Academic literature on the topic 'Serbs – Attitudes'
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Journal articles on the topic "Serbs – Attitudes"
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Telaku, Mimoza. "Intergroup Contact, Intergroup Anxiety, and Attitudes towards the Opposing Group in Divided Society." Psihologijske teme 30, no. 3 (December 13, 2021): 397–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.31820/pt.30.3.1.
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The negative attitudes and negative emotions play a key role in maintaining the hostilities between the groups of a divided society. Evidence suggests that intergroup contact can improve or worsen intergroup attitudes. The current study examined the mediating role of intergroup anxiety on quantity of interethnic contact and acculturation attitudes and emotional responses to contradictory conflict narratives in a divided society with a background of armed conflict in the past. The study was conducted among 202 Albanians and 239 Serbs in Kosovo. The results indicate that as more as they meet members of the opposing group the less they feel intergroup anxiety and the more they show acculturation attitudes towards the opposing group among both Albanians and Serbs. However, such mediating role of intergroup anxiety was not found on emotional responses to contradictory conflict narratives, except among Serbs who live in certain enclaves. The findings are discussed in terms of context, reconciliation, and maintenance of frozen conflict.
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Malovic, Gojko. "Perception of Hungarians by the Serbs between the two world wars." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 132 (2010): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1032007m.
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Serbs and Hungarians are neighboring nations for more than a millennium. Over the course of last couple of centuries, due to historical circumstances, a substantial part of the Serbian population has been intermixed with Hungarians. Their mutual relationship has resulted in more than enough historically memorable events. Out of the conflicts of World War I, Serbs came out as the victors while Hungarians were on the side of the defeated. Consequences of the war in which Serbs and Hungarians fought each other left deep wounds on their mutual relationship. The devastating war blows and hardships which Hungarians brought onto Serbs during World War I have contributed to a certain level of distrust which Serbs felt towards Hungarians between the two world wars. This condition has largely influenced mutual sentiments of both peoples. During the period between the two world wars, Serbs acquired some new attitudes, but even more so strengthened the old ones they have had towards Hungarians. Serbs realized that Hungarians kept their national pride even in the period between the two wars, and that the Hungarian attitude towards Serbs has undergone certain change. The territorial dispute between Hungary as the national state of Hungarians, and Yugoslavia as a country predominantly populated by Serbs, represented the major obstacle and a source of misunderstanding between the two nations. The attitudes of the wider Serbian population towards Hungarians between the two wars are harder to apprehend because there was hardly any such research or analysis done in this period. What is available, however, are various personal i.e. subjective opinions recorded by individual Serbian intellectuals of various profiles of the time. They have acquainted themselves and, to a certain extent, studied both Hungarians who lived in Hungary and the Hungarian national minority who lived in Yugoslavia, mainly throughout the multinational region of Vojvodina. Between the two wars, Serbs held Hungarians in high esteem as serious people who, aside from some warlike and crude traits, possess good work habits, sensibility and integrity. This is evident in the fact that in this period Serbs did not come up with a single pejorative or insulting song, witticism or aphorism in regards to Hungarians. For the purpose of greater understanding and even closeness between the two nations in the future, it would be beneficial to carry out a more extensive research into the mutual relationship of Serbs and Hungarians, as well as of their respective cultural accomplishments, not only in the period between the two wars, but in other periods as well.
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Pavlović, Aleksandar. "Contribution to the research of attitudes about Albanians among Serbs in the Northern Kosovska Mitrovica." Bastina, no. 53 (2021): 437–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bastina31-30072.
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In this paper the author presents a part of the results of field research conducted among Serbs in Northern Kosovska Mitrovica between 2011 and 2014. The motive of the research was to offer a contribution to the understanding of the position of the Serbs in this city in the conditions of the altered socio-political context after the war on Kosovo and Metohija in 1999. A part of the research was paid to the problem of the image of Albanians in the perception of Serbs in the context of mutual conflict and the division of Kosovska Mitrovica into two parts - northern, majorly Serbian, and southern - majorly Albanian. This topic has imposed itself practically from the very beginning of the research, due to the fact that the Serbs in Kosovska Mitrovica generally defined their everyday life after the war in 1999 through the picture of division towards Albanians. Theoretically, the research was relied on the concept of ethnic identity, or ethnicity. Starting from Roland Barthes' interpretation of this phenomenon, according to which it is reflective, what means defined by boundaries as a social product arising from the need of groups to differentiate between each other, the aim of the research was to provide ethnographic material useful for understanding the identity position of Serbs in Northern Kosovska Mitrovica in the conditions of conflict with Albanian ethnic group. Methodologically viewed, the research was conducted by using an anthropological approach, which meant that the studied problem was analyzed at the interpersonal level and through the experiences of individuals. Attention was focused on the discourse, which means that the research topic was observed from the point of view of the testimonies of the respondents included in the research. The testimonies of the respondents were obtained by using in-depth, ie qualitative research methods, in the first place formal and informal interviews. The research showed that the identity discourse of the Serbs in Northern Kosovska Mitrovica towards Albanians was marked by distance, imbued with feelings of threat and distrust. Members of the Albanian ethnic group were observed through the generalizing prism of opposing others, so that they were attributed characteristics with most often diametrically different sign compared to the characteristics that the respondents attributed to themselves, to their own, Serbian ethnic group. On the one hand, the respondents attributed negative characteristics to Albanians, which they considered as not appropriate for Serbs. These characteristics were observed at a double level: 1) regardless of contacts with Serbs ("uncultured", "primitive", "uncivilized"); and 2) in the context of mutual contacts (hypocritical, pretentious, cunning, calculated, etc), ie from the aspect of the attitude towards Serbs which was generally described as hostile. Negative characteristics attributed to Albanians respondents perceived as features opposite to the characteristics of Serbs, which means that by emphasizing them, according to the principal of mutual contrast, they implicitly pointed to the positive values of their own, Serbian identity. On the other hand, the respondents attributed certain positive characteristics to Albanians, namely those that they considered to be in favor of members of Albanian ethnic group in relation to Serbs, which the Serbs lacked. These characteristics were also treated in contrast to Serbian characteristics, and they meant patience, tact, wisdom, diligence, meekness, keeping a given word. The results presented in the paper upgrades the results of previous research that included the analyses of the image of Albanians in the perceptions of Serbs in Kosovo and Metohija in the conditions of the altered socio-political context in this area after the war in 1999. Presented ethnographic material, obtained in period between 2011 and 2014, showed that Serbs in Northern Kosovska Mitrovica perceived Albanians primarily through the prism of simplified ideas, which viewed from identity aspect implied the perception of members of the Albanian ethnic group as violent, and members of their own, Serbian ethnic group as victims. Generalization as a form of opinion about Albanians in the statements of respondents was colored with the intertwining of negative and positive attitudes about the characteristics of members of the Albanian ethnic group, with the fact that these attitudes were expressed in such a way as to compare the characteristics of their own group. Yet, the research obtained several views which softened the contrast between Serbs and Albanians, by pointing out the elements of a social character common to each other. The image of Albanians, in the end, gained some complexity thanks to the attitudes of those respondents who spoke about members of this ethnic group through the perception of direct connections and personal experiences. This brought to light the attitude towards Albanian that in some measure deviated from the prevailing generalizations, which, from an analytical point of view, suggested that the image of members of this ethnic group in the perception of Serbs in Northern Kosovska Mitrovica was not as simplified as in the context of mutual conflict it might seem so at first glance.
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Baros, Sladjana. "Attitudes of Serbian "returnees" about identity Serbs and Croats." Glasnik Etnografskog instituta, no. 53 (2005): 105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gei0553105s.
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Stankov, Lazar, and Goran Knezevic. "Amoral social attitudes and value systems among Serbs and Australians." Australian Journal of Psychology 57, no. 2 (August 2005): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049530500048649.
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Vladisavljević, Nebojša. "Grassroots Groups, Milošević or Dissident Intellectuals? A Controversy over the Origins and Dynamics of the Mobilisation of Kosovo Serbs in the 1980s." Nationalities Papers 32, no. 4 (December 2004): 781–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0090599042000296113.
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The mobilisation of Kosovo Serbs, barely noticeable from the capital initially but highly visible at the centre political stage between 1986 and 1988, played an important part in the political struggles of the late socialist Yugoslavia. The prevailing view in the literature is that Kosovo Serbs were little more then passive recipients of the attitudes and actions of high officials and dissident intellectuals. The elite thesis says that Belgrade-based dissident intellectuals initiated and guided the mobilisation of Kosovo Serbs, aiming to undermine the party's approach to Yugoslavia's national question and to initiate reassessment of the official policy on Kosovo and Serb–Albanian relations. According to the thesis, Milošević then took over and orchestrated the action of various groups of Kosovo Serbs in order to make the case for the removal of Kosovo's autonomy. The intellectuals and Milošević have generally supported this interpretation, claiming their role in the events leading to the constitutional change to the disadvantage of Kosovo Albanians in 1989–1990.
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Biro, Miklos, and Petar Milin. "Traumatic experience and the process of reconciliation." Psihologija 38, no. 2 (2005): 133–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi0502133b.
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The paper present the results of the survey that was designed to examine attitudes towards reconciliation, traumatic experience, as well as some basic values, attitudes and stereotypes in two cities of the former Yugoslavia where the nationalities that were in conflict live together. The survey was conducted on 400 subjects in Vukovar (inhabited by Serbs and Croats) and 400 subjects in Prijedor (Serbs and Bosniaks). The results show that the level of traumatic experience, as a single variable, has no correlation with the readiness for reconciliation. On the other hand, in General Linear Model, best predictors of the readiness for reconciliation were attitudes and values represented by the factors ?Non-Ethnocentric? and Non-Nationalistic/ Xenophobic?. Also, having friends among the ?opposing? nationality and having positive experiences with the members of opposing national groups is highly related to a readiness for reconciliation. Finally, a belief in war crime trials, combined with a readiness to admit the war crimes among its own nationality, was a significant predictor of readiness for reconciliation.
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Dabu, Ileana Simona. "Values and Attitudes in Banat Multiethnic Communities." European Review Of Applied Sociology 12, no. 18 (June 1, 2019): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eras-2019-0001.
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AbstractThe Banat area is considered an area of interculturality and multilingualism, an area where there is an interference of cultures, a continuous dialogue between cultures and spiritualties. Banat, being a multicultural and multiethnic space, is a model of harmonious coexistence between the many ethnic groups that make it up. In the present research we have aimed at identifying the individual values of the inhabitants of the studied communities and the attitudes towards the others (Romanians, Serbs, Hungarians, Germans, Bulgarians and other ethnic groups), and also their attitudes towards work, land, church, trust in state institutions and traditional occupations.
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Milošević, Srđan. "Land Property Regime According to the Vidovdan Constitution and the Agrarian Question in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes." Tokovi istorije 29, no. 3 (December 31, 2021): 11–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31212/tokovi.2021.3.mil.11-36.
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Тhe paper discusses the attitudes of political parties on land property regimes in the context of the agrarian issue, and dynamics of the debate on this matter in the Constitutional Committee and in the Constituent National Assembly of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The very notion of “agrarian question” concerns specifically small peasant landholdings in the process of development of capitalism. This question was raised in the context of the debate on socio-economic problems that were invited by, and eventually, introduced into the Constitution of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Vidovdan Constitution, 1921) under the pressure of progressive opposition parties and parts of the ruling political organizations.
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Bozic, Sofija. "Niko Bartulovic on the eve of World War II: the ideological views of the Croatian intelectual." Prilozi za knjizevnost, jezik, istoriju i folklor, no. 77 (2011): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pkjif1177013b.
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The article reviews the ideological attitudes of the Croatian writer and engaged intellectual Niko Bartulovic, in the second half of the 20 century. Bartulovic was democratically committed, a prominent opponent of extremist forces and movements of the time in politics, fascism, communism, clericalism, enthusiastic supporter of the Yugoslav idea and Yugoslavia, based on the principle of national unity. Yugoslav champion real, he accepted the existence of Serbian, Croatian and Slovenian identity along with a feeling of belonging to a single nation, while the total integration of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes left for the future. In order to prevent separatist tendencies which threatened the internal stability of Yugoslavia, stood up to calm the tension in the Serbian-Croatian relations and consensual resolution of the Croatian question in a way that will not jeopardize the existence of a common state of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Serbs – Attitudes"
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Fils, Ebba, Clara Harrison, and Mathilda Nilsson. "Swedes only hate queue jumpers they don't know : A description of brand attitudes on Google's SERPs." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för marknadsföring (MF), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-75866.
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Background: The Internet has developed the world of advertising by giving advertisers the possibility to track specific patterns among their consumers, which shows how consumers are clicking on online advertisements and what translates into sales for the brand. Lately, companies have actively starting to make use of search engines marketing (SEM). The paid advertising on search engines is one option to make a brand’s website visible to its consumers. The attitudes towards advertisements have previously been examined in traditional media and in other online settings, but the research in the context of search engines is limited. Therefore, it calls for deeper insights and knowledge in how consumers hold attitudes towards a brand and its paid advertising on search engines such as Google. Purpose: The purpose is to describe how users’ attitudes towards brands are influenced by the fact that brands have paid for advertising on search engine result pages. This is done through the ABC-model of attitudes. The question asked in this study was: How does paid advertising displayed on search engines affect the attitudes held towards a brand? Methodology: This thesis project used a qualitative approach and was of descriptive nature. The data was gathered through seven unstructured in-depths interviews based on a quota sample considering three criteria: age group, in this case, 18-29-year-olds, and the variable of regular e-commerce buyers, as well as the participants being users of the search engine Google. The researchers verified data saturation at seven interviews. Conclusion: The main finding in this study is that the level of familiarity influences the participants attitudes towards the brand. Previous experience and knowledge with a brand was an affecting factor of how they interpreted the brand’s advertising on Google’s search engine result pages. Knowledge and a positive experience with a brand generated a more positive attitude towards the brand when an unknown brand generated a neutral or more negative attitude towards the brand. Related factors that also influenced the study were the clicking pattern, the landing page, the choices of wording and the intended target groups by the brands. The study also presents a range of recommendations for future research, as well as theoretical and managerial implications.
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Sokolija, Brouillard Alma. "Comparaison des argots de la région de Sarajevo et de la région parisienne : approche historique, analyse linguistique et sociolinguistique des comportements et des attitudes, enquêtes et entretiens." Paris 5, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA05H035.
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L'objectif de cette thèse est de donner une description et une comparaison des argots de la région de Sarajevo et de la région parisienne. Ceci implique d'abord une étude du phénomène argotique, de ses procédés et ses fonctions, une étude bibliographique, une description des argots respectifs à la base des données recueillies, une analyse et une comparaison des corpus, des universaux et des différences ainsi qu'un dictionnaire bilingue des deux argots. Dans cette analyse on se rend compte que ces argots puisent dans les même procédés et à quelques exceptions près dans les mêmes proportions. L'argot français se sert un peu plus du verlan et en contrepartie l'argot bosniaque est plus riche en vieux emprunts bannis de la langue standard. Nous avons essayé d'observer les similarités et les différences et de les éclairer du point de vue du fonctionnement des systèmes linguistiques en question ainsi que du point de vue de l'imaginaire linguistique, à travers la corrélation des stéréotypes socioculturels présents dans les métaphores argotiques. Notre approche descriptiviste, essentiellement lexicologique nous a amené à un travail pluridisciplinaire de sorte que nous avons, à part l'approche sociolinguistique, appliqué aussi une approche sémiotique de la thématique. L'influence de l'école de Chicago, qui se manifeste dans notre travail dans l'approche qualitative, parle en faveur d'une approche directe du terrain. Nous avons choisi les interviews, l'approche de l'"intérieur" ou l'observation participante qui exige plus de temps mais offre une autre qualité de données et d'autres possibilités d'analyseThe aim of this thesis is a description and a comparaison of slangs of the regions of Sarajevo and Paris. It implies at first a study of the slang penomenon, of its forms and its functions, a Bibliographic study, a description of the two slangs based on collected occurrences, an analysis and comparaison of the corpuses, of the universals and differences as well as a bilingual dictionary of the two slangs. In this analysis we can realise that these slangs use the same forms and, with some exceptions, in the same proportions. The french slang use more back slang and on the other side the bosnian slang is richer in old borrowings banished from the standard language. We tried to observe the similarities and the differencies and to explain them from the point of view of the linguistic imaginary by a correlation of social and cultural sterotypes present in the slang metaphores. (. . . )
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Prohic, Asja. "Communautés linguistiques en phase de transition identitaire : exemple des locuteurs de l'ancien serbocroate." Paris 5, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA05H066.
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Cette thèse se donne pour objectif de mettre en évidence, à travers la description de leurs planifications respectives, les choix politiques serbe, croate et bosniaque en matière de langue. Elle s'applique également à cerner l'évolution des communautés linguistiques (selon la définition de Labov) à travers une étude sur les attitudes des locuteurs de l'ancien serbo-croate. Méthodologiquement conçue et menée dans l'esprit de l'approche variationniste, cette étude s'intéresse plus particulièrement a l'incidence que peut avoir l'appartenance nationale des locuteurs sur l'appréciation subjective qu'ils ont de l'identité de leur langue et de celle des autres. Dans un premier temps, nous abordons les problématiques liées à la mise en place des politiques linguistiques en Croatie, Serbie et Bosnie-Herzégovine : interventions sur le statut (nom de la langue, alphabets), et interventions sur la forme de la langue. Fous expliquons ensuite les processus de constitution de l'échantillon, puis nous examinons ses principales caractéristiques sociodémographiques et faisons enfin une analyse approfondie des réponses des enquêtes. Les résultats obtenus nous permettent d'étudier, entre autres, les phénomènes de l'insécurité, de l'identification des langues et des usages des alphabets. Nonobstant son caractère purement exploratoire, cette enquête nous autorise à émettre l'hypothèse qu'une éventuelle tentative de définir les communautés linguistiques composées des locuteurs de l'ancien serbo-croate selon leur seule appartenance nationale serait, a l'heure actuelle, vouée a l'échec.
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MARJANOVIC, Dragana. "An empirical study of the changes in the attitudes about nationality-related issues among the Serbian population related to the political context of 2000-02." Doctoral thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/6342.
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Defence date: 29 June 2006Examining board: Prof. Jaap Dronkers, European University Institute (Supervisor) ; Prof. Dejan Jović (Stirling, UK) ; Prof. Michael Keating (European University Institute) ; Prof. Aleksandar Pavković (Macquarie, Australia)(Co-Supervisor)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
By using empirical data, this research considers whether there are changes in the saliencies of attitudes about nationality-related issues in contemporary Serbia, and if so, whether they can be linked to the political context of the period. Demonstrating the susceptibility of the saliencies of these attitudes to ‘external’ influence is its main goal. I maintain that this research is best framed by a constructivist approach to the study of nationalism. This thesis also addresses the ongoing debate concerning the origins of the late eighties and early nineties resurgence of nationalism in Serbia. A particular emphasis is devoted to the consideration of the role of the political elites in the emergence of the ethnic conflicts of former Yugoslavia and in general. The data included in the analyses have been collected by the Centre for Policy Studies, the United Nations Developmental Program and the World Value Survey. The period examined in most depth is 2000-02 encompassing the Milosevic regime change. Additionally, an analysis of the ‘nationalizing’ content of the most read newspaper Blic is conducted in order to provide evidence of the transmittance of the ‘nationalizing’ potential of political events and processes through the media to the public. The conclusion of these analyses is that there are detectable changes in the saliencies of the attitudes about nationality-related issues in Serbia during the period 2000 - 02 and these changes are attributable to the corresponding political context.
Books on the topic "Serbs – Attitudes"
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Znameniti Srbi o Hrvatima. Novi Sad: Prometej, 1999.
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Srpske sluge Hrvatske =: Servi Croatiae. Beograd: Naš dom, 1999.
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Božić, Sofija, writer of introduction, ed. Znameniti Srbi o Hrvatima. Beograd: Srpska književna zadruga, 2017.
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Vekovna razdvojenost srba i hrvata. Novi Sad: Dobrica knj., 1999.
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Slobodan, Uzelac, ed. Identitet i strah: Doživljavanje zagrebačkih učenika u vezi s njihovom nacionalnom i vjerskom pripadnošću s posebnim osvrtom na učenike srpske nacionalnosti : izvorni znanstveni rad. Zagreb: SKD "Prosvjeta", 1997.
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Slika Nemačke i Nemaca u Srbiji tokom 1914-1918. godine. Novi Sad: Prometej, 2017.
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Prusin, Alexander. Serbs and Jews. University of Illinois Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252041068.003.0009.
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Assesses the role of native collaboration and poplar attitudes to the genocide of Jews in Serbia. Similarly to other German-occupied countries, participation in the Holocaust in Serbia was a part of general collaboration, whereby the native civil servants and policemen strove to demonstrate loyalty or ideological affinity to Nazi Germany. To this end, while playing an auxiliary role in the genocide, the Serbian collaborationists displayed considerable initiative and energy in implementing the Nazi racial policies. At the same time, many Serbs risked their lives providing their Jewish co-nationals with “Aryan” documents, hiding them from the police, or leading them to safety.
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Rovira, Alex, Valentin Fuster, Francisco Mora, Pilar Jericó, Laura Rojas-Marcos, Joaquín Lorente, Pau Garcia-Milà, and Isidre Esteve. Serás lo que quieras ser: 8 razones para tomar el destino en tus manos. 2013.
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Afrontar LA Muerte De Los Seres Queridos(Facing Death and Finding Hope). Grijalbo Mondadori Sa, 1997.
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Stanojevic, Mateusz Milan, Anita Peti-Stantic, and Goranka Antunovic. Language Varieties Between Norms and Attitudes: South Slavic Perspectives- Proceedings from the 2013 CALS Conference. Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, Peter, 2015.
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Telaku, Mimoza, and Shifra Sagy. "Perceptions of Collective Narratives and Acculturation Attitudes: The case of Serbs and Albanians in Kosovo." In The Former Soviet Union and East Central Europe between Conflict and Reconciliation, 211–24. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.13109/9783666560330.211.
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"Recomposition du Système aspecto-temporel en serbo-croate (bosniaque, croate, monténégrin, serbe)." In Temporalité et attitude, 187–202. BRILL, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004487178_015.
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Margittai, Linda. "Hungarians, Germans, and Serbs in Wartime Vojvodina: Patterns of Attitudes and Behaviors towards Jews in a Multiethnic Border Region of Hungary." In The Holocaust in the Borderlands, 85–112. Wallstein Verlag, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783835344198-85.
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Williamson, George. "Aspects of Identity." In Coinage and Identity in the Roman Provinces. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199265268.003.0007.
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Amodern Example May Help to Clarify some of the issues to be discussed in this chapter. Formerly one of the six republics forming the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY), Bosnia- Hercegovina has since 1995’s Dayton Agreement been an uneasy international protectorate, divided into a Croat-Muslim Federation, and the Serbian ‘Republika Srpska’ (RS). Bosnia’s coinage speaks powerfully about the paradoxes of a state created through a bloody war of identity and ethnic cleansing. These two entities—the Federation and the RS— and three communities—Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian Muslim—display strong and sometimes aggrieved senses of their own individual identities, and ethnic divisions can arise over the simplest of everyday differences. For example, car registration stickers until recently identified cars as registered either in the Federation or in the RS. The International Community felt compelled to design a coinage in which ethnic differences were avoided. The currency itself is a paradox—known as the ‘Convertible Mark’ (KM), it converts to another currency, the Deutschmark, which no longer exists. But it is in the choice of iconography that the Bosnian KM is most striking; these are some of the least attractive coins ever issued, more akin to subway tokens than to genuine coinage. One side of the 1 KM coin displays the stylized shield motif of Bosnia-Hercegovina, a device approved by the International Community. The other bears the denomination and the words ‘Bosne i Hercegovina’ twice, in one language, and two alphabets, though Serbs, Muslims, and Croats might deny that the Latin script of Catholic Croatia, and the Cyrillic of Orthodox Serbia represent the same language. Aside from this need for linguistic even-handedness, no other motifs are to be found. An iconographic void appears to be the only means of compromise. What does this tell us? First, any minting authority can use coins to send an ideological and iconographical message. Coinages represent both political and economic acts. Second, coinage is in no sense an unmediated or direct guide to the ethnic identities of communities; it represents deliberate political choices made by those in control and may therefore mirror social attitudes of those not in control, attempt to modify them, or ignore them outright.
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Bailey, Mark. "A New Equilibrium? Economy and Society, 1375 to 1400." In After the Black Death, 234–82. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198857884.003.0006.
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Historians have traditionally argued that the social and economic equilibrium of the post-plague period was finally established with the downturn in grain prices from the late 1370s and the softer policies of landlords after the revolt of 1381. Upon closer inspection, however, neither the economic nor the social trends were so straightforward. First, the economy experienced three distinct sub-periods and did not finally stabilize until the late 1390s. Second, the deteriorating economic conditions combined with changing attitudes to labour to fuel social conflict during the 1380s between certain types of landlords and their villein tenants and serfs. Tougher seigniorial attitudes are evident in the targeting of hereditary serfs on a few estates and in draconian revisions to the labour laws in 1388. This mini seigniorial reaction failed, however, and the bark of the new legislation proved worse than its bite. From the early 1390s the great landlords largely abandoned direct exploitation of their demesnes, running down their administrative structures and further releasing their grip upon their peasantry. The implications of all these changes by the 1390s for a possible golden age of the peasantry are discussed.
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Kirilina, Lyubov A. "Publications of the Slovenian newspaper «Slovan» (1884–1887) about Serbs, Bulgarians and Montenegrins." In Russia: A Look at the Balkans. Eighteenth - Nineteenth Centuries. On the 100th anniversary of Irina S. Dostyan's, 419–38. Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2618-8570.2021.16.
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A Slovenian newspaper «Slovan» was published by Slovenian Russophiles in Ljubljana in 1884–1887, primarily for the purpose of promoting the ideas of Slavic mutuality. The author analyses the newspaper's publications, which have not been studied yet, devoted to the cultural, national and political life of the Serbs, Bulgarians and Montenegrins. The research provides a more comprehensive representation of the attitude of the Slovenian Russophiles to the South Slavic peoples, who did not live within the borders of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the specifics of their perception of the major events that took place in the Balkans during the considered period.