Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Serfdom'

Analysis of relationships between states and citizens has almost monopolised the Human Rights legal discourse. In my thesis, I start from the position that Human Rights is a philosophical and historical victory of humankind, whose application cannot be limited to dictating norms in traditional forms of governance; Human Rights primarily define the human being as an individual, as a group, as a societal entity. Therefore, when we discuss Human Rights we do not pursue what governing states 'ought' or 'ought not' to do, but how human beings 'should' endure their lives in a dignified manner; how they should be treated independently of who their acting opponent might be. The Internet, on the other hand, has evolved through the years into an uncharted virtual structure of uncounted online operations and services run by private commercial actors. Within this setting, where the online application platform performs as a land parallel and the private commercial host as the de facto ruler, online identity is mirrored into service accounts. Hence the human being‘s digital existence seems to be depending, to a large degree, on the private initiative – and will. Whilst exploring various relevant themes, the thesis revisits the issue of the application of Human Rights in private relationships through the lenses of online electronic communications and using the example of commercial online virtual worlds. According to my conclusions, a simple projection of the state/citizen model onto ISPs/users relationships does not give sufficient ground for contesting Human Rights within that context. What we need is to deconstruct predominant dogmas in modern Human Rights theory and legislation and to readjust our focus back on the human being and its universal manifestations.

This thesis looks at the interplay of nomadism and settlement in two different periods of history. In the first two chapters I develop a theory for the Neolithic Revolution, the transition form nomadic hunting and gathering to settled agriculture. I argue that an exogenous increase in climate seasonality made our ancestors become sedentary in order to store food. Once sedentary, inventing agriculture was only a matter of time. In the first chapter I construct a model encapsulating this intuition, and in the second I test empirically the predictions of the model. In the third chapter, I instead argue that Russia introduced serfdom the 16th century in order defend against slave raids from their nomadic neighbors to the south. If labor had remained free, the population would have clustered around the most fertile areas, leaving less productive areas undefended, and thus vulnerable to the raids.
Aquesta tesi estudia la interacció entre nomadisme i sedentarisme en dos periodes diferents de la història. En els dos primers capítols desenvolupo una teoria sobre la Revolució Neolítica, la transició de la caça nòmada i la recol·lecció a l'agricultura sedentària. Defenso que un increment de l'impacte de l'estacionalitat climática va fer que els nostres avantpassats es tornessin sedentaris amb la finalitat de poder emmagatzemar menjar. Un cop sedentaris, la invenció de l'agricultura era només una qüestió de temps. En el primer capítol construeixo un model que captura aquesta intuició, en el segon provo les prediccions del model de manera empírica. En el tercer argumento que Rússia va adoptar la servitud durant el segle XVI per tal de defensar-se contra les ràtzies esclavistes dels seus veïns nomàdics del sud. Si no s'hagués introduït la servitud, i la mà d'obra hagués romàs lliure, la població s'hauria agrupat al voltant de les zones més fèrtils, deixant sense defensar zones menys productives i, per tant, vulnerables a les incursions.

This thesis examines directly the development of Catholic social teaching in respect of the rights and duties of the worker. Beginning with the Old Testament, the thesis compares the attitude of the Hebrew people as expressed in Scripture to those who performed the tasks associated with the crafts or with labour. This shows how the attitude of the Hebrews to workers, in comparison with the attitude of surrounding peoples, was ameliorated by their belief in a just God who spoke to them in Scripture and through the prophets. In its examination of the New Testament, the thesis extracts gospel references to the worker and extracts from the Epistles, particularly from the Pauline texts, on the subject. The changes in attitude to the worker as expressed in the New and Old Testaments are noted. Next examined are the writings of the Church Fathers and their application to the worker. It can be seen from this examination that the early Church Fathers, whilst not directly developing a body of teaching in respect of the worker, developed a philosophical platform for its later development. It will be shown how the teachings of the Church Fathers, in their application of teaching of Jesus in the Gospels to the prevailing attitudes of Roman society contributed to the further amelioration of the condition of slaves in the later Empire. When speaking of the worker in Greco-Roman society, one is in effect speaking about the institution of slavery. The thesis then discusses the further changes in attitude to the worker that followed the decline of imperial authority in the west. It examines the role of the Church and its teaching regarding the dignity of the human person and the place of work in the scheme of redemption, and how it had an ameliorating effect on the treatment of slaves in the various Barbarian kingdoms which arose in the west following the extinguishing of Roman authority. The thesis argues that it was the influence of Christianity which ultimately led to the evolution of the condition of slavery as it was known in the Roman Empire and Carolingian period, to that of the serfdom of the Middle Ages. Next discussed is the 'Guild System' of regulating and controlling the crafts. The Guilds were a society, in part co-operative but mainly composed of private owners of capital whose corporation was self governing, and was designed to check competition between its members in order to prevent the growth of one at the expense of the other. The thesis examines how the Guilds functioned and explains why some Catholic writers such as Hilaire Belloc and Gilbert Keith Chesterton regarded the Guilds as an excellent example of the practical application of Christian principles to work and economics. The thesis then examines the effects of the Reformation and the rise of liberal capitalism from the Guild system and how they both contributed to its decline. Following the decline of the Guild system and the onset of liberal capitalism, society came to be divided into two classes, the capitalist class, and the proletariat. This thesis examines how this development occurred and the factors which contributed to it. It shows how the division of society into capitalist and proletariat, haves and have-nots, resulted in the development of a class war and the antagonism between capital and labour. The thesis shows how under the liberal capitalist system, the conditions of the working class came to resemble in the words of Leo XIII, 'a yoke, almost of slavery'. Next developed and analysed is the manner in which the antinomy between capital and labour gave birth to the philosophy of Marxism in 1848 following the publication of the Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Freidrich Engels. It shows how the development of these two antagonistic classes was viewed by the Church as an aberration or distortion of the social order and how in response to the rise of the philosophy of Marxism, Leo XIII countered with his great social encyclical Rerum Novarum, promulgated on the 15th May 1891, which was to earn him the title of 'The Workers' Pope'. The thesis then deals sequentially with the social teachings and encyclicals of Popes Pius XI, Pius XII, John XXIII, Paul VI and John Paul II. All of these Popes, in some way, expanded upon and developed the social teaching of the Church regarding the workers. In many ways it could be said that the later encyclicals have 'fleshed out' Rerum Novarum. During this period, numerous advances have been made in the fields of technology and there has been a considerable improvement in the conditions and wages of workers. In its consideration of the social encyclicals since Rerum Novarum, this thesis discusses the way in which the Popes have developed and expanded Catholic social teaching in respect of the workers as changes in technology and various structural changes to the financial system threw up new and complex challenges to the creation of a just social order in which the dignity and the rights of workers are fully respected. It is shown how the Popes since Leo XIII have confronted the injustices associated with these developments and detailed recommendations for action, some of which would be viewed by many as quite radical. Later in this thesis deleterious effects upon the rights of workers of global neo-liberal capitalism are identified. It is demonstrated that in the early years of the twenty-first century, there are already signs that some of the less desirable traits of laissez faire or liberal capitalism, are once again rearing their heads. This is seen in such developments as the 'hollowing out' of the middle class and the concentration of wealth in fewer hands. It is also seen in the slow but sure erosion of the working conditions of workers and in their level of remuneration. It is seen in developed countries, in the trend towards longer working hours and the increasing casualisation of the workforce. This thesis shows that in the context of the world economy, a gap continues to widen between the developed and undeveloped nations, whilst inequitable trade agreements tend to confine the developing nations to the status of providers of raw materials to the industrialised world, an inequity, which, more often than not finds itself imposed upon the working men and women of the developing nations in the form of long hours, low wages and poor conditions. It is a tenet of this thesis that the social teaching of the Church directly the challenges and confronts the philosophy of neo-liberal capitalism and its associated philosophy of globalism in respect of the attaining of a just distribution of the world's goods, the dignity of work and the mutual dependence of capital and labour.

This thesis examines directly the development of Catholic social teaching in respect of the rights and duties of the worker. Beginning with the Old Testament, the thesis compares the attitude of the Hebrew people as expressed in Scripture to those who performed the tasks associated with the crafts or with labour. This shows how the attitude of the Hebrews to workers, in comparison with the attitude of surrounding peoples, was ameliorated by their belief in a just God who spoke to them in Scripture and through the prophets. In its examination of the New Testament, the thesis extracts gospel references to the worker and extracts from the Epistles, particularly from the Pauline texts, on the subject. The changes in attitude to the worker as expressed in the New and Old Testaments are noted. Next examined are the writings of the Church Fathers and their application to the worker. It can be seen from this examination that the early Church Fathers, whilst not directly developing a body of teaching in respect of the worker, developed a philosophical platform for its later development. It will be shown how the teachings of the Church Fathers, in their application of teaching of Jesus in the Gospels to the prevailing attitudes of Roman society contributed to the further amelioration of the condition of slaves in the later Empire. When speaking of the worker in Greco-Roman society, one is in effect speaking about the institution of slavery. The thesis then discusses the further changes in attitude to the worker that followed the decline of imperial authority in the west. It examines the role of the Church and its teaching regarding the dignity of the human person and the place of work in the scheme of redemption, and how it had an ameliorating effect on the treatment of slaves in the various Barbarian kingdoms which arose in the west following the extinguishing of Roman authority. The thesis argues that it was the influence of Christianity which ultimately led to the evolution of the condition of slavery as it was known in the Roman Empire and Carolingian period, to that of the serfdom of the Middle Ages. Next discussed is the 'Guild System' of regulating and controlling the crafts. The Guilds were a society, in part co-operative but mainly composed of private owners of capital whose corporation was self governing, and was designed to check competition between its members in order to prevent the growth of one at the expense of the other. The thesis examines how the Guilds functioned and explains why some Catholic writers such as Hilaire Belloc and Gilbert Keith Chesterton regarded the Guilds as an excellent example of the practical application of Christian principles to work and economics. The thesis then examines the effects of the Reformation and the rise of liberal capitalism from the Guild system and how they both contributed to its decline. Following the decline of the Guild system and the onset of liberal capitalism, society came to be divided into two classes, the capitalist class, and the proletariat. This thesis examines how this development occurred and the factors which contributed to it. It shows how the division of society into capitalist and proletariat, haves and have-nots, resulted in the development of a class war and the antagonism between capital and labour. The thesis shows how under the liberal capitalist system, the conditions of the working class came to resemble in the words of Leo XIII, 'a yoke, almost of slavery'. Next developed and analysed is the manner in which the antinomy between capital and labour gave birth to the philosophy of Marxism in 1848 following the publication of the Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Freidrich Engels. It shows how the development of these two antagonistic classes was viewed by the Church as an aberration or distortion of the social order and how in response to the rise of the philosophy of Marxism, Leo XIII countered with his great social encyclical Rerum Novarum, promulgated on the 15th May 1891, which was to earn him the title of 'The Workers' Pope'. The thesis then deals sequentially with the social teachings and encyclicals of Popes Pius XI, Pius XII, John XXIII, Paul VI and John Paul II. All of these Popes, in some way, expanded upon and developed the social teaching of the Church regarding the workers. In many ways it could be said that the later encyclicals have 'fleshed out' Rerum Novarum. During this period, numerous advances have been made in the fields of technology and there has been a considerable improvement in the conditions and wages of workers. In its consideration of the social encyclicals since Rerum Novarum, this thesis discusses the way in which the Popes have developed and expanded Catholic social teaching in respect of the workers as changes in technology and various structural changes to the financial system threw up new and complex challenges to the creation of a just social order in which the dignity and the rights of workers are fully respected. It is shown how the Popes since Leo XIII have confronted the injustices associated with these developments and detailed recommendations for action, some of which would be viewed by many as quite radical. Later in this thesis deleterious effects upon the rights of workers of global neo-liberal capitalism are identified. It is demonstrated that in the early years of the twenty-first century, there are already signs that some of the less desirable traits of laissez faire or liberal capitalism, are once again rearing their heads. This is seen in such developments as the 'hollowing out' of the middle class and the concentration of wealth in fewer hands. It is also seen in the slow but sure erosion of the working conditions of workers and in their level of remuneration. It is seen in developed countries, in the trend towards longer working hours and the increasing casualisation of the workforce. This thesis shows that in the context of the world economy, a gap continues to widen between the developed and undeveloped nations, whilst inequitable trade agreements tend to confine the developing nations to the status of providers of raw materials to the industrialised world, an inequity, which, more often than not finds itself imposed upon the working men and women of the developing nations in the form of long hours, low wages and poor conditions. It is a tenet of this thesis that the social teaching of the Church directly the challenges and confronts the philosophy of neo-liberal capitalism and its associated philosophy of globalism in respect of the attaining of a just distribution of the world's goods, the dignity of work and the mutual dependence of capital and labour.
Thesis (Masters)
Master of Philosophy (MPhil)
School of Theology
Full Text

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:27:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos Eduardo Melo dos Santos.pdf: 1589703 bytes, checksum: 6501d8f8d81411b1d530e9a1c6991840 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-19
ADVENIAT
The pericope Ex 5,1-6,1 contemplates the first meeting of Moses and Aaron with the Egyptian pharaoh. The brothers are configured as representants of God and the Jewish people to negotiate the freedom with the tyrant. The narrative is part of the book of Exodus which reports that the oppressive situation in which passed the people of Israel in Egypt. This work aims to establish an exegetical analysis of the text with basis of bibliographic elements that promote the understanding of linguistics, stylistic and historical particulars present in the narrative in order to obtain conclusions of the theological and ethical point of view. The research presents itself as one of the academic productions of the research group Tradução e Interpretação do Antigo Testamento (TIAT)
A perícope Ex 5,1,-6,1 contempla o primeiro encontro de Moisés e Aarão com o faraó egípcio. Os irmãos profetas são configurados como representantes de Deus e do povo hebreu e negociam com o tirano a liberdade. A narrativa insere-se na parte do livro do Êxodo que relata a situação opressiva pela qual passava o povo de Israel no Egito. A presente dissertação visa estabelecer uma análise exegética do texto com base nos elementos bibliográficos que favoreçam a compreensão das particularidades linguísticas, estilísticas e históricas presentes na narrativa com o objetivo de obter conclusões do ponto de vista teológico e ético. A pesquisa apresenta-se como uma das produções acadêmicas do grupo de pesquisa Tradução e Interpretação do Antigo Testamento (TIAT)

En el marco de un proceso de descentralización en marcha, que ha dado cuenta de los múltiples desafíos para la consolidación de los Gobiernos Regionales, y el número de agencias especializadas con competencia en materia forestal y de fauna silvestre, se hace necesario que el Servicio Nacional Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre (Serfor) implemente plenamente su función rectora respecto al Sistema Nacional Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre (Sinafor) a fin de generar un espacio de coordinación interinstitucional que brinde soporte a sus miembros para la consecución de los objetivos de la Política Nacional Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre. En este contexto, la presente investigación busca contribuir a ello delimitando una de las dimensiones de la función rectora del Serfor, como lo es la emisión de opiniones técnicas vinculantes que interpretan en abstracto el sentido de la normativa forestal y de fauna silvestre, permitiendo con ello generar predictibilidad y orientar el correcto funcionamiento del Sinafor. A diferencia de otras entidades rectoras, el Serfor a la fecha aún no ha implementado dicha atribución, ninguno de sus órganos de línea cuenta con funciones expresas para ello y se adolece de un procedimiento que paute su emisión. Sin perjuicio de ello, se han encontrado interesantes avances en las opiniones emitidas por su Oficina General de Asesoría Jurídica y que dan cuenta de la demanda de este tipo de opiniones por parte de los integrantes del Sinafor, lo que facilitará su posicionamiento, haciendo necesario que la entidad también evalúe el fortalecimiento de sus demás atribuciones rectoras.
Trabajo académico

Orientadores: Moacyr Trindade de Oliveira Andrade, Floriano Peixoto de Azevedo Marques Neto
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T10:40:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Landini_LuizAlbertoRodrigues_D.pdf: 1207326 bytes, checksum: b2ca669a4eb5daf92ea3a407e474da70 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007
Resumo: A reestruturação e a privatização do setor elétrico a partir de 1995 redefiniram o papel do Estado neste setor, que passa a assumir a função regulatória e de controle em substituição às atividades de agente empreendedor. Com essa não interveniência o Estado tornou-se apenas responsável pela regulação, fiscalização e controle dos serviços públicos concedidos de energia elétrica, sendo que o fortalecimento do marco regulatório se deu com a criação da Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica ¿ ANEEL, instituída pela Lei nº 9.427, de 26 de dezembro de 1996. Paradoxalmente a isso, os serviços de infra-estrutura de energia elétrica, para que possam ser implementados, necessitam da intervenção do Estado na propriedade do particular. Assim ocorre na geração, transmissão e na distribuição de energia elétrica. Um país de dimensões continentais como o Brasil, torna tais serviços de grande complexidade para sua implementação, pois desde a geração da energia elétrica até os grandes centros consumidores há necessidade da implantação de uma vasta rede de linhas transmissoras e distribuidoras que transpassam por inúmeras propriedades sobre as quais recaem os ônus da servidão, ou, quando não, são desapropriadas para a destinação a ser dada pelas concessionárias, trazendo sérios transtornos aos seus proprietários. Neste contexto observa-se no presente trabalho que, conquanto o detentor do imóvel não perde o domínio de sua propriedade, pois não há a transferência dela para a concessionária nos casos de instituição de servidão de passagem de linhas transmissoras e distribuidoras de energia elétrica, há sempre a restrição quanto ao uso, gozo e fruição da mesma. Diferindo da faixa de servidão, na desapropriação ocorre a transferência da propriedade para o titular do direito à expropriação, fazendo com que o proprietário perca sua propriedade para o Estado, representado por quem esse tenha outorgado a concessão ou permissão para a exploração do serviço. Para tanto, compete ao poder concedente como medida preparatória, a emissão dos atos declaratórios de utilidade pública para fins de desapropriação ou de instituição de servidão administrativa no setor elétrico tal qual previsto na Lei nº 8.987, de 13 de fevereiro de 1995 (Lei de Concessões), que dispõe sobre o regime de concessão e permissão da prestação de serviços públicos previsto no caput do art. 175 da Constituição Federal. No entanto, a reestruturação e a privatização de diversos setores, tais quais previstos no Programa Nacional de Desestatização - PND, trouxeram algumas dificuldades que não eram observadas quando todas as empresas implementadoras de infra-estrutura eram estatais. Neste contexto se situam as empresas prestadoras dos serviços públicos de energia elétrica, e de rodovias, em face das controvérsias verificadas quanto à utilização transversal e longitudinal das faixas de domínio das rodovias por empresas transmissoras e distribuidoras de energia elétrica, em razão de cobranças pecuniárias para sua utilização, denominadas como receitas complementares ou acessórias. O presente trabalho além de abordar o entendimento das concessionárias envolvidas, e das agências ARTESP, CSPE, ANEEL, e ABCR, ao final, trata de questão recém regulamentada, ou seja, a incorporação das redes particulares de distribuição, que não disponham de ato autorizativo do poder concedente, ao patrimônio das concessionárias de energia elétrica, em face da disposição contida na Lei nº 10.848, de 15 de março de 2004, que dispõe sobre a comercialização de energia, dando, também, outras providências. Estas questões, entre outras, são discutidas no presente trabalho, trazendo a lume, ao seu final, conclusões e recomendações quanto aos temas abordados
Abstract: The restructuring and privatization of the Brazilian electric sector started in 1995, has redefined the State¿s role within this sector that now starts to play the regulating and controlling functions instead of those of a contractor agent. With the non-intervention, the State has become the responsible for regulating, supervising and controlling the granted electric energy public services; keeping in mind that the strenghtening of the regulatory process begun with the founding of the Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica ¿ ANEEL, instituted by Law nº 9.427, 1996 december 26th. On the other hand, for the implementation of the electric energy infrastructure services, it is necessary the State¿s intervention on private properties. That is the way it happens in generation, transmission and distribution of electric energy. A country like Brazil with continental dimensions, makes the implementation of such services quite complex, because from the generation point to the great consumer markets there is the need of implementing huge transmission and distribution networks through many private properties which suffer the burden of public right of free passage over it, or in many other cases these properties are expropriated and whose destination is decided by the utilities, causing serious troubles to their rightful owners. Under this circumstances it is observed in this project that although the land owner does not lose the right over his property (for there is not a legal transfer from the owner to the utility when the public right of free passage to the transmission and distribution networks is aplicable), there is always the problem related to the restriction of the usage, fruition and enjoyment of this very property by the owner. When it comes to expropriation, there is the transfer of the owner's rights, makin the owner loses it's property to the State; the State is, in this case, represented by a company that was granted the rights or permission to exploit the service. For this to happen, it is due to the power in charge of granting this concession (as a preparatory measure), the issuing of declaratory actions aiming the expropriation or the institution of administrative servitude in the electric sector, as foreseen in the Law nº 8.987 (february 13th 1995) known as Leis de Concessão (Concessions Law), which determines the clauses of the concession¿s set of rules, and the granting of the rendering of public services, as stated by caput in art. 175 of the Federal Constitution. However, the restructuring and privatization of various segments, according to the Programa Nacional de Desestatização ¿ PND (National Program for Privatization), have brought some difficulties that were not taken into account when all the companies resposible for implementing the infrastructure belonged to the State. We may include in this context, the companies which rendered electric energy public services, and highways, in view of the controversies related to the transversal and longitudinal usage of the sovereignty zones belonging to the highways by transmission and distribution of electric energy companies, due to pecuniary charges for its usage, the so-called complementary or secondary income. This document besides aproaching the understanding of the involved utilities as well as the agencies ARTESP, CSPE, ANEEL, and ABCR, deals with a recently regulated issue, that is, the incorporation of private distribution networks, which do not have an authorization act from the granting power, to the net assets of the electric energy utilities, in view of the clause contained in the Law nº 10.848, march 15th 2004, which establishes regulations over the energy trade, offering other arrangements as well. These issues, among others, are detailed in this current document, showing at the end, conclusions and recommendations related to the topics discussed.
Doutorado
Doutor em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos

La gestión de la implementación de una política pública tiene especial relevancia para su efectividad. Es durante esta fase que se conjugan diversos factores que pueden promover su éxito o fracaso; dichos factores pueden ser previstos o imprevistos durante el diseño o aparecer durante la implementación, del mismo modo diversos factores pueden influir y coexistir, facilitando o dificultando dicho proceso. Esta investigación considera las dificultades de la implementación como elemento central del análisis, alejándonos de premisas teóricas que priorizan el análisis del fenómeno desde el estudio de los procedimientos y la adecuación de los individuos a las normas. Algunos conceptos utilizados para el análisis serán las resistencias burocráticas, rutinas organizacionales y gestión del cambio. La evidencia empírica de esta investigación sugiere que los factores que facilitan o que dificultan son de distinta naturaleza, siendo los primeros de tipo político y organizacional y los segundos de carácter técnico. Tomando como base la experiencia de implementación de una política pública en una entidad estatal en el contexto de la reforma del servicio civil peruano y asumiendo un enfoque de abajo hacia arriba que coloca en el centro del análisis a los actores burocráticos que experimentaron la implementación; esta investigación identifica como factores que favorecieron el proceso de implementación el liderazgo ejercido por los directivos como principales impulsores de la reforma, la legitimidad de dicho liderazgo, la voluntad política, el compromiso con la reforma, la cultura organizacional y las estrategias de manejo del cambio como la gestión de comunicación así como el involucramiento y entendimiento de los actores como agentes activos de implementación, entre otros. Del mismo modo, algunos factores que dificultaron la implementación estuvieron relacionados con las rutinas burocráticas, los tiempos para la implementación, las herramientas a ser implementadas, así como las nuevas tareas y responsabilidades acaecidas con el cambio.
The management of the implementation phase of a public policy has a special relevance for its effectiveness. During this phase several factors are combined to promote its success or failure; these factors could be identified or not during the design process or appear during implementation of the policy. In addition, some other factors are continuously influence in order to facilitate or disrupt the implementation process. This investigation considers the difficulties of the implementation as a central element of the analysis, moving away from the theoretical premises that prioritize the analysis of the phenomenon from the study of the procedures and the adaptation of the individuals to the norms. Some concepts used for the analysis are bureaucratic resistances, organizational routines and change of management. The empirical evidence of this research suggests that the factors that either facilitate or disrupt are from different character, the ones that facilitate are related to political and organizational elements and the ones that disrupt are related to technical tools or processes. Based on the experience of the implementation of a public policy in a governmental entity and assuming a bottom-up approach that focuses the center of the analysis in the bureaucratic actors; this research identifies as factors that promote the implementation: the leadership of the directors of the entity as the main sponsors of the reform, the legitimacy of that leadership, the political will, the commitment with the reform, the organizational culture and the strategies deployed to face the change, communication management, among others. In the same way, some factors that disrupt the implementation are the new technical tools and new routines to be executed.
Tesis

This thesis argues that the significance of pre-Civil War southern opposition to slavery has been largely marginalized and mischaracterized by previous historiography. By contextualizing southern antislavery activism as but a single wing within a broader reformist movement, historians can move beyond simplistic interpretations of these antislavery advocates as fool-hardy and tangential â losers.â While opposition to slavery constituted a key goal for these reformers, it was not their only aspiration, and they secured considerable success in other aspects of reform. Nineteenth-century Russians, simultaneously struggling with their own system of bonded labor, offer excellent counterpoints to reorient the role of antebellum southern reformers. Through their shared commitment to reforming liberalism, a preference for gradualism as the vehicle of change, and a shared intellectual framework based upon new theories of political economy, the Russian and southernersâ histories highlight a transatlantic intellectual community in which southern reformers were full members. Adapting multiple theories from this transnational exchange of ideas, southern reformers were remarkably liminal figures useful for contemporary scholarly exploration into the nineteenth-century culture of reform. Ultimately, it was this liminality coupled with the inegalitarian nature of their movement that ensured that the southern antislavery movement would fail to secure a gradual demise to slavery.
Master of Arts

Бурдін, М. Ю. Регулювання земельних відносин в Україні (друга половина XVII – XX ст.): історико-правовий та інституційний виміри : дис. ... д-ра юрид. наук : 12.00.01 / М. Ю. Бурдін ; Нац. юрид. ун-т імені Ярослава Мудрого. – Харків, 2017. – 473 с.
Роботу присвячено системному аналізу ґенези змісту поняття «земельні відносини», його впливу на розвиток сучасних державотворчих процесів в Україні. У контексті аналізу напрацювань істориків права минулих поколінь та сучасної наукової думки досліджено еволюцію галузевої належності норм, що регулювали земельні відносини, на підставі чого визначено особливості правового режиму землі як об’єкту публічно-правових та приватноправових (майнових) відносин. В контексті сучасних уявлень та надбань загальної концепції правового становища охарактеризовано статус суб’єктів владних повноважень, які упорядковували земельні відносини на теренах України з часів формування Української козацької держави до розпаду Союзу РСР та відродження незалежної України. Показано в історико-правовій площині динаміку розвитку юридичного, соціального та іншого становища власників та користувачів земельної власності на теренах України протягом означеного в дослідженні періоду. Продемонстровано тенденції й особливості, а також виявлено відмінності у проведенні земельної політики та практики правового впливу на аграрні відносини в українських землях.
The thesis is focused on the system analysis of the genesis of the content of “land relations”, its impact on the development of the modern state and creative processes in Ukraine. In the context of the analysis of the developments of law historians of past generations and modern scientific thought the author has researched the evolution of branch belonging of the norms that regulated land relations, and on this basis the author has determined the peculiarities of the legal regime of the land as an object of public and legal, private and legal (property) relations. In the context of modern ideas and achievements of the general concept of the legal situation the author has characterized the legal status of the subjects of authoritative powers that regulated land relations in Ukraine since the formation of the Ukrainian Cossack state till the collapse of the USSR and the revival of the independent Ukraine. Within historical and legal scope, the author has demonstrated the dynamics of the development of legal, social and other status of owners and users of land ownership in Ukraine during the period stated in the research. The author has demonstrated the tendencies and characteristics, as well as he found out differences in the conduction of land policies and practices of legal impact on agrarian relations in the Ukrainian lands.
Диссертационное исследование посвящено системному анализу понятия «земельные отношения», его влияния на развитие процессов государственного строительства в Украине. В контексте юридической мысли прошлого и современных историко- правовых достижений исследована эволюция отраслевой принадлежности юридических норм, регулирующих земельные отношения, на основании чего определены особенности правового режима земли как объекта публично- правовых и частноправовых (имущественных) отношений. При этом обращено внимание на то, что с момента ликвидации Гетманщины и до средины ХІХ столетия юридическое упорядочение оборота земли в преимущественной мере происходило в рамках публичного права. Со второй половины ХІХ столетия правовое регулирование земельных отношений на территории Украины постепенно протекает в рамках частного права, что подстегнуло существенное развитие сельского хозяйства и укрепления института частной собственности на землю. Дана историко-правовая оценка поражения Украинской революции 1917- 1921 годов в контексте подходов субъектов украинского государствообразования к решению «земельного вопроса». Подчеркнуто, что одной из существенных причин ликвидации украинской государственности стали существенные просчеты правительства Директории в правовом понимании сущности земельной собственности, места и роли национальной буржуазии, а также недооценка угрозы со стороны российской социалистической идеологии, пропагандирующей социализацию земли. Учитывая существующие представления о правовом положении субъектов права, охарактеризованы юридический статус субъектов властных полномочий, которые регламентировали земельные отношения на территории Украины со времен формирования Украинского казацкого государства до момента распада СССР и возрождения независимой Украины. Показано в историко-правовой ретроспективе динамику развития юридического и социального положения собственников и пользователей земли на территории Украины в течение рассматриваемого в исследовании исторического периода. Обращено внимание на то, что базовым концептуальным отличием современного украинского земельного права от правового обеспечения земельных отношений со времен античности до ХХ столетия является то, что современная практика приобретения права собственности на землю никоим образом не обусловлена социально-политическим положением человека. В свою очередь, ретроспективный анализ правового регулирования земельных отношений в прошлом, а также исторический опыт в сфере землепользования говорят о том, что социальное и политическое неравенство прямо влияло на юридическую возможность приобретения права собственности на землю. Отмечено, что развитие земельных отношений в Украине в рассматриваемый период в целом можно считать поступательным. Вместе с тем, периодическое внешнее вмешательство иностранной юрисдикции приводило к спорадической деградации правового менталитета украинского народа, появления чувства бесперспективности борьбы за свои права, непонимания европейских подходов к решению вопросов в сфере реализации права собственности на землю, как одного из основных и системообразующих показателей отечественного государственного строительства. Результатами этого, а также несовершенства законодательства, на данный момент созданы условия, когда насильственные подходы к решению противоречий, в частности в аграрной сфере, превалируют над цивилизованными, гуманистическими и правовыми. В большинстве демократических государств мира правовое регулирование земельных отношений осуществляется на основании диспозитивного метода правового регулирования, т.е. равенства государственной формы собственности на землю наравне с другими (в первую очередь, с частною), равных правовых возможностей и одинакового правового статуса субъектов правоотношений; тогда как в недемократических, тоталитарных государствах, независимо от конкретного исторического периода, наблюдается правовое неравенство в земельных отношениях между государством и иными субъектами права.

This dissertation studies a case of Enlightenment art created in feudal conditions of servitude. The Sheremetevs, one of the richest and most powerful families in eighteenth-century Russia, had some of their hundreds of thousands of serfs trained as painters, architects, opera singers, and musicians. Two of these serfs, Ivan and Nikolai Argunov, became successful portraitists who painted a range of sitters from Empresses to fellow serfs. Tensions between social rank and individuality, already a preoccupation for eighteenth-century portrait painters, became particularly pronounced in this situation. While recent scholarship has focused on the Argunovs' cosmopolitan influences, their paintings of fellow serfs and others of low rank are sometimes visually and iconographically distinct from their usual output. This category of portrait, this dissertation argues, should be considered within the context of the other artistic projects of the Sheremetev household. Despite strong Western European influences on the Argunovs, the painters were also exposed to extremely personal and local precedents. These include earlier portraits, garden prints, an atlas project, the Sheremetevs' many collections, and operas staged by the family's renowned serf theater. Working within this visual environment, Ivan and Nikolai Argunov painted their subjects in intricately allusive ways. Their portraits represented and negotiated the complications of serfdom in a setting where unusual social change was possible.

Defence date: 26 April 2010
Examining Board: Prof. Michael G. Müller (Martin-Luther-Universität) – Supervisor; Prof. Heinz-Gerhard Haupt (EUI); Prof. Orville Vernon Burton (Coastal Carolina University); Prof. Rolf Petri (Università Cà Foscari)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses

Master's thesis Transformations of the Church at the Time of the Incoming Enlightenment discusses the ongoing contradictions between faiths. Catholic confession, which initially imposed on all subjects and nobilities in the Roman Empire has been slowly losing its previous power. Its power has been decreasing in inverse proportion by the time Enlightenment spreaded to the Czech lands throughout Germany and Italy. It changed everything, what was perceived in some way, and in turn created a lot of new knowledge. Enlightenment appeared under the rule of Emperor Charles VI., although not as much as of his daughter Marie Terezie and of his grandson Emperor Joseph II. at all. Joseph II. transformed his entire empire based on his Enlightenment ideas. By the time of reforms the "liberation" of non-Catholics and the abolition of serfdom is gradually coming. The Church at this time was very fragmented and was creating new spiritual insights on the Catholic Church and Christianity itself.

This thesis deals with introdution to problematic about history of black churches in United States and tries graps this effect in modenrn interpration of afroamerican identity. Thesis describes overlap afroamerican spirituality to genesis of pentecostal christianity in deep south of United States. Genesis of afroamerican methodism like free expresion of spiritual living has own capitol. Foundation of black political representation capitulations in biographies of W.E. B. Du Boise, Marcuse Garvey and Booker T. Washington. Effor for building of separet identity has own descritption on history of syncretic religion movement Nation of Islam in poor suburb of industry city Deatroit. Black deals on introdution James Hal Cone and black church social work.