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Journal articles on the topic 'Serratia entomophila'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

Hurst, M. R. H., S. D. Young, and M. O'Callaghan. "Development of a speciesspecific probe for detection of Serratia entomophila in soil." New Zealand Plant Protection 61 (August 1, 2008): 222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2008.61.6846.

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Strains of the bacteria Serratia entomophila and S proteamaculans cause amber disease in the grass grub Costelytra zealandica (Coleoptera Scarabaeidae) an important pasture pest in New Zealand Strains of both Serratia species occur naturally in New Zealand pasture soils Serratia entomophila has been developed as a commercial biological control agent bioshield The persistence of the applied strain in soil is currently measured by enumeration of bacterial colonies on Serratiaselective agar and subsequent biochemical tests are carried out to differentiate between the two Serratia species on the basis of their ability to utilise itaconate as a sole carbon source A speciesspecific DNA probe has been developed as an alternative to these laborious biochemical tests Tests against a range of Serratia species in colony dot blots showed the probe could be used to differentiate between S entomophila and S protemaculans recovered from treated soil when assessing persistence of bioshield inoculum and efficacy of the product in the field

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2

O'Callaghan, M., E. Gerard, and V. W. Johnson. "Effect of soil moisture and temperature on survival of microbial control agents." New Zealand Plant Protection 54 (August 1, 2001): 128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2001.54.3753.

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Microbial control of soil dwelling pests and pathogens depends on the survival of microbial inocula in soil Three microbes Beauveria bassiana A6 Serratia entomophila 626 and Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0Rif were inoculated into soil microcosms at three soil moistures and temperatures Survival was determined at regular intervals Beauveria bassiana survived well in soil; after 3 months the populations were maintained at levels close to those immediately following inoculation under most soil conditions Serratia entomophila and P fluorescens populations declined gradually Soil moisture impacted on survival of P fluorescens with populations declining most rapidly in the dry soil at all temperatures Pseudomonas fluorescens was not recovered after 54 days at 20C The rate of population decline of S entomophila increased with soil temperature but populations remained above the minimum level of detection after three months with soil moisture having little effect on survival Formulation of S entomophila into granules greatly improved the survival of this bacterium in soil

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3

O'Callaghan, Maureen, Trevor A. Jackson, and Travis R. Glare. "Serratia entomophilabacteriophages: host range determination and preliminary characterization." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 43, no. 11 (November 1, 1997): 1069–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m97-152.

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Eight bacteriophages specific to Serratia entomophila, a commercially available bacterial pathogen of the New Zealand grass grub (Costelytra zealandica), were characterized by host range determination, morphology and restriction endonuclease patterns of DNA. Phages were originally isolated from grass grub larvae and fermenter broth where phages had disrupted large-scale production of S. entomophila. Seven of the phages (CW1–CW5, BC, and BT) had heads similar in size (approximately 60 × 60 nm) and long noncontractile tails (185 × 10 nm). Phage AgRP8 (P8) had a smaller head and a short tail structure. Restriction endonuclease analysis divided the phages into four groups: CW2, CW4, CW5, BC, and BT gave identical patterns, while CW1, CW3, and P8 each gave different patterns. Six distinct phage groups were distinguished by host range determination, after screening phages against 70 bacterial isolates: CW1, CW2/CW4, CW3, CW5, BC/BT, and P8. While confirming the indicated groupings by DNA analysis, it was possible to distinguish between some of the phages in the largest group: CW2/4 could be distinguished from CW5 and BC/BT. Screening of soil bacterial isolates of S. entomophila against nondiluted phages will aid in monitoring the establishment and persistence of strains applied for biological control of the grass grub.Key words: Serratia entomophila, bacteriophage, morphology, phage typing, host range.

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4

Tan, Binglin, Trevor A. Jackson, and Mark R. H. Hurst. "Virulence of Serratia Strains against Costelytra zealandica." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 9 (September 2006): 6417–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00519-06.

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ABSTRACT Strains of Serratia spp. showed a high level of virulence when injected into the hemocoel of larvae Costelytra zealandica, with Serratia entomophila, S. plymuthica, and S. marcescens showing significantly higher virulence than S. proteamaculans. Toxicity was independent of the amber disease-causing plasmid pADAP, suggesting a generalized Serratia toxin.

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5

O'Callaghan, M., and F. M. Gerard. "Establishment of Serratia entomophila in soil from a granular formulation." New Zealand Plant Protection 58 (August 1, 2005): 122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2005.58.4283.

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A granular formulation of Serratia entomophila has been developed to improve shelflife and storage characteristics of this bacterium which is used as a microbial control agent of the New Zealand grass grub Bacterial establishment and survival of bacteria released from the granular and liquid formulations were assessed in a laboratory experiment Bacteria were enumerated by dilution plating onto Serratia selective agar Serratia entomophila populations in soil inoculated with granules remained stable in soil for up to five months at a range of soil moisture levels Bacterial numbers declined more rapidly when soil was inoculated with the liquid formulation High numbers of bacteria remained viable in the granules throughout the experiment demonstrating the potential for sustained release of inoculum after application of the biopesticide granules

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6

Zydenbos, S. M., R. J. Townsend, P. M. S. Lane, S. Mansfield, M. O?Callaghan, C. Van_Koten, and T. A. Jackson. "Effect of Serratia entomophila and diazinon applied with seed against grass grub populations on the North Island volcanic plateau." New Zealand Plant Protection 69 (January 8, 2016): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2016.69.5919.

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The bacterial biocontrol agent Serratia entomophila and the insecticide diazinon were applied as separate granular formulations with ryegrass seed and compared with a seedonly control treatment on three pastures of different ages and composition on the North Island volcanic plateau In the first 2 years diazinon and S entomophila significantly reduced healthy grass grub populations compared with the control However by the third year populations in the diazinon treatments had recovered and were significantly higher than in S entomophila or control plots Grass grub populations were reduced by disease outbreaks after S entomophila was applied which infected >40 of grass grub larvae in the treated plots in year two Bacterial extraction from soil a year after application confirmed establishment and persistence of S entomophila in treated plots Visual positive pasture growth responses were noted in both the S entomophila and diazinontreated plots

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7

Wilson, C. R., T. A. Jackson, and H. K. Mahanty. "Preliminary characterization of bacteriophages of Serratia entomophila." Journal of Applied Bacteriology 74, no. 4 (April 1993): 484–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1993.tb05158.x.

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8

Hurst, Mark R. H., Travis R. Glare, Trevor A. Jackson, and Clive W. Ronson. "Plasmid-Located Pathogenicity Determinants of Serratia entomophila, the Causal Agent of Amber Disease of Grass Grub, Show Similarity to the Insecticidal Toxins of Photorhabdus luminescens." Journal of Bacteriology 182, no. 18 (September 15, 2000): 5127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.182.18.5127-5138.2000.

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ABSTRACT Serratia entomophila and Serratia proteamaculans cause amber disease in the grass grubCostelytra zealandica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), an important pasture pest in New Zealand. Larval disease symptoms include cessation of feeding, clearance of the gut, amber coloration, and eventual death. A 115-kb plasmid, pADAP, identified in S. entomophila is required for disease causation and, when introduced into Escherichia coli, enables that organism to cause amber disease. A 23-kb fragment of pADAP that conferred disease-causing ability on E. coli and a pADAP-cured strain of S. entomophila was isolated. Using insertion mutagenesis, the pathogenicity determinants were mapped to a 17-kb region of the clone. Sequence analysis of the 17-kb region showed that the predicted products of three of the open reading frames (sepA, sepB, and sepC) showed significant sequence similarity to components of the insecticidal toxin produced by the bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens. Transposon insertions in sepA, sepB, orsepC completely abolished both gut clearance and cessation of feeding on the 23-kb clone; when recombined back into pADAP, they abolished gut clearance but not cessation of feeding. These results suggest that SepA, SepB, and SepC together are sufficient for amber disease causation by S. entomophila and that another locus also able to exert a cessation-of-feeding effect is encoded elsewhere on pADAP.

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9

Townsend, R. J., M. O'Callaghan, V. W. Johnson, and T. A. Jackson. "Compatibility of microbial control agents Serratia entomophila and Beauveria bassiana with selected fertilisers." New Zealand Plant Protection 56 (August 1, 2003): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2003.56.6051.

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Microbial control agents targeting soildwelling organisms need to be compatible with commonly used fertilisers The bacterium Serratia entomophila is used as a microbial control agent for control of the New Zealand grass grub Costelytra zealandica and Beauveria bassiana is an entomopathogenic fungus used to control a range of insect pests These biocontrol agents were formulated into granules and applied to pots together with five fertilisers commonly used on pastures throughout New Zealand Compatibility with S entomophila was also assessed in a field trial where treatments were applied by direct drilling and surface application There appeared to be no deleterious effect from the application of the fertiliser treatments on the establishment and survival of either S entomophila or B bassiana On the contrary there was a suggestion that some nitrogenous fertilisers may lead to an increase in numbers of the bacterial biocontrol agent

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10

Townsend, R. J., T. A. Jackson, C. M. Ferguson, J. R. Proffitt, M. W. A. Slay, J. Swaminathan, S. Day, E. M. Gerard, M. O'Callaghan, and V. W. Johnson. "Establishment of Serratia entomophila after application of a new formulation for grass grub control." New Zealand Plant Protection 57 (August 1, 2004): 310–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2004.57.6927.

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The bacterium Serratia entomophila is a naturally occurring pathogen causing amber disease of the New Zealand grass grub (Costelytra zealandica) A novel granular formulation of S entomophila Bioshieldtrade; was applied to 18 pasture sites in a largescale programme to demonstrate efficacy against grass grub No significant difficulties were encountered in application of the granules through conventional machinery There were high populations of the applied bacteria in soil within the first week of application and within 6 weeks of application there was an average of 3 x 104 viable S entomophila of the applied strain per gram of soil This resulted in a significant (Plt;005) 20 increase in the incidence of amber disease in the treated grass grub populations compared to untreated populations Successful establishment of the bacteria in the soil and target population following Bioshieldtrade; granule application was demonstrated on a wide range of sites under various farming conditions

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11

O'Callaghan, M., and T. A. Jackson. "Adult grass grub dispersal of Serratia entomophila." Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 46 (January 8, 1993): 235–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1993.46.11138.

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12

Dodd, Steven J., Mark R. H. Hurst, Travis R. Glare, Maureen O'Callaghan, and Clive W. Ronson. "Occurrence of sep Insecticidal Toxin Complex Genes in Serratia spp. and Yersinia frederiksenii." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 10 (October 2006): 6584–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00954-06.

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ABSTRACT Some strains of Serratia entomophila and S. proteamaculans cause amber disease of the grass grub Costelytra zealandica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Three genes required for virulence, sepABC, are located on a large plasmid, pADAP. Sequence analysis suggests that the sepABC gene cluster may be part of a horizontally mobile region. This study presents evidence for the putative mobility of the sep genes of pADAP. Southern blot analysis showed that orthologues of the sep genes reside on plasmids within S. entomophila, S. liquefaciens, S. proteamaculans, and a plasmid from Yersinia frederiksenii. Three plasmids hybridized to the pADAP sep virulence-associated region but not the pADAP replication and conjugation regions. Subsequent DNA sequence analysis of the Y. frederiksenii sep-like genes, designated tcYF1 and tcYF2, showed that they had 88% and 87% DNA identity to sepA and sepB, respectively. These results indicate that the sep genes are part of a discrete horizontally mobile region.

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13

Giddens, Stephen R., Antonio Tormo, and H. Khris Mahanty. "Expression of the Antifeeding Gene anfA1in Serratia entomophila Requires RpoS." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 4 (April 1, 2000): 1711–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.4.1711-1714.2000.

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ABSTRACT The rpoS gene of Serratia entomophila BC4B was cloned and used to create rpoS-mutant strain BC4BRS. Larvae of the New Zealand grass grub Costelytra zealandicainfected with BC4BRS became amber colored but continued to feed, albeit to a lesser extent than infected larvae. Subsequently, we found that expression of the antifeeding gene anfA1 intrans was substantially reduced in BC4BRS relative to that in the parental strain BC4B. Our data show that a functionalrpoS gene is vital for full expression of anfA1and for development of the antifeeding component of amber disease.

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14

Hurst, Mark R. H., Maureen O’Callaghan, and Travis R. Glare. "Peripheral sequences of the Serratia entomophila pADAP virulence-associated region." Plasmid 50, no. 3 (November 2003): 213–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0147-619x(03)00062-3.

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15

Sen, Anindito, Daria Rybakova, Mark R. H. Hurst, and Alok K. Mitra. "Structural Study of the Serratia entomophila Antifeeding Prophage: Three-Dimensional Structure of the Helical Sheath." Journal of Bacteriology 192, no. 17 (July 2, 2010): 4522–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00224-10.

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ABSTRACT The sheath of the Serratia entomophila antifeeding prophage, which is pathogenic to the New Zealand grass grub Costelytra zealandica, is a 3-fold helix formed by a 4-fold symmetric repeating motif disposed around a helical inner tube. This structure, determined by electron microscopy and image processing, is distinct from that of the other known morphologically similar bacteriophage sheaths.

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16

O'Callaghan, M., E. M. Gerard, V. W. Johnson, R. J. Townsend, and T. A. Jackson. "Release of Serratia entomophila from prill formulations is affected by soil moisture." New Zealand Plant Protection 55 (August 1, 2002): 291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2002.55.3955.

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The bacterium Serratia entomophila has been incorporated into prill formulations to improve distribution and application of this insect pathogen to pasture for biological control of the New Zealand grass grub Costelytra zealandica While bacteria can survive in ambient conditions for long periods within the prills their field efficacy depends on successful release of bacteria from the prills and colonisation of the surrounding soil Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effects of soil moisture on rate of release of bacteria from prill formulations Prills were held in soil adjusted to four soil moisture contents (ranging from field capacity to wilting point) and the release of bacteria was determined by dilution plating Bacteria were released most rapidly at high soil moistures and populations were maintained at 103104 colony forming units per g soil in most treatments Measurement of release of S entomophila from prills in soil cores subjected to various watering regimes demonstrated that free soil water is important for distributing bacterial inoculum throughout soil profile

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17

O'Callaghan, M., M. J. Noonan, T. M. Broad, and T. A. Jackson. "Evaluation of methods for applying Serratia entomophila to pasture." Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 40 (January 8, 1987): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1987.40.9938.

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18

O'Callaghan, M., and T. A. Jackson. "Serratia entomophila for control of grass grub in strawberries." Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 41 (January 8, 1988): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1988.41.9867.

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19

Young, S. D., R. J. Townsend, J. Swaminathan, and M. O'Callaghan. "Serratia entomophilacoated seed to improve ryegrass establishment in the presence of grass grubs." New Zealand Plant Protection 63 (August 1, 2010): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2010.63.6573.

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The entomopathogenic bacterium Serratia entomophila is an alternative to chemical control of grass grub (Costelytra zealandica) and is applied in a granule formulation to established pastures Treatment of seed with microbial inoculants is an ideal mechanism for delivery and establishment of microbial control agents into the plant root zone where soil dwelling pests such as grass grub are located Seed treatment with S entomophila was tested in three glasshouse pot trials for its ability to protect germinating ryegrass seedlings from grass grub damage A range of larval densities was used and microbial seed treatment was compared with the insecticide imidacloprid At medium larval densities (equivalent to 70 larvae/m2) use of S entomophilacoated seed resulted in 85 seedling establishment in comparison with 82 emergence from imidaclopridtreated seed At a high larval density of 300/m2 where there was no establishment of untreated seed 3551 of seedlings established from S entomophilatreated seed Results suggest there is potential for seed coating to aid ryegrass establishment in autumnsown pastures

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20

Hurst, Mark R. H., Travis R. Glare, and Trevor A. Jackson. "Cloning Serratia entomophila Antifeeding Genes—a Putative Defective Prophage Active against the Grass Grub Costelytra zealandica." Journal of Bacteriology 186, no. 15 (August 1, 2004): 5116–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.15.5116-5128.2004.

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ABSTRACT Serratia entomophila and Serratia proteamaculans (Enterobacteriaceae) cause amber disease in the grass grub Costelytra zealandica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), an important pasture pest in New Zealand. Larval disease symptoms include cessation of feeding, clearance of the gut, amber coloration, and eventual death. A 155-kb plasmid, pADAP, carries the genes sepA, sepB, and sepC, which are essential for production of amber disease symptoms. Transposon insertions in any of the sep genes in pADAP abolish gut clearance but not cessation of feeding, indicating the presence of an antifeeding gene(s) elsewhere on pADAP. Based on deletion analysis of pADAP and subsequent sequence data, a 47-kb clone was constructed, which when placed in either an Escherichia coli or a Serratia background exerted strong antifeeding activity and often led to rapid death of the infected grass grub larvae. Sequence data show that the antifeeding component is part of a large gene cluster that may form a defective prophage and that six potential members of this prophage are present in Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. laumondii TTO1, a species which also has sep gene homologues.

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21

Hurst, Mark R. H., S. Anette Becher, and Maureen O’Callaghan. "Nucleotide sequence of the Serratia entomophila plasmid pADAP and the Serratia proteamaculans pU143 plasmid virulence associated region." Plasmid 65, no. 1 (January 2011): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plasmid.2010.10.001.

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22

Johnson, V. W., J. Pearson, and T. A. Jackson. "Formulation of Serratia entomophila for biological control of grass grub." New Zealand Plant Protection 54 (August 1, 2001): 125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2001.54.3752.

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Cultures of the bacterium Serratia entomophila (Enterobacteriaceae) have been applied as the biological control product Invade for the control of grass grub for more than a decade However the use of the bacterium is limited by the specific requirements of the live microbial cultures for distribution and delivery The cultures must be maintained under refrigeration and applied through a modified seed drill To overcome these problems we have developed a system for stabilising the bacterium in a biopolymer matrix which can then be incorporated into claybased granules The resulting formulation can be stored at ambient temperatures for extended periods and applied to the soil through conventional farm machinery Such thermostable formulations of sensitive microorganisms are likely to have a wide application in the biological control of pests and diseases

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23

Claus, H., T. A. Jackson, and Z. Filip. "Characterization of Serratia entomophila strains by genomic DNA fingerprints and plasmid profiles." Microbiological Research 150, no. 2 (May 1995): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0944-5013(11)80051-0.

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24

Grkovic, S., M. O'callaghan, and H. K. Mahanty. "Characterization of Serratia entomophila Bacteriophages and the Phage-Resistant Mutant Strain BC4B." Applied and environmental microbiology 61, no. 12 (1995): 4160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.61.12.4160-4166.1995.

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25

Yang, G., A. J. Dowling, U. Gerike, R. H. ffrench-Constant, and N. R. Waterfield. "Photorhabdus Virulence Cassettes Confer Injectable Insecticidal Activity against the Wax Moth." Journal of Bacteriology 188, no. 6 (March 15, 2006): 2254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.188.6.2254-2261.2006.

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ABSTRACT Two recently sequenced genomes of the insect-pathogenic bacterium Photorhabdus and a large Serratia entomophila plasmid, pADAP, have phage-related loci containing putative toxin effector genes, designated the “Photorhabdus virulence cassettes” (PVCs). In S. entomophila, the single plasmid PVC confers antifeeding activity on larvae of a beetle. Here, we show that recombinant Escherichia coli expressing PVC-containing cosmids from Photorhabdus has injectable insecticidal activity against larvae of the wax moth. Electron microscopy showed that the structure of the PVC products is similar to the structure of the antibacterial R-type pyocins. However, unlike these bacteriocins, the PVC products of Photorhabdus have no demonstrable antibacterial activity. Instead, injection of Photorhabdus PVC products destroys insect hemocytes, which undergo dramatic actin cytoskeleton condensation. Comparison of the genomic organizations of several PVCs showed that they have a conserved phage-like structure with a variable number of putative anti-insect effectors encoded at one end. Expression of these putative effectors directly inside cultured cells showed that they are capable of rearranging the actin cytoskeleton. Together, these data show that the PVCs are functional homologs of the S. entomophila antifeeding genes and encode physical structures that resemble bacteriocins. This raises the interesting hypothesis that the PVC products are bacteriocin-like but that they have been modified to attack eukaryotic host cells.

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26

Nuñez-Valdez, M. Eugenia, Marco A. Calderón, Eduardo Aranda, Luciano Hernández, Rosa M. Ramírez-Gama, Laura Lina, Zitlhally Rodríguez-Segura, María del C. Gutiérrez, and Francisco J. Villalobos. "Identification of a Putative Mexican Strain of Serratia entomophila Pathogenic against Root-Damaging Larvae of Scarabaeidae (Coleoptera)." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 3 (December 14, 2007): 802–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01074-07.

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ABSTRACT The larvae of scarab beetles, known as “white grubs” and belonging to the genera Phyllophaga and Anomala (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), are regarded as soil-dwelling pests in Mexico. During a survey conducted to find pathogenic bacteria with the potential to control scarab larvae, a native Serratia sp. (strain Mor4.1) was isolated from a dead third-instar Phyllophaga blanchardi larva collected from a cornfield in Tres Marías, Morelos, Mexico. Oral bioassays using healthy P. blanchardi larvae fed with the Mor4.1 isolate showed that this strain was able to cause an antifeeding effect and a significant loss of weight. Mortality was observed for P. blanchardi, P. trichodes, and P. obsoleta in a multidose experiment. The Mor4.1 isolate also caused 100% mortality 24 h after intracoelomic inoculation of the larvae of P. blanchardi, P. ravida, Anomala donovani and the lepidopteran insect Manduca sexta. Oral and injection bioassays were performed with concentrated culture broths of the Mor4.1 isolate to search for disease symptoms and mortality caused by extracellular proteins. The results have shown that Mor4.1 broths produce significant antifeeding effects and mortality. Mor4.1 broths treated with proteinase K lost the ability to cause disease symptoms and mortality, in both the oral and the injection bioassays, suggesting the involvement of toxic proteins in the disease. The Mor4.1 isolate was identified as a putative Serratia entomophila Mor4.1 strain based on numerical taxonomy and phylogenetic analyses done with the 16S rRNA gene sequence. The potential of S. entomophila Mor4.1 and its toxins to be used in an integrated pest management program is discussed.

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27

Pritam, Chattopadhyay, Karmakar Nilima, and K. Sen Sukanta. "Exploration of Serratia entomophila AB2 for lepidopteran pest control and productivity of groundnut." African Journal of Microbiology Research 8, no. 35 (August 27, 2014): 3250–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajmr2014.6648.

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28

Chattopadhyay, Pritam. "Exploring Agricultural Potentiality of Serratia entomophila AB2: Dual Property of Biopesticide and Biofertilizer." British Biotechnology Journal 2, no. 1 (January 10, 2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bbj/2012/778.

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29

Bunt, C. R., S. A. Stelting, D. A. Wright, and J. Swaminathan. "Preformulation characterisation of zeolite core materials in biocontrol products." New Zealand Plant Protection 63 (August 1, 2010): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2010.63.6602.

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Bioshield is a unique biocontrol agent that is used for control of the New Zealand grass grub (Costelytra zealandica) It consists of a core of zeolite with a biopolymer coating containing the bacterium Serratia entomophila Assessments of various zeolites (Z1BC Z1BDW Z1CG and Z1BI from New Zealand (NZZs) and AUFM 4/1 and AUZB from Australia (AZs)) were carried out prior to formulation Physical characteristics such as friability and water absorption and sorption were measured and success of bacterial coating was assessed by light microscopy and differential staining scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cell loading (cfu/g) Friability assessment of NZZs found approximately 5 mass loss while AZs did not lose any mass NZZs absorbed approximately 30 w / w while AZs 10 w / w water Water sorption to zeolites appeared to monolayer in nature although NZZs and AZs monolayer adsorption isotherms appear to differ being type II and type I respectively SEM analysis showed the surface of NZZs to be porous and populated by colloidal particles while AZs appeared very smooth and lacking in surface features Success of coating S entomophila onto NZZs and AZs was confirmed by SEM enumeration and livedead staining

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30

Mansfield, Sarah, Richard J. Chynoweth, Mark R. H. Hurst, Alasdair Noble, Sue M. Zydenbos, and Maureen O'Callaghan. "Novel bacterial seed treatment protects wheat seedlings from insect damage." Crop and Pasture Science 68, no. 6 (2017): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp17176.

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Insecticidal seed treatments are used commonly worldwide to protect seedlings against root feeding insects. Organophosphate insecticides that have been used for seed treatments are being phased out and replaced with neonicotinoid insecticides. Concerns about the environmental impact of neonicotinoids have prompted a search for alternatives. Microbial insecticides are a biological alternative for seed treatments to target root feeding insects. Six field trials with organophosphate granules (diazinon, chlorpyrifos), neonicotinoid seed treatment (clothianidin) and microbial (Serratia entomophila) seed treatment targeting grass grub, a New Zealand scarab pest, were conducted in wheat crops at several sites over 4 years (2012–2015). Sites were selected each year that had potentially damaging populations of grass grub present during the trials. Untreated seeds led to significant losses of plants and wheat yield due to lower seedling establishment and ongoing plant losses from grass grub damage. Insecticide and microbial treatments increased plant survival in all trials compared with untreated seeds. Better plant survival was associated with higher yields from the insecticide treatments in four out of six trials. Neonicotinoid seed treatment alone gave similar yield increases to combined neonicotinoid seed treatment and organophosphate granules. Microbial seed treatment with S. entomophila gave similar yield increases to insecticide treatments in two out of six trials. Seed treatment with S. entomophila is an alternative for grass grub control; however, development of a commercial product requires effective scale-up of production, further research to improve efficacy, and viability of the live bacteria needs to be maintained on coated seed.

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31

Pearson, J. F., S. D. Young, and T. A. Jackson. "Longevity of high density Serratia entomophila cultures under refrigerated and ambient conditions." Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 46 (January 8, 1993): 237–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1993.46.11139.

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32

Hurst, Mark R. H., and Travis R. Glare. "Restriction Map of the Serratia entomophila Plasmid pADAP Carrying Virulence Factors for Costelytra zealandica." Plasmid 47, no. 1 (January 2002): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/plas.2001.1551.

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33

Grkovic, S., T. R. Glare, T. A. Jackson, and G. E. Corbett. "Genes Essential for Amber Disease in Grass Grubs Are Located on the Large Plasmid Found in Serratia entomophila and Serratia proteamaculans." Applied and environmental microbiology 61, no. 6 (1995): 2218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.61.6.2218-2223.1995.

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34

Jackson, T. A., J. F. Pearson, and R. J. Townsend. "Use of the bacterium Serratia entomophila for control of grass grub in lawns." Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 52 (August 1, 1999): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1999.52.11612.

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35

Sheen, T. R., M. O'Callaghan, D. J. Smalley, C. W. Ronson, and M. R. H. Hurst. "Serratia entomophila bet gene induction and the impact of glycine betaine accumulation on desiccation tolerance." Journal of Applied Microbiology 114, no. 2 (December 27, 2012): 470–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jam.12052.

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36

Zelazny, B., M. S. Goettel, and B. Keller. "THE POTENTIAL OF BACTERIA FOR THE MICROBIAL CONTROL OF GRASSHOPPERS AND LOCUSTS." Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 129, S171 (1997): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/entm129171147-1.

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AbstractBacteria have been implicated in disease epizootics observed in field populations and laboratory-reared locusts and grasshoppers. Two species [Serratia marcescens Bizio and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schroeter) Migula] consistently infect locusts when ingested with food and can spread in laboratory populations. However, research on developing these organisms for microbial control of locusts and grasshoppers begun in the 1950s has not been continued. In recent years strains of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner have been studied for activity against locusts and grasshoppers. Results of additional trials by the authors are reported. Among 393 B. thuringiensis isolates and 93 preparations of other sporeforming bacteria fed to nymphs of Locusta migratoria (L.) and/or Schistocerca gregaria Forsk., none has shown any pathogenicity to the insects. The recent discovery of novel B. thuringiensis strains active against various diverse pests and the many properties of a sporeforming bacterium that satisfy the requirements for a microbial control agent, and the development of Serratia entomophila as a promising agent for control of grass grubs, provide incentive to continue the search for an orthopteran-active sporeforming bacterium and to re-investigate the potential of non-sporeforming bacterial pathogens as microbial control agents of grasshoppers and locusts.

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37

Glare, Travis R., Geoffrey E. Corbett, and Tony J. Sadler. "Association of a Large Plasmid with Amber Disease of the New Zealand Grass Grub, Costelytra zealandica, Caused by Serratia entomophila and Serratia proteamaculans." Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 62, no. 2 (September 1993): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jipa.1993.1091.

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38

Jackson, T. A., J. F. Pearson, T. M. Broad, M. O'Callaghan, and H. K. Mahanty. "Subsurface application of the bacterium Serratia entomophila for control of grass grub in Canterbury." Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 41 (January 8, 1988): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1988.41.9907.

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39

Pritam, Chattopadhyay, Karmakar Nilima, Chatterjee Sandipan, and K. Sen Sukanta. "Field efficacy of inorganic carrier based formulations of Serratia entomophila AB2 in Sesamum indicum var. Kanak." African Journal of Biotechnology 13, no. 34 (August 20, 2014): 3481–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajb2014.13648.

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40

Hurst, Mark R. H., Travis R. Glare, and Trevor A. Jackson. "Cloning Serratia entomophila Antifeeding Genes—a Putative Defective Prophage Active against the Grass Grub Costelytra zealandica." Journal of Bacteriology 189, no. 6 (March 15, 2007): 2580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01965-06.

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41

GRIMONT, P. A. D., T. A. JACKSON, E. AGERON, and M. J. NOONAN. "Serratia entomophila sp. nov. Associated with Amber Disease in the New Zealand Grass Grub Costelytra zealandica." International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 38, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00207713-38-1-1.

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42

Hurst, Mark R. H., Travis R. Glare, and Trevor A. Jackson. "Cloning Serratia entomophila Antifeeding Genes—a Putative Defective Prophage Active against the Grass Grub Costelytra zealandica." Journal of Bacteriology 186, no. 20 (October 15, 2004): 7023–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.20.7023-7024.2004.

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43

Allardyce, R. A., J. I. Keenan, M. O'Callaghan, and T. A. Jackson. "Serological identification of Serratia entomophila, a bacterial pathogen of the New Zealand grass grub (Costelytra zealandica)." Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 57, no. 2 (March 1991): 250–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(91)90124-9.

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44

Jackson, T. A. "Effect of the bacterium Serratia entomophila on feeding and pasture damage by grass grub larvae." Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 41 (January 8, 1988): 135–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1988.41.9914.

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45

Garham, M. L., R. J. Townsend, D. Baird, and S. D. Young. "Distribution of the bacterium Serratia entomophila in the soil when applied in high water volumes." Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 46 (January 8, 1993): 239–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1993.46.11140.

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46

Pritam, Chattopadhyay, and K. Sen Sukanta. "Systemic infestation of Serratia entomophila AB2 through plant tissue inferred protection against insect pest and fungal pathogens." African Journal of Microbiology Research 7, no. 21 (May 21, 2013): 2651–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajmr2013.5743.

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47

Upadhyaya, N. M., T. R. Glare, and H. K. Mahanty. "Identification of a Serratia entomophila genetic locus encoding amber disease in New Zealand grass grub (Costelytra zealandica)." Journal of Bacteriology 174, no. 3 (1992): 1020–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.174.3.1020-1028.1992.

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48

Nuñez-Valdez, M. Eugenia, and H. Khris Mahanty. "The amb2 locus from Serratia entomophila confers anti-feeding effect on larvae of Costelytra zealandica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)." Gene 172, no. 1 (January 1996): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1119(96)00055-8.

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49

Wright, D. A., J. Swaminathan, M. Blaser, and T. A. Jackson. "Carrot seed coating with bacteria for seedling protection from grass grub damage." New Zealand Plant Protection 58 (August 1, 2005): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2005.58.4278.

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Carrot seedlings are susceptible to damage from grass grub larvae The biological control bacterium Serratia entomophila was applied to the surface of carrot seeds via pelleting or as a biopolymer seed coating and the activity against grass grubs determined in pot trials Seedling mortality caused by grass grub larvae was significantly reduced (Plt;005) in two trials from 88 and 64 in untreated pots to 26 and 13 in pots containing pelleted seed and 7 and 16 in pots containing biopolymercoated seed Shelf life studies showed formulations were stable at 4C for at least eight weeks and for two weeks at 20C after which cell viability decreased over time Bioassay results showed little difference between the two treatments despite a higher concentration of bacteria on the biopolymercoated than the pelleted seeds The potential of seed coating as a delivery mechanism for biocontrol agents has been demonstrated and future possibilities are discussed

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50

Young, S. D., R. J. Townsend, and M. O?Callaghan. "Bacterial entomopathogens improve cereal establishment in the presence of grass grub larvae." New Zealand Plant Protection 62 (August 1, 2009): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2009.62.4798.

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Grass grub (Costelytra zealandica) larvae can damage or kill establishing cereal seedlings Two entomopathogenic bacteria applied as seed coatings were investigated as a means of protecting emerging wheat seedlings Seeds coated with Serratia entomophila or Yersinia sp nov were planted outdoors in pots containing grass grub larvae at rates equivalent to 70 and 140 larvae/m2 Seedling establishment was significantly increased in both bacterial treatments compared to untreated controls with S entomophilacoated seed having the higher establishment rate 94 at both larval densities although this was not significantly different from the Yersinia sp nov treatment at the highest larval density When included in a comparison of chemical seed dressing treatments for grass grub a S entomophilacoated seed treatment was as efficacious as standard insecticide treatments indicating there is good potential to develop this bacterium as an alternative to chemical pesticides for use in cereal crops

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