Journal articles: 'Serum amino acids'

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Nagata, Yoko, Toyoaki Akino, and Kimiyoshi Ohno. "Microdetermination of serum d-amino acids." Analytical Biochemistry 150, no. 1 (October 1985): 238–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(85)90465-8.

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Hamilton, Paul B. "ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY OF AMINO ACIDS - MICRODETERMINATION OF FREE AMINO ACIDS IN SERUM." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 102, no. 1 (December 15, 2006): 55–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1962.tb13625.x.

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Hawser, Stephen P., and Khalid Islam. "Binding of Candida albicans to Immobilized Amino Acids and Bovine Serum Albumin." Infection and Immunity 66, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.66.1.140-144.1998.

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ABSTRACT In this study, we examined the binding of Candida albicans synchronized yeast-phase cells to plastic, immobilized amino acids and bovine serum albumin (BSA) and quantified the binding by using an XTT tetrazolium salt assay and absorbance determination. Our results show that C. albicans binds efficiently and specifically to several nonpolar aliphatic amino acids and positively charged amino acids and to BSA immobilized on tissue culture plastic but not to polar uncharged, negatively charged, or aromatic amino acids. Adhesion of yeasts to immobilized amino acids was not affected by preincubation of cells with BSA, whereas binding to immobilized BSA was affected by preincubation of yeasts with alanine, proline, and leucine but not by arginine or lysine. The ability to distinguish the chirality of these amino acids was also examined by using both thed and l amino acid configurations, and the results show that C. albicans yeasts recognize only thel configuration of these amino acids. The observations thatC. albicans specifically binds to certain amino acids indicate that these amino acids may prove useful tools for studying the binding interactions of C. albicans yeasts with host proteins such as components of the extracellular matrix.

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Łuszczewska-Sierakowska, Iwona, Marcin R. Tatara, Maria Szpetnar, and Jacek Kurzepa. "Free amino acid concentration in serum and trapezius muscle from male and female silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes)." Czech Journal of Animal Science 64, No. 3 (March 12, 2019): 130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/42/2018-cjas.

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Serum and muscle concentrations of 29 amino acids were determined in Silver fox. Serum concentrations of proline, alanine, tyrosine and aromatic amino acids were significantly higher in males than in females (all P = 0.05). Taurine and glycine concentrations in skeletal muscles were significantly higher in males than in females (P < 0.01). Muscle concentrations of cysteic acid, taurine, aspartate, threonine, serine, glycine, alanine, citruline, valine, leucine, gamma-amino-butyrate, ethanoloamine, lysine and histidine were significantly higher than in serum in both sexes (P < 0.05). In females, the concentrations of glutamate, glutamine, cystathionine, isoleucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, arginine and amino-adipic acid were significantly higher in muscles than in serum (P < 0.05). Tryptophan concentration was significantly higher in serum from males than in muscles (P = 0.01). The concentration of branched-chain amino acids in skeletal muscles was approximately two times higher than in serum in both groups of foxes (P ≤ 0.01). Similar differences were obtained for aromatic amino acids in females (P = 0.04). The elaborated experimental model may serve for further studies focused on amino acid metabolism regulation in Canide and other monogastric mammals, especially with the use of environmental, dietary, pharmacological and toxicological factors. The elaborated experimental model may be an attractive alternative to replace some experiments on dogs.

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Blake, Amanda, Patricia Ishii, Robert Phillips, Jonathan Lidbury, Joerg Steiner, and Jan Suchodolski. "Analytical Validation of an Assay for Concurrent Measurement of Amino Acids in Dog Serum and Comparison of Amino Acid Concentrations between Whole Blood, Plasma, and Serum from Dogs." Metabolites 12, no. 10 (September 22, 2022): 891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12100891.

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Amino acids play an important role in metabolism. Comprehensive analytical validation of an assay for the concurrent measurement of a large number of amino acids in dogs is lacking, which precludes its usefulness in a clinical setting. Amino acids are often measured in plasma or whole blood. However, serum is commonly used for gastrointestinal diagnostic testing in dogs and is therefore convenient to use. This study aimed to analytically validate an assay for the concurrent measurement of amino acids in dog serum and to evaluate differences in amino acid concentrations in whole blood, plasma, and serum in dogs. Analytical validation of the assay (Biochrom 30+ Amino Acid Analyzer) was performed on fresh or banked serum samples from dogs. Whole blood, plasma, and serum from 36 healthy dogs were analyzed, and concentrations of the three sample types were compared. The assay was demonstrated to be precise, reproducible, accurate, linear, and stable for the measurement of the majority of compounds detected in dog serum. Cystine, glutamic acid, and ethanolamine were shown to be unstable at conditions commonly encountered in clinical settings. Significant differences in concentrations were identified between whole blood, plasma, and serum for 33 of 42 compounds. Amino acid profiles in serum and plasma were more similar to each other than to those in whole blood. While some amino acids are present in similar concentrations in whole blood, plasma, and serum, others are highly dependent on the type of biofluid, and measurements warrant strict adherence to sample type-based reference intervals.

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Niu, Yu-Cun, Ren-Nan Feng, Yan Hou, Kang Li, Zhen Kang, Jian Wang, Chang-Hao Sun, and Ying Li. "Histidine and arginine are associated with inflammation and oxidative stress in obese women." British Journal of Nutrition 108, no. 1 (October 14, 2011): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511005289.

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The aims of the present study were to examine the serum amino acid profiles in obese and non-obese women and investigate the relationships between the serum amino acids and inflammation and oxidative stress in a human case–control study. Serum amino acids, inflammatory biomarkers (C-reactive protein and IL-6) and oxidative biomarkers (superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde and glutathione peroxidase) were measured and compared in 235 obese women and 217 non-obese controls. The relationships between serum amino acids and inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers were examined using multiple linear regression. Among the amino acids determined, serum histidine, arginine, threonine, glycine, lysine and serine were found to be significantly lower in obese women as compared to non-obese controls (P < 0·001). The difference was the greatest for histidine (P < 0·001). In obese women, both histidine and arginine were negatively associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. In non-obese controls, histidine was negatively associated with oxidative stress. The findings in this study indicate that the metabolism of amino acids is abnormal in obese women in whom histidine and arginine have close relationships with inflammation and oxidative stress.

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Thompson, Dana K., Richard Sloane, James R. Bain, Robert D. Stevens, Christopher B. Newgard, Carl F. Pieper, and Virginia B. Kraus. "Daily variation of serum acylcarnitines and amino acids." Metabolomics 8, no. 4 (August 6, 2011): 556–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11306-011-0345-9.

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Akahoshi, Noriyuki, Shotaro Kamata, Masashi Kubota, Takako Hishiki, Yoshiko Nagahata, Tomomi Matsuura, Chiho Yamazaki, et al. "Neutral aminoaciduria in cystathionine β-synthase-deficient mice, an animal model of homocystinuria." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 306, no. 12 (June 15, 2014): F1462—F1476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00623.2013.

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The kidney is one of the major loci for the expression of cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine γ-lyase (CTH). While CBS-deficient ( Cbs−/−) mice display homocysteinemia/methioninemia and severe growth retardation, and rarely survive beyond the first 4 wk, CTH-deficient ( Cth−/−) mice show homocysteinemia/cystathioninemia but develop with no apparent abnormality. This study examined renal amino acid reabsorption in those mice. Although both 2-wk-old Cbs−/− and Cth−/− mice had normal renal architecture, their serum/urinary amino acid profiles largely differed from wild-type mice. The most striking feature was marked accumulation of Met and cystathionine in serum/urine/kidney samples of Cbs−/− and Cth−/− mice, respectively. Levels of some neutral amino acids (Val, Leu, Ile, and Tyr) that were not elevated in Cbs−/− serum were highly elevated in Cbs−/− urine, and urinary excretion of other neutral amino acids (except Met) was much higher than expected from their serum levels, demonstrating neutral aminoaciduria in Cbs−/− (not Cth−/−) mice. Because the bulk of neutral amino acids is absorbed via a B0AT1 transporter and Met has the highest substrate affinity for B0AT1 than other neutral amino acids, hypermethioninemia may cause hyperexcretion of neutral amino acids.

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Onozato, Mayu, Kana Kobata, Tatsuya Sakamoto, Hideaki Ichiba, and Takeshi Fukushima. "LC–MS/MS Analysis of Thiol-Containing Amino Acids in Exosomal Fraction of Serum." Journal of Chromatographic Science 58, no. 7 (June 24, 2020): 636–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/bmaa028.

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Abstract It has been suggested that thiol-containing amino acids could be used as biomarkers for diseases associated with oxidative stress. We investigated the thiol-containing amino acids, homocysteine (Hcy), cysteine (Cys), glutathione (GSH) and γ-glutamylcysteine (γ-GluCys), in commercial human serum by using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) after precolumn derivatization with 4-fluoro-7-sulfobenzofurazan. This method was applied to determine the composition of thiol-containing amino acids in exosomes prepared from the serum. Hcy, Cys, GSH and γ-GluCys could be detected in the exosomal fraction, and the ratio of each thiol-containing amino acid was similar to those in the corresponding native serum. Cys (94.76%) was most enriched in the exosomal fraction, followed by GSH (2.97%), γ-GluCys (1.59%) and Hcy (0.68%). These findings suggest that thiol-containing amino acids, Hcy, Cys, GSH and γ-GluCys, are included in exosomes in human serum.

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Fernstrom, M. H., E. A. Volk, and J. D. Fernstrom. "In vivo inhibition of tyrosine uptake into rat retina by large neutral but not acidic amino acids." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 251, no. 4 (October 1, 1986): E393—E399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1986.251.4.e393.

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The uptake of tyrosine into rat retina and brain was studied in vivo after its peripheral injection alone or in combination with other amino acids. Both retinal and brain tyrosine levels increased monotonically for at least 60 min after tyrosine administration. When tyrosine was injected along with branched-chain amino acids, but not with acidic amino acids, such increments in retinal and brain tyrosine levels were significantly attenuated. The postinjection tyrosine levels in retina and brain paralleled better the serum ratio of tyrosine to the sum of the other large neutral amino acids (which include the branched-chain amino acids) than the serum tyrosine level alone. These results suggest that tyrosine uptake into rat retina, like that into brain, is mediated by a competitive transport system shared among the large neutral amino acids.

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Chen, Ya-Ting, Bin Li, Xia-Yan Li, Jia-Liang Chen, Chao-Yu Cui, Kaifeng Hu, and Xun-Cheng Su. "Simultaneous identification and quantification of amino acids in biofluids by reactive ¹⁹F-tags." Chemical Communications 57, no. 97 (2021): 13154–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cc05060e.

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The reaction of a 19F-tag with amino acids generates characteristic chemical shifts of individual amino acids encoded in the 19F NMR spectrum. The high performance of the 19F-tag was demonstrated in simultaneous quantification of amino acids in fetal bovine serum and cell lysates.

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Miki, Takako, Masafumi Eguchi, Takeshi Kochi, Ami Fukunaga, Sanmei Chen, Akiko Nanri, Isamu Kabe, and Tetsuya Mizoue. "Prospective study on the association between serum amino acid profiles and depressive symptoms among the Japanese working population." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 17, 2021): e0256337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256337.

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Objective Accumulating evidence suggests that amino acids, particularly tryptophan and glutamate, play an important role in the pathology of depression, but prospective epidemiologic data on this issue is scarce. We examined the association between circulating amino acids and the risk of depressive symptoms in a Japanese working population. Methods Participants were 841 workers who were free from depressive symptoms and provided blood at baseline and completed 3-yr follow-up survey. 30 varieties of amino acid concentrations in serum were measured using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Depressive symptoms were defined using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratios of depressive symptoms according to serum amino acids with adjustment for lifestyle factors. Results A total of 151 (18.0%) workers were newly identified as having depressive symptoms at the follow-up. Baseline tryptophan and glutamate concentrations in serum were not appreciably associated with the risk of depressive symptoms. Risk of depressive symptoms tended to increase with increasing arginine concentrations; the multivariable-adjusted odds ratio for the highest versus lowest tertile of serum arginine was 1.65 (95% confidence interval: 0.96–2.83; P for trend = 0.07). No clear association was found for other amino acids. Conclusions Results of the present study do not support a significant role of circulating amino acids in the development of depressive symptoms among Japanese.

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Bergström, J., P. Fürst, and E. Vinnars. "Effect of a Test Meal, without and with Protein, on Muscle and Plasma Free Amino Acids." Clinical Science 79, no. 4 (October 1, 1990): 331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0790331.

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1. The effect of a protein-free meal and a protein-rich meal on the concentration of free amino acids in plasma and muscle tissue was studied in eight healthy subjects. The energy content of the protein-free meal was 3800 kJ. The protein-rich meal was identical in composition except that 50 g of bovine serum albumin was added. Plasma and samples from the quadriceps femoris muscle (percutaneous muscle biopsy) for amino acid determination were collection before and at 1, 3, 5 and 7 h after the meal. 2. After the protein-free meal the concentrations of most essential amino acids and of some non-essential amino acids in plasma decreased continuously below basal levels at 5–7 h. The muscle concentration of essential amino acids fell too, reaching its nadir 3–5 h after the meal. The decrease in plasma amino acid concentration was smaller than the decrease in muscle concentration for all essential amino acids except phenylalanine. 3. The concentrations of most amino acids in plasma increased transiently 1 and 3 h after the protein-rich meal; histidine and several non-essential amino acids fell below the basal levels at 5–7 h after the meal. In muscle, threonine, valine, leucine, lysine and alanine were increased at 1 and 3 h after the protein-rich meal; isoleucine, serine and glycine fell below the basal level after 5 and 7 h. For the essential amino acids except threonine and lysine, the increase in plasma concentration was greater than the increase in muscle concentration. 4. Correlations were observed between the relative content of the essential amino acids in the bovine serum albumin and the increase in concentration of these amino acids in plasma and muscle. Methionine and isoleucine, which had the lowest content in bovine serum albumin, fell below basal levels in plasma and (for isoleucine) in muscle 5–7 h after the meal, suggesting that these two amino acids might have been limiting for protein synthesis. 5. Amino acid analysis in plasma and muscle samples taken postprandially should be evaluated with caution considering the strong influence of meal composition on plasma and muscle free amino acid profiles.

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Aleksandrov, A., T. Ishchuk, O. Skopenko, and V. Konopelniuk. "Amino acids level in rats upon long-term administration of progesterone." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Series: Problems of Physiological Functions Regulation 21, no. 2 (2016): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2616_6410.2016.21.75-78.

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Amino acids levels in blood serum of rats under progesterone long-term administration have been determined. The studies show that levels of most amino acids content decrease in rats under progesterone long-term administration compared with control group of rats. Obtained data give evidence that progesterone long-term administration significantly influence on amino acids metabolism.

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KITAJIMA, Hideaki, Hidemi SHIOMOTO, Kazumi OSADA, and Hidehiko YOKOGOSHI. "Effect of Dietary Amino Acids on Behavior and Serum Levels of Amino Acids in Stress Loaded Rats." Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 48, no. 3 (2002): 194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.48.194.

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Szpetnar, Maria, Anna Hordyjewska, Iwona Malinowska, Piotr Golab, and Jacek Kurzepa. "The fluctuation of free amino acids in serum during acute ischemic stroke." Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences 29, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cipms-2016-0031.

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Abstract Currently, little data exists regarding the involvement of free amino acids (AA) in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke (IS). Thus, our objective was to study the degree of the degree of fluctuation of free amino acids level in serum during the acute phase of IS. The study consisted of eighteen patients (female/male: 10/8; age: 73.1 ± 4.1) with acute IS that was confirmed by way of computed tomography, while twelve sex and age matched individuals were assigned as control group. During the study period, the patients did not receive any supplemental amino acids therapy that could affect the obtained results. The venous blood was obtained after >3 hours fasting at two time-points; time-point 1 – at admission to the hospital; time-point 2 – on day 5 from stroke onset. The blood for control purposes was collected only once, and the blood collection at time-point 1 was done before thrombolytic treatment (nine patients). The amino acids were identified using the Amino Acids Analyser (AAA 400) by INGOS Corp., Praha, Czech Republic. Our results revealed a statistically significant increase of glutamate, cystine and methionine on day 1 of stroke, in comparison to control, whereas, proline level was decreased on day 1 of stroke – in comparison to control serum. On comparing day 5 to the initial day of IS, elevation was observed of levels of asparagine, glycine, tyrosine, arginine, threonine, valine, leucine and phenylalanine. It can be said, then, that ischemic stroke induces both essential and nonessential amino acid fluctuations. Moreover, the decrease in proline and glutamine serum level with the simultaneous increase in the concentration of branch chain amino acids, Glu and Thr suggests a violent mobilization of the body’s proteins. Thus, a decrease of Pro and a simultaneous increase of Glu serum level could be considered as a marker of acute IS.

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Pedersen, Fritz Bangsgaard, Claus Dragsholt, Erik Laier, Jens Jurgen, Frifelt Aage, Franklin Trostmann, Suzanne Ekelund, and Per Paaby. "AL Ternate Use of Amino Acid and Glucose Solutions in CAPD." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 5, no. 4 (October 1985): 215–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089686088500500403.

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For three months we alternately used CAPD solutions based on amino acids or glucose in six patients. At the start, amino acid concentrations in plasma (P) were normal, except that for leucine which was low and citrulline was high. During the study, P-valine, -isoleucine, -leucine, and -serine increased while the concentration of methionine decreased. The increase in the plasma concentration of the three branched-chain amino acids might increase protein synthesis; leucine particularly assists protein synthesis in muscle. However the technical and analytical methods used in this investigation do not permit us to draw such conclusions. Serum concentrations of cholesterol, HDL, LDL, glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin remained unchanged, as did concentrations of albumin, transferrin, and phosphate. The nitrogen load from amino acids did not increase the plasma ammonium concentration, while serum urea increased slightly. Serum triglycerides continued to increase in spite of the amino acid supplementation. Thus the amino acid solution, which was well tolerated, seemed to induce some beneficial alterations in the plasma amino acid concentrations in the uremic patient. The consequence of these changes remains to be evaluated.

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Badar, Asim, Zarina Arif, Shireen Naaz Islam, and Khursheed Alam. "Physicochemical characterization of carbamylated human serum albumin: an in vitro study." RSC Advances 9, no. 63 (2019): 36508–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra05875c.

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Carbamylation is an ubiquitous process in which cyanate (OCN⁻) reacts with the N-terminal amino or ε-amino moiety and generates α-carbamyl amino acids and ε-carbamyl-lysine (homocitrulline).

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Nahar, Kamrun, Zeba-un Naher, Matira Khanam, Shaheen Akhter, Tahmina Bashar, and M. Iqbal Arslan. "The Effect of Parenteral Infusion of Amino Acids in Burn Patient." Medicine Today 24, no. 1 (March 9, 2013): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v24i1.14107.

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Adequate nutritional support may prevent weight loss following severe burn injury. However, persistently low levels of serum albumin, transferring and serum total protein in burn patients have suggested that a protein deficiency may continue to exist which is out of proportion to energy requirements. This interventional study cross sectional study was done in the Department of Biochemistry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh during January 2008 to December 2008. A total of 40 acute burn injury (within 24 hours of burn) patients of 20-45 years age with 15%-30% burn were selected for this study as case. The study subjects were divided into two groups: Group I represent superficial burn & Group II represents deep burn. The mean age of 28.35±6.81 years and 30.85±7.32 years in group I and group II respectively. The number of male in Group-I was 08 and Group-II was 08 and male female ratio was 2:3. The mean serum total protein before infusion of amino acid in Group-I was 55.31±3.58 g/L and in Group-II was 52.01±2.26 g/L (p<0.001). The mean serum total protein after infusion of amino acid in Group-I was 68.02±2.04 g/L and in Group-II was 61.86±2.49g/L (p<0.001). The mean serum albumin before infusion of amino acid in Group-I was 27.6±2.88 g/L and in Group-II was 25.57±1.89 g/L (p<0.001). The mean serum albumin after infusion of amino acid in Group-I was 22.29±3.50 g/L and in Group-II was 19.83±2.86 g/L (p<0.001). In group-I, serum total protein was increased by 22.98% after infusion and in group-II, that was increased by 18.94% (p<0.01). In group-I, serum albumin was decreased by 19.24% after infusion and in group-II, that was decreased by 22.45% (p<0.05). Serum total protein significantly increased after infusion of amino acid but serum albumin significantly decreased after infusion of amino acid. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v24i1.14107 Medicine TODAY Vol.24(1) 2012 pp.12-15

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Rech, J., I. Barlat, J. L. Veyrune, A. Vie, and J. M. Blanchard. "Nuclear import of serum response factor (SRF) requires a short amino-terminal nuclear localization sequence and is independent of the casein kinase II phosphorylation site." Journal of Cell Science 107, no. 11 (November 1, 1994): 3029–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.107.11.3029.

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Serum stimulation of resting cells is mediated at least in part at the transcriptional level by the activation of numerous genes among which c-fos constitutes a model. Serum response factor (SRF) forms a ternary complex at the c-fos serum response element (SRE) with an accessory protein p62TCF/Elk-1. Both proteins are the targets of multiple phosphorylation events and their role is still unknown in the amino terminus of SRF. While the transcriptional activation domain has been mapped between amino acids 339 and 508, the DNA-binding and the dimerization domains have been mapped to between amino acids 133–235 and 168–235, respectively, no role has been proposed for the amino-terminal portion of the molecule. We demonstrate in the present work that amino acids 95 to 100 contain a stretch of basic amino acids that are sufficient to target a reporter protein to the nucleus. Moreover, this sequence appears to be the only nuclear localization signal operating in SRF. Finally, whereas the global structure around this putative nuclear location signal is reminiscent of what is found in the SV40 T antigen, the casein kinase II phosphorylation site does not determine the rate of cyto-nuclear protein transport of this protein.

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Galati, Rossella, Alessandra Verdina, Giuliana Falasca, and Alberto Chersi. "Increased Resistance of Peptides to Serum Proteases by Modification of their Amino Groups." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 58, no. 7-8 (August 1, 2003): 558–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2003-7-819.

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Abstract The ability of synthetic protein fragments to survive the degradative action of aminopeptidases and serum proteolytic enzymes can be remarkably enhanced by slight modifications at their N-terminal alpha-amino group. This can be achieved by addition of beta-alanine or amino acids of the d-configuration, amino acids which are seldom found in a living organism. These modifications do scarcely modify the chemical and physical properties of the peptides, and should be preferrred, especially for in vivo tests, to drastic alterations of peptides as produced by dinitrophenylation or dansylation of the amino groups.

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Miki, C., A. D. Mayer, J. A. C. Buckels, K. Iriyama, H. Suzuki, and P. McMaster. "Serum hepatocyte growth factor as an index of extensive catabolism of patients awaiting liver transplantation." Gut 44, no. 6 (June 1, 1999): 862–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.44.6.862.

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BACKGROUNDWhole body catabolism as the result of intrahepatic metabolic derangement is common in liver transplant candidates. However, individual nutritional assessment parameters lack sensitivity and specificity in determining energy status of these patients. Recently, serum hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has been shown to reflect the recovery of hepatic energy metabolism after liver transplantation.AIMSThe relation between preoperative levels of serum HGF and metabolic variables was investigated to clarify the clinical value of measuring HGF in evaluations of the catabolism.PATIENTS/METHODSBlood samples were obtained from 30 liver transplant recipients, and biopsy specimens were taken from each recipient’s rectus muscle and the explanted liver. Preoperative serum concentration of HGF was determined. Whole body energy metabolism was assessed by measuring glycogen contents of biopsy specimens and plasma or serum levels of glucose, insulin, total ketone bodies, total carnitine, and amino acids.RESULTSSerum HGF concentration was elevated in 22 of 30 patients and correlated with the Child-Pugh score. It showed a negative association with muscle glycogen content, and a positive correlation with serum levels of glucose, total carnitine, and total ketone bodies. Patients with elevated serum HGF concentrations had higher preoperative plasma levels of aromatic amino acids and branched chain amino acids, associated with lower branched chain to aromatic amino acid ratios.CONCLUSIONSThe elevated serum concentration of HGF in liver transplant candidates reflected inhibition of peripheral glucose storage, enhanced lipid oxidation, and increased peripheral release of branched chain amino acids, and thus extensive energy catabolism.

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Foroumandi, Elaheh, Mohammad Alizadeh, and Sorayya Kheirouri. "Age-Dependent Changes in Plasma Amino Acids Contribute to Alterations in Glycoxidation Products." Journal of Medical Biochemistry 37, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 426–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jomb-2017-0065.

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Summary Background: Glycative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of various degenerative disorders. This study sought to determine the effect of age-related changes in amino acids on serum levels of pentosidine and carboxymethyl-lysine (CML) in healthy individuals. Methods: The subjects were 78 healthy individuals categorized into three age groups. The ages of the groups were as follows: 26 young adults (20–30 y, 25.2±3.03), 26 middle-aged adults (35–50 y, 39.46±6.97) and 26 older adults (60 y or older, 69.80±10.01). Serum levels of pentosidine and CML were measured by ELISA and levels of plasma amino acids were determined using HPLC. Results: Serum levels of pentosidine and CML in the youngest group were higher than in the oldest group (p=0.026, 0.029, respectively). There was a positive correlation between the serum levels of pentosidine and CML and the levels of plasmaTyrosine (p=0.032, r=0.211 and p=0.037, r=0.224), Valine (p=0.037, r=0.224 and p=0.021, r=0.247) and Isoleucine (p=0.041, r=0.203 and p=0.021, r=0.247), respectively. Serum levels of pentosidine and CML may be modulated by the plasma levels of selected amino acids. Conclusions: Better understanding of the role of these selective amino acids might provide new perception of how glycation pathways may be altered and pave the way for new therapeutic principles.

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Miyajima, Michio, Baihao Zhang, Matteo Guerrini, Yuki Sugiura, and Sidonia Fagarasan. "Metabolic shift induced by systemic activation of T cells in PD-1-deficient mice perturbs brain monoamines and emotional behavior." Journal of Immunology 202, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2019): 56.2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.56.2.

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Abstract Introduction While change of intracellular metabolism in T cell activation is well studied, whether T cell activation affects systemic metabolome outside cells is largely unknown. In present study, we examined systemic metabolome change in T cell activation and its effect on brain functions like emotional behaviors. Results Concentrations of amino acids in sera were decreased in PD-1-deficient mice in a T cell-dependent manner. On the other hands, concentrations of amino acids in lymph node were increased in lymph node of PD-1 deficient mice with increased number of total and activated T cells. Activated T cells increased expression of amino acid transporter and intracellular incorporations of tryptophan and tyrosine, two representative amino acids. Decreased concentrations of serum tryptophan and tyrosine lead to decreased serotonin and dopamine in brain of PD-1-deficient mice. PD-1-deficient mice showed enhanced anxiety-like behaviors and fear response. Conclusions Enhanced incorporation of amino acids in activated T cells leads to serum decrease in amino acids, which leads to serotonin and dopamine decrease in brain and enhanced anxiety-like behavior and fear response in PD-1-deficient mice.

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Guth, H.-J., M. Wiersbitzky, M. Ziesche, H.-J. Rose, and G. Kraatz. "Which Amino-Acids do Serum and Hemofiltrate of Critically Ill Patients with Acute Renal Failure Contain?" International Journal of Artificial Organs 20, no. 6 (June 1997): 309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139889702000603.

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The removal of amino acids during continuous renal replacement therapies induces clinical problems. Previous studies on animals have shown nephroprotective (glycine, alanine) or negative effects (lysine) on renal function in occurrence of acute renal failure. Disturbed metabolism in acute renal failure needs adequate parenteral nutrition. On the other hand, experience with continuous renal replacement therapies of metabolic crises in inborn errors of metabolism indicate a good control of disturbed amino acid metabolism. The aim of our study was to find amino acids, that might play an important role in the pathogenesis, prognosis and detection of acute renal failure and severe illness, so far only estimated by lactic acid. Thirty-three probes (serum and hemofiltrate) were taken from patients, suffering with acute renal failure caused by septic shock, severe pancreatitis and hepatorenal syndrome, one hour after the beginning of extracorporal circulation, the conditions of treatment were standardized. The material was deproteinized and studied by the amino acid analyzer LBK 4251 Apha Plus (Pharmacia, Stockholm, Sweden), while the lactic acid concentration was determined in a standard laboratory. Proline, glycine, alanine, methionine and histidine showed a close relationship to the lactic acid levels, but these amino acids were an essential part of parenteral nutrition. A statistical relationship was also established in (amino acids with amide groups) asparagine, glutamine, citrulline, cystathionine and phosphoethanolamine. The mean values of most of the amino acids were higher than normal, but standard deviations were increased. The presence of these amino acids in hemofiltrate and the good sieving coefficients could mean that the better prognosis of critically ill patients in continuous renal replacement therapies may also be due to continuous control of amino acid levels (especially with amide groups).

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Mednova, Irina A., Alexander A. Chernonosov, Marat F. Kasakin, Elena G. Kornetova, Arkadiy V. Semke, Nikolay A. Bokhan, Vladimir V. Koval, and Svetlana A. Ivanova. "Amino Acid and Acylcarnitine Levels in Chronic Patients with Schizophrenia: A Preliminary Study." Metabolites 11, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo11010034.

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Amino acids and acylcarnitines play an important role as substrates and intermediate products in most of pathways involved in schizophrenia development such as mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, lipid oxidation, DNA damage, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. It seems relevant to use an integrated approach with ‘omics’ technology to study their contribution. The aim of our study was to investigate serum amino acid and acylcarnitine levels in antipsychotics-treated patients with chronic schizophrenia compared with healthy donors. We measured serum levels of 15 amino acids and 30 acylcarnitines in 37 patients with schizophrenia and 36 healthy donors by means of tandem mass spectrometry. In summary, patients with chronic schizophrenia had an altered concentration of a few amino acids and acylcarnitines in comparison to the healthy probands. Further research is needed to assess and understand the identified changes.

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Niimi, Masachika, Yuko Fujita, Tamaki Ishima, Kenji Hashimoto, Nobuyuki Sasaki, Takatoshi Hara, Naoki Yamada, and Masahiro Abo. "Role of d-serine in the beneficial effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in post-stroke patients." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 32, no. 3 (January 29, 2020): 128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/neu.2020.4.

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AbstractObjective:Abnormalities in neurotransmission via N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) play a role in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders. The impact of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on NMDAR-related amino acids remains unknown. We aim to investigate the effects of rTMS on NMDAR-related amino acids in serum of post-stroke patients.Methods:Ninety-five consecutive post-stroke patients with upper limb hemiparesis were recruited. In 27 patients, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) score was 10 or higher. Twelve depressed patients underwent rehabilitation in combination with rTMS and 15 non-depressed patients underwent rehabilitation only without rTMS for 14 days. 1 Hz rTMS was applied to the primary motor area in the non-lesional hemisphere. BDI was conducted before and after treatment. Serum glutamine, glutamate, glycine, l-serine, and d-serine levels were measured before and after treatment.Results:There were no differences between depressed patients and non-depressed patients in clinical characteristics, levels of the five amino acids in serum, and the ratio of amino acids. However, in 27 depressed patients, there was a significant correlation between levels of glutamate in serum and BDI (ρ = 0.428, p = 0.026). BDI decreased significantly in depressed patients after treatment with or without rTMS. d-serine decreased in the rehabilitation with rTMS group, but increased in the rehabilitation without rTMS group. l-serine increased in the rehabilitation with rTMS group, but decreased in the rehabilitation without rTMS group.Conclusion:The results suggest that rTMS can modulate NMDAR-related amino acids in blood, producing beneficial effects.

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Nagata, Y., R. Konno, Y. Yasumura, and T. Akino. "Involvement of d-amino acid oxidase in elimination of free d-amino acids in mice." Biochemical Journal 257, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 291–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2570291.

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The physiological role of D-amino acid oxidase was investigated by using mutant ddY/DAO- mice lacking the enzyme. Free D-amino acid concentrations in the mutant mice were significantly higher than those of control ddY/DAO+ mice in kidney, liver, lung, heart, brain, erythrocytes, serum and urine. The results suggest that the enzyme is involved in the catabolism of free D-amino acids in the body, and that free D-amino acids are also excreted into urine.

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Tootsi, Kaspar, Kadri Vilba, Aare Märtson, Jaak Kals, Kaido Paapstel, and Mihkel Zilmer. "Metabolomic Signature of Amino Acids, Biogenic Amines and Lipids in Blood Serum of Patients with Severe Osteoarthritis." Metabolites 10, no. 8 (August 8, 2020): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo10080323.

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Metabolomic analysis is an emerging new diagnostic tool, which holds great potential for improving the understanding of osteoarthritis (OA)-caused metabolomic shifts associated with systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. The main aim of the study was to map the changes of amino acid, biogenic amine and complex lipid profiles in severe OA, where the shifts should be more eminent compared with early stages. The fasting serum of 70 knee and hip OA patients and 82 controls was assessed via a targeted approach using the AbsoluteIDQ™ p180 kit. Changes in the serum levels of amino acids, sphingomyelins, phoshatidylcholines and lysophosphatidylcholines of the OA patients compared with controls suggest systemic inflammation in severe OA patients. Furthermore, the decreased spermine to spermidine ratio indicates excessive oxidative stress to be associated with OA. Serum arginine level was positively correlated with radiographic severity of OA, potentially linking inflammation through NO synthesis to OA. Further, the level of glycine was negatively associated with the severity of OA, which might refer to glycine deficiency in severe OA. The current study demonstrates significant changes in the amino acid, biogenic amine and low-molecular weight lipid profiles of severe OA and provides new insights into the complex interplay between chronic inflammation, oxidative stress and OA.

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ŜKRHA, JAN, JARMILA ŜRÁMKOVÁ, FRANTIŜEK REHÁK, and VLADIMÍR PACOVSKÝ. "Serum isoamylase activities during infusions of glucose and amino acids." European Journal of Clinical Investigation 16, no. 1 (February 1986): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2362.1986.tb01304.x.

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Pichugina, Inna, Olga Vetchinnikova, and M. F. Vladimirsky. "Profile of serum amino acids in patients on peritoneal dialysis." Kidney Research and Clinical Practice 31, no. 2 (June 2012): A66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.krcp.2012.04.522.

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Nishijima, S. "Analysis of serum amino acids in patients with neurogenic bladder." Neuroscience Research 38 (2000): S127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-0102(00)81606-5.

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Zakaria, Nur Fatini, Muhajir Hamid, and Mohd Ezuan Khayat. "Amino Acid-Induced Impairment of Insulin Signaling and Involvement of G-Protein Coupling Receptor." Nutrients 13, no. 7 (June 29, 2021): 2229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13072229.

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Amino acids are needed for general bodily function and well-being. Despite their importance, augmentation in their serum concentration is closely related to metabolic disorder, insulin resistance (IR), or worse, diabetes mellitus. Essential amino acids such as the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) have been heavily studied as a plausible biomarker or even a cause of IR. Although there is a long list of benefits, in subjects with abnormal amino acids profiles, some amino acids are correlated with a higher risk of IR. Metabolic dysfunction, upregulation of the mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, the gut microbiome, 3-hydroxyisobutyrate, inflammation, and the collusion of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are among the indicators and causes of metabolic disorders generating from amino acids that contribute to IR and the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This review summarizes the current understanding of the true involvement of amino acids with IR. Additionally, the involvement of GPCRs in IR will be further discussed in this review.

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Xiao, Dingfu, Jie Yin, Wenkai Ren, Jianhua He, Xionggui Hu, Yulong Yin, Wei Luo, and Xinglong Yu. "Porcine circovirus type 2 affects the serum profile of amino acids and intestinal expression of amino acid transporters in mice." RSC Advances 5, no. 90 (2015): 73651–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra12904d.

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Hortin, Glen L., Nitin Seam, and Gerard T. Hoehn. "Bound Homocysteine, Cysteine, and Cysteinylglycine Distribution between Albumin and Globulins." Clinical Chemistry 52, no. 12 (December 1, 2006): 2258–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2006.074302.

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Abstract Background: Major portions of homocysteine (Hcy), cysteine (Cys), cysteinylglycine (CysGly), and glutathione in serum are covalently bound to proteins via disulfides. Albumin has been considered the dominant binding protein. Methods: Pooled serum and plasma from healthy adults were fractionated into albumin and globulins by affinity columns. Content of Hcy, Cys, CysGly, and glutathione was determined for serum and plasma fractions and purified proteins by an HPLC method before and after incubation with excess CysGly, Hcy, or glutathione Results: Of protein-bound amino acids in pooled serum, 12% of Hcy, 21% of Cys, and 33% of CysGly were bound to globulins, with the remainder bound to albumin. Slightly higher proportions were bound to globulins in pooled plasma. Globulins had ∼16% of total exchangeable disulfide and thiol groups in serum based on results of loading with CysGly. These results agree with expected abundance of unpaired Cys residues in globulins relative to albumin. Significant amounts of disulfide-linked amino acids were detected for HDL and α1-acid glycoprotein but not for transferrin. Exchange of disulfide-linked amino acids on exposure to excess Hcy or glutathione was much faster for albumin than for α1-acid glycoprotein. Conclusions: Approximately 10%–30%, of protein-bound Hcy, Cys, and CysGly are disulfide-linked to globulins. Amino acids disulfide-linked to albumin are rapidly exchangeable, while exchange of disulfide-linked amino acids from globulins, such as α1-acid glycoprotein, is much slower. Consequently, the pools of Hcy, Cys, and CysGly bound to albumin and globulin may represent kinetically and functionally distinct pools. Plasma concentrations of total Hcy and Cys, which are dominated by albumin-bound pools, may not reflect the abundance of functionally significant modifications of globulins.

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Aasheim, Erlend T., Amany K. Elshorbagy, Lien My Diep, Torgeir T. Søvik, Tom Mala, Maria Valdivia-Garcia, Torsten Olbers, Thomas Bøhmer, Kåre I. Birkeland, and Helga Refsum. "Effect of bariatric surgery on sulphur amino acids and glutamate." British Journal of Nutrition 106, no. 3 (May 4, 2011): 432–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511000201.

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Plasma total cysteine (tCys) concentrations are associated with BMI. To study the relationship between tCys and BMI, we monitored the changes in serum concentrations of tCys and metabolically related compounds in sixty obese patients (BMI 50–60 kg/m2) from before to 1 year after either gastric bypass surgery (mean 30 % weight loss) or duodenal switch surgery (mean 41 % weight loss). A total of fifty-eight healthy persons (BMI 17–31 kg/m2) served as controls. Before surgery, obese patients had modestly (approximately 17 %) higher mean serum tCys, and markedly (>2-fold) higher glutamate concentrations, than controls (P ≤ 0·001 for both). Serial examinations after surgery revealed that gastric bypass patients had no change in tCys concentrations (P = 0·22), while duodenal switch patients showed a modest (approximately 12 %) but significant decrease in tCys (P < 0·001). Total homocysteine concentrations increased in duodenal switch patients but not in gastric bypass patients. Independent of surgery type, serum concentrations of methionine and cystathionine decreased (P < 0·05 for both), while serum glutathione and taurine remained stable. Glutamate concentrations declined, as did γ-glutamyltransferase activity (P < 0·001 for both). These results show that despite 30 % weight loss, and decreases in methionine, cystathionine and glutamate, there was no significant change in serum tCys in patients after gastric bypass surgery. The decrease in tCys in patients undergoing duodenal switch could be related to malabsorption. The present findings do not suggest that BMI is a causal determinant of plasma tCys.

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Brodzki, Adam, Piotr Brodzki, Maria Szpetnar, and Marcin R. Tatara. "Serum Concentration of Free Amino Acids in Dogs Suffering From Perianal Tumours." Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 57, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bvip-2013-0009.

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Abstract The aim of the study was to determine serum free amino acid concentration in male dogs suffering from benign and malignant perianal tumours. Serum concentrations of cysteic acid, glutamic acid, glutamine, aspartic acid, glycine, γ-aminobutyric acid, tryptophan, methionine, arginine, taurine, threonine, tyrosine, alanine, valine, isoleucine, and leucine were significantly changed in dogs suffering from benign and/or malignant tumours when compared to the control group (P<0.05). Serum concentration of serine, phenylalanine, lysine and histidine was not influenced in dogs with neoplastic disease (P>0.05). The evaluation of serum free amino acid concentration, has shown that threonine, glutamic acid, alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, γ-aminobutyric acid, and glycine have the highest diagnostic and prognostic value in dogs suffering from benign and malignant perianal tumours. Highly diagnostic and prognostic value in relation to benign tumour growth was also found while evaluating branched chain and acidic groups of amino acids. Serine, phenylalanine, lysine, and histidine, as well as alkaline amino acids were proved not to have diagnostic and prognostic value in dogs with the tumours. Thus, the evaluation of free amino acid concentration may serve diagnostic purposes and help in tumour malignancy differentiation. The elaborated experimental model may be used in further studies on neoplastic disease development and monitoring of applied treatment efficiency.

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Wuu, J. A., L. Y. Wen, T. Y. Chuang, and G. G. Chang. "Amino acid concentrations in serum and aqueous humor from subjects with extreme myopia or senile cataract." Clinical Chemistry 34, no. 8 (August 1, 1988): 1610–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/34.8.1610.

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Abstract With an amino acid analyzer, we measured amino acids and related compounds in serum and aqueous humor from normal Chinese and some patients with extreme myopia or senile cataracts. Forty peaks were well resolved, and their areas were used to quantify each compound. In the myopic patients, glutamate, alpha-aminoadipate, and methionine concentrations in serum were 10-fold those in the normal subjects. Values for most of the other amino acids and related compounds were also higher in myopic patients' sera. In the cataract patients, concentrations of most of these compounds were lower in serum but higher in aqueous humor than for the normal subjects. Tryptophan was present in significant amounts in sera from the normal subjects, but was not detectable in the senile-cataract patients. The ratio of amino acid concentration in aqueous humor to that in the serum (Ch/Cs) was higher in the cataract patients than in normal subjects for almost all of the compounds we measured.

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Sarwar, Ghulam, and Herbert G. Botting. "Rapid Analysis of Nutritionally Important Free Amino Acids in Serum and Organs (Liver, Brain, and Heart) by Liquid Chromatography of Precolumn Phenylisothiocyanate Derivatives." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 73, no. 3 (May 1, 1990): 470–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/73.3.470.

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Abstract An amino acid analysis method for protein hydrolysates, using precolumn phenylisothiocyanate (PITC) derivatlzatlon and liquid chromatography, was modified for its application In rapid analysis of commonly occurring free amino acids in serum and other physiological samples. The modifications Included changes In column temperature (47.5°C compared to 25-35°C used In analyzing protein hydrolysates), method of preparing standard and test samples, and gradient conditions. By using a Waters Pico-Tag amino acid analysis 15 cm long column (which Is also used for analyzing protein hydrolysates), separation of 27 PTC-amino acids in human serum and rat liver, brain, or heart was completed in 20 mln by the modified method. The total time for analysis and equilibration was 30 mln. The modified method was much faster than the traditional ion-exchange methods (2-3 h) or the existing liquid chromatographic methods using PITC derivatlzatlon (66-80 mln) for determining nutritionally Important free amino acids In physiological fluids and tissues. Variability of the method (expressed as coefficients of variation) for the determination (Including deprotelnizatlon, derivatlzatlon, and liquid chromatography) of all amino acids was less than 5%, which compared favorably with the reproducibility of Ion-exchange methods

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Lu, Yonghai, Yeli Wang, Xu Liang, Li Zou, Choon Ong, Jian-Min Yuan, Woon-Puay Koh, and An Pan. "Serum Amino Acids in Association with Prevalent and Incident Type 2 Diabetes in A Chinese Population." Metabolites 9, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo9010014.

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We aimed to simultaneously examine the associations of both essential and non-essential amino acids with both prevalent and incident type 2 diabetes in a Chinese population. A case-control study was nested within the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Participants included 144 cases with prevalent and 160 cases with incident type 2 diabetes and 304 controls. Cases and controls were individually matched on age, sex, and date of blood collection. Baseline serum levels of 9 essential and 10 non-essential amino acids were measured using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. We identified that five essential (isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, and valine) and five non-essential (alanine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, and tyrosine) amino acids were associated with the prevalence of type 2 diabetes; four essential (isoleucine, leucine, tryptophan, and valine) and two non-essential (glutamine and tyrosine) amino acids were associated with the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Of these, valine and tyrosine independently led to a significant improvement in risk prediction of incident type 2 diabetes. This study demonstrates that both essential and non-essential amino acids were associated with the risk for prevalent and incident type 2 diabetes, and the findings could aid in diabetes risk assessment in this Chinese population.

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Hamadeh, Mazen J., and L. John Hoffer. "Effect of protein restriction on15N transfer from dietary [15N]alanine and [15N]Spirulina platensisinto urea." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 281, no. 2 (August 1, 2001): E349—E356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.2001.281.2.e349.

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Six normal men consumed a mixed test meal while adapted to high (1.5 g · kg−1· day−1) and low (0.3 g · kg−1· day−1) protein intakes. They completed this protocol twice: when the test meals included 3 mg/kg of [15N]alanine ([15N]Ala) and when they included 30 mg/kg of intrinsically labeled [15N] Spirulina platensis([15N]SPI). Six subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) receiving conventional insulin therapy consumed the test meal with added [15N]Ala while adapted to their customary high-protein diet. Protein restriction increased serum alanine, glycine, glutamine, and methionine concentrations and reduced those of leucine. Whether the previous diet was high or low in protein, there was a similar increase in serum alanine, methionine, and branched-chain amino acid concentrations after the test meal and a similar pattern of15N enrichment in serum amino acids for a given tracer. When [15N]Ala was included in the test meal,15N appeared rapidly in serum alanine and glutamine, to a minor degree in leucine and isoleucine, and not at all in other circulating amino acids. With [15N]SPI, there was a slow appearance of the label in all serum amino acids analyzed. Despite the different serum amino acid labeling, protein restriction reduced the postmeal transfer of dietary15N in [15N]Ala or [15N]SPI into [15N]urea by similar amounts (38 and 43%, respectively, not significant). The response of the subjects with IDDM was similar to that of the normal subjects. Information about adaptive reductions in dietary amino acid catabolism obtained by adding [15N]Ala to a test meal appears to be equivalent to that obtained using an intrinsically labeled protein tracer.

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Poleacova, Lilia, Mariana Ciochina, and Victoria Bogdan. "Influence of the physical activity and protein ration on changes of the content of groups of free amino acids at mature and old rats." Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova. Life Sciences, no. 1 (343) (January 2022): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.52388/1857-064x.2021.1.02.

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This article describes the changes in the summary content of groups of free amino acids in the blood of mature and senile rats fed protein ration in association with physical activity. The impact of protein ration in association with physical activity at mature and senile rats is directly related to the content of groups of amino acids in serum and erythrocytes: if in erythrocytes, regardless of animal age, the amount of groups decreases, then in serum the corresponding changes depend on age.

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Wiklund, Petri, Xiaobo Zhang, Xiao Tan, Sirkka Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, Markku Alen, and Sulin Cheng. "Serum Amino Acid Profiles in Childhood Predict Triglyceride Level in Adulthood: A 7-Year Longitudinal Study in Girls." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 101, no. 5 (May 1, 2016): 2047–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-1053.

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AbstractContext:Branched-chain and aromatic amino acids are associated with high risk of developing dyslipidemia and type II diabetes in adults.Objective:This study aimed to examine whether serum amino acid profiles associate with triglyceride concentrations during pubertal growth and predict hypertriglyceridemia in early adulthood.Design:This was a 7.5-year longitudinal study.Setting:The study was conducted at the Health Science Laboratory, University of Jyväskylä.Participants:A total of 396 nondiabetic Finnish girls aged 11.2 ± 0.8 years at the baseline participated in the study.Main Outcome Measures:Body composition was assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry; serum concentrations of glucose, insulin, and triglyceride by enzymatic photometric methods; and amino acids by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.Results:Serum leucine and isoleucine correlated significantly with future triglyceride, independent of baseline triglyceride level (P < .05 for all). In early adulthood (at the age of 18 years), these amino acids were significantly associated with hypertriglyceridemia, whereas fat mass and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance were not. Leucine was the strongest determinant discriminating subjects with hypertriglyceridemia from those with normal triglyceride level (area under the curve, 0.822; 95% confidence interval, 0.740–0.903; P = .000001).Conclusions:Serum leucine and isoleucine were associated with future serum triglyceride levels in girls during pubertal growth and predicted hypertriglyceridemia in early adulthood. Therefore, these amino acid indices may serve as biomarkers to identify individuals at high risk for developing hypertriglyceridemia and cardiovascular disease later in life. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role these amino acids play in the lipid metabolism.

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Trujillo, A. I., M. N. Viera, E. Jorge-Smeding, and A. L. Astessiano. "O29 Amino acids profile in serum and cerebrospinal of feed-restricted dairy cows: implications of branched-chain amino acids?" Animal - science proceedings 13, no. 3 (August 2022): 279–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anscip.2022.07.039.

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Oweira, H., I. Lahdou, G. Opelz, V. Daniel, P. Terness, J. Schmidt, A. Mehrabi, et al. "Association of pre- and early post-transplant serum amino acids and metabolites of amino acids and liver transplant outcome." Transplant Immunology 46 (February 2018): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trim.2017.12.003.

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Gamble, L. J., C. W. Frye, C. M. Hansen, J. W. Locasale, X. Liu, M. S. Davis, and J. J. Wakshlag. "Serum metabolomics of Alaskan sled dogs during endurance racing." Comparative Exercise Physiology 14, no. 3 (September 6, 2018): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep180010.

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Long distance racing sled dogs are fed diets high in fat since lipid metabolism has long been thought to be the major substrate utilised during endurance racing. However, recent studies suggests that sled dogs are equally, if not more, dependent on carbohydrate metabolism. Considering the metabolic disparity regarding the energetics of endurance exercise, our study aimed to explore the serum metabolomic profiles of sled dogs running a 1,609 km (1000 mile) race. We hypothesised that there would be amino acid depletion due to gluconeogenesis and alteration in the citric acid cycle (CAC) based on the limited carbohydrate diet they consume. Serum was obtained from 6 Alaskan sled dogs approximately 24 h prior to the race (Whitehorse), at the midrace checkpoint (Dawson City), and again at the finish (Fairbanks). Serum was analysed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for over 200 metabolites involved in amino acid, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism with MetaboAnalyst Software 3.0. Major metabolic changes observed were decreased free fatty acids and enhanced acyl-carnitine derivatives during the race compared to baseline. Serum depletion of nearly all amino acids except for branched chain amino acids and phenylalanine was observed suggesting extensive protein catabolism. Many of the CAC intermediates were variable with increases in abnormal end glycation products. These results highlight that sled dogs display general amino acid depletion for pyruvate, acetyl CoA and CAC pathway intermediates with increased carnitine bound lipid metabolites, suggesting rate limiting beta-oxidation during endurance exercise, particularly at mid race. Further metabolomic studies to assess the influence of exercise and nutritional regimens are warranted to better understand substrate utilisation in working dogs.

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Gunther, Samuel H., Chin Meng Khoo, E.-Shyong Tai, Xueling Sim, Jean-Paul Kovalik, Jianhong Ching, Jeannette J. Lee, and Rob M. van Dam. "Serum acylcarnitines and amino acids and risk of type 2 diabetes in a multiethnic Asian population." BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care 8, no. 1 (October 2020): e001315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001315.

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IntroductionWe evaluated whether concentrations of serum acylcarnitines and amino acids are associated with risk of type 2 diabetes and can improve predictive diabetes models in an Asian population.Research design and methodsWe used data from 3313 male and female participants from the Singapore Prospective Study Program cohort who were diabetes-free at baseline. The average age at baseline was 48.0 years (SD: 11.9 years), and participants were of Chinese, Malay, and Indian ethnicity. Diabetes cases were identified through self-reported physician diagnosis, fasting glucose and glycated hemoglobin concentrations, and linkage to national disease registries. We measured fasting serum concentrations of 45 acylcarnitines and 14 amino acids. The association between metabolites and incident diabetes was modeled using Cox proportional hazards regression with adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, height, and parental history of diabetes, and correction for multiple testing. Metabolites were added to the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) predictive diabetes risk model to assess whether they could increase the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC).ResultsParticipants were followed up for an average of 8.4 years (SD: 2.1 years), during which time 314 developed diabetes. Branched-chain amino acids (HR: 1.477 per SD; 95% CI 1.325 to 1.647) and the alanine to glycine ratio (HR: 1.572; 95% CI 1.426 to 1.733) were most strongly associated with diabetes risk. Additionally, the acylcarnitines C4 and C16-OH, and the amino acids alanine, combined glutamate/glutamine, ornithine, phenylalanine, proline, and tyrosine were significantly associated with higher diabetes risk, and the acylcarnitine C8-DC and amino acids glycine and serine with lower risk. Adding selected metabolites to the ARIC model resulted in a significant increase in AUC from 0.836 to 0.846.ConclusionsWe identified acylcarnitines and amino acids associated with risk of type 2 diabetes in an Asian population. A subset of these modestly improved the prediction of diabetes when added to an established diabetes risk model.

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Revanappa, Santhosh Kumar, Isha Soni, Manjappa Siddalinganahalli, Gururaj Kudur Jayaprakash, Roberto Flores-Moreno, and Chandrashekar Bananakere Nanjegowda. "A Fukui Analysis of an Arginine-Modified Carbon Surface for the Electrochemical Sensing of Dopamine." Materials 15, no. 18 (September 13, 2022): 6337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15186337.

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Amino acid-modified carbon interfaces have huge applications in developing electrochemical sensing applications. Earlier reports suggested that the amine group of amino acids acted as an oxidation center at the amino acid-modified electrode interface. It was interesting to locate the oxidation centers of amino acids in the presence of guanidine. In the present work, we modeled the arginine-modified carbon interface and utilized frontier molecular orbitals and analytical Fukui functions based on the first principle study computations to analyze arginine-modified CPE (AMCPE) at a molecular level. The frontier molecular orbital and analytical Fukui results suggest that the guanidine (oxidation) and carboxylic acid (reduction) groups of arginine act as additional electron transfer sites on the AMCPE surface. To support the theoretical observations, we prepared the arginine-modified CPE (AMCPE) for the cyclic voltammetric sensing of dopamine (DA). The AMCPE showed excellent performance in detecting DA in blood serum samples.

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Gomes, J., A. H. Dawodu, O. Lloyd, D. M. Revitt, and S. V. Anilal. "Hepatic injury and disturbed amino acid metabolism in mice following prolonged exposure to organophosphorus pesticides." Human & Experimental Toxicology 18, no. 1 (January 1999): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719901800105.

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1 Chronic occupational exposure to organophosphorus and carbamate-type pesticides significantly inhibits acetylcholinesterase activity and causes morbidity. This study on mice was designed to evaluate their amino profile and to identify signs of hepatic dysfunction following their chronic exposure to mixtures of organophosphorus pesticides. 2 Laboratory mice were exposed to a formulated mixture of the six organophosphorus pesticides (Dimethoate, Chlorpyrifos, Profenofos, Pirimiphos methyl, Triazophos and Dimethoate) most commonly used in agriculture in this region of the Middle East. Doses (10% of LD50 of the mixture) were given once a week by gavage in corn oil for 7 weeks; the control group was given only corn oil. At the end of the exposure period, mice were culled and blood samples were collected to determine erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity, biochemical markers of liver function and concentrations of serum amino acids. 3 Erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity and total serum proteins decreased significantly in the exposed group. Serum concentrations of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, alanine, glutamic acid, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, ornithine, proline, serine, threonine and valine were significantly increased in the exposed mice, while serum levels of cystine were decreased significantly. There were also non-significant increases in serum alkaline phosphatase, gama-glutamyl transpeptidase and some of the other amino acids. 4 Chronic exposure to mixtures of organophosphorus pesticides is associated with decreased acetylcholinesterase activity, hepatic dysfunction and disturbance of amino acids profile. Biochemical indices of hepatocellular injury and disturbed amino acid metabolism may be of value as markers of chronic exposure to such pesticides.

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Zamyatnin, Sergey A., Anton V. Malushko, and Irina S. Gonchar. "The role of clinical metabolomics in the diagnosis of bladder cancer." Urology reports (St. - Petersburg) 12, no. 3 (October 28, 2022): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/uroved108815.

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BACKGROUND: Bladder cancer is a widespread disease characterized by high cancer-specific mortality and high cost of treatment. The search for available and reliable biological markers for the early diagnosis of urothelial carcinomas is an urgent task of oncourology. One of the promising ways to improve the efficiency of bladder cancer diagnostics is the use of the possibility of the clinical metabolomics. AIM: Was to study the possibility of assessing the content of various amino acids and their metabolites in blood serum for the diagnosis of bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serum concentrations of 28 amino acids and their metabolites were studied in 18 patients with urothelial cancer and 20 representatives of the control group without an oncological history. History taking, routine oncological screening, and blood sampling for laboratory tests were performed. RESULTS: Four metabolomes (glycine, phenylalanine, asparagine, and threonine) were identified, the blood serum concentration of which significantly changes in patients with urothelial cancer. These metabolomes can be considered as potential biomarkers of urothelial cancer. CONCLUSIONS: The study of the serum content of these four amino acids seems to be the most promising for the isolation of a potential biomarker of urothelial cancer.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Serum amino acids'

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