcher processing load and the identification by the cluster dispatcher of request trust level. The model is then implemented within the Linux kernel. The implementation involves the addition of several options to the existing TCP specification and also the addition of several functions to the existing Socket API. The implementation is subsequently evaluated in a dispatcher-based clustered service environment.
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Pachomov, Artiom. "Dinaminis kompiuterinių sistemų infrastruktūros atnaujinimo modelis, pagrįstas atviro kodo sprendimais." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140717_141652-89970.

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Šiame darbe analizuojamos įmonės su užsistovėjusia bei pasenusia programine įranga dinaminis atnaujinimas utilizuojant naujos atviro kodo nemokamos įrangos galimybes. Formuojamas dinaminis modelis, kuriame pritaikomi nepertraukiamų paslaugų, vartotojų centralizuoto valdymo bei neprarandamų duomenų sprendimai. Taip pat pateikiama analizė, kaip atlikti paslaugų įrangos migravimą bei sukurti pagalbinę IT infrastruktūros dalį, optimizuojančia sistemų priežiūrą bei našumą.
This paper analyzes, dynamic systems software updates for institution with deprecated system infrastructure using free, open source based solutions using most of it possibilities. Dynamic model is formed, which includes identity management, high availability clustering, data replication and data integrity solutions. Also additional analysis is included for IT infrastructure usage optimization.
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Torbey, Takkouz Zeina. "Increasing data availability in mobile ad-hoc networks : A community-centric and resource-aware replication approach." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ISAL0089/document.

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Les réseaux ad hoc mobiles sont des réseaux qui se forment spontanément grâce à la présence de terminaux mobiles. Ces réseaux sans fil sont de faible capacité. Les nœuds se déplacent librement et de manière imprévisible et ils se déchargent très rapidement. En conséquence, un réseau MANET est très enclin à subir des partitionnements fréquents. Les applications déployées sur de tels réseaux, souffrent de problèmes de disponibilité des données induits par ces partitionnements. La réplication des données constitue un mécanisme prometteur pour pallier ce problème. Cependant, la mise en œuvre d’un tel mécanisme dans un environnement aussi contraint en ressources constitue un réel défi. L’objectif principal est donc de réaliser un mécanisme peu consommateur en ressources. Le second objectif de la réplication est de permettre le rééquilibrage de la charge induite par les requêtes de données. Le choix des données à répliquer ainsi que celui des nœuds optimaux pour le placement des futurs réplicas est donc crucial, spécialement dans le contexte du MANET. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons CReaM (Community-Centric and Resource-Aware Replication Model”) un modèle de réplication adapté à un réseau MANET. CReaM fonctionne en mode autonomique : les prises de décisions se basent sur des informations collectées dans le voisinage du nœud plutôt que sur des données globalement impliquant tous les nœuds, ce qui permet de réduire le trafic réseau lié à la réplication. Pour réduire l’usage des ressources induit par la réplication sur un nœud, les niveaux de consommation des ressources sont contrôlés par un moniteur. Toute consommation excédant un seuil prédéfini lié à cette ressource déclenche le processus de réplication. Pour permettre le choix de la donnée à répliquer, une classification multi critères a été proposée (rareté de la donnée, sémantique, niveau de demande); et un moteur d’inférence qui prend en compte l’état de consommation des ressources du nœud pour désigner la catégorie la plus adaptée pour choisir la donnée à répliquer. Pour permettre de placer les réplicas au plus près des nœuds intéressés, CReaM propose un mécanisme pour l’identification et le maintien à jour des centres d’intérêt des nœuds. Les utilisateurs intéressés par un même sujet constituent une communauté. Par ailleurs, chaque donnée à répliquer est estampillée par le ou les sujets au(x)quel(s) elle s’apparente. Un nœud désirant placer un réplica apparenté à un sujet choisira le nœud ayant la plus grande communauté sur ce sujet. Les résultats d’expérimentations confirment la capacité de CReaM à améliorer la disponibilité des données au même niveau que les solutions concurrentes, tout en réduisant la charge liée à la réplication. D’autre part, CReaM permet de respecter l’état de consommation des ressources sur les nœuds
A Mobile Ad-hoc Network is a self-configured infrastructure-less network. It consists of autonomous mobile nodes that communicate over bandwidth-constrained wireless links. Nodes in a MANET are free to move randomly and organize themselves arbitrarily. They can join/quit the network in an unpredictable way; such rapid and untimely disconnections may cause network partitioning. In such cases, the network faces multiple difficulties. One major problem is data availability. Data replication is a possible solution to increase data availability. However, implementing replication in MANET is not a trivial task due to two major issues: the resource-constrained environment and the dynamicity of the environment makes making replication decisions a very tough problem. In this thesis, we propose a fully decentralized replication model for MANETs. This model is called CReaM: “Community-Centric and Resource-Aware Replication Model”. It is designed to cause as little additional network traffic as possible. To preserve device resources, a monitoring mechanism are proposed. When the consumption of one resource exceeds a predefined threshold, replication is initiated with the goal of balancing the load caused by requests over other nodes. The data item to replicate is selected depending on the type of resource that triggered the replication process. The best data item to replicate in case of high CPU consumption is the one that can better alleviate the load of the node, i.e. a highly requested data item. Oppositely, in case of low battery, rare data items are to be replicated (a data item is considered as rare when it is tagged as a hot topic (a topic with a large community of interested users) but has not been disseminated yet to other nodes). To this end, we introduce a data item classification based on multiple criteria e.g., data rarity, level of demand, semantics of the content. To select the replica holder, we propose a lightweight solution to collect information about the interests of participating users. Users interested in the same topic form a so-called “community of interest”. Through a tags analysis, a data item is assigned to one or more communities of interest. Based on this framework of analysis of the social usage of the data, replicas are placed close to the centers of the communities of interest, i.e. on the nodes with the highest connectivity with the members of the community. The results of evaluating CReaM show that CReaM has positive effects on its main objectives. In particular, it imposes a dramatically lower overhead than that of traditional periodical replication systems (less than 50% on average), while it maintains the data availability at a level comparable to those of its adversaries
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Singh, Sylvester Sanjeev. "Developing service satisfaction strategies using catastrophe model a replication study in New Zealand : a thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business, 2003." Full thesis. Abstract, 2003.

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Books on the topic "Service replication"

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Massachusetts. Bureau of Institutional Schools. Adaptive design service project: Manual for project replication. Quincy, Mass: Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Dept. of Education, 1987.

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Lakshmi, B. Dreams to reality-education, training and service centre for persons with different abilities, Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation: A case study with details for replication. Hyderabad: Centre for Innovations in Public Systems, 2012.

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Riccio, J. Strengthening services for teen mothers: The replication of the redirection program. N.Y: MDRC Publications, 1985.

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Pérez, Sonia M. Reducing Hispanic teenage pregnancy and family poverty: A replication guide : final version. Washington, D.C: Policy Analysis Center, Office of Research, Advocacy, and Legislation, National Council of La Raza, 1992.

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1967-, Wood Tim, and United Nations ICT Task Force., eds. Village Phone replication manual: Creating sustainable access to affordable telecommunications for the rural poor. New York: United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force, 2005.

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Stephen, Gitonga, Clemens Elisabeth, and United Nations Development Programme, eds. Expanding access to modern energy services: Replicating, scaling up and mainstreaming at the local level : lessons from community-based energy initiatives. New York: United Nations Development Programme, 2006.

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M, McCrea James, University of Pittsburgh, and United States. Administration on Aging, eds. CareSharing, a mutual service exchange program: Guidelines for replication. Pittsburgh, PA (121 University Place, Suite 300, Pittsburgh 15260): Generations Together, University of Pittsburgh, 1995.

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National Council on the Aging and United States. Administration on Aging, eds. Bringing Family Friends to your community: A replication manual. Washington, D.C. (409 Third St. SW, Washington 20024): National Council on the Aging, 1994.

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Williams, Barbara. A survey of Oregon college and university health service AIDS-related priorities and policies: A replication of the Caruso and Haig Philadelphia study. 1988.

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P, Washburn Janet, Denver (Colo.). Dept. of Social Services, and United States. Administration on Aging, eds. Apprenticeships for health services paraprofessionals: Replication manual. Denver, Colo. (2200 W. Alameda Ave., Denver 80223-1996): Denver Dept. of Social Services, Community Visions, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Service replication"

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Stantchev, Vladimir, and Miroslaw Malek. "Translucent Replication for Service Level Assurance." In High Assurance Services Computing, 1–18. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-87658-0_1.

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Liu, Kevin Y. K., John C. S. Lui, and Zhi-Li Zhang. "Distributed Algorithm for Service Replication in Service Overlay Network." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 1156–67. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24693-0_95.

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Matthiesen, Erling V., Ossama Hamouda, Mohamed Kaâniche, and Hans-Peter Schwefel. "Dependability Evaluation of a Replication Service for Mobile Applications in Dynamic Ad-Hoc Networks." In Service Availability, 171–86. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68129-8_14.

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Agarwal, Vikas, Gargi Dasgupta, Koustuv Dasgupta, Amit Purohit, and Balaji Viswanathan. "DECO: Data Replication and Execution CO-scheduling for Utility Grids." In Service-Oriented Computing – ICSOC 2007, 52–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11948148_5.

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Zhao, Liang, Sherif Sakr, Anna Liu, and Athman Bouguettaya. "Database Replication of NoSQL Database-as-a-Service." In Cloud Data Management, 67–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04765-2_5.

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Kuenning, Geoffrey H., Rajive Bagrodia, Richard G. Guy, Gerald J. Popek, Peter Reiher, and An-I. Wang. "Measuring the Quality of Service of Optimistic Replication." In Object-Oriented Technology: ECOOP’98 Workshop Reader, 319–20. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-49255-0_90.

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Kyung Hwang, Jin, and Myong Soon Park. "Replication Schemes for Efficient Service Profile Management in Personal Communication Service Networks." In Mobile Communications, 420–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-36555-9_44.

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Delavergne, Marie, Ronan-Alexandre Cherrueau, and Adrien Lebre. "A Service Mesh for Collaboration Between Geo-Distributed Services: The Replication Case." In Agile Processes in Software Engineering and Extreme Programming – Workshops, 176–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88583-0_17.

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AbstractEdge computing is becoming more and more present, with sites geo-distributed around the globe. Applications on these infrastructures must be able to manage the latency and disconnections inherent to their distribution. One way to deal with these concerns could be to deploy one entire instance of the application per site and use a service mesh to manage the collaboration between the geo-distributed instances. More precisely, we propose to reify the location of application instances in REST requests and allow redirections between these requests thanks to a dedicated language and a service mesh allowing three types of collaborations. This paper focuses on the replication of a resource between multiple instances. Though it is still a work in progress, we demonstrated the relevance of our approach in the OpenStack ecosystem.
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No, Jaechun, Chang Won Park, and Sung Soon Park. "The Consistent Data Replication Service for Distributed Computing Environments." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 268–73. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11875604_30.

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Mondal, Subrota K., Fumio Machida, and Jogesh K. Muppala. "Service Reliability Enhancement in Cloud by Checkpointing and Replication." In Springer Series in Reliability Engineering, 425–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30599-8_16.

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Conference papers on the topic "Service replication"

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You, Kun, Zhuzhong Qian, Bin Tang, Sanglu Lu, and Daoxu Chen. "QoS-aware service replication." In the First Asia-Pacific Symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1640206.1640214.

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Bjorkqvist, Mathias, Lydia Y. Chen, and Walter Binder. "Optimizing service replication in clouds." In 2011 Winter Simulation Conference - (WSC 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wsc.2011.6148027.

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Astrain, J. J., A. Cordoba, and J. Villadangos. "A B2B distributed replication service." In 14th Euromicro International Conference on Parallel, Distributed, and Network-Based Processing (PDP'06). IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pdp.2006.6.

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"REPLICATION IN SERVICE ORIENTED ARCHITECTURES." In 3rd International Conference on Software and Data Technologies. SciTePress - Science and and Technology Publications, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0001874701030110.

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Gallagher, Niall, and Seamus O’Shea. "JINI Service Replication in Telecommunications." In 2002 International Telecommunications Symposium. Sociedade Brasileira de Telecomunicações, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.14209/its.2002.281.

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Osrael, Johannes, Lorenz Froihofer, and Karl M. Goeschka. "What service replication middleware can learn from object replication middleware." In the 1st workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1169091.1169094.

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Vingralek, R., Y. Breitbart, M. Sayal, and P. Scheuermann. "A transparent replication of HTTP service." In Proceedings 15th International Conference on Data Engineering (Cat. No.99CB36337). IEEE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icde.1999.754905.

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Björkqvist, Mathias, Lydia Y. Chen, and Walter Binder. "Dynamic Replication in Service-Oriented Systems." In 2012 12th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud and Grid Computing (CCGrid). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccgrid.2012.108.

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Spielvogel, Christian, and Laszlo Boeszoermenyi. "Quality-of-Service Based Video Replication." In 2007 2nd International Workshop on Semantic Media Adaptation and Personalization. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/smap.2007.17.

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Spielvogel, Christian, and Laszlo Boeszoermenyi. "Quality-of-Service Based Video Replication." In Second International Workshop on Semantic Media Adaptation and Personalization (SMAP 2007). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/smap.2007.4414381.

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Reports on the topic "Service replication"

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Schoenherr, Tyler Franklin, Brett W. Clark, and Peter Coffin. Improve Replication of In-service Mechanical Environments. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1493833.

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Pott, John. FY18 ASC P&EM L2 Milestone 6356: Improve Replication of In-service Mechanical Environments. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1471972.

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Pott, John. FY18 ASC P&EM L2 Milestone 6356: Improve Replication of In-service Mechanical Environments Executive Summary. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1760402.

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Cedergren, Elin, Diana Huynh, Michael Kull, John Moodie, Hjördís Rut Sigurjónsdóttir, and Mari Wøien Meijer. Public service delivery in the Nordic Region: An exercise in collaborative governance. Nordregio, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/pb2021:2.2001-3876.

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Now, more than ever, is Nordic collaboration required across all levels of governance to help overcome the devastating socio-economic impacts of the pandemic and to solve the shared challenges posed by climate change and growing urban-rural divides. This policy brief examines six good practice examples of collaborative public service delivery from across the Nordic Region, highlighting the main drivers, challenges and enablers of collaboration and the replication potential of these Nordic collaborative examples. The policy brief finds that new and innovative models of Nordic collaboration are constantly emerging thanks to rapid technological developments that are helping to bring stakeholders together to solve common societal challenges. The high levels of cooperation outlined indicate that collaborative governance is continually evolving within the Nordic context.
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Ladin, Rivka, Barbara Liskov, Liuba Shrira, and Sanjay Ghemawat. Lazy Replication: Exploiting the Semantics of Distributed Services. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada225584.

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Stakes, Keith, and Joseph Willi. Study of the Fire Service Training Environment: Safety, Fidelity, and Exposure -- Acquired Structures. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, March 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/ceci9490.

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Previous FSRI led research projects have focused on examining the fire environment with regards to current building construction methods, synthetic fuel loading, and best-practices in firefighting strategies and tactics. More than 50 experiments have been previously conducted utilizing furniture to produce vent-limited fire conditions, replicating the residential fire environment, and studying the methods of horizontal ventilation, vertical ventilation, and positive pressure attack. Tactical considerations generated from the research are intended to provide fire departments with information to evaluate their standard operating procedures and make improvements, if necessary, to increase the safety and effectiveness of firefighting crews. Unfortunately, there still exists a long standing disconnect between live-fire training and the fireground as evident by continued line of duty injury and death investigations that point directly to a lack of realistic yet safe training, which highlights a continued misunderstanding of fire dynamics within structures. The main objective of the Study of the Fire Service Training Environment: Safety, Fidelity, and Exposure is to evaluate training methods and fuel packages in several different structures commonly used across the fire service to provide and highlight considerations to increase both safety and fidelity. This report is focused on the evaluation of live-fire training in acquired structures. A full scale structure was constructed using a similar floor plan as in the research projects for horizontal ventilation, vertical ventilation, and positive pressure attack to provide a comparison between the modern fire environment and the training ground. The structure was instrumented which allowed for the quantification of fire behavior, the impact of various ventilation tactics, and provided the ability to directly compare these experiments with the previous research. Twelve full scale fire experiments were conducted within the test structure using two common training fuel packages: 1) pallets, and 2) pallets and oriented strand board (OSB). To compare the training fuels to modern furnishings, the experiments conducted were designed to replicate both fire and ventilation location as well as event timing to the previous research. Horizontal ventilation, vertical ventilation, and positive pressure attack methods were tested, examining the proximity of the vent location to the fire (near vs. far). Each ventilation configuration in this series was tested twice with one of the two training fuel loads. The quantification of the differences between modern furnishings and wood-based training fuel loads and the impact of different ventilation tactics is documented through a detailed comparison to the tactical fireground considerations from the previous research studies. The experiments were compared to identify how the type of fuel used in acquired structures impacts the safety and fidelity of live-fire training. The comparisons in this report characterized initial fire growth, the propensity for the fire to become ventilation limited, the fires response to ventilation, and peak thermal exposure to students and instructors. Comparisons examined components of both functional and physical fidelity. Video footage was used to assess the visual cues, a component of the fire environment that is often difficult to replicate in training due to fuel load restrictions. The thermal environment within the structure was compared between fuel packages with regards to the potential tenability for both students and instructors.
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Cristia, Julian P., Pedro Bernal, Julieth Santamaria, Paula Algarra, Carolina Bernal, Lisseth Escalante, Andrés Gallegos, et al. A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Selected Digital Projects in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004525.

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The increase in access to digital technologies is opening up opportunities for governments in Latin America and the Caribbean to offer digital public services. However, there is scarce evidence regarding the benefits and costs of potential projects which makes it difficult for governments in the region to prioritize digital projects for implementation. As part of the report titled “Digitalizing Public Services: Opportunities for Latin America and the Caribbean,” produced by the Inter-American Development Bank (Cristia and Vlaicu, 2022), a set of cost-benefit analyses of the digital public services were performed. The present document complements the mentioned report by presenting the methodology, assumptions, and results of these cost-benefit analyses. To increase the comparability of the results across digital public services evaluated, common assumptions and a standardized methodology were used. Moreover, contextual conditions were fixed across projects by estimating results for a base country, Peru. The robustness of the results were examined by replicating the analysis for Chile, El Salvador, and Jamaica. Digital public services were evaluated in three sectors: education, health and government administrative services (e.g. production of identity cards). For each sector, the benefits and costs of two digital projects were estimated. For some these digital projects, only one policy option was assessed but, in other cases, several policy options were analyzed. A total of 11 policy options were assessed as part of this exercise. Results indicate that, in general, the policy options analyzed produced positive net present values. However, there is wide variation in the net present value across policy options suggesting that governments should carefully evaluate which digital public services they should prioritize for implementation.
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Bacharach, Eran, and Sagar Goyal. Generation of Avian Pneumovirus Modified Clones for the Development of Attenuated Vaccines. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7696541.bard.

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Abstract (one page maximum, single spaced), include: List the original objectives, as defined in the approved proposal, and any revisions made at the beginning or during the course of project: The main goal described in our original proposal has been the development of a molecular infectious clone of the avian metapneumovirus subtype B (aMPV-B) and the modification of this clone to create mutated viruses for the development of attenuated vaccines. The Achievements and Appendix/Part I sections of this report describes the accomplishments in creating such a molecular clone. These sections also contain the results of a longitudinal study that we made in Israel, demonstrating the infiltration of field strains of aMPV into vaccinated flocks and emphasizing the need for the development of better vaccines. We also describe our unexpected findings regarding the ability of aMPV to establish persistent infection in cell cultures. Although this direction of research was not described in the original proposal we feel that it is highly important for the understanding of aMPV pathogenesis. For example, this direction has provided us with evidence showing that aMPV replication can augment influenza replication. Moreover, we observed that viruses that were produced from chronically-infected cells show reduced ciliostasis. Accordingly, we carried vaccination trials using such viruses. In the original grant proposal we also offered that the American lab will clone and express immunomodulators in the context of an aMPV -based replicon that the Israeli lab has generated. However, as we reported in our annual reports, further analysis of this replicon by the Israeli lab has revealed that the level of expression achieved by this vehicle is relatively poor; thus, the American lab has focused on sequencing the genomes of different aMPV-C isolates that differ in their virulence (including vaccine strains). Achievements and Appendix/Part II sections of this report include the summary of this effort. Background to the topic: The aMPVs belong to the paramyxoviridae family and cause mild to severe respiratory tract diseases mainly in turkeys and also in chickens. Four aMPV subgroups, A, B, C and D, have been characterized; in Israel aMPV-A and B are the common subtypes while in the USA type C is the prevalent one. Although vaccine strains do exist for aMPVs, they do not always provide full protection against virulent strains and the vaccines themselves may induce disease to some extent. Improved vaccines against aMPV are needed, to achieve better protection of the poultry industry against this pathogen. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: We isolated aMPV-B from a diseased flock and accomplished the sequencing and cloning of its full-genome. In addition, we cloned the four genes encoding the viral replicase. These should serve as the platform for generation of modified aMPV-Bs from molecular clones. We also identified aMPVs that are attenuated in respect to their ciliostatic activity and accordingly showed the potential of such viruses as vaccine strains. For aMPV-C, the different mutations scattered along the genome of different isolates with varied virulence have been determined. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: The newly identified pattern of mutations in attenuated strains will allow better understanding of the pathogenicity of aMPV and the generation of aMPV molecular clones, together with isolation of strains with attenuated ciliostatic activity should generate improved vaccine strains Abstract (one page maximum, single spaced), include: List the original objectives, as defined in the approved proposal, and any revisions made at the beginning or during the course of project: The main goal described in our original proposal has been the development of a molecular infectious clone of the avian metapneumovirus subtype B (aMPV-B) and the modification of this clone to create mutated viruses for the development of attenuated vaccines. The Achievements and Appendix/Part I sections of this report describes the accomplishments in creating such a molecular clone. These sections also contain the results of a longitudinal study that we made in Israel, demonstrating the infiltration of field strains of aMPV into vaccinated flocks and emphasizing the need for the development of better vaccines. We also describe our unexpected findings regarding the ability of aMPV to establish persistent infection in cell cultures. Although this direction of research was not described in the original proposal we feel that it is highly important for the understanding of aMPV pathogenesis. For example, this direction has provided us with evidence showing that aMPV replication can augment influenza replication. Moreover, we observed that viruses that were produced from chronically-infected cells show reduced ciliostasis. Accordingly, we carried vaccination trials using such viruses. In the original grant proposal we also offered that the American lab will clone and express immunomodulators in the context of an aMPV -based replicon that the Israeli lab has generated. However, as we reported in our annual reports, further analysis of this replicon by the Israeli lab has revealed that the level of expression achieved by this vehicle is relatively poor; thus, the American lab has focused on sequencing the genomes of different aMPV-C isolates that differ in their virulence (including vaccine strains). Achievements and Appendix/Part II sections of this report include the summary of this effort. Background to the topic: The aMPVs belong to the paramyxoviridae family and cause mild to severe respiratory tract diseases mainly in turkeys and also in chickens. Four aMPV subgroups, A, B, C and D, have been characterized; in Israel aMPV-A and B are the common subtypes while in the USA type C is the prevalent one. Although vaccine strains do exist for aMPVs, they do not always provide full protection against virulent strains and the vaccines themselves may induce disease to some extent. Improved vaccines against aMPV are needed, to achieve better protection of the poultry industry against this pathogen. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: We isolated aMPV-B from a diseased flock and accomplished the sequencing and cloning of its full-genome. In addition, we cloned the four genes encoding the viral replicase. These should serve as the platform for generation of modified aMPV-Bs from molecular clones. We also identified aMPVs that are attenuated in respect to their ciliostatic activity and accordingly showed the potential of such viruses as vaccine strains. For aMPV-C, the different mutations scattered along the genome of different isolates with varied virulence have been determined. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: The newly identified pattern of mutations in attenuated strains will allow better understanding of the pathogenicity of aMPV and the generation of aMPV molecular clones, together with isolation of strains with attenuated ciliostatic activity should generate improved vaccine strains.
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Lavadenz, Magaly, Sheila Cassidy, Elvira G. Armas, Rachel Salivar, Grecya V. Lopez, and Amanda A. Ross. Sobrato Early Academic Language (SEAL) Model: Final Report of Findings from a Four-Year Study. Center for Equity for English Learners, Loyola Marymount University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15365/ceel.seal2020.

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The Sobrato Early Academic Language (SEAL) Model Research and Evaluation Final Report is comprised of three sets of studies that took place between 2015 and 2019 to examine the effectiveness of the SEAL Model in 67 schools within 12 districts across the state of California. Over a decade ago, the Sobrato Family Foundation responded to the enduring opportunity gaps and low academic outcomes for the state’s 1.2 million English Learners by investing in the design of the SEAL Model. The SEAL PreK–Grade 3 Model was created as a whole-school initiative to develop students’ language, literacy, and academic skills. The pilot study revealed promising findings, and the large-scale implementation of SEAL was launched in 2013. This report addresses a set of research questions and corresponding studies focused on: 1) the perceptions of school and district-level leaders regarding district and school site implementation of the SEAL Model, 2) teachers’ development and practices, and 3) student outcomes. The report is organized in five sections, within which are twelve research briefs that address the three areas of study. Technical appendices are included in each major section. A developmental evaluation process with mixed methods research design was used to answer the research questions. Key findings indicate that the implementation of the SEAL Model has taken root in many schools and districts where there is evidence of systemic efforts or instructional improvement for the English Learners they serve. In regards to teachers’ development and practices, there were statistically significant increases in the use of research-based practices for English Learners. Teachers indicated a greater sense of efficacy in addressing the needs of this population and believe the model has had a positive impact on their knowledge and skills to support the language and literacy development of PreK- Grade 3 English Learners. Student outcome data reveal that despite SEAL schools averaging higher rates of poverty compared to the statewide rate, SEAL English Learners in grades 2–4 performed comparably or better than California English Learners in developing their English proficiency; additional findings show that an overwhelming majority of SEAL students are rapidly progressing towards proficiency thus preventing them from becoming long-term English Learners. English Learners in bilingual programs advanced in their development of Spanish, while other English Learners suffered from language loss in Spanish. The final section of the report provides considerations and implications for further SEAL replication, sustainability, additional research and policy.
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Splitter, Gary, Zeev Trainin, and Yacov Brenner. Lymphocyte Response to Genetically Engineered Bovine Leukemia Virus Proteins in Persistently Lymphocytic Cattle from Israel and the U.S. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7570556.bard.

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The goal of this proposal was to identify proteins of BLV recognized by lymphocyte subpopulations and determine the contribution of these proteins to viral pathogenesis. Our hypothesis was that BLV pathogenesis is governed by the T-cell response and that the immune system likely plays an important role in controlling the utcome of infection. Our studies presented in ths final report demonstrate that T cell competency declines with advancing stages of infection. Dramatic differences were observed in lymphocyte proliferation to recombinant proteins encoded by BLV gag (p12, p15, and p24) and env (gp30 and gp15) genes in different disease stages. Because retroviruses are known to mutate frequently, examinatin of infected cattle from both Israel and the United States will likely detect variability in the immune response. This combined research approach provides the first opportunity to selectively address the importance of T-cell proliferation to BLV proteins and cytokines produced during different stages of BLV infection. Lack of this information regarding BLV infection has hindered understanding lympocyte regulation of BLV pathogenesis. We have developed the essential reagents necessary to determine the prominence of different lymphocyte subpopulations and cytokines produced during the different disease stages within the natural host. We found that type 1 cytokines (IL-2 and IFN-g) increased in PBMCs from animals in early disease, and decreasd in PBMCs from animals in late disease stages of BLV infection, while IL-10, increased with disease progression. Recently, a dichotomy between IL-12 and IL-10 has emerged in regards to progression of a variety of diseases. IL-12 activates type 1 cytokine production and has an antagonistic effect on type 2 cytokines. Here, using quantitative competitive PCR, we show that peripheral blood mononuclear cells from bovine leukemia virus infected animals in the alymphocytotic disease stage express increased amount of IL-12 p40 mRNA. In contrast, IL-12 p40 mRNA expression by PL animals was significantly decreased compared to normal and alymphocytotic animals. To examine the functions of these cytokines on BLV expression, BLV tax and pol mRNA expression and p24 protein production were quantified by competitive PCR, and by immunoblotting, respectively. IL-10 inhibited BLV tax and pol mRNA expression by BLV-infected PBMCs. In addition, we determined that macrophages secret soluble factor(s) that activate BLV expression, and that secretion of the soluble factor(s) could be inhibited by IL-10. In contrast, IL-2 increased BLV tax and pol mRNA, and p24 protein production. These findings suggest that macrophages have a key role in regulating BLV expression, and IL-10 produced by BLV-infected animals in late disease stages may serve to control BLV expression, while IL-2 in the early stage of disease may activate BLV expression. PGE2 is an important immune regulator produced only by macrophages, and is known to facilitate HIV replication. We hypothesized that PGE2 may regulate BLV expression. Here, we show that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA expression was decreased in PBMCs treated with IL-10, while IL-2 enhanced COX-2 mRNA expression. In contrast, addition of PGE2 stimulated BLV tax and pol mRNA expression. In addition, the specific COX-2 inhibitor, NS-398, inhibited BLV expression, while addition of PGE2 increased BLV tax expression regardless of NS-398. These findings suggest that macrophage derived cyclooxygenase -2 products, such as PGE2, may regulate virus expression and disease rogression in BLV infection, and that cytokines (IL-2 and IL-10) may regulate BLV expression through PGE2 production.
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