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McDonald, A. M. "Rights to legal remedies of victims of serious violations of international humanitarian law." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.273093.
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Perova, Natalia. "The United Nations, member states and individuals sharing international responsibility for serious violations of international law committed during peace support operations." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5614/.
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This thesis is dedicated to the analysis of state responsibility, United Nations’ responsibility and individual criminal responsibility of peacekeepers for the crimes committed during Peace Support Operations (“PSOs”). It looks into the way public international law, international criminal, humanitarian and human rights law applies in the context of PSOs. The purpose of the thesis is to show that the UN, troop-contributing states and individual peacekeepers share international responsibility for the violations of international law committed during PSOs. This thesis proves that the conduct of peacekeepers is attributed not only to the UN, but also to troop-contributing states and depends on effective control exercised in fact by the UN Force Commander and national contingent commanders over particular conduct. Both international humanitarian law and human rights law are applicable to PSOs and can be breached by the UN and render it international responsible. Despite immunities and exclusion of the host state jurisdiction, peacekeepers cannot avoid international criminal responsibility in domestic courts and International Criminal Court. Applying the system of international responsibility to the case-studies, the thesis concludes that the UN, states and individuals cannot escape international responsibility by relying on international status and mandate of PSOs.
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Cressent, Camille. "La responsabilité pénale des personnes morales pour violations graves du droit international." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ULILD008.
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« Ce sont des hommes et non des entités abstraites qui commettent des crimes ». Cette célèbre affirmation à Nuremberg forgera l’avenir de la responsabilité pénale des personnes morales pour violations graves du droit international. Ce choix de n’engager que la responsabilité pénale individuelle est opéré de nouveau à Rome lors de l’établissement du Statut créant la Cour pénale internationale. Ainsi, que ce soit à Nuremberg ou à La Haye, ce sont les dirigeants des personnes morales qui voient leur responsabilité engagée. Toutefois, ces crimes sont particuliers : ils touchent l’humanité dans son ensemble. C’est pourquoi, afin d’être réprimés, ils doivent répondre à une double exigence : être imputé à une personne physique mais aussi prendre en compte le caractère intrinsèquement collectif du crime. Il n’est pas matériellement possible pour un individu seul de commettre un crime international. Ces crimes nécessitent une forme de planification à une échelle nécessairement supra-individuelle. Sans cet élément collectif, ces crimes ne sont ni plus ni moins que des crimes de droit commun. Par conséquent, le rejet de cette responsabilité pénale des personnes morales pour crimes internationaux vient créer deux paradoxes. Le premier est qu’il s’agit de crimes collectifs qui ne peuvent être imputés à des êtres collectifs. En effet, au-delà de la nécessité pour une personne physique de commettre matériellement un crime, les personnes morales peuvent être à l’origine du crime ou en bénéficier d’une quelconque manière. Le second paradoxe repose sur le fait que la responsabilité pénale des personnes morales n’est pas un idéal inatteignable. Elle existe dans de nombreux droits nationaux. Il résulte de ces deux paradoxes que le constat de Nuremberg gravé dans le marbre n’est pas suffisant pour lutter contre l’impunité des crimes les plus graves. Les États ont dû trouver des solutions afin de pallier ce manque à l’échelle internationale. Ces solutions peuvent intervenir à des échelles différentes : nationales, régionales ou internationales. Elles ne sont pas globales, au sens d’universelles, mais elles permettent d’appréhender certaines situations qui entrent dans leurs champs de compétence“Crimes against international law are committed by men, not by abstract entities”. This famous Nuremberg statement forged the future of legal entities criminal responsibility for serious violations of international law. This choice to engage only individual criminal responsibility was made again in Rome, when the Statute creating the International Criminal Court was drawn up. Thus, whether at Nuremberg or The Hague, it is the directors of legal entities who are held liable. However, these crimes are unique: they affect humanity. This is why, to be punished, they must meet a dual requirement: they must be attributed to an individual, but they must also consider the intrinsically collective nature of the crime. It is not materially possible for a single individual to commit an international crime. These crimes require a form of planning on a necessarily supra-individual scale. Without this collective element, these crimes are no more and no less than ordinary crimes. Consequently, the rejection of corporate criminal liability for international crimes creates two paradoxes. The first is that these are collective crimes that cannot be attributed to collective beings. Indeed, over and above the need for a physical person to commit a crime, legal entities can be at the origin of the crime or benefit from it in some way. The second paradox lies in the fact that the criminal liability of legal persons is not an unattainable ideal. It exists in many national laws. The result of these two paradoxes is that the Nuremberg Declaration, set in stone, is not sufficient to combat impunity for the most serious crimes. States have had to find solutions to make up for this shortcoming on an international scale. These solutions can be applied at different levels: national, regional, or international. They are not global, in the sense of being universal, but they make it possible to apprehend certain situations that fall within their fields of competence
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Figueira, Tonetto Fernanda. "Pour une suprématie du droit international dans la protection de valeurs intangibles de l’humanité." Thesis, Paris 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA020031.
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Les institutions internationales ont à la suite de la 2ème guerre mondiale créé un corpus de droits reliés à l’essence de la condition humaine qui sont aussi intuitifs que difficiles à systématiser. Cette émergence se trouve à l’origine de la relation étroite entre le droit international et un noyau intangible de valeurs considérées comme universelles, érigé à la lumière de constructions philosophiques et juridiques du concept d’humanité jusqu’au moment où elles sont saisies par le droit international coutumier et conventionnel dans une logique de protection. Cette protection relève, d’un côté, du droit international pénal à partir notamment de l’édification des concepts de crime contre l’humanité et de génocide ayant comme corolaire également la définition du concept de graves violations et, de l’autre côté, du droit international des droits de l’Homme, en ce qu’il s’est occupé de la sauvegarde de l’individu en tant qu’être à la fois singulier et collectif, mais aussi des droits essentiels à la préservation de sa condition humaine. Le problème majeur qui se pose est celui des difficiles interactions entre le droit international et le droit national, combiné à l’héritage des paradigmes du droit international classique, ce qui nous amène à répondre à la question du comportement des États quand le droit international a pour objet la préservation de ce noyau dur des valeurs humaines. Dans la présente thèse, nous cherchons donc à démontrer que la protection tissée notamment sur la base des prohibitions apporte au droit international une position de suprématie liée à son caractère de jus cogens, de manière à imposer des devoirs non seulement aux États mais aussi aux individusBecause of World War II, international institutions have created a set of rights related to the essence of the human condition that are as intuitive as to systematize. The close relationship between international law and the protection of intangible values of the human community as a whole has its sources from this emergence. Indeed, these values were identified in the light of philosophical and legal constructions about the concept of humanity until the moment when it became protected by the customary and conventional international law. On the one hand, this protection came from the international criminal law and its enlightenment about the conception of crime against humanity and genocide, in a manner that it enabled the identification of the meaning of serious violations. On the other hand, this protection came likewise from international human rights law, in which it took care to safeguard the individual either as a singular and collective human being, as well as of the fundamental rights to the preservation of its human condition. The hardest problem that is presented here is about the difficult interactions between international law and national law. This problem is aggravated by the heritage left by the classic international law paradigms, which leads us to seek the answer concerning how the States react or how States must react when international law aims to safeguard these core human values. In this thesis, we seek to demonstrate that the protection exercised, especially on the basis of prohibitions, places international law in a position of supremacy linked to its character of jus cogens, in order to impose obligations over both States and individuals
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Ristic, Danijel. "Victims' access and compensation before international criminal courts /." Burnaby B.C. : Simon Fraser University, 2005. http://ir.lib.sfu.ca/handle/1892/2142.
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Tonetto, Fernanda Figueira. "Pilares para umnovo direito internacional." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/185087.
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Les institutions internationales ont à la suite de la 2ème guerre mondiale créé un corpus de droits reliés à l’essence de la condition humaine qui sont aussi intuitifs que difficiles à systématiser. Cette émergence se trouve à l’origine de la relation étroite entre le droit international et un noyau intangible de valeurs considérées comme universelles, érigé à la lumière de constructions philosophiques et juridiques du concept d’humanité jusqu’au moment où elles sont saisies par le droit international coutumier et conventionnel dans une logique de protection. Cette protection relève, d’un côté, du droit international pénal à partir notamment de l’édification des concepts de crime contre l’humanité et de génocide ayant comme corolaire également la définition du concept de graves violations et, de l’autre côté, du droit international des droits de l’Homme, en ce qu’il s’est occupé de la sauvegarde de l’individu en tant qu’être à la fois singulier et collectif, mais aussi des droits essentiels à la préservation de sa condition humaine. Le problème majeur qui se pose est celui des difficiles interactions entre le droit international et le droit national, combiné à l’héritage des paradigmes du droit international classique, ce qui nous amène à répondre à la question du comportement des États quand le droit international a pour objet la préservation de ce noyau dur des valeurs humaines. Dans la présente thèse, nous cherchons donc à démontrer que la protection tissée notamment sur la base des prohibitions apporte au droit international une position de suprématie liée à son caractère de jus cogens, de manière à imposer des devoirs non seulement aux États mais aussi aux individus.Como resultado da Segunda Guerra Mundial, as instituições internacionais criaram um conjunto de direitos relacionados à essência da condição humana que são tão intuitivos quanto difíceis de sistematizar. Dessa emergência tem origem a estreita relação entre o direito internacional e a tutela de um núcleo intangível de valores da comunidade humana em seu conjunto, engendrados à luz das construções filosóficas e jurídicas do conceito de humanidade até o momento em que a mesma passou a ser protegida pelo direito internacional costumeiro e convencional. Essa proteção deu-se, de um lado, pelo direito internacional penal a partir da edificação do conceito de crime contra a humanidade e de genocídio, de modo a possibilitar a identificação do sentido de graves violações e, de outro lado, pelo direito internacional dos direitos humanos, naquilo em que se ocupou da salvaguarda do indivíduo enquanto ser ao mesmo tempo singular e coletivo, assim como dos direitos essenciais à preservação de sua condição humana. O problema maior que se apresenta diz respeito às difíceis interações do direito internacional com o direito nacional, agravado pela herança deixada pelos paradigmas do direito internacional clássico, o que nos leva a buscar responder à pergunta de como se comportam ou devem se comportar os Estados quando o direito internacional tem por objeto resguardar esse núcleo duro de valores humanos. Na presente tese, buscamos demonstrar que a proteção exercida sobretudo sob a base de proibições aporta ao direito internacional uma posição de supremacia que se liga ao seu caráter de jus cogens, de modo a impor obrigações tanto aos Estados quanto aos indivíduos.
Because of World War II, international institutions have created a set of rights related to the essence of the human condition that are as intuitive as they are difficult to systematize. The close relationship between international law and the protection of intangible values of the human community as a whole has its sources from this emergence. Indeed, these values were identified in the light of philosophical and legal constructions about the concept of humanity until the moment when it became protected by the customary and conventional international law. On the one hand, this protection came from the international criminal law and its enlightenment about the conception of crime against humanity and genocide, in a manner that it enabled the identification of the meaning of serious violations. On the other hand, this protection came likewise from international human rights law, in which it took care to safeguard the individual either as a singular and collective human being, as well as of the fundamental rights to the preservation of its human condition. The hardest problem that is presented here is about the difficult interactions between international law and national law. This problem is aggravated by the heritage left by the classic international law paradigms, which leads us to seek the answer concerning how the States react or how States must react when international law aims to safeguard these core human values. In this thesis, we seek to demonstrate that the protection exercised, especially on the basis of prohibitions, places international law in a position of supremacy linked to its character of jus cogens, in order to impose obligations over both States and individuals.
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Haan, Verena. "Joint Criminal Enterprise : die Entwicklung einer mittäterschaftlichen Zurechnungsfigur im Völkerstrafrecht /." Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2008. http://d-nb.info/989771830/04.
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Hatcher, Robert. "Schoolyard Politics: Ethics and Language at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc33161/.
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The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) has been both contentious and successful. By examining the ICTY from a Levinasian ethical standpoint, we might be able to understand how the court uses language to enforce ethical and moral standards upon post-war societies. Using linguistic methods of analysis combined with traditional data about the ICTY, I empirically examine the court using ordinary least squares (OLS) in order to show the impact that language has upon the court's decision making process. I hypothesize that the court is an ethical entity, and therefore we should not see any evidence of bias against Serbs and that language will provide a robust view of the court as an ethical mechanism.
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Williams, Meagan Meernik James David. "Judicial creativity or justice being served ? a look at the use of joint criminal enterprise in the ICTY prosecution /." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2008. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-9721.
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Sanger, Andrew Gareth. "Corporate liability for violations of customary international law." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709310.
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Williams, Meagan. "Judicial Creativity or Justice Being Served? A Look at the Use of Joint Criminal Enterprise in the ICTY Prosecution." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2008. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc9721/.
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The development of joint criminal enterprise at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) has been controversial since the doctrine was first created in 1997. For the judgments rendered by the ICTY to be perceived as legitimate, the doctrines used to bring charges against defendants must also be perceived as legitimate. The purpose of my thesis is to study the application of joint criminal enterprise at the ICTY and examine how the doctrine has influenced the length of sentences given. I find that joint criminal enterprise may be influencing longer sentences and the three categories of joint criminal enterprise are being used differently on defendants of different power levels. By empirically analyzing the patterns developing at the ICTY, I can see how joint criminal enterprise is influencing sentencing and the fairness of trials.
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Inazumi, Mitsue. "Universal jurisdiction in modern international law: expansion of national jurisdiction for prosecuting serious crimes under international law /." Antwerpen [u.a.] : Intersentia, 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/490917232.pdf.
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Alata, Ayham. "La codification du droit de la responsabilité des organisations internationales : étude des travaux de la Commission du droit international relatifs au projet d’articles sur la responsabilité des organisations internationales." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO30078.
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Enfin, le droit international dispose d’un ensemble de règles relatives à la responsabilité des organisations internationales pour fait internationalement illicite. Après 10 ans de travail, la Commission du droit international est parvenue, en 2011, à élaborer un projet d'articles codifiant les règles en la matière. La tâche était pourtant délicate : assujettir ces entités dont la nature et le fonctionnement sont différents des Etats, à un ensemble de règles unique dans le domaine de la responsabilité internationale. L’objet de cette étude porte sur l’œuvre de codification effectuée par la Commission dans le projet d’articles. Il s’agit plus précisément d’analyser les techniques de codification utilisées par la Commission dans l’élaboration des règles applicables : s’agit-il d’une codification stricto sensu de la pratique ou bien de l’élaboration de nouvelles règles relevant du « développement progressif » du droit international ? La réponse apportée à cette question suppose préalablement de définir les sources de la codification en ce qui concerne chacune des dispositions du projet d’articles, en se demandant si elle concrétise une pratique bien établie des organisations internationales, ou au contraire une transposition des règles du projet d’articles sur la responsabilité de l’Etat, adaptées aux particularités des organisations internationales. L’autorité du projet d’articles ne semble pas, à l’heure actuelle, faire l’unanimité, et dans ce contexte, la présente étude portant sur le rapport entre codification et développement progressif dans l’œuvre de codification de la CDI permet d’apprécier l’autorité substantielle propre à chacune des dispositions du projet d’articles. D’autant qu’on ne sait absolument pas si une convention de codification sera adoptée, qui pourra ériger les dispositions du projet d’articles en normes juridiquement obligatoiresThe international law has finally a set of rules on the responsibility of the international organizations for internationally wrongful acts. After 10 years of work, the International Law Commission was able in 2011 to elaborate a draft articles codifying the rules on the matter. However the task was difficult: subject these entities, whose nature and functioning is different from States to a single set of rules in the field of international responsibility. The purpose of this study focuses on the work of codification made by the Commission in the draft articles. This is specifically to analyze the techniques of codification used by the Commission in the elaboration of the applicable rules: is it a codification sticto sensu of the practice or a creation of new rules under the "progressive development" of the international law? The answer to this question presupposes to define the sources of codification in each of the provisions of the draft articles concerned, wondering if it embodies a well-established practice of international organizations, or rather a transposition of the rules of the draft articles on States responsibility, adapted to the features of international organizations. At present the authority of the draft articles does not seem to have unanimity, and in this context, the present study on the relation between codification and progressive development in the codification work of ILC can appreciate the substantial own authority of each provisions of the draft articles. Especially that no one knows if a codification convention will be adopted, which will set the provisions of the draft articles up as legally binding norms
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Argren, Rigmor. "International legal responsibility for news media content that contributes to war crimes and/or serious human rights violations." Thesis, University of Essex, 2012. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.549303.
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Bantekas, Ilias. "Principles of individual responsibilty for violations of international humanitarian law after the ICTY." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.489897.
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Jaiani, D. "Challenges of compensation in case of violations of international law of armed conflicts." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2015. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/41629.
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The right to reparation is a well-established principle of international law. As stated in the Chorzow Factory case of the Permanent Court of International Justice: "It is a principle of international law that the breach of an engagement involves an obligation to make reparation in an adequate form."
The International Law Commission affirmed this principle in its 53rd Session when it adopted the Articles on responsibility of States for internationally wrongful acts. Additionally, the right to reparation is firmly embodied in international human rights treaties and declarative instruments. It has been further refined by the jurisprudence of a large number of international and regional courts, as well as other treaty bodies and complaints mechanisms. Additionally, Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Violations of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law constitute a significant contribution to the codification of norms relating to the right to reparation.
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Vaca, Daza Jhanisse. "HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS TO INDIGENOUS PEOPLE IN COMPETITIVE AUTHORITARIAN REGIMES IN SOUTH AMERICA." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1464432307.
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Uyar, Abatay Lema. "The accountability of UN post-conflict administrations for violations of international humanitarian law and human rights law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a3dc00e1-afe1-4503-a9de-e18af88c2982.
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The thesis explores the extent to which the UN post-conflict administrations are accountable towards the populations of the territories they administer. The post-conflict administrations temporarily assume legislative and administrative powers to support the peace processes, to help to resolve the sovereignty issues or to establish administrative structures that might be non-existent in these territories. The thesis argues that, while the exercise of these extensive powers entails the accountability of the UN, in practice this accountability is not effectively engaged. As opposed to other forms of accountability, the focus is on the international legal responsibility of the UN as the prominent and most meaningful form of accountability, in the accountability relationship between the administrator and the administered, which gives the populations of the administered territories the opportunity to challenge the acts of international administrations and seek redress. In exploring the legal responsibility of the UN and in line with Article 4 of the ILC Draft Articles on the Responsibility of International Organizations, which states only an act of an international organization that constitutes a breach of an international obligation entails its responsibility, this thesis initially explores the extent of international obligations arising from, and the extent of applicability of, three bodies of law. First, the thesis discusses the applicability of international humanitarian law, the fundamental principles of which have traditionally been part of UN peace operations practice. Next, it considers the applicability of the law of occupation, which shares stark factual similarities with the UN post-conflict administrations. Finally, the applicability of international human rights law, which is consistently part of the applicable law in post-conflict territories, and the protection and promotion of which is consistently included in the mandates of post-conflict administrations is examined. The thesis argues that the simultaneous application these bodies of law would help to create a legal framework to engage the accountability of UN post-conflict administrations and this legal framework should be complemented by effective accountability mechanisms.
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Ferstman, Carla. "Reparation for violations of human rights and humanitarian law : the responsibility of international organizations." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4ac8ab4f-6c87-4238-b2df-ea8dadb22110.
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This thesis is concerned with reparation for human rights and international humanitarian law breaches committed by or attributed to international organizations. These breaches constitute internationally wrongful acts which according to the International Law Commission's Draft articles on the responsibility of international organizations, give rise to an obligation on the offending organization to afford reparation. However, in practice, the obligation to afford reparation is unimplemented. The thesis explores why this is. The thesis considers how the law of responsibility intersects with the specialised regimes of human rights and international humanitarian law and particularly, their application to remedies and reparation owed to individuals. It reviews the various gaps in the normative framework and the limitations of existing redress mechanisms. The thesis analyses the cogency of the arguments and rationales that have been used by international organisations to limit institutional liability and the scope and functioning of redress mechanisms, included by the resort to lex specialis principles. It is postulated that the standards of reparation must be drawn from the nature of the breach and the resulting harms and not by who is responsible for the breach. In this respect the thesis is an exercise in the progressive development of the law. Having determined that existing redress mechanisms cannot afford adequate or effective remedies and reparation, the thesis explores how to move towards a model that achieves greater compliance. Indeed, should it be accepted that international organizations must afford remedies and reparation for breaches of human rights and IHL that correspond to the standards that exist in those specialised fields then it is argued that there is a corresponding obligation on them to put in place the modalities for that to be achieved.
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Allie, Shamima. "Holding multinational corporations accountable for human rights violations under International, African regional and South African Law." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/24997.
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This thesis will focus on examining MNCs violation of human rights with specific reference to the environment and child labour. This paper will critique existing measures South Africa has adopted and implemented to prevent MNCs from committing such harmful practices and to hold them accountable for violating the aforementioned rights. This will be done by focusing in particular on MNCs operating in the extractive industry in South Africa. The study will consider the nature of human rights violations MNCs in this sector have been accused of and how, if at all, they are being held accountable. Lastly, this thesis will provide recommendations in respect to better prevention and accountability of MNCs of human rights violations.
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Antonovych, Myroslava. "The duty to punish human rights violations of a prior regime under international law : post-communist transitional cases." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21673.
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The thesis traces the concepts of such crimes under international law as genocide and crimes against humanity, of individual and collective responsibility for these crimes, and identifies the place of crimes of former communist regimes in Central and Eastern Europe among them. The thesis examines the sources of a duty to investigate and to punish human rights violations of a prior regime in international treaty and customary law which is not affected by a succession of States. An analysis of different methods by which post-communist democracies of Central and Eastern Europe come to terms with their past gives evidence of lustration (screening); condemning a previous regime and banning its ruling party as a criminal organization, and criminal proceedings against Communist Party officials. With specific reference to the example of Ukraine, where there exist valid grounds for accountability of the previous communist regime, it is argued that during the transitional period, justice could be achieved by way of outlawing the Communist Party of Ukraine. The accountability of the previous communist regime would be much facilitated by involving international law standards and international investigating bodies.
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Desai, Thakira. "International humanitarian law violations occurring within the occupied Palestinian territories during the years 1982-2012." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5158.
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Magister Philosophiae - MPhilThe purpose of this mini-thesis is to address International Humanitarian Law (IHL) violations occurring within the Occupied Palestinian Territories relative to the protection of civilian persons in time of war. Importantly, various IHL violations that occur within the Green Line will be expanded upon. The mini-thesis will shed light on the lack of international action, specifically the inaction of the UN and the ICRC, in ending the decades of IHL violations by both the Israeli and Palestinian forces. As a means to an end, further destruction of property and loss of life that inhibits the quality of life of Palestinians and Israeli citizens trapped within the ongoing conflict, this mini-thesis will endeavour to provide solutions to ending the occupation. These solutions include: a UN Resolution directed toward the demolition of the wall; establishing permanent means of access to all basic needs; and lastly, addressing the influence of the United States of America (USA) and Egypt, respectively.
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Chembezi, Gabriel. "Traditional justice and states' obligations for serious crimes under international law: an African perspective." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1047_1361197710.
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GATTO, Alexandra. "The responsibility of multinational enterprises for human rights violations in European Union law." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/7018.
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Defence date: 18 June 2007Examining Board: Prof. Francesco Francioni, (EUI) ; Prof. Marise Cremona, (EUI) ; Prof. Enzo Cannizzaro, (University of Macerata) ; Prof. Olivier De Schutter, (Catholic University of Louvain)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
This thesis addresses the question as to how the European Union can ensure that EU based MNEs respect human rights when operating in third countries. Firstly, it identifies primary obligations on MNEs as developed by international law in order to tackle the above question. Secondly, on the basis of this theoretical framework it investigates how the European Union has acted to promote respect of human rights obligations by MNEs which are based on the territory of one of its Member States. Thirdly, the gap between the EU’s commitment to the respect and promotion of human rights, the potential to regulate the conduct of MNEs and the EU’s reluctance to impose human rights obligations on MNEs is explored. It is suggested that current human rights law should develop in the sense of considering companies as duty holders, together with States and other non-state actors, for the realisation of human rights. Moreover, a principle of graduation of responsibility is applied to MNEs, according to the specific human right involved, the proximity to the victim and the element of State authority exercised by the company in a particular situation. The above depicted graduation of responsibility (from the obligation to respect, to the obligation to promote human rights) should be matched by a graduation of corresponding implementing mechanisms. Applying this theoretical framework to the EU, three main recommendations have been formulated. Firstly, the EU should more firmly link the promotion of MNEs’ human rights obligations to international human rights law and support the constitution of an international law framework within the UN. Secondly, the EU should promote MNEs’ human rights obligations within the limits of its competence, both at the international and at an external level. It has been argued that a proactive attitude in this respect would not require the acquisition of new powers, but simply the recognition of a functional competence on the basis of Article 6 TEU in taking positive (and not merely negative) steps for the promotion of human rights in the areas of its competence occurring in international law and the international framework for MNEs’ responsibility. Finally, the EU should not abandon the option of exploring non-binding and incentive measures, both at the international and external levels, to be encouraged as a viable complement to binding measures.
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Guematcha, Emmanuel. "Les commissions vérité et les violations droits de l’homme et du droit international humanitaire." Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100202.
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Après la commission de violations des droits de l’homme et du droit international humanitaire et dans le cadre parfois d’une transition ou d’une situation post conflictuelle difficile, les Commissions vérité ont été de plus en plus créées au sein des Etats. Parce qu’elles sont destinées à l’examen de violations de règles établies en droit international, se pose la question de leur rapport avec ce droit. Par leurs spécificités formelles et la flexibilité de leurs règles, leur utilisation du droit international et leur prise en compte des victimes, elles constituent un cadre particulièrement novateur dédié à l’examen des violations des droits de l’homme et du droit international humanitaire. Cependant, instances non judiciaires et eu égard aux évolutions du droit international, elles conduisent à s’interroger sur la responsabilité pour ces violations et des obligations internationales de l’Etat à cet égard, et à exiger la mise en œuvre de la responsabilité pénale pour la commission des violations les plus graves qu’elles ont constatéesIn time of transition or in post conflict situations, many truth Commissions have been increasingly created within many States to deal with a past caracterised by many human rights and international humanitarian law violations. Because they are dedicated to investigate violations of established rules of international law, the question emerge on their relationships with international law. Their formal characteristics and their flexibility, their use of international law and the focus and attention they give to the victims of these violations, make them appear to be an innovative mean allowing specific review of violations of human rights and international humanitarian law. However, because there are non-judicial bodies and taking into consideration the developments of international law, they raise questions about responsibility for these violations and international obligations of the State in this regard, and lead to the requirement of prosecution and the implementation of criminal liability for the serious violations they reported
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Antonovych, Myroslava. "The duty to punish human rights violations of a prior regime under international law, post-communist transitional cases." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0022/MQ50920.pdf.
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Johansson, Josefin. "Holding States Responsible for National Corporates’ Extraterritorial Human Rights Violations: Possibility or Absurdity?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-384811.
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Almost four decades have passed since the European Court of Human Rights introduced the concept of positive obligations. Positive obligations mean that the member states must take affirmative action in order to secure the rights and freedoms provided for by the European Convention on Human Rights. Since then, the scope of positive obligations has extended tremendously, and today all substantive rights generally contain positive obligations. The reason behind the development is to maintain the full effectiveness of human rights enforcement within the European context, and it has been enabled, inter alia, through dynamic interpretation and because the European Convention on Human Rights is considered a living instrument. The fact that European companies operating transnationally, i.e. in a non-European context, sometimes through its commercial activities violates human rights has given rise to discussion in legal doctrine on whether the scope of positive obligations should be further extended so that the member states to the European Convention on Human Rights will incur state responsibility for national corporates’ extraterritorial human rights violations. Thus, the purpose of the thesis is to examine whether the European Court of Human Rights can and should proceed with such expansion. An expansion creates methodological and technical problems as it challenges the traditional notion of jurisdiction, however, it is not impossible. Whatever the European Court of Human Rights will decide to do, the thesis will provide arguments both for why home state responsibility for national corporates’ extraterritorial activities that violates human rights can and should be imposed, as well for why it is beyond its (the European Court of Human Rights) competence.
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Mäkinen, Johanna. "Sanctions as a tool for compliance : A quantitative study on violations of international humanitarian law and imposition of economic sanctions." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-373113.
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The 1990’s did not only see the end of the Cold War, it experienced several man-made humanitarian crises, an emerging debate on the responsibility to protect, and an increased number of sanctions. All at the same time. How does these relate to each other? International economic sanctions can be seen as having the purposes of both punishing and making others comply with certain norms (Galtung, 1967:379). I believe that both of these purposes are visible when imposing sanctions as reactions to violations of international humanitarian law. Because of this, I argue that violations of IHL are likely to be met with sanctions. In this thesis, I study whether or not this hypothesis holds true. Specifically, I test the probability of receiving sanctions after the following IHL rules have been violated: the prohibition of child soldiers, torture, use of terror, one-sided violence and sexual violence. Most research on economic sanctions focuses either on their effect on armed conflict, or exclusively on one international institution. This thesis contributes to the research field by presenting a quantitative study on the effect violations of international humanitarian law can have on the imposition of economic sanctions, and whether there is a difference in how different violations are being reacted to.
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Echeverria, Gabriela. "The UN Principles and Guidelines on Reparation : is there an enforceable right to reparation for victims of human rights and international humanitarian law violations?" Thesis, University of Essex, 2017. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/20021/.
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The present thesis evaluates the international legal standing of the right to a remedy and reparation contained in the UN Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of Human Rights and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law. It focuses on two aspects of the right to a remedy and reparation. First, it examines the application of state responsibility principles to the relationship between states and individuals when human rights and international humanitarian law violations are committed. Secondly, it analyses the convergence of norms of state liability in different branches of international law: human rights law, the law on diplomatic protection, international humanitarian law, and international criminal law. It advances the proposition that state responsibility for reparation in favour of individuals has crystallised in international law. The thesis is divided in four chapters. The first is an introductory chapter. It defines the scope and objective of the study, and identifies and maps the existing scholarly positions on the right to a remedy and reparation for individuals under international law. Chapter 2 describes the law of state responsibility for injuries to aliens and its relationship to the right to reparation in human rights law. Chapter 3 explores the right to reparation for international humanitarian law violations. As a conclusion, Chapter 4 assesses whether the Principles and Guidelines reflect the standards of international law previously analysed. It looks at whether principles of state responsibility can apply to the relationship between individuals and states – a basic presumption of this instrument that was also one of the main sources of contention during the drafting and adoption process at the UN. It concludes that individuals can invoke state responsibility directly under contemporary international law through an actionable right to reparation for serious violations of human rights and international humanitarian law that constitute international wrongful acts.
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Moghalu, Kingsley Chiedu. "Justice as policy and strategy : a study of the tension between political and juridical responses to violations of international humanitarian law." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2005. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2912/.
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In the decade of the 1990s international criminal justice and the international tribunals that enforce it emerged in international society as a major dimension of international relations. This has led to a widely held belief -- further strengthened by the establishment of the permanent International Criminal Court -- that genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes will now consistently be punished by a legal sanction that was previously lacking. The literature in the field has overwhelmingly fostered this impression. But international criminal tribunals are created by sovereign states. Despite the rhetoric that drove this surge in the 1990s, because international justice is part of international relations, it is subject to the strategic imperatives of states, civil society and other actors, and these frequently clash. Thus it is argued that international justice can be most accurately explicated from the perspective not solely of legal rules of international humanitarian law, but from that of the theories and practice of international relations. The Nuremberg trials generated precedents in international law that have given impetus to the movement for individual criminal accountability. But to stress this fact alone is a selective reading of history, for the trials were essentially a case far more of justice as strategy than justice as policy. The nature of the international society means that the relationship between justice and the order that sustains that society is largely, though not completely, one of tension and contradiction. This thesis examines these tensions and contradictions and how they are resolved. It shows that the (anarchical) international society, and not the much talked about "international community" is the dominant context of how international justice actually works. The ad hoc tribunals do not represent the enthronement of justice as policy, but rather are political responses to crimes in selected, narrow geographies in which the society of states chose not to exercise political options that would have led to preventive action. The International Criminal Court does not represent "the end of history" in international justice. Efforts by liberal internationalism to universalize international justice through universal jurisdiction have been largely unsuccessful. So have the attempted prosecutions of persons who are seen as guardians of particular national, regional or international orders. And efforts to give the jurisdiction of the ICC primacy over that of sovereign states and limit the scope of action of some great powers have been robustly resisted. These cases demonstrate that, for as long as states remain the predominant organizing unit of international society, these tensions will remain. The international justice we see is conditional -- one that is selective, inconsistent, and either serves strategic ends or is only a product of political compromises at convenient moments.
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Hellsten, Jesper. "In Pursuit of Responsibility : An Exploration of Derived Responsibility for Human Rights Violations in Peace Operations." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-9982.
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Moller, Cord-Hendrik. "South African obligation under international law to prosecute and punish perpetrators of gross human rights violations and to provide compensation for victims." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4721.
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Countries undergoing a transitional process face multiple problems and challenges. The process of transformation from a dictatorial, anti-democratic or authoritarian state into a constitutional democracy which respects the rule of law and the fundamental human rights of its citizens is a difficult and strenuous one. Often equipped with only limited financial resources, many newly elected, democratic governments find themselves confronted with a variety of urgent problems waiting to be resolved: the civil service and the judiciary need to be restructured or reformed, jobs must be created for the hundreds of thousands of unemployed, the economy must be put back on the right track and the poor have to be provided with housing, food and health care. While the extent and nature of these and other challenges naturally vary considerably, depending on the circumstances and the specific situation of the state concerned, there is one issue which has to be faced almost inevitable by every transitional society: the question of how to deal with its own troubled past. Broadly speaking, there are three different approaches for dealing with a burdensome past. Firstly, there is the option to move on, to focus on the future and simply to forget the conflicts of the past. This option is generally characterised by a general amnesty for the perpetrators of the old regime, shielding those who committed atrocities and gross violations of human rights from any criminal prosecutions. Spain is probably the most prominent example for a country having chosen this way but amnesty laws have also been passed, inter alia, in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Guatemala, Sierra Leone and Uruguay. Secondly, there is the option to prosecute and punish gross human rights offenders and to hold accountable the members of the old regime. In Greece for instance, 18 Generals were convicted for high treason only months after the end of their military dictatorship. Ethiopia is another example for a country having opted for this approach while Rwanda has decided to reappraise its gruesome past by a combination of international and national criminal prosecutions. Finally, there is the option to employ alternative mechanisms and procedures like truth commissions and other non-penal measures. This is, so to speak, the middle course between the two extremes of general amnesties and criminal prosecutions. Numerous truth commissions have been set up so far in countries as different as Argentina, Chile, Guatemala, Timor-Leste, Morocco, Sierra Leone or South Africa, just to mention the most prominent examples. As divergent as these commissions in each of these different countries might have been, they all were established to investigate and verify past human rights violations, to give victims of grave human rights abuses a forum to tell their stories and to acknowledge officially what happened during certain dark and painful periods in their respective countries' histories. This option tries to strike a balance between the need to reappraise a country's past on the one hand and the necessity to preserve its still young and vulnerable democracy on the other.
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Lassée, Isabelle. "Les missions d'établissement des faits des Nations Unies sur les violations graves et massives du droit international des droits de l'homme et du droit international humanitaire : entre uniformité et diversité." Thesis, Paris 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA020014/document.
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Lorsque des allégations de violations du droit international des droits de l’homme (DIDH) ou du droit international humanitaire (DIH) sont rapportées dans un pays, une meilleure compréhension des faits et de la situation est souvent nécessaire afin que l’Organisation des Nations Unies (ONU) puisse répondre de manière appropriée. A cette fin, les organes de l’ONU y compris l’Assemblée générale, le Conseil de sécurité, le Secrétaire général, le Conseil des droits de l’homme et même le Haut-Commissariat aux droits de l’homme peuvent créer des missions d’établissement des faits. Ces missions sont des organes interétatiques ad hoc créés en réponse à des violations graves et massives DIDH et du DIH. Leurs fonctions principales sont le plus souvent d’établir les faits, de les qualifier en droit et de faire des recommandations pour mettre fin à ces violations et y remédier. Le recours à ces missions, parfois appelées commissions d’enquête, n’a cessé de croître ces vingt dernières années, en particulier lorsque des violations du DIDH et du DIH, pouvant constituer des crimes internationaux, sont alléguées. A cet égard, la théorie de la justice transitionnelle et la doctrine de la responsabilité de protéger ont ouvert de nouvelles perspectives pour l’établissement des faits. Ceci explique que les objectifs et les fonctions des missions d’établissement des faits se sont diversifiés. Cependant, les Etats et une partie de la doctrine remettent en cause le caractère ad hoc du mode de création de ces missions, de leur mandat, et de leurs méthodes de travail. Nous étudierons cette tension entre uniformité et diversité afin de proposer des solutions adaptées permettant de remédier aux problèmes dénoncés par la doctrine et de maximiser l’impact de ces missions sur de la réponse des parties prenantes notamment l’État concerné et l’ONUTo respond appropriately to violations of human rights and humanitarian law, the United Nations requires an in-depth knowledge of the facts alleged and a better understanding of the relevant situation on the ground. To this end, United Nations organs including the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Secretary General, the Human Rights Council and even the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights may create fact-finding missions. These missions are collegial ad hoc bodies created in response to human rights and humanitarian law violations that are particularly grave. Their functions generally include establishing the facts, conducting a legal appraisal of facts, and making recommendations for the cessation of violations and for their remedy. In the past twenty years, United Nations organs have increasingly resorted to these missions – often referred to as commissions of inquiry – in particular when violations of international human rights and international humanitarian law may amount to international crimes. In this respect, transitional justice theory and the doctrine of the responsibility to protect provide new perspectives for fact-finding. The objectives and functions of these missions have therefore diversified. However, some states and scholars criticize the ad hoc creation of the missions, their often politicized mandate, and their methods of work. We will elaborate on this tension between uniformity and diversity and propose some solutions. These proposals will aim at addressing the issues raised by scholars as well as maximizing the missions’ impact on stakeholders’ response to the situation
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Akoh, Harry Asa'na. "How a Country Treats its Own Nationals is No Longer a Matter of Exclusive Domestic Concern: A History of the Alien Tort Statute Litigations in the United States for Human Rights Violations Committed in Africa, 1980-2008." Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia State University, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/history_diss/14/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2009.Title from title page (Digital Archive@GSU, viewed June 22, 2010) Mohammed Hassen Ali, committee chair; H. Robert Baker, Charles G. Steffen, Bereket Habte Selassie, committee members. Includes bibliographical references (p. 221-232).
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Dundas, Elizabeth. "The 1980 United Nations Convention on International Multimodal Transport of Goods : the exculpatory mechanism of art. 16(1) and the effects of #serious' faults on the M.T.O.'s defences; an analogous interpretation from U.S., English and French case-law." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386400.
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Tornerhjelm, Wilhelm. "Handlingsrummet : En studie i folkrättens och politikens påverkan på den taktiska handlingsfriheten." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-4037.
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Det finns både nationella och internationella lagar och överenskommelser som ligger till grund för stridskrafters användande. Det finns också politiska styrningar från regering och riksdag om hur verksamhet ska bedrivas i form utav handlingsregler, som ligger till grund för Försvarsmaktens Rules of Engagement. Det finns alltså två dimensioner som Rules of Engagement kan reflektera: en politisk och en legal. Syftet med detta arbete är att synliggöra vilka begränsningar och möjligheter sampelet mellan politiska intressen och rättsliga grunder sätter på den taktiska handlingsfriheten. Frågeställningarna har besvarats utifrån en fallstudie på ubåt 137 grundstöttning utanför Karlskrona. Som teoretiskt verktyg för att möjliggöra analys har begreppet taktisk handlingsfrihet använts. Resultatet av denna uppsats är att den legala dimensionen är från början redan given, förankrade i sedvänja, traktat och internationella överenskommelser. Den politiska dimensionen är däremot rörlig där möjliga handlingsvägar styrs av politiska målsättningar och tillgängliga medel. En politisk medvetenhet i den taktiska tankeprocessen är därför nödvändig.There are both national and international laws and regulations which is the basis for the use of armed forces. There are also political regulations from both the government and the parliament of how armed forces are used. Laws and political regulations is the foundation for the Swedish Armed Forces Rules of Engagement. There are therefore two dimensions that could reflect Rules of Engagement, one political and one legal. The purpose of this work is to visualize restrictions and possibilities the interaction between the political and legal dimensions could get on the tactical freedom of action. To answer the questions a case study has been done on the submarine 137 incident outside Karlskrona. As a theoretical framework the concept of tactical freedom of action have been used. The result from this essay is that the legal dimension is already given from the beginning, while the political dimension is more mobile, where ways of action depends on political goals and available funds. A political awareness in the tactical process of thinking is therefore necessary.
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Tabbal, Michel. "Les sessions extraordinaires du Conseil des droits de l’homme des Nations Unies." Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020042.
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Les sessions extraordinaires constituent une des innovations majeures de la réforme de 2006 qui a institué le Conseil des droits de l’homme, en tant qu’organe subsidiaire de l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies. Alors même que le Conseil tient trois sessions régulières chaque année, les sessions extraordinaires permettent aux Etats de réagir face à une situation de crise en organisant un débat, permettant d’évaluer et de qualifier les violations commises et mettant en place des mécanismes d’enquête et de suivi. L’analyse systématique des vingt-six sessions extraordinaires organisées depuis près de douze ans éclaire ainsi non seulement les rapports de force entre les acteurs en présence mais aussi une dynamique nouvelle du droit international public, intégrant le droit international humanitaire et le droit international pénal dans le champ de compétence du Conseil des droits de l’hommeSpecial sessions are one of the major innovations of the reform that established the Human Rights Council in 2006 as a subsidiary body of the United Nations General Assembly. While the Council holds three regular sessions each year, a special session allows States to respond to an urgent situation by organizing a debate, to assess and qualify violations and also to establish investigative mechanisms. The systematic analysis of the twenty-six special sessions held in nearly a period of twelve years illuminates, not only the balance of power between the actors involved, but also a new dynamic of international law, integrating international humanitarian law and international criminal law into the field of competence of the Human Rights Council
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N'dri, Maurice Kouadio. "Critical analysis of victims rights before international criminal justice." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7533_1183427953.
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History is regrettably replete with wars and dictatorial regimes that claimed the lives of millions of people. Most of the time the planners were not held accountable for their misdeeds. Fortunately in recent years the idea of people being prosecuted for mass atrocities was launched and debated. The purpose of this study was to propose avenues for promoting respect for victims rights. It examined the rationale of the victims reparation, its evolution, its denial and its rebirth. It canvass victims rights in domestic law especially in the civil law in comparison with international law. It proposed means whereby the international community may better address the issue of victims rights.
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Winters, Veronica Jane. "State-Corporate Crime in the Democratic Republic of Congo." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4615.
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This study addresses the need for a parsimonious theoretical model to explain state-corporate crime. The Integrated Theoretical Model of State-Corporate Crime will be compared to the Integrated Theory of International Criminal Law Violation to determine which model provides the most accurate theoretical depiction of state- corporate crime, while retaining parsimony. For this comparison, the models will be applied to Democratic Republic of Congo case study. Using a secondary analysis of qualitative data and preexisting literature, it was found that the Integrated Theoretical Model of State-Corporate Crime displays a representative depiction of all state-corporate crime actors and their catalysts for action in a more parsimonious manner than the Integrated Theory of International Criminal Law Violation.
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Caceres, Felipe Chinalli. "Educação e cultura em direitos humanos na ordem internacional." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2140/tde-05122013-154918/.
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Considerando a atual situação do Direito à Educação em Direitos Humanos no Brasil e no mundo e a importância de se inserir nos sistemas educacionais a proposta da gestão de um plano em Direitos Humanos, balizada por interculturalidade e interacionismo, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo institucionalizar a promoção do acesso aos conhecimentos multiculturalistas, inerentes à afirmação histórica dos Direitos Humanos. Entendemos que tanto os alunos quanto os educadores são sujeitos dos direitos históricos da humanidade. Assim, diagnosticamos a necessidade de uma intervenção pedagógica humanista nas escolas a ser institucionalizada por uma cultura em educação alternativa contida no projeto-piloto, ora anexado.Considering the actual state of the Right to Human Rights Education in Brazil, its global present context and the importance to insert its proposals in the educational systems as a political action of a Human Rights plan, oriented by interculturality and interactionism, in this research the main objective has been to institutionalize the promotion of access to multicultural knowledge, associated to the historical affirmation of Human Rights, and to view the students and the educators as mankinds historical rights subjects. It has also been diagnosticated the urgency of a humanistic pedagogical intervention in schools yet to be institutionalized by an alternative educational culture, included in the attached pilot project.
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Charles-Alfred, Christophe-Claude. "La justice transitionnelle face à la responsabilité de l'enfant associé aux forces et groupes armés âgé de plus de quinze ans auteur d'infractions graves." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM1066.
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Le régime juridique de l'Enfant Associé aux Forces et Groupes Armés âgé de plus de quinze ans auteurs d'infractions graves est incohérent. En effet, il permet à son titulaire d'obtenir le statut de combattant, sans que pour autant sa responsabilité ne soit automatiquement engagée en cas de commission d'infractions graves. Cette situation s'explique par le fait que la communauté internationale est divisée sur sa nature juridique: il est perçu en tant que victime ou criminel. Cette incertitude a pour conséquence de créer de l'insécurité juridique car il ne sais pas au préalable quel sort lui sera réservé par la Justice. Cette réalité profite au recruteur qui le pousse à commettre les crimes les plus graves. L'enfant se sent ainsi tout-puissant. Toutefois, à l'issue du conflit, il risque d'être rejeté par sa communauté l'identifiant en tant que bourreau. Sa réinsertion est donc compromise. Afin de pallier cette situation, une harmonisation de l'âge du combattant devrait être envisagée afin de clarifier son régime de responsabilité. En attendant, le stand minimal est de quinze ans. S'il n'est pas considéré comme étant trop jeune pour prendre les armes, il doit être aussi en capacité de rendre des comptes. Mais comment ? À travers la Justice Transitionnelle de manière générale et plus précisément par la création d'un Tribunal Spécial pour Enfants Auteurs d'Infractions Graves qui a pour fonction de juger ceux qui ont le plus au degré de responsabilité dans la commission des crimes. Pour les autres, il est envisagé la valorisation de mécanismes de Justice Restauratrice qui répondent à leurs besoins, à celles de leurs victimes et de leur communauté tout entièreThe legal justice mechanism of the Child Associated with Armed Forces and Groups of more than fifteen years old of serious offenders is inconsistent. In fact, this kid's allowed to obtain the combatant status even if he never assumes automatically his responsibilities when he commits serious offences. It's because the international community is divided and considers him as a victim or a criminal. This uncertainty creates the effect of legal insecurity since he doesn't know how he'll be treated by Justice. This situation benefits to his recruiter who encourages him to commit the most serous crimes. The child feels almighty. But at the end of the conflict, he may probably rejected by this community who considers him as an executioner. So, his reintegration is compromise. To rectify this situation, harmonizing the age of the fighter should be a solution to clarity his accountability status. For the moment, fifteen years old appears as minimum standard. If the child isn't so youth to take arms, he can bear his accountability. But how? Whith Transitional Justice in general and more specifically the creation of a Special Court for Serious Violations which judge those who have the highest level of responsibility in the commission of the crime. For the others, we propose Restorative Justice that meet their needs, those of their victims and their entire community
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Mutabazi, Etienne. "The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda's approach to serious violations of humanitarian law." Diss., 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1472.
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On October 1, 1990 the Rwandan Patriotic Front launched a war from and with the support of the Republic of Uganda against Rwanda. This war was accompanied by unspeakable violations of International Humanitarian Law. Both conflicting parties violated the basic rules protecting the civilian population in situations of armed conflicts. The United Nations Security Council, acting under Chapter VII of its Charter, passed resolution 955 of November 8, 1994 establishing the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda to prosecute alleged responsible of such violations.
This study investigates the background of the ICTR and questions the nature of the conflict that prompted the Security Council to establish another ad hoc international criminal tribunal after the one established for the former Yugoslavia. It further inquires into its jurisprudence and reflects critically on the ICTR's approach to serious violations of IHL under Article 3 Common to the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocol II.Jurisprudence
LL. M. (Law)
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VIERUCCI, Luisa. "The international criminal tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and the co-operation of states." Doctoral thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4814.
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Defence date: 2 June 1998Examining board: Prof. Antonio Cassese (supervisor) ; Prof. Philip Alston ; Prof. Peter Malanczuk ; Prof. Marina Spineda
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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Ivanovic, Lidija. "The development of joint criminal enterprise and command responsibility by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/10845.
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RAJKOVIC, Nikolas Milan. "Explaining the politics of compliance ad hoc justice in Serbia and Croatia." Doctoral thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/12029.
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Defence date: 13 June 2009Examining Board: Rainer Bauböck (EUI); Rogers Brubaker (UCLA); Friedrich Kratochwil (EUI) (Supervisor); Antje Wiener (University of Hamburg)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
This thesis attempts to explain the erratic record of compliance with EU and US demands for ‘full cooperation’ with the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY): where both Serbia and Croatia sometimes complied, regularly stalled and often resisted ICTY demands. Further, protracted delays and outright resistance was often exercised in the face of - or in spite of - EU membership conditionality as well as US financial assistance and sanctions. The period of assessment is post-2000, after the fall of both the Milosevic regime in Serbia and the Tudjman regime in Croatia. The key research questions are: How do we best explain the changing pattern of ICTY cooperation and compliance in Post-Milosevic Serbia and Post- Tudjman Croatia? How was it that governments sometimes complied, while at other times resisted cooperation with the ICTY? The Serbian and Croatian cases provide a challenge for conventional IR assumptions regarding the practice of political influence (international theory), the meaning of political compliance (conceptualization) and the study of political action (methodology). Each of these theoretical dimensions is discussed in the opening chapters for the purpose of developing better analytical tools to study influence-making and compliance in international politics. Subsequently, the story of ICTY compliance in Serbia and Croatia is then explored in empirical chapters which identify political facets involved in the making of ICTY justice and ICTY compliance.
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Mnyongani, Freddy. "Accountability of multinational corporations for human rights violations under international law." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/21071.
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Kristková, Veronika. "Postavení obětí porušování lidských práv v mezinárodním právu se zaměřením na oběti vážných porušení lidských práv a mezinárodního humanitárního práva." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-326736.
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Ph.D. Thesis ABSTRACT Mgr. Veronika Kristková, LL.M., 2013 Position of victims of human rights violations in international law with focus on victims of serious violations of human rights and international humantiarian law This work focuses within the broad theme of " Position of the victims of the human rights violations in international law" on victims of serious human rights violations and serious violations of international humanitarian law (hereinafter only serious violations). The author decided to focus on the victims of serious violations because the research revealed that while the rights of victims of human rights violations are in general relatively settled in theory as well in practice of international law, the rights of the victims of serious violations is an area, which raises several doctrinal questions, encountered rapid development in recent years and continues to develop. Analysis of the rights of the victims of serious violations necessary must be based on the rights of the victims of human rights violations in general, which serves as a baseline for the analysis of the rights of the victims of serious violations. Only in comparison with the general rights of the victims of human rights violations the specificities of the rights of the victims of serious violations stand up. First the work...
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Hardy, Kathleen. "An analysis of the domestic implementation of the repression of violations of international humanitarian law." Diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30130.
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This dissertation analyses the domestic implementation of the repression of violations of International Humanitarian Law. Through this analysis it seeks to clarify the obligations placed on States under International Humanitarian Law to ensure an effective and workable system for the repression of violations. In assessing these obligations, this dissertation attempts to highlight the importance of an effective system that is properly implemented in a timely manner. It is shown that the obligations placed on States are not burdensome and are outweighed by the advantages of proper implementation. This dissertation demonstrates these advantages through a case study of Uganda where the consequences of the failure to implement an effective system of repressions of violations of International Humanitarian Law are documented. Practical solutions that may assist in remedying the defective system to repress violations in Uganda are provided. It is argued not only for the need to properly implement an effective system of repression of violations, as required under International Humanitarian Law, but for the need to implement a system that goes beyond that which States are legally obliged to do.Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
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"Judging Their Own: When and Why States Pursue Accountability for Human Rights Violations of Security Forces." Doctoral diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.49278.
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abstract: What explains why governments and militaries pursue accountability against some human rights violations committed by members of their armed forces during ongoing conflicts, but not other violations? Further, what are the consequences of such prosecutions for their military and governmental objectives? The theory put forth by this study suggests that rather than only the natural outcome of strong rule of law, domestic prosecutions within a state’s security apparatus represents a strategic choice made by political and military actors. I employ a strategic actor approach to the pursuit of accountability, suggesting that the likelihood of accountability increases when elites perceive they will gain politically or militarily from such actions. I investigate these claims using both qualitative and quantitative methods in a comparative study across the United States and the United Kingdom. This project contributes to interdisciplinary scholarly research relevant to human rights studies, human rights law, political science, democratic state-building, democratic governance, elite decision making, counter-insurgency, protests, international sanctions, and conflict resolution. Particularly, this dissertation speaks to the intersection of strategy and law, or “lawfare” a method of warfare where law is used as means of realizing a military objective (Dunlap 2001). It provides generalizable results extending well beyond the cases analyzed. Thus, the results of this project will interest those dealing with questions relating to legitimacy, human rights, and elite decision making throughout the democratic world.Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Political Science 2018
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BRIGHT, Claire. "L'accès à la justice civile en cas de violations des droits de l’homme par des entreprises multinationales." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/29602.
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Examining Board: Professeur Marie-Ange Moreau, EUI (Directrice de thèse) Professeur Horatia Muir-Watt, Science-Po Paris (Co-directrice de thèse) Professeur Francesco Francioni, EUI Professeur Olivier De Schutter, Université catholique de Louvain.Defence date: 14 October 2013
First made available online on 10 September 2014.
Cette thèse se propose d'analyser l'accès à la justice civile pour les victimes de violations de droits de l'homme commises par des entreprises multinationales, au regard des règles de compétence internationale des tribunaux de international privé en matière de responsabilité civile délictuelle. La recherche mettra en exergue la double fonction que peuvent endosser les règles de compétence de droit international privé dans ce domaine, en assurant, d'une part, un accès effectif à la justice et à la réparation pour les victimes de tels abus, et en participant, d'autre part à l'effort de régulation des entreprises multinationales sur le plan global.