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Journal articles on the topic 'Serologic immunity'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Engler, Renata JM, Rohit K. Katial, Silvia Ratto-Kim, Karl V. Sitz, and Richard Moriarity. "Varicella immunity: persistent serologic non-response to immunization." Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 82, no. 5 (May 1999): 431–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1081-1206(10)62716-0.

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2

Houck, Peter, Gay Scott-Johnson, and Lylanne Krebs. "Measles Immunity Among Community Hospital Employees." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 12, no. 11 (November 1991): 663–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/646262.

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AbstractObjective:To define measles immunity rates among employees at 2 hospitals during a community outbreak in 1990.Design:Cohort survey using enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) and questionnaire.Setting:Two community hospitals.Participants:Seventy-six percent of 2,060 employees.Results:Seven percent (115/1566) of participants lacked ELISA-defined measles immunity. Among employees whose ages were known, 14% (64/467) of those born after 1956 and 5% (50/1086) of those born before 1957 lacked serologic evidence of immunity. Fifty-eight percent of the susceptible persons had substantial patient contact. With ELISA results as the reference for immunity, the predictive value of an undocumented positive history of measles disease or vaccination was 95%; the predictive value of a negative history of both was 52%. Measles developed in 7 employees.Conclusions:A substantial number of hospital employees lacked ELBA-defined measles immunity, including many who had patient contact or who had been born before 1957. Undocumented disease and vaccination histories were not adequate predictors of serologic status. This study supports the recommendations and suggestions of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee that hospitals should require documented evidence of measles immunity from employees who have patient contact.

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3

Arnold, Benjamin F., Heather M. Scobie, Jeffrey W. Priest, and Patrick J. Lammie. "Integrated Serologic Surveillance of Population Immunity and Disease Transmission." Emerging Infectious Diseases 24, no. 7 (July 2018): 1188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2407.171928.

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4

Doddaiah, Vijaya. "Serologic Hepatitis B Immunity in Vaccinated Health Care Workers." American Journal of Life Sciences 3, no. 3 (2015): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.16.

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5

Ivanova, L., M. Kyoseva, K. Metodiev, and J. Stojkova. "Serologic Hepatitis B Virus Immunity in Health Care Workers." European Journal of Inflammation 11, no. 3 (September 2013): 733–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1721727x1301100316.

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6

Barash, Craig, Mitchell I. Conn, Anthony J. DiMarino, Joseph Marzano, and Melvin L. Allen. "Serologic Hepatitis B Immunity in Vaccinated Health Care Workers." Archives of Internal Medicine 159, no. 13 (July 12, 1999): 1481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.159.13.1481.

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7

Macones, George A., Stephanie Ewing, and Neil S. Silverman. "Strategies for Prevention of Varicella Pneumonia: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis." Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 4, no. 2 (1996): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1064744996000166.

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Objective:The objective of this study was to compare the cost-effectiveness of 3 strategies of serologic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing and post-exposure varicella zoster immune globulin (VZIG) prophylaxis for the prevention of maternal varicella pneumonia during pregnancy in patients withnegativeoruncertainhistories of varicella infection.Methods:A decision tree was constructed to compare the following strategies: 1) routine serologic testing for varicella immunity followed by targeted post-exposure VZIG prophylaxis, 2) post-exposure serologic testing followed by targeted VZIG prophylaxis, and 3) untargeted post-exposure VZIG administration. The probabilities for the model were obtained from the medical literature and supplemented by expert opinion. The costs were obtained by a review of inpatient hospitalizations for varicella pneumonia. All costs were converted to 1995 dollars.Results:Routine serologic testing followed by targeted post-exposure VZIG prophylaxis was the most costly strategy ($37.22/person), with no demonstrable increase in benefit compared with the other 2 strategies. The disutility of this strategy compared with the others was stable across a wide range of values for the probabilities and costs utilized in the sensitivity analysis. We were unable to differentiate between the cost-effectiveness of the other 2 strategies.Conclusions:Routine serologic testing for varicella immunity in patients with negative or uncertain histories of varicella infection should not be performed. The remaining options of screening and prophylaxis appear to be reasonable alternatives for dealing with varicella exposures.

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McQuillan, Geraldine M., Deanna Kruszon-Moran, Adamadia Deforest, Susan Y. Chu, and Melinda Wharton. "Serologic Immunity to Diphtheria and Tetanus in the United States." Annals of Internal Medicine 136, no. 9 (May 7, 2002): 660. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-136-9-200205070-00008.

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9

Shchuchinova, L. D., L. V. Shchuchinov, and V. I. Zlobin. "The Analysis of the Factors Determining Efficiency of Vaccination against Tick-Borne Encephalitis." Epidemiology and Vaccine Prevention 15, no. 2 (April 20, 2016): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2016-15-2-72-76.

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Long-term persistence of immunity was assessed in 1756 healthy adults (4 - 74 years of age) with documented immunization against tick-borne encephalitis. Serologic studies indicate that the protective immunity is associated with age, number of vaccine doses and time since the last vaccine dose. 411 persons were vaccinated against tick-borne encephalitis over 10 years ago. Most of them (67,5%) had protective antibodies. In some cases, the immunity lasts up to 34 years after last vaccination.

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10

Basov, A. A., O. V. Tsvirkun, A. G. Gerasimova, N. V. Rossoshanskaya, and V. N. Babenko. "Condition of Specific Immunity to Pertussis in Different Age Groups of Children." Epidemiology and Vaccine Prevention 14, no. 3 (June 20, 2015): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2015-14-3-84-88.

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The present study of antipertussis immunity stress and level in young and school children who was vaccinated ADTP vaccine showed that on the average 28.3% of them were seronegative. The lowest parts of seronegative children were detected in the age group of infants under 12 months of age (12.3%) and in that of 15 - 17 years old teenagers (12.1%). The maximum percent of seronegative children were detected in the age group of 6 - 8 years - 38.8%. Despite the nonsignificant increase of this indicator, compared to the previous age group, it is advisable to supplement serological monitoring of indicator group 6- 7 years. The researchers did not discover the reliable correlation between the pertussis incidence in different age groups and proportion of seronegative children in those groups. The obtained results suggest that there is an occult circulation of pertussis causing agent. They also showed that it is necessary to revise the indicator age groups for serologic monitoring of antipertussis immunity.

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11

Ward, Richard L., Douglas R. Knowlton, Edward T. Zito, Bruce L. Davidson, Ruth Rappaport, and Michael E. Mack. "Serologic Correlates of Immunity in a Tetravalent Reassortant Rotavirus Vaccine Trial." Journal of Infectious Diseases 176, no. 3 (September 1997): 570–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/514076.

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12

Pablo, Kolet, Phillip Rooks, and Remington Nevin. "Benefits of Serologic Screening for Hepatitis B Immunity in Military Recruits." Journal of Infectious Diseases 192, no. 12 (December 15, 2005): 2180–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/498045.

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13

Birmann, Brenda M., Nancy Mueller, Akihiko Okayama, Chung-Cheng Hsieh, Nobuyoshi Tachibana, Hirohito Tsubouchi, Evelyne T. Lennette, Donald Harn, and Sherri Stuver. "Serologic Assessment of Type 1 and Type 2 Immunity in Healthy Japanese Adults." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 13, no. 8 (August 1, 2004): 1385–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.1385.13.8.

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Abstract We assessed the informativeness of several serologic biomarkers of immune function using serum specimens collected in the Miyazaki Cohort Study from subjects who were seronegative for anti–human T-cell lymphotrophic virus I and anti–hepatitis C virus. To broadly characterize type 1 immune status, we measured EBV antibody titers, because titer profiles associated with cellular immune suppression are well described. We also tested for three type 2 biomarkers: total serum IgE, soluble CD23, and soluble CD30. Nonreactivity to a tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) skin test is indicative of diminished delayed-type hypersensitivity (type 1) responsiveness in the study population due to a history of tuberculosis exposure or Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination. We therefore evaluated the serologic markers as predictors of PPD nonreactivity using logistic regression. Subjects whose EBV antibody profiles were consistent with deficient type 1 immunity were more than thrice as likely to be PPD nonreactive as persons with “normal” antibody titers. Elevated total IgE was also strongly associated with PPD nonreactivity (odds ratio 3.4, 95% confidence interval 1.2-9.9); elevated soluble CD23 had a weaker, but positive, odds ratio, whereas soluble CD30 levels were not predictive of PPD status. Therefore, PPD nonreactivity is associated, in this population, with a pattern of serum biomarkers that is indicative of diminished type 1 and elevated type 2 immunity. We conclude that, with the exception of soluble CD30, the serologic markers are informative for the characterization of type 1/type 2 immune status using archived sera from study populations of healthy adults.

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14

Levings, Randall L., and James A. Roth. "Immunity to bovine herpesvirus 1: II. Adaptive immunity and vaccinology." Animal Health Research Reviews 14, no. 1 (June 2013): 103–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1466252313000054.

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AbstractBovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) infection is widespread and causes a variety of diseases. Although similar in many respects to the human immune response to human herpesvirus 1, the differences in the bovine virus proteins, immune system components and strategies, physiology, and lifestyle mean the bovine immune response to BHV-1 is unique. The innate immune system initially responds to infection, and primes a balanced adaptive immune response. Cell-mediated immunity, including cytotoxic T lymphocyte killing of infected cells, is critical to recovery from infection. Humoral immunity, including neutralizing antibody and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, is important to prevention or control of (re-)infection. BHV-1 immune evasion strategies include suppression of major histocompatibility complex presentation of viral antigen, helper T-cell killing, and latency. Immune suppression caused by the virus potentiates secondary infections and contributes to the costly bovine respiratory disease complex. Vaccination against BHV-1 is widely practiced. The many vaccines reported include replicating and non-replicating, conventional and genetically engineered, as well as marker and non-marker preparations. Current development focuses on delivery of major BHV-1 glycoproteins to elicit a balanced, protective immune response, while excluding serologic markers and virulence or other undesirable factors. In North America, vaccines are used to prevent or reduce clinical signs, whereas in some European Union countries marker vaccines have been employed in the eradication of BHV-1 disease.

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15

Fritz, Stephanie A., Kristin M. Tiemann, Patrick G. Hogan, Emma K. Epplin, Marcela Rodriguez, Duha N. Al-Zubeidi, Juliane Bubeck Wardenburg, and David A. Hunstad. "A Serologic Correlate of Protective Immunity Against Community-Onset Staphylococcus aureus Infection." Clinical Infectious Diseases 56, no. 11 (February 27, 2013): 1554–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit123.

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16

Numazaki, Kei, and Tomoko Fujikawa. "Intracranial Calcification With Congenital Rubella Syndrome in a Mother With Serologic Immunity." Journal of Child Neurology 18, no. 4 (April 2003): 296–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08830738030180040601.

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17

Cherry, James D., Jeffrey Gornbein, Ulrich Heininger, and Klemens Stehr. "A search for serologic correlates of immunity to Bordetella pertussis cough illnesses." Vaccine 16, no. 20 (December 1998): 1901–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0264-410x(98)00226-6.

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18

Obili G, Sékangué, Ossibi Ibara BR, Potokoué Mpia NSB, Adoua Doukaga T, and Itoua C. "TOXOPLASMOSIS: SEROLOGIC PROFILE OF PREGNANT WOMEN AT THE BRAZZAVILLE UNIVERSITY CENTRE HOSPITAL (CHUB)." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, no. 9 (September 30, 2019): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i9.2019.611.

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Introduction: Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by an obligate intracellular coccidia Toxoplasma gondii, which is transmitted by cats. In pregnant women, it is a concern because of the severe complications to the foetus. The objective of this study is to determine the toxoplasma serologic profile in pregnant women at the Brazzaville University Centre Hospital (CHUB). Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study from September 2015 to March 2016 (6 months) which includes sera from pregnant women received at the Parasitology Mycology laboratory of the CHUB for Toxoplasma serology. Immunoglobulins G and M searches were done by immuno-analysis (Biomerieux, Mini-Vidas technology). The data was analysed by the IBM SPSS version 20 software. The comparisons of proportion is done by the khi 2 test. The level of significance of statistical data were fixed at 5%. Results: The mean age of pregnant women included in our study was 27, 8+/- 6,84 with the extremes ages of 15 and 44 years. Toxoplasma seroprevalence in this study is 47,2% (68/144). The types of immunoglobulins (Ig) retrieved were IgG alone in 45,1% of cases (65/144), IgG associated to IgM in 2,8% of cases (4/144). Serological profiles were: no immunity (52,1%) immunised (41%), recent infection (1,4%) active infection (2,8%) equivocal result (2,8%). Conclusion: Toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis which represents a real public health issue in our environment, even when the level of immunised pregnant women seems high.

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19

Adone, Rosanna, and Franco Ciuchini. "Complement Fixation Test To Assess Humoral Immunity in Cattle and Sheep Vaccinated with Brucella abortusRB51." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 6, no. 6 (November 1, 1999): 787–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.6.6.787-790.1999.

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ABSTRACT The live attenuated Brucella abortus strain RB51 is a rifampin-resistant, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-chain-deficient mutant of virulent B. abortus 2308. The reduced O-chain content in RB51 prevents this bacterium from inducing antibodies detectable by the conventional serologic tests for bovine brucellosis diagnosis that mainly identify antibodies to LPS. The absence of available serologic tests for RB51 also complicates the diagnosis of possible RB51 infections in humans exposed to this strain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the suitability of a complement fixation (CF) test performed with the rough strain B. abortus RB51, previously deprived of anticomplementary activity, in detecting anti-B. abortus RB51 antibodies in cattle and sheep experimentally vaccinated with this strain. The results of this study showed that a CF test with RB51 as the antigen is able to specifically detect antibodies following RB51 vaccination in cattle and sheep. In addition, this method could be a useful tool for detecting B. abortus RB51 infection in humans.

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20

Hui, Chee-kin, Albert Lie, Wing-yan Au, Yu-hung Leung, Shing-yan Ma, Winnie W. W. Cheung, Hai-ying Zhang, et al. "A long-term follow-up study on hepatitis B surface antigen–positive patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation." Blood 106, no. 2 (July 15, 2005): 464–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2005-02-0698.

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Abstract The long-term hepatic complications after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in hepatitis B virus (HBV) endemic area are unknown. We examined the serological and liver-related outcome of 803 consecutive patients who received allogeneic HSCTs, with a median follow-up period of 83 months (range, 0.5-155 months). Late HBV-related hepatitis occurred in 2 of the 721 hepatitis B surface antigen–negative (HBsAg–) recipients compared with 16 of the 82 HBsAg+ recipients after HSCT (0.3% vs 19.5%; P < .001 by log-rank). Liver cirrhosis developed in 8 of the 82 HBsAg+ recipients compared with none of the 721 HBsAg– recipients (9.8% vs 0%; P < .001 by log-rank). Twenty of the 31 (64.5%) HBsAg+ recipients of hematopoietic stem cells from donors with natural immunity to HBV had sustained serologic clearance of HBsAg after HSCT. Eight of the 62 recipients without sustained HBsAg clearance compared with none of the 20 recipients with sustained HBsAg clearance developed liver cirrhosis (12.9% vs 0%; P = .02 by log-rank). Our study showed that long-term hepatic complications occur in a significant proportion of HBsAg+ patients after HSCT and the incidence of liver cirrhosis is reduced in those with sustained serologic clearance of HBsAg after HSCT.

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21

Shafeev, M. Sh, L. M. Zorina, F. B. Kolpachikhin, D. G. Sadykova, I. F. Yakupov, Z. M. Ismagilovа, R. G. Yamaleev, et al. "Organization of serologic monitoring of antidiphtherial immunity intensity of population in Tatarstan Republic." Kazan medical journal 78, no. 2 (April 15, 1997): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj81385.

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The intensity of immunity to diphtheria and the indicated groups of population in Tatarstan Republic is studied. The work organization described allows, furthermore, to perform a comparative analysis for population of various classes and to create the data base for the realization of similar work in perspective.

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22

Gergen, Peter J., Geraldine M. McQuillan, Michele Kiely, Trena M. Ezzati-Rice, Roland W. Sutter, and Gabriel Virella. "A Population-Based Serologic Survey of Immunity to Tetanus in the United States." New England Journal of Medicine 332, no. 12 (March 23, 1995): 761–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejm199503233321201.

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23

Urschel, Simon, Sabine Cremer, Julia Birnbaum, Robert DallaPozza, Alexandra Fuchs, Gundula Jäger, Christoph Schmitz, Bernd H. Belohradsky, and Heinrich Netz. "Lack of serologic immunity against vaccine-preventable diseases in children after thoracic transplantation." Transplant International 23, no. 6 (December 16, 2009): 619–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-2277.2009.01030.x.

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24

Gergen, P. J. "A POPULATION-BASED SEROLOGIC SURVEY OF IMMUNITY TO TETANUS IN THE UNITED STATES." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 14, no. 11 (November 1995): 1020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-199511000-00030.

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25

Chotani, Rashid A., Syed S. Ashraf, Fatima Aziz, Shakeel M. Thakurdas, Afham Chotani, Alize Ashraf, Khurram Nasir, M. Rizwan Sohail, and Faisal H. Cheema. "Case Report: Longitudinal assessment of a COVID-19 patient in the midst of a pandemic." F1000Research 9 (August 11, 2020): 972. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.24911.1.

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Directional clinical evaluation and management of coronavirus disease (Covid-19) was initially presumptive based on the Wuhan data set as reported by World Health Organization (WHO). The current recommendations emanate primarily from the Chinese experience and subsequent Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines. Here we report a case with an “atypical” patient risk profile and variant longitudinal disease progression contrasting from existing recommendations. Our case report suggests that a universal 14-day quarantine timeline may not be sufficient; that correlation is needed between viral presence as determined by RT-PCR and a patient’s humoral response tested by serologic immunoassay of IgM & IgG. Hence, a clinical decision-making algorithm that can help clinicians clear a patient from “active infection” status would require testing that is sufficiently reliable, and should include serological testing for immunity.

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26

Branagan, Andrew R., Eamon Duffy, Geliang Gan, Fangyong Li, Connor Foster, Rakesh Verma, Lin Zhang, et al. "Tandem high-dose influenza vaccination is associated with more durable serologic immunity in patients with plasma cell dyscrasias." Blood Advances 5, no. 5 (March 8, 2021): 1535–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003880.

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Abstract Patients with plasma cell dyscrasias (PCDs) experience an increased burden of influenza, and current practice of single-dose annual influenza vaccination yields suboptimal protective immunity in these patients. Strategies to improve immunity to influenza in these patients are clearly needed. We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial comparing tandem Fluzone High-Dose influenza vaccination with standard-of-care influenza vaccination. Standard-of-care vaccination was single-dose age-based vaccination (standard dose, <65 years; high dose, ≥65 years), and patients in this arm received a saline placebo injection at 30 days. A total of 122 PCD patients were enrolled; 47 received single-dose standard-of-care vaccination, and 75 received 2 doses of Fluzone High-Dose vaccine. Rates of hemagglutinin inhibition (HAI) titer seroprotection against all 3 strains (H1N1, H3N2, and influenza B) were significantly higher for patients after tandem high-dose vaccination vs control (87.3% vs 63.2%; P = .003) and led to higher seroprotection at the end of flu season (60.0% vs 31.6%; P = .04). These data demonstrate that tandem high-dose influenza vaccination separated by 30 days leads to higher serologic HAI titer responses and more durable influenza-specific immunity in PCD patients. Similar vaccine strategies may also be essential to achieve protective immunity against other emerging pathogens such as novel coronavirus in these patients. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT02566265.

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Kadival, G. V., S. D. Chaparas, and D. Hussong. "Characterization of serologic and cell-mediated reactivity of a 38-kDa antigen isolated from Mycobacterium tuberculosis." Journal of Immunology 139, no. 7 (October 1, 1987): 2447–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.139.7.2447.

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Abstract An antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with an m.w. of 38,000 has been isolated by affinity chromatography using a monoclonal antibody. This antibody bound only to an antigen found in M. tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis BCG. The specificity of the antigen was tested in a vertical study by immunodetection on western blots reacted with hyperimmune sera against M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, and 10 other Mycobacterium species. The antigen was detected only by antisera to M. tuberculosis and M. bovis. Specificity in cell-mediated immunity was tested by skin tests in guinea pigs sensitized with M. tuberculosis, Mycobacterium intracellulare, and Mycobacterium kansasii and by lymphocyte proliferation tests. The 38-kDa antigen induced positive skin test reactions regardless of the Mycobacterium species used to sensitize the animal. The ability of the 38-kDa antigen to sensitize for cell-mediated immunity was tested by injecting mice with the 38-kDa antigen and challenging their lymphocytes in vitro with various mycobacterial antigens. Lymphocyte proliferation was observed in the presence of 38-kDa antigen, M. tuberculosis sonicate antigen, and tuberculin purified protein derivative and to M. kansasii and M. intracellulare. The 38-kDa antigen may contain a specific epitope detected by serology, but also contains epitopes that are cross-reactive for cellular immunity.

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Coppeta, Luca, Cristiana Ferrari, Ilaria Iannuzzi, Iacopo D’Alessandro, Ottavia Balbi, Antonio Pietroiusti, and Marco Trabucco Aurilio. "Rubella Immunity among Italian Female Healthcare Workers: A Serological Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21 (October 30, 2020): 7992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217992.

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Rubella, also known as German measles or three-day measles, is an infectious disease caused by virus of the genus Rubivirus, which may be prevented by vaccination. The infection is potentially dangerous for non immune subjects, although 20–50% of infected subjects are asymptomatic. Healthcare workers (HCWs) have an increased potential exposure to rubella in comparison to the general population, putting them and their patients at risk of infection and its complications. In 2019, 20 cases of rubella have been reported in Italy. According to the Italian National Immunization and Prevention Plan, HCWs should provide a written certification of vaccination for rubella or serological evidence of protective antibodies. The aim of the study was to evaluate the rubella immunization status in female HCWs of the teaching hospital Policlinic Rome Tor Vergata (PTV) of childbearing age. For this purpose, we retrospectively checked the serologic values of rubella-specific IgG antibodies analyzing the clinical records of the HCWs of undergoing the occupational health surveillance program from January 1st to June1st 2020. Five hundred fourteen HCWs with a mean age of 23.19 (range 19–37, DS: 2.80) were included: 90.3% (464) showed a protective antibody titre. The mean value of the anti-rubella IgG was 49.59 IU/mL. Our study shows a non-protective anti rubella IgG titre in a substantial percentage of HCWs (9.7%). As vaccine protection decreases over the years and the risk of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in vaccinated subjects should not be underestimated, we suggest routine screening of the immunological status followed by the administration of a third dose of vaccine if the antibody titre becomes non-protective.

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Chu Lam, Melissa T., Emily Schmidt-Beuchat, Emma Geduldig, Lois E. Brustman, Katie Hyewon Choi, Jessica R. Overbey, Krystina L. Woods, and Zainab Al-Ibraheemi. "What Is the Prevalence of Measles Immunity among Pregnant Women?" American Journal of Perinatology 38, no. 01 (July 9, 2020): 016–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1713817.

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Objective This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of measles immunity in a cohort of pregnant women in New York City and determine if there is a positive correlation of measles immunity with patient demographics, rubella immunity, number of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR) doses received, and age at last vaccination. Study Design This is a cross-sectional study of pregnant patients seen at a single institution from January 2019 to May 2019. Patients were classified as measles and rubella immune or nonimmune using commercial immunoglobulin G (IgG) tests. Patient characteristics were compared using t-tests, Chi-square tests, or Fisher's exact tests as appropriate. The association of age at last vaccination with immunity status was assessed using multivariable logistic regression adjusted for age at presentation. The utility of rubella IgG for distinguishing measles immunity was assessed using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Results Serologic immunity for measles and rubella was obtained for 1,366 patients. Of these, 1,047 (77%) were measles immune and 1,291 (95%) were rubella immune. Patients born after 1989 were less likely to be immune to measles, while multiparity and private insurance were associated with increased measles immunity. Documentation of MMR vaccination was available for 140 (10%) patients. Of these, 44 (31%) were serologically nonimmune to measles and 9 (6.4%) were nonimmune to rubella. In patients known to have received one dose of MMR, 62% (24/39) were immune to measles with an improvement to 72% (69/96) among those who received two or more doses. Age at last vaccination was not associated with measles immunity. Rubella IgG level was a poor predictor of positive measles titer (area under the curve = 0.59). Conclusion Approximately one of every four pregnant patients is serologically measles nonimmune, even among women with documented MMR vaccination or documented rubella immunity. These findings raise concerns that relying on vaccination history or rubella immune status may not be sufficient to assure protection from infection with measles. If further suggests that measles serology should be added to routine prenatal laboratory testing to identify nonimmune patients that may benefit from postpartum vaccination. Key Points

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30

Sharma, Hitt J., Vasant S. Padbidri, Subhash V. Kapre, Suresh S. Jadhav, Rajeev M. Dhere, Sameer S. Parekh, Ashok D. Dudhane, Sunil D. Shewale, and Gajanan S. Namjoshi. "Seroprevalence of rubella and immunogenicity following rubella vaccination in adolescent girls in India." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 5, no. 12 (November 8, 2011): 874–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.1847.

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Introduction: Serologic surveys conducted in different countries indicate that rubella is a worldwide infection. Several such sero surveys conducted in India have also confirmed that 6-47% of women are susceptible to rubella infection. The current study was conducted on 1,329 female adolescents in 12 districts of Maharashtra, India, to assess their serological status in terms of rubella exposure. Methodology: After enrollment, a pre-vaccination blood sample was collected from the participants followed by rubella vaccination (R-vac). Adverse events were monitored for the next 6-8 weeks, at which time a post-vaccination sample was collected. Results: Pre-vaccination rubella immunity was higher in the urban (80.2%) population compared to the rural (73.1%) population. Following R-vac vaccination, out of 1,159 participants who completed the study, all (100%) in the urban and 99.5% of participants in the rural area developed antibodies against rubella. Conclusion: Substantial numbers of women reach childbearing age without immunity against rubella and thus are at a risk of passing the infection to their fetuses, who can then develop subsequent congenital defects leading to congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). An immunization policy recommending vaccination with rubella or rubella containing vaccine is highly desirable to prevent rubella and CRS.

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CURRENT, WILLIAM L., and DAVID B. SNYDER. "Development of and Serologic Evaluation of Acquired Immunity to Cryptosporidium baileyi by Broiler Chickens." Poultry Science 67, no. 5 (May 1988): 720–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0670720.

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Wiboonchutikul, S., W. Manosuthi, C. Sangsajja, V. Thientong, S. Likanonsakul, S. Srisopha, P. Termvises, J. Rujitip, S. Loiusirirotchanakul, and P. Puthavathana. "Diphtheria immunity and serologic response after Td booster vaccination in Thai health care workers." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 21 (April 2014): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2014.03.1273.

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Wood, James G., Nele Goeyvaerts, C. Raina MacIntyre, Robert I. Menzies, Peter B. McIntyre, and Niel Hens. "Estimating Vaccine Coverage from Serial Trivariate Serologic Data in the Presence of Waning Immunity." Epidemiology 26, no. 3 (May 2015): 381–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ede.0000000000000278.

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Donowitz, Leigh G., Ella H. Hunt, Vicki G. Pugh, Barry M. Farr, and J. Owen Hendley. "Comparison of historical and serologic immunity to varicella-zoster virus in 373 hospital employees." American Journal of Infection Control 15, no. 5 (October 1987): 212–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-6553(87)90098-8.

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Bechini, Angela, Sara Boccalini, Ilaria Rancan, Luisa Galli, Beatrice Zanella, and Elena Chiappini. "Discrepancies between Vaccine Documentation and Serologic Status for Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Hepatitis B in Internationally Adopted Children." Vaccines 8, no. 3 (August 30, 2020): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030489.

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Internationally Adopted Children (IAC) often show suboptimal immunisation coverage, but available data are discordant. Data at the first evaluation of 2073 IAC (median age: 6 years) referred to the Meyer Children’s University Hospital (Florence, Italy) in 2009–2019 were analysed in order to evaluate their immunisation status against diphtheria, tetanus, and hepatitis B. Negative antibody titres were observed in 11.5% of the IAC for diphtheria, 18.6% for tetanus, and 39.0% for hepatitis B. At multivariate analysis, originating from Africa was an independent risk factor for seronegativity for the three diseases (p < 0.001), while age below four years was an independent factor associated with protective immunity, only considering hepatitis B (p < 0.001). Vaccine documentation was an additional factor independently associated with protective immunity. However, a discrepancy between documentation (indicating previous vaccinations) and serology (showing negative antibody titres) was evidenced in 3.8% of the children for diphtheria, 12.6% for tetanus, and 29.6% for hepatitis B. This finding suggests that although vaccine documentation may reflect the presence of protective antibody titres, it should not be accepted as absolute evidence of protective immunity, underlining the importance of a complete assessment of immunisation status in IAC, particularly in those originating from Africa and aged over four years.

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Apisarnthanarak, Anucha, Rungrueng Kitphati, Pranee Tawatsupha, Kanokporn Thongphubeth, Piyaporn Apisarnthanarak, and Linda M. Mundy. "Outbreak of Varicella-Zoster Virus Infection Among Thai Healthcare Workers." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 28, no. 4 (April 2007): 430–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/512639.

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Objective.To evaluate the correlation between self-report of a prior history of chickenpox and results of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) immunoglobulin (Ig) G serologic test results in an outbreak of VZV infection among Thai healthcare workers (HCWs) and to conduct a cost-benefit analysis of establishing routine VZV immunization as part of an occupational health program on the basis of the outbreak data.Methods.All exposed patients received prophylaxis and the HCWs in our 3 intensive care units (ICUs) were prospectively evaluated. HCWs were assessed for disease history and serologic evidence of VZV IgG. A cost-benefit analysis was performed.Results.After 140 HCWs and 18 ICU patients were exposed to VZV, 10 HCWs (7%) with active VZV infection were relieved from work until skin lesions were crusted. Acyclovir (ACV) was prescribed to all 10 HCWs with active disease, and all 18 exposed patients received prophylaxis with ACV. Of 140 HCWs, 100 consented to longitudinal follow-up. Twenty-three (100%) of the HCWs who reported a history of chickenpox also had serologic test results that were postive for VZV IgG, compared with 30 (39%) of 77 HCWs who reported no prior history of chickenpox, yet had test results that were positive for VZV IgG. Reported history of chickenpox had a sensitivity of 43%, a specificity of 100%, a positive predictive value of 100%, and a negative predictive value of 61% with respect to VZV infection immunity. The total cost estimate for this outbreak investigation was $23,087.Conclusions.An HCWs reported history of chickenpox was a reliable predictor of immunity; a report of no prior history of chickenpox was unreliable. Our cost-benefit analysis suggests that the costs of an occupational health program that included VZV surveillance and immunization for the next 323 HCWs would be approximately equal to the excess costs of $17,227 for the ACV therapy, HCW furloughs, and staff overtime associated with this outbreak.

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Kohl, Steve. "Letters to the Editor." Pediatrics 96, no. 2 (August 1, 1995): 375–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.96.2.375a.

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Dr DiNicola raises several important points concerning the new varicella vaccine. He questions the reliability of a positive history of chickenpox to be used to exclude an adolescent from receiving the vaccine. Several studies in adults (who usually do not have the benefit of parents' memories) have documented that a positive history of chickenpox is highly predictive of serologic immunity (97% to 99%).1-5 Only 10% of varicella occurs in individuals over 15 years of age.

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El Khouri, Marcelo, and Vera Aparecida dos Santos. "Hepatitis B: epidemiological, immunological, and serological considerations emphasizing mutation." Revista do Hospital das Clínicas 59, no. 4 (2004): 216–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0041-87812004000400011.

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The global prevalence of hepatitis B virus is estimated to be 350 million chronic carriers, varying widely from low (<2%, as in Western Europe, North America, New Zealand, Australia, and Japan) to high (>8% as in Africa, Southeast Asia, and China). The overall prevalence in Brazil is about 8%. There are currently 7 genotypic variations, from A to G, and also 4 main surface antigen subtypes: adw, ayw, adr, and ayr. There has been great interest in identifying the geographic distribution and prognosis associated with the various genotypes and subtypes. Although the serologic test is highly sensitive and specific, it does not detect cases of mutant hepatitis B, which is increasingly common worldwide due to resistance and vaccine escape, antiviral therapy, and immunosuppression, among other causes. Alterations in surface, polymerase, X region, core, and precore genes have been described. The main mutations occur in surface and in core/precore genes, also known as occult hepatitis, since its serologic markers of active infection (HBsAg) and viral replication (HBeAg) can be negative. Thus, mutation should be suspected when serologic tests to hepatitis B show control of immunity or replication coincident with worsened clinical status and exclusion of other causes of hepatitis.

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Pleyer, Christopher, Kerry J. Laing, Mir Ali, Christopher L. McClurkan, Susan Soto, Inhye E. Ahn, Pia Nierman, et al. "Effect of Bruton Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor on Serologic and Cellular Immune Responses to Recombinant Zoster Vaccine." Blood 138, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2021): 1556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2021-148539.

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Abstract Introduction The recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) is effective in preventing herpes zoster reactivation in the general population. We previously showed that patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), particularly those receiving Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors (BTKis), have decreased humoral immune responses following vaccination. The impact of vaccination on cellular immune responses in CLL patients is not well characterized. Understanding the effect of humoral and cellular immunity in CLL patients who are treatment naïve or receiving BTKis can inform vaccination strategies in this immunosuppressed patient population. Methods In this phase II open-label study (NCT03702231), patients with CLL who were either treatment naïve (TN) or receiving a BTKi (ibrutinib or acalabrutinib) received 2 doses of RZV via intramuscular injection at baseline and 3 months. Subjects were followed for 6 months and assessed for serologic response at 3 and 6 months. Serologic response was defined as a ≥ four-fold rise in anti-glycoprotein E (anti-gE) IgG serum titer at the 6 month timepoint. Cellular immune response was assessed by intracellular cytokine staining and flow cytometric analysis of gE-specific CD4+ T cells expressing upregulation of ≥2 effector molecules (interferon-γ, interleukin-2, tumor necrosis factor-α, and/or CD40 ligand). Cellular response was defined as ≥ two-fold rise over baseline and ≥320 net gE-specific CD4(2+) cells per million CD4+ T cells. Descriptive statistics were used to report vaccine response rates. Mann-Whitney test and Fisher's exact test were used to compare titers and response rates between different groups. Spearman r was used to measure the correlation between vaccine responses and clinical characteristics. All subjects completed an adverse event (AE) diary documenting any local (injection site) or systemic AE that started within 7 days after receiving the first and second vaccine dose. Results 106 subjects had serologic response assessment at 6 months. Baseline characteristics are shown in Table 1. The serologic response rate to RZV was significantly higher in the TN cohort (76.8%, 95% CI, 64.2-85.9; n = 56) compared to patients receiving a BTKi (40.0%, 95% CI,27.6-53.8; n = 50; P = .0002). Cellular vaccine response was assessed in 94 subjects at 6 months. Similarly, the rate of cellular immunity was significantly higher in the TN cohort (69.4%, 95% CI,55.5-80.5; n = 49) compared to patients treated with a BTKi (40.0%, 95% CI,27.0-54.5; n = 45, P = .0067). Paired serologic and cellular responses were available in 93 subjects. 68.5% (95% CI,55.3-79.3; n = 54) of subjects with a serologic response also had a positive cellular immune response, whereas 35.9% (95% CI,22.7-51.6; n = 39) of subjects attained a cellular immune response in absence of a serologic response (P = .0029) (Figure 1). Among subjects with a negative serologic response and a positive cellular immune response, 42.9% were TN (n = 6) and 57.1% (n = 8) received a BTKi. There was no difference in serologic or cellular responses between patients treated with ibrutinib and acalabrutinib (P > 0.05). Serologic antibody titers and T cell responder frequencies were weakly positively correlated (r = 0.26; 95%CI .05-.44; P = .0127). Serologic titers and T cell responses were not correlated with age, beta-2 microglobulin, absolute lymphocyte count, absolute peripheral blood CD19+, CD3+, CD4+ or CD8+ counts or serum immunoglobulin levels (IgA, IgG, IgM) (all P > 0.05). The most frequent local and systemic AEs were injection site pain (98.3%), injection site reaction (97.4%), headache (51.7%), and generalized myalgias (51.7%). Most AEs were grade 1-2 and all AEs resolved or returned to baseline within 7 days of vaccine administration. Conclusions RZV is safe in CLL patients and can induce both humoral and cellular immune responses. BTKi treatment was associated with impaired serologic and cellular vaccine responses compared to TN patients. Although BTKi therapy may inherently decrease vaccine immunogenicity, TN CLL patients could be more immunocompetent because of less advanced disease, thereby permitting more effective immune responses. The majority of patients with a positive antibody response also developed virus-specific T cells following vaccination. Approximately one third of patients without a positive serologic response developed virus reactive T cells. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Laing: Curevo Vaccine: Consultancy; MaxHealth LLC: Consultancy. Wiestner: Acerta Pharma: Research Funding; Pharmacyclics LLC: Research Funding; Merck: Research Funding; Nurix: Research Funding; Verastem: Research Funding; Genmab: Research Funding. Koelle: Merck: Research Funding; Curevo Vaccine: Other: Scientific Advisory Board ; MaxHealth LLC: Other: Scientific Advisory Board ; Oxford Immunotec: Research Funding; Sensei Biotherapeutics: Research Funding; Sanofi Pasteur: Research Funding. Sun: Genmab: Research Funding.

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Cicalini, Ilaria, Piero Del Boccio, Mirco Zucchelli, Claudia Rossi, Luca Natale, Gianmaria Demattia, Domenico De Bellis, et al. "Validation of the GSP®/DELFIA® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG Kit Using Dried Blood Samples for High-Throughput Serosurveillance and Standardized Quantitative Measurement of Anti-Spike S1 IgG Antibody Responses Post-Vaccination." Vaccines 10, no. 4 (March 26, 2022): 514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10040514.

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a major global public health crisis. In response, researchers and pharmaceutical companies worked together for the rapid development of vaccines to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with viral infection. Monitoring host immunity following virus infection and/or vaccination is essential to guide vaccination intervention policy. Humoral immune response to vaccination can be assessed with serologic testing, and indeed, many serological immunoassays are now in use. However, these many different assays make the standardization of test results difficult. Moreover, most published serological tests require venous blood sampling, which makes testing large numbers of people complex and costly. Here, we validate the GSP®/DELFIA® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG kit using dried blood samples for high-throughput serosurveillance using standard quantitative measurements of anti-spike S1 IgG antibody concentrations. We then apply our validated assay to compare post-vaccination anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG levels from subjects who received a double dose of the AZD1222 vaccine with those vaccinated with a heterologous strategy, demonstrating how this assay is suitable for large-scale screening to achieve a clearer population immune picture.

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Marina, O., U. Hainz, M. A. Biernacki, W. Zhang, A. Cai, J. S. Duke-Cohan, F. Liu, et al. "Serologic Markers of Effective Tumor Immunity against Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Include Nonmutated B-Cell Antigens." Cancer Research 70, no. 4 (February 2, 2010): 1344–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-3143.

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Feodorov, V. A., A. M. Lyapina, O. V. Ulianova, E. P. Lyapina, L. V. Sayapina, M. N. Lyapin, A. A. Shcherbakov, M. V. Telepnev, and V. L. Motin. "Serologic Markers for Long-Term Immunity in Humans Vaccinated with Live Yersinia pestis EV NIIEG." Procedia in Vaccinology 6 (2012): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.provac.2012.04.003.

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Mak, Gannon C., Perrin W. W. Choy, W. Y. Lee, Ann H. Wong, K. C. Ng, and Wilina Lim. "Sero-immunity and serologic response to pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus in Hong Kong." Journal of Medical Virology 82, no. 11 (September 17, 2010): 1809–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.21895.

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Kwapien, Carol A., Dartene A. Phillips, and Linda A. Anderson. "Hepatitis B Program for Health Care Personnel: Education, Serologic Surveillance, Immunization." AAOHN Journal 35, no. 1 (January 1987): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/216507998703500104.

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A program was developed at a 294-bed community hospital in Western Massachusetts to educate employees to Hepatitis B Virus Infection (HBVI), determine risk levels, and provide potential protection via immunization. Employee responses to education, baseline and post-vaccination serology (Anti-HBs), and immunization were evaluated. Personnel at HBVI risk were identified. Employees with responsibilities associated with blood, blood products and body fluids exposures were assigned to the Priority 1 Group (P1G). Employees received information on the education program, HBVI and vaccine. Fifty-three percent attended the education component. Serology screened susceptible employees. Seventeen employees (10%) were Anti-HBs positive. Post vaccination serology documented immunity A total of 73 people completed the vaccination series with 53 (73%) becoming immune. After receiving booster doses, 11 more persons seroconverted. Conversions, booster efficacy age, sex, job, number of years in health care and at the hospital were evaluated.

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Jin, Daniel K., Daniel J. Nesbitt, Jenny Yang, Haidee Chen, Julie Horowitz, Marcus Jones, Rianna Vandergaast, et al. "Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in a cohort of New York City metro blood donors using multiple SARS-CoV-2 serological assays: Implications for controlling the epidemic and “Reopening”." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 28, 2021): e0250319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250319.

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Projections of the stage of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic and local, regional and national public health policies to limit coronavirus spread as well as “reopen” cities and states, are best informed by serum neutralizing antibody titers measured by reproducible, high throughput, and statically credible antibody (Ab) assays. To date, a myriad of Ab tests, both available and FDA authorized for emergency, has led to confusion rather than insight per se. The present study reports the results of a rapid, point-in-time 1,000-person cohort study using serial blood donors in the New York City metropolitan area (NYC) using multiple serological tests, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and high throughput serological assays (HTSAs). These were then tested and associated with assays for neutralizing Ab (NAb). Of the 1,000 NYC blood donor samples in late June and early July 2020, 12.1% and 10.9% were seropositive using the Ortho Total Ig and the Abbott IgG HTSA assays, respectively. These serological assays correlated with neutralization activity specific to SARS-CoV-2. The data reported herein suggest that seroconversion in this population occurred in approximately 1 in 8 blood donors from the beginning of the pandemic in NYC (considered March 1, 2020). These findings deviate with an earlier seroprevalence study in NYC showing 13.7% positivity. Collectively however, these data demonstrate that a low number of individuals have serologic evidence of infection during this “first wave” and suggest that the notion of “herd immunity” at rates of ~60% or higher are not near. Furthermore, the data presented herein show that the nature of the Ab-based immunity is not invariably associated with the development of NAb. While the blood donor population may not mimic precisely the NYC population as a whole, rapid assessment of seroprevalence in this cohort and serial reassessment could aid public health decision making.

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Pádua, Ana, José Alvarelhão, Marco Gama, Ricardo Figueiredo, and Vitor Alves. "Imunidade à COVID-19: Prevalência de Anticorpos contra SARS-COV-2 em Trabalhadores após a primeira vaga." Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Ocupacional 12 (December 31, 2021): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31252/rpso.03.08.2021.

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Introduction After the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, with the relief of the restrictive measures imposed on companies, it is pertinent to assess the immunity acquired to SARS-CoV-2 in the working population. Objectives To evaluate the prevalence of specific antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and to analyze the presumed immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in a sample of workers from a company in the region of Aveiro. Methodology This is an observational study, in a population of 400 workers, estimating a sample of 197. The serological evaluation took place between 14/May and 28/June/2020. Workers were taken a capillary whole blood sample and performed the Tell Me Fast Rapid Diagnostic Test Coronavirus (COVID-19) IgG/ IgM Antibody Test (S/P/WB). Results During the defined period, a test was performed on 181 workers, it was found that 96.6% of the workers presented IgG/IgM Negative, 1.7% IgG/IgM Positive and 1.7% IgG Positive/IgM Negative, estimating the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in company workers at 3.4%. Conclusions There is a presumed low group immunity and a potential risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the working community. The Occupational Health Service must identify potential risks of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the workplace, design strategies and implement additional and preventive measures that contribute to reducing the SARS-CoV-2 incidence rate in workers and preventing a potential outbreak in the company, showing the importance of teaching and training workers to adhere to the COVID-19 contingency plan. Keywords: Personnel Management; Occupational Health; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Antibodies; Serologic Tests.

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Cooley, Gretchen M., Leora R. Feldstein, Sarah D. Bennett, Concepcion F. Estivariz, Lauren Weil, Rajendra Bohara, Maya Vandenent, et al. "No Serological Evidence of Trachoma or Yaws Among Residents of Registered Camps and Makeshift Settlements in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 104, no. 6 (June 2, 2021): 2031–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.21-0124.

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Abstract.Successful achievement of global targets for elimination of trachoma as a public health problem and eradication of yaws will require control efforts to reach marginalized populations, including refugees. Testing for serologic evidence of transmission of trachoma and yaws in residents of registered camps and a Makeshift Settlement in Cox’s Bazar District, Bangladesh, was added to a serosurvey for vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) conducted April–May 2018. The survey was primarily designed to estimate remaining immunity gaps for VPDs, including diphtheria, measles, rubella, and polio. Blood specimens from 1- to 14-year-olds from selected households were collected and tested for antibody responses against antigens from Treponema pallidum and Chlamydia trachomatis using a multiplex bead assay to evaluate for serologic evidence of the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) yaws and trachoma, respectively. The prevalence of antibodies against two C. trachomatis antigens in children ranged from 1.4% to 1.5% for Pgp3 and 2.8% to 7.0% for CT694. The prevalence of antibody responses against both of two treponemal antigens (recombinant protein17 and treponemal membrane protein A) tested was 0% to 0.15% in two camps. The data are suggestive of very low or no transmission of trachoma and yaws, currently or previously, in children resident in these communities. This study illustrates how integrated serologic testing can provide needed data to help NTD programs prioritize limited resources.

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Conway, Justin J., Brett G. Toresdahl, Daphne I. Ling, Nicole T. Boniquit, Lisa R. Callahan, and James J. Kinderknecht. "Prevalence of Inadequate Immunity to Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Varicella in MLB and NBA Athletes." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 10, no. 5 (May 24, 2018): 406–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738118777726.

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Background: Multiple outbreaks of vaccine-preventable viral diseases have occurred in professional sports in recent years. Currently, there is no established protocol for vaccination or immunity screening for professional athletes. Hypothesis: There are significant differences in the prevalence of inadequate immunity dependent on age, sport, country of birth, and participation in collegiate sports. Study Design: Cross-sectional cohort study. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Methods: A sample of Major League Baseball (MLB) and National Basketball Association (NBA) players were screened for serologic evidence of immunity to measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella prior to the 2015 and 2016 seasons. The results were designated as adequate (immune) or inadequate (equivocal or nonimmune) based on laboratory criteria. Comparison with an age-matched control group was performed using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Results: A total of 98 athletes (62 MLB, 36 NBA) were screened. The prevalence of inadequate immunity for any virus was 35.5% in MLB players and 33.3% in NBA players. There was a significantly greater risk of inadequate immunity to rubella (risk ratio, 6.38; P < 0.01) and varicella (risk ratio, 4.21; P < 0.01) in athletes compared with the age-matched NHANES population. Our analysis did not reveal differences in rates of immunity based on sport, country of birth (US born vs international), or participation in college athletics. There was a lower rate of inadequate immunity to varicella with increasing age (odds ratio, 0.72; P = 0.05). Conclusion: One-third of athletes studied had inadequate immunity to 1 of the 4 viruses tested. Younger players had a significantly greater risk of inadequate immunity to varicella. Birth outside the US and lack of participation in college athletics were not found to influence immunity rates. Clinical Relevance: These results can inform the development of future screening programs to prevent outbreaks of viral infections in professional athletes.

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Tornai, David, and Maria Papp. "Editorial: serologic antibodies in primary sclerosing cholangitis – a tell‐tale sign of compromised gut‐liver immunity?" Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 53, no. 2 (December 25, 2020): 350–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/apt.16201.

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Bahl, Sunil, Concepción F. Estívariz, Roland W. Sutter, Bidyut K. Sarkar, Harish Verma, Vibhor Jain, Ashutosh Agrawal, et al. "Cross-sectional Serologic Assessment of Immunity to Poliovirus Infection in High-Risk Areas of Northern India." Journal of Infectious Diseases 210, suppl_1 (November 2014): S243—S251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jit492.

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