Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Serbi'

Translation theory has benefited from the teachings of German Romantic authors, who underlined the concept of translation as a means of communication between different cultures (Schleiermacher, Novalis, Schlegel, etc.). This perception of translation is also the starting point of this research. It aims to offer an analysis of the reception, particularly of translations of Serbian popular epics in Italian culture from Pre-Romanticism to the first half of the 20th century, with particular attention devoted to the Romantic period, in which Serbian and Croatian poetry gained most significant approval. Stylistic and metrical solutions adopted in the translations, and often neglected by researchers, are studied in depth. This research attempts to offer broader and more complex reflections on the poetics of the single authors and the various literary periods. The corpus was created from four major collections of Italian translations of Serbian and Croatian folk poetry: Tommaseo’s Canti popolari illirici (1842), Canti popolari serbi by Giovanni Nikolić (1894; 1895), Canti popolari serbi e croati by Petar Kasandrić (1884; 1913; 1914; 1923) and Poesia popolare serbo-croata by Arturo Cronia (1949). The only translations taken into account are the epic songs from the second book of the great anthology of Serbian folk songs [Srpske narodne pjesme], collected and published by Vuk Stefanović Karadžić. The second volume of the collection contains the epic songs of ancient times that were of greater interest and thus a greater number of translations in contrast to lyrical poems. This however is not the only nor the main reason for the choice of the corpus, which was created bearing the formulaic style of popular epics in mind. The analysis focuses particularly on the translation of the epic formulas. The author of the study believes their interpretation reflects the style and, more generally,the method of the translator. The interpretation enhances the objectivity of the analysis itself. In this sense, the oral theory of Milman Parry and Albert Lord becomes the fundamental theoretical assumption and the partition of the epic formulas drawn from them is used as a frame for the stylistic analysis. In the case of Tommaseo,through the analysis of the formal choices in translation one is able to trace the author's Romantic poetic origins, though we must not overlook his classicist and humanist background. In fact, Tommaseo often opts for the variatio in verses where the Serbian text prescribes the repetitio as one of the fundamental characteristics of the epic style. Such stylistic choice would have been unthinkable for Goethe for instance. Moreover, the Italian translator uses archaic words typical of 14th century Italian literature, whereas the original text was a manifestation of the language spoken by the common people. However, Tommaseo's translations manage to maintain faithful in terms of word order and other formal characteristics of the original text, although the choices in style and method are not always consistent. On the other hand, Nikolić is a classic example of a target-oriented translater. The influence of the Italian literary tradition on his work can be seen both in the rendering of the meter and of the original style, which are entirely adapted to the target culture. The consistency of the method is especially noticeable in the first edition, while the second, under the influence of Tommaseo, shows some exceptions. However, in the case of Nikolić, one cannot speak of negotiation, since his method shows only domesticating tendencies. This is not to say that the translation of Nikolić, in his consistent effort to bring the Serbian epic style to the level of the highly rhetorical Italian tradition, is without merit; on the contrary, his effort is undeniably successful. Moreover, the evaluation or interpretation of a translation solely in terms of its faithfulness to the original is an out-dated method in literary criticism and, especially in the translation studies. Among the translations presented here, Kasandrić’s stands out for its modernity of metrical choices and successful combination of the source and target style. An interesting result of negotiation between the two literary expressions, the efforts of Kasandrić follow the path laid by Tommaseo. The “dominant” of his method is the metric, which in Tommaseo was entirely secondary, but both translations unite the two worlds and the two literary categories held dear to Tommaseo: the sublime and the popular. Kasandrić takes a step forward as he implements this union in a more coherent and systematic way (for instance, the language in Kasandrić is always literary and repetitions are always kept). Tommaseo’s influence on all translators studied here is abundantly clear, but although Tommaseo is the reference and the starting point as much for Nikolić as for Cronia, the only true successor of Tommaseo’s ideas is Kasandrić. Tommaseo’s conciliatory method finds its application only in Kasandrić’s style, while translations by Nikolić and Cronia are elaborated exclusively in one style: domesticating the first and foreignizing the second. Cronia follows Tommaseo’s example of fidelity to the original meaning and syntax, and its translation is the one that most echoes the text of Tommaseo’s Illyrian collection, but Tommaseo’s method and theory find no application in Cronia. Contrary to the ideas of Tommaseo, and influenced by Croce’s esthetics, in some cases Cronia underestimates folk poetry in general and Serbo-Croatian poetry in particular. However, for philological scrupulousness (and not for empathy, as in Tommaseo) he gave very literal translations, largely preserving the typical stylistic procedures, even at a greater degree than Tommaseo himself. Certainly, the two aims were different: while Cronia’s work was made for academic purposes, Tommaseo had poetic ambitions. Moreover, Cronia’s translation is the only one of the four that does not reflect an ideology or a poetic program. Cronia approaches the world of popular poetry as a philologist, but this only applies to his translation practice. The background of his theoretical positions are quite different, which find inspiration in not only the Crocean ideas, but are also influenced by Cronia’s Dalmatian Italianity and the historical period in which they were formed (the 1930s and 40s). It is likely for this reason that no traces of Tommaseo’s conciliatory method can be found in his translation. In the case of Tommaseo, the conciliation of “domestic and foreign” was not only a translation method, but also the main idea of his poetics and, a in a wider sense, of his life. The same Illyrian collection only represents a part of Tommaseo’s interest in folk poetry and, unlike the collections of Nikolić and Kasandrić, did not have only one purpose. The work of these two translators was aimed at showing to the Italian public that Slavic poetry and therefore Slavic culture could compete with the Italian. Although all these translators were, in one way or another, influenced by Tommaseo, none of them managed to place his translation of Serbian (and Croatian) popular poetry in a broader (European) context. In this sense, and in the context of Italian romanticism, Tommaseo remains unique.
Lo studio comparatistico qui proposto è volto ad analizzare la ricezione dell’epica popolare serba nella cultura italiana attraverso l’analisi comparata delle diverse traduzioni dei canti popolari epici serbi elaborate in lingua italiana, a partire dall’età romantica fino agli anni Cinquanta del Novecento. Un’attenzione particolare viene riservata alle scelte stilistico-metriche e formali adottate nelle traduzioni, finora poco studiate, nel tentativo di formulare giudizi più complessi e più ampi sulla poetica dei singoli autori e delle diverse epoche letterarie. Il corpus è composto dai testi epici contenuti nelle quattro principali antologie italiane della poesia popolare serba e croata: i Canti popolari illirici di Niccolò Tommaseo (1842), i Canti popolari serbi di Giovanni Nikolić (1894, 1895), i Canti popolari serbi e croati di Pietro Kasandrić (1884, 1913, 1914, 1923) e la Poesia popolare serbo-croata di Arturo Cronia (1949). Questo lavoro parte dal presupposto metodologico che il modo di tradurre rispecchi lo stile e, in genere, anche il metodo di lavoro del traduttore; per questo le formule epiche sono state scelte come l’oggetto di studio privilegiato nell’analisi contrastiva delle differenti rese delle componenti fondamentali dello stile epico, appunto altamente formulare e fisso e perciò di difficile acclimatazione nelle forme tradizionali della poesia italiana, di matrice essenzialmente lirica. In questo senso la oral theory di Milman Parry e Albert Lord diventa il riferimento teorico fondamentale e l’analisi stilistica viene svolta prendendo come modello la partizione delle formule epiche da loro elaborata. Le peculiarità linguistiche, metriche e stilistiche vengono messe in relazione con il contesto nel quale i traduttori si trovano ad operare. Nel caso di Tommaseo, per esempio, la temperie romantica è essenziale nel suo interessamento per la poesia popolare, ma possiamo notare come, nelle scelte formali addottate nella sua raccolta, il suo personalissimo romanitcismo venga a patti con non solo la poetica dell’epoca ma anche quela del traduttore/poeta. La sua traduzione rappresenta il frutto di una negoziazione tra il mondo popolare slavo e la tradizione letteraria italiana illustre. Dal lato opposto si pone Nikolić, che elabora una traduzione completamente target-oriented, seguendo soprattutto il grande esempio montiano. Ogni traccia di oralità, tipica della poesia popolare, viene rielaborata secondo i dettami della tradizione letteraria italiana: la paratassi diventa ipotassi, lo stile formulare epico viene quasi completamente eliminato. Kasandrić segue il metodo conciliante di Tommaseo, adattando la lingua poetica italiana alle ripetizioni epiche, ma la modernità del suo metodo sta soprattutto nella resa metrica. Kasandrić è infatti il primo traduttore di quest’epica a tentare , tra l’altro con un notevole successo, la resa del suo verso tipico, il cosiddetto decasillabo eroico. A differenza dei suoi predecessori, Cronia approccia il testo popolare senza pretese poetiche e senza un programma politico o ideologico, ma con grande scrupolo filologico. Perciò ha dato traduzioni molto letterali conservandone in gran parte i procedimenti stilistici tipici, in misura anche maggiore dello stesso Tommaseo.

Cette thèse, en se fondant sur des exemples de la littérature et de la presse de la deuxième moitié du dix-neuvième siècle jusqu’à nos jours mais également sur la langue orale (standard et dialectale), porte sur l’étude des numéraux (ou noms de nombre) du serbo-croate (bosniaque, croate, monténégrin, serbe). Ces derniers forment en effet un groupe plutôt vaste et obéissent à des règles multiples, d’une rigueur souvent instable. De plus, les meilleures grammaires ne donnent que des indications restreintes, isolées, voire bien souvent en contradiction avec l’usage. De nombreuses questions restent alors sans réponse et ce travail tente par conséquent de rassembler les données qui permettent une identification ainsi qu’une caractérisation grammaticale et sémantique plus aisées desdits numéraux. Dans la première partie nous décrivons les différents types de noms de nombres et leurs caractéristiques grammaticales, ce qui nous amène entre autres à étudier l’épineux problème de la déclinaison des numéraux et à déduire les deux constructions numériques fondamentales du serbo-croate : la construction partitive et la construction concordante. La seconde partie présente d’abord l’analyse de la distribution réciproque entre les numéraux et les noms comptables, domaine où la norme est très floue et dans lequel la langue poursuit ses efforts pour introduire un peu de régularité et traite ensuite des accords des numéraux avec les autres éléments de la phrase quantifiante en abordant plus spécifiquement le problème des accords dits « doubles » (accord grammatical et/ou sémantique du prédicat verbal et des déterminants)
This thesis, based on examples of literature and press from the second half of the nineteenth century to the present but also on oral language (standard and dialectal), focuses on the study of the numerals (or names of numbers) in Serbo-Croatian (Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, Serbian). The latter indeed form a rather vast group and obey multiple rules of an often unstable precision. Furthermore, the best grammars give only restricted and isolated information, very often in contradiction with the usage. Thus, numerous questions remain unanswered and this work tries consequently to gather the data which will allow both an easier identification and grammatical and semantic characterization of the aforementioned numerals. The first part thus describes the various types of names of numbers as well as their grammatical characteristics, which brings us, among other things, to study the thorny problem of the declension of the numerals and to deduct the two fundamental numeric constructions in Serbo – Croatian : the partitive construction and the congruent construction. The second part is at first dedicated to the analysis of the mutual distribution between the numerals and the countable nouns, a field where the norm is very vague and in which the language pursues its efforts to introduce a little bit of regularity, and then presents the agreements of the numerals with the other elements of the quantifying sentence by more specifically describing the problem of the so-called « double » agreements (grammatical and\or semantic agreement of the predicate and the determiners)

Afin de circonscrire l'objet de recherche proposée, quelques éclaircissements sur les confins historiques et géographiques du sujet étudié sont nécessaires.Du point de vue historique, la période concernée commence à la fin des années 80, avec la chute du communisme, qui est pratiquement le moment à partir duquel est posée la question de la réintégration européenne des États de la région. Cependant, il conviendra de faire quelques investigations dans l'histoire du 20ème siècle, voire même auparavant, afin de comprendre certaines caractéristiques de la région. Par exemple, la problématique du Kosovo ne peut être comprise sans connaître son passé et la valeur symbolique de cette région considérée par les Serbes comme leur berceau historique.Du point de vue géographique, la carte politique des Balkans est controversée. Toutefois, si l’on considère le Danube comme la limite nordique de la région, certains pays ont leur territoire tout entier inclus dans la région balkanique (cas de l'Albanie, la Bosnie-Herzégovine, la Bulgarie, la Macédoine, le Monténégro, la Grèce). Mais, il y en a d’autres dont le territoire - soit en entier, soit une partie - se trouve au nord du Danube (tels la Croatie, la Roumanie, la Serbie, la Slovénie) ou même en dehors de l’Europe (la Turquie). Pour délimiter plus clairement les pays qui feront l’objet de cette recherche, on utilisera comme critère de démarcation l'histoire de l'intégration européenne des vingt dernières années. Ainsi la Grèce, bien que membre de l’UE depuis 1989, fera-t-elle aussi l’objet de cette recherche du fait de la pertinence, pour la future politique de conditionnalité, du cas de suspension de l’accord, décidée par la CEE à l’époque du Régime des Colonels. Dans ces conditions, les pays concernés de façon collatérale par cette recherche recouvrent toutes les étapes possibles de l’intégration :- des Etats qui sont déjà membres de l’UE, tels la Slovénie (depuis 2004), la Bulgarie et la Roumanie (depuis 2007) et la Croatie (à partir de 2013);- des Etats auxquels l’UE a accordé le statut officiel d’Etat-candidat, tels la Macédoine, le Monténégro, la Turquie et la Serbie;- des Etats bénéficiant du statut d’Etat-candidat potentiel, tels l’Albanie, la Bosnie-Herzégovine, le Kosovo
N order to circumscribe the proposed research, some clarification of the historical and geographical boundaries of the subject is needed.From the historical point of view, the period begins in the late 1980s, with the fall of communism, which is practically the moment from which the question of the European reintegration of the States of the region is asked. However, it will be necessary to make some investigations in the history of the 20th century, and even before, in order to understand certain characteristics of the region. For example, the problem of Kosovo can not be understood without knowing its past and the symbolic value of this region considered by the Serbs as their historical cradle. From a geographical point of view, the political map of the Balkans is controversial. However, if one considers the Danube as the northern boundary of the region, some countries have their entire territory included in the Balkan region (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Montenegro, Greece). But there are others whose territory - either in their entirety or part - lies in the northern part of the Danube (such as Croatia, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia) or even outside Europe ( Turkey). To demarcate more clearly the countries that will be the subject of this research, the history of European integration over the last twenty years will be used as a demarcation criterion. Thus Greece, although a member of the EU since 1989, will also be the subject of this research because of the relevance for the future conditionality policy of the suspension of the agreement, decided by EEC at the time of the Regime of Colonels. Under these conditions, the countries concerned in a collateral fashion by this research cover all possible stages of integration:- States which are already members of the EU, such as Slovenia (since 2004), Bulgaria and Romania (since 2007) and Croatia (from 2013);- States to which the EU has granted the official status of candidate state, such as Macedonia, Montenegro, Turkey and Serbia;- States enjoying the status of potential candidate states, such as Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo

Cette thèse explore l'impact du contexte historique (culturel, politique, démographique) et des politiques européennes sur l’éducation dans les langues des minorités nationales dans la Province autonome de Voïvodine de la République de Serbie au cours de la période 2001-2012.Nous avons analysé en détail les politiques et pratiques éducatives relatives aux minorités nationales en Voïvodine, du niveau primaire au niveau supérieur : les modèles d’enseignement, le réseau scolaire et la participation des élèves, l’accès des minorités nationales à l'enseignement supérieur et la formation des enseignants dans les langues minoritaires, la mise en oeuvre de l’autonomie culturelle dans le domaine de l’enseignement par les conseils nationaux des minorités nationales, et, enfin, la promotion du plurilinguisme au sein du système éducatif.Une étude empirique, conduite principalement à l’aide d’entretiens auprès des acteurs de terrain, démontre que malgré la diminution du nombre des personnes appartenant aux minorités nationales depuis la fin de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, le système éducatif en Voïvodine est fondé sur le respect des droits linguistiques des minorités nationales tel que défini au niveau européen et international. L’approche historique de notre recherche nous a permis d’identifier les traditions historiques comme un facteur clé des évolutions récentes de l’éducation dans les langues des minorités nationales.Si l'Union européenne ne dispose pas d'un modèle de référence pour l’évaluation du droit des minorités nationales à l’enseignement dans la langue maternelle, elle a néanmoins joué, à travers sa politique d’élargissement, un rôle important dans la mise en place d’une autonomie culturelle dans le domaine de l’éducation dans la langue maternelle des minorités nationales
This thesis explores the impact of historical context (cultural, political, demographic) and of European policies on education in the languages of national minorities in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina of the Republic of Serbia during the period 2001-2012.We analyzed in detail the educational policies and practices relating to national minorities in Vojvodina, from primary to higher education: teaching models, the school network and the participation of pupils, the national minorities' access to higher education and training of teachers in minority languages, the implementation of cultural autonomy in the field of education by the national councils of national minorities, and finally, the promotion of plurilingualism in the education system.An empirical study, based mainly on interviews with actors in the field, shows that despite the decrease in the number of persons belonging to national minorities since the end of World War II, the education system in Vojvodina is based on respect for language rights of national minorities as defined at European and international level. The historical approach to our research has allowed us to identify historical traditions as a key factor in the recent developments in education in the languages of national minorities.Although the European Union does not have a reference model for evaluating the right to education of national minorities in their mother tongue, through its enlargement policy, it nevertheless played an important role in the establishment of cultural autonomy in the field of education in mother tongue of national minorities

In questa tesi viene analizzata la Serbia nel suo cammino verso l’Unione Europea, lasciandosi alle spalle una storia dal carattere socialista per inserirsi a pieno nel libero mercato attraverso riforme economiche e legislative, dando una particolare attenzione agli investimenti diretti esteri delle imprese italiane sul territorio serbo come risulta negli ultimi anni. La tesi è divisa in quattro capitoli. Il primo capitolo espone le informazioni generali sulla Serbia e le principali tappe storiche che l’hanno portata a quella che è oggi dopo la dissoluzione della Jugoslavia. Il secondo capitolo prende in analisi il progetto di adesione Europea, priorità strategica per la Serbia cercando di mantenere negli ultimi anni un solido budget pubblico come dimostrazione del suo sviluppo e impegno, una delle priorità di tutte le economie europee. Nel capitolo successivo viene descritto il quadro giuridico economico a cui la Serbia si dovrà conformare se vuole entrare a far parte dell’Unione Europea. Nell’ultimo capitolo della tesi si analizza la forte cooperazione economica tra Italia e Serbia, in cui l’Italia da ormai 15 anni continua ad avere il ruolo di partner principale soprattutto nel settore del commercio e degli investimenti in Serbia.

Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Civil Military Relations))--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2004.
Thesis advisor(s): Donald Abenheim. Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-67). Also available online.

Cette recherche vise à analyser l’évolution des représentations de la Serbie en France de 1804 (date des premières insurrections serbes face aux Ottomans) à 1914 pour mettre en lumière le système de représentations qui s’est mis en place autour des Serbes et de leur pays. À l’intérieur de ce système, la construction et l’évolution des stéréotypes sont particulièrement significatives et nous renseignent sur le « capital de représentations » des Français. Les différents types de représentations permettent de cerner les sentiments des acteurs français de l’époque, interrogeant notamment l’existence d’une « question serbe » dans les esprits français dans le contexte plus général de la question d’Orient. Ces questionnements reposent sur la résonnance des images dans les imaginaires mais aussi sur le rôle de la politique : ce travail cherche à comprendre les interactions entre les différentes sphères et leurs conséquences. Pour cela, il faut distinguer l’opinion publique, la sphère politique et le milieu diplomatique. Ainsi l’exemple franco-serbe permet-il d’interroger le mécanisme des cercles de réception français et de les confronter avec l’évolution du contexte européen du long XIXe siècle. À partir de ces observations, ce travail interroge aussi la spécificité politique des relations franco-serbes, tout en prenant le soin de déconstruire la dimension nationaliste de l’historiographie franco-serbe
The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze how the representations of Serbia in France evolved between 1804 (birth of the first Serbian insurrections against the Ottomans) and 1914, to highlight the system of representations that was set up around Serbia and its people. Within this system, the construction and the evolution of stereotypes are especially significant and tell us about the French pool of representations. The different types of representations make it possible to identify the state of mind of the French actors of the time, questioning the existence of a "Serbian question" in the French vocabulary in the more general context of the Eastern question. These questions are based on the resonance of images in the imaginations as well as on the role of politics: this thesis seeks to understand the interactions between different spheres and their consequences. To do this, the public opinion, the political sphere and the diplomatical relationships have to be distinguished. Thus the Franco-Serbian example allows us to interrogate the mechanism of the spheres of reception and to compare them with the evolution of the European context. From these observations, this work permits us to question the political particularity of the Franco-Serbian relations, while the nationalistic dimension of its historiography has to be studied as well

Ce travail porte sur les constructions infinitives du français régies par les verbes de perception et les verbes factitifs faire et laisser et leur traduction en serbo-croate (BCMS). Il comporte un regard diachronique, une analyse syntaxique et sémantico-logique et une analyse du corpus des traductions dans les deux sens, à savoir du français en serbo-croate (BCMS) et du serbo-croate (BCMS) en français. Les vérifications diachroniques confirment l’enracinement des constructions étudiées dans la langue française depuis ses origines, tandis que l’analyse syntaxique et sémantico-logique permet de mieux appréhender la problématique de leur traduction en serbo-croate (BCMS). L’analyse du corpus des traductions part de la définition de la problématique confrontée par les traducteurs/interprètes provenant du manque des structures équivalentes en serbo-croate (BCMS) pour vérifier les principales modalités de traduction et souligner les avantages et les inconvénients de chacune, dans l’objectif d’aider les futurs traducteurs/interprètes et enseignants du français au Monténégro à surmonter l’obstacle que représentent ces tours syntaxiques si répandus
This study deals with infinitive constructions in French governed by verbs of perception and causative verbs faire and laisser, as well as their translation into Serbo-Croatian (BCMS). It contains a historical review, a syntactic and semantic-logical analysis and a translation corpora analysis in both directions: from French to Serbo-Croatian (BCMS) and from Serbo-Croatian (BCMS) to French. The historical verifications confirm the deep-rootedness of the concerned constructions in French language from its origins, while syntactic and semantic-logical analysis allows a better understanding of problems of their translation into Serbo-Croatian (BCMS). The translation corpora analysis starts from a definition of problems faced by translators/interpreters due to the lack of equivalent structures in Serbo-Croatian (BCMS), in order to verify the main translation modalities and to emphasize their respective advantages and disadvantages, with the intention to assist future French language translators/interpreters and teachers in Montenegro in overcoming difficulties caused by these widespread syntactic structures

Éclatement de la Yougoslavie, réformes des systèmes social et politique, contexte du passage d’un monde bipolaire à un monde multipolaire : au début des années 1990, la Serbie est confrontée à une crise économique, morale et institutionnelle. Avec la fin de la République socialiste fédérative yougoslave, c’est l’identité yougoslave qui disparaît. Les intellectuels serbes doivent alors s’atteler à la tâche d’une (re)définition de l’identité serbe. Deux voies se dessinent : celle des intellectuels nationalistes qui promeuvent une vision traditionnelle et celle que l’on pourrait qualifier de libérale, tournée vers une modernisation de la société. Or, dans ces deux types de discours, c’est une même grille de lecture qui est appliquée : celle d’une analyse bipolaire de la société serbe qui amène à penser deux identités serbes opposées et incompatibles. La thèse recherche tout d’abord les causes qui peuvent expliquer la naissance et la portée d'un tel discours manichéen, de plus en plus répandu dans un monde en pleine crise identitaire. Si la vision bipolaire n’est pas l’apanage de la société serbe, cette dualité présente ici une originalité. Comme l’écrit l’anthropologue Slobodan Naumović : « la Serbie “autochtone”, “authentique”, “historique”, “patriotique”, “nationale” mais aussi “céleste” et “orthodoxe” [fait] face à la Serbie “antinationaliste”, “pacifiste”, “moderne”, “européenne”, “cosmopolite”, “civile” et “libérale”. » L’opposition se cristallise au point de générer une entité quasi-ethnique connue sous le nom de « Druga Srbija », terme que l’on peut traduire par « Autre » ou « Deuxième » Serbie. Engagée dans la lutte contre Milošević dans les années 1990, la « Druga Srbija » a dû redéfinir son projet après la chute de ce dernier en octobre 2000. Dans une société qu’elle juge archaïque et inapte au changement, la « Druga Srbija » s’est depuis présentée comme la seule chance de permettre à la Serbie ̶ plongée dans la crise économique, bloquée aux portes de l’Union européenne ̶ d’accéder à la modernité
Splitting of Yugoslavia, reforms of the social and economic systems, context of the transition from a bipolar to a multipolar world, at the beginning of the 1990’s, Serbia faces an economical, moral and institutional crisis. With the end of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, that’s the Yugoslavian identity which disappears. The Serbian intellectuals have then to tackle the task to (re)define the Serbian identity. Two ways emerge: the one of the nationalist intellectuals who promote a traditional vision and another one we could call “liberal” turned towards modernization. But, in these two models, it’s the same pattern which is applied: a bipolar analysis of the Serbian society which leads to think two opposite Serbian identities, opposed and irreconcilable. The thesis searches first the causes that may explain the birth and the impact of such a black and white speech, always more widespread in a world in the middle of an identity crisis. If the bipolar outlook is not a prerogative of Serbia, this duality is here quite original. As the anthropologist Slobodan Naumović writes it: «The “Autochthonous”, “Authentic”, “Historical”, “Patriotic” and “National”, but at times also“Heavenly” and “Orthodox” Serbia was confronted by the “Anti-Nationalist”, “Pacifist”, “Modern”, “European”, “Cosmopolitan”, “Civil”, and “Liberal” Serbia». The opposition becomes strong enough to generate an almost ethnic entity known as “Druga Srbija” that we may translate by “Other” or “Second” Serbia. Committed in the fight against Milošević in the 90’s, the “Druga Srbija” had to redefine its project after his fall in October 2000. In a society it judges archaic and unfit to change, the “Druga Srbija” claims itself as the only chance for Serbia ̶ plunged in the economic crisis, blocked at the doors of European Union ̶ to access modernity

Cette thèse est une recherche en sociolinguistique sur les conditions historiques de développement des politiques linguistiques et de l'aménagement linguistique dans la province de Voïvodine, au nord de la Serbie, en République Fédérale de Yougoslavie, où se côtoient quatre langues minoritaires (hongrois, slovaque, roumain, ruthène) et diverses autres minorités nationales (tsigane, croate, juive. . . ) face à la langue majoritaire officielle, le serbe (anciennement désigné comme “ serbo-croate ”). Les questions d'émergence et de catégorisation des nations, des nationalités et des “ groupes ethniques ”, de dénomination des langues et des rapports d'équilibre ou de conflit entre les langues et les peuples de l'espace yougoslave, de l'Empire austro-hongois à nos jours, sont analysées en détail. La période de la transition démocratique, depuis 2000, et les perspectives d'avenir du modèle glottopolitique de la région sont également analysées. Une enquête sociolinguistique de terrain auprès de 310 lycéens hongrois, slovaques, roumains et ruthènes portant sur les usages et les attitudes vient clore cette réflexion sur les conditions d'intégration de la diversité linguistique et culturelle dans une région d'Europe orientale et des Balkans
Vojvodina, a province in northern Serbia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, is an area where four national minorities have been living together for centuries : Hungarians, Slovaks, Rumenians and Ruthenians, along with several “ ethnic groups ” and nationalities, such as Gypsies, Jews, Croatians. . . This dissertation deals with the historical context in which language policies and planning have been contrived and implemented since the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the 19th century. Topics such as the uprise of nations, nationalities, ethno- and sociolinguistic categories applied to linguistic or cultural communities are surveyed. The balance between ethnic revival and federal nation-building constrains is analysed up to the Milosevic regime and the new democratic era since 2000. A fieldwork inquiry on bilingual habits and attitudes in Hungarian, Slovak, Rumenian and Ruthenian high-schools in 2002 shows the actual conditions of multicultural integration in this region of Eastern Europe

Happiness here is investigated by means of 12 young people from Serbia and Norway. The main instrument was interview with a short questionnaire. Happiness is in line with other studies found to be a complex human quality with a variety of meanings and numerous influences. These meanings can be divided into actual happiness (predominant positive feelings and satisfaction of life), ideal happiness (complete and lasting one), good fortune or luck, the pursuit of happiness, creation of happiness and meanings of happiness within the terms of Aristotle‟s Eudaimonia (leading a virtuous life). The influences on happiness can be broadly divided into three groups. Important external influences are state policy and living conditions, work, money, free time and mass media influences and standards of physical beauty. Interpersonal influences are relationships, whereas important intrapersonal influences on happiness seem to be personality factors, cognitive factors and personal goals. Differences between two countries are emphasized regarding the satisfaction with state policy and living conditions. Cultural effects are taken into consideration when making comparisons between the two countries. Regarding the stability in happiness, we found that happiness rather goes up and down depending on what happens in one‟s life. Regarding the effects of happiness, it seems that being happy brings numerous positive effects. We concluded that happiness can be changed (despite our relative control and responsibility) and that it is a desirable goal. When our results are confronted to the major theories of happiness, we argue that none of them (set-point theory, cognitive and affective) can by themselves explain all the variance in happiness. Critical questions were addressed to every theory of happiness. The important challenge for further research is to uncover how internal factors and events and circumstances interact (Diener, 1984). Very important is also to identify universal and cultural specific factors of happiness and to uncover how universal causes might be channelled by culture (Diener, Oishi & Lucas, 2003). One general future perspective is the methodological and theoretical sophistication. In this area there seems to be many self-help books and as the scientific studies of happiness are pretty new (they started in 1960), there is a great need for explicit scientific research. Even more so, as happiness is the bottom line of all desire, (Csikszentmihalyi, 1999) the supreme good where all the rest is means to attain it (Aristotle in Myers, 1992).

La renaissance des valeurs des anciens, qui marie très bien la religion et la médecine après la chute du régime communiste et pendant des années '90 des guerres civiles successives, a opté pour le choix du soin des frustrations et des maladies par la médecine traditionnelle que les guérisseurs populaires de la région de la Voïvodine, au nord de la Serbie savent exploiter. La médecine populaire qui était considérée jusque là comme une "para" médecine, ignorée ou méprisée par la médecine officielle, les sociologues et les ethnologues, a profité de la nouvelle liberté d'expression qui a résulté de la chute du communisme. Les guérisseurs populaires ont commencé à quitter en douce le milieu villageois et les stéréotypes "traditionnels". Cette situation a produit des personnes qui marient avec succès le savoir traditionnel, les moyens techniques modernes de la publicité et de l'information et l'instinct de la demande d'un public particulier. Les fondements de la définition de la maladie et de ses traitements se trouvant dans l'imaginaire populaire, une partie est consacré à l'étude des croyances sur les êtres fantastiques (fées, démons, sorcières, loup-garous, etc) qui sont censés amener ces maladies aux gens et aussi les guérir. La pensée sur ces êtres est très vivante dans l'imaginaire populaire et elle se répercute sur la compréhension des maladies et de leur traitement. Nous consacrons une partie à l'étude de traitement de la peur qui se passe par la fonte du plomb (salivanje strave en serb. ). La complexité de ce travail réside dans le fait qu'il couvre un vaste terrain de recherches (une partie de l'Europe Centrale et les Balkans) avec une multitude de "traditions" distinctes, et de religions différentes (orthodoxie, catholicisme, protestantisme et islam). L'étude est basée sur trois écoles ethnologiques différentes en trois langues différentes (française, hongroise, slave) où chacune révèle ses particularités
The re-birth of the ancient values which are unifying successfully the religion and the medicine after the fall of the communist regime and the successive civil wars in the ‘90s has chosen a therapy of frustrations and sickness by the traditional medicine which the popular healers of the region of Vojvodina, north of Serbia, know how to employ. The popular medicine, which has been considered until now as “para” medicine by the modern medicine, sociologists and ethnologists have profited of the liberty of expression resulted from the fall of communist regime. The popular healers started to leave behind the “traditional” and village milieus. This situation has produced persons who are unifying successfully traditional knowledge, modern techniques of publicity and information and the instinct of the demand of special public need. The basis of the definition of sickness and treatment is in popular belief, a part of thesis is a study of beliefs of existence of fantastic creatures (fairies, demons, witches, werewolves, etc) which are, as believed, the source and also the solution of sicknesses. The existence of these creatures is living in the popular imaginary and it is reflecting at the comprehension of sickness and its treatment. A part of the study is treating a therapy of fear by a technique of melting the lead (salivanje strave in Serbian). The complexity of this research work lying in the size of the fieldwork (a part of Central Europe and the Balkans) with the multitude of “traditions”, different religions (Catholicism, orthodoxy, Protestantism, Islam). The study is based on three different ethnological schools and three languages (French, Hungarian, Slavic) with their own particularities

Au début des années 1990, la Serbie et la Biélorussie n’empruntent pas la voie démocratique. Après une timide amorce de cette transition, les prises de pouvoir par S. Milošević et A. Loukachenka suspendent, pour un temps plus ou moins long, la démocratisation. Outre l’originalité des régimes qu’ils instaurent, ce sont leurs techniques d’accès au pouvoir qui interpellent. Ils ne commettent pas un putsch, mais détournent le processus de démocratisation de la région. Alors que les Etats voisins s’appuient sur le nationalisme et cherchent les originesde la nation pour bâtir des régimes inspirés de l’Occident et débarrassés du communisme, S. Milošević et A. Loukachenka récupèrent cette logique de redéfinition identitaire pour s’opposer à la démocratie avec, au début,le consentement du peuple.Cette recherche vise à comprendre comment ces deux leaders politiques travestissent les idéologies démocratiques et nationalistes, pour mettre en place des régimes anachroniques. Pour cela, nous étudierons d’abord leur définition de la nation et nous chercherons à comprendre, à la lumière de travaux spécialisés, comment est réécrit le roman national (M. Ferro, P. Nora, P. Ricoeur, A.-D. Smith et G.-L. Mosse), et comment sont repensés les fondements protonationaux de la nation (E. Hobsbawm). Nous analyserons ensuite, à l’aide de certains auteurs, la mise en œuvre du mouvement nationaliste (M. Hroch) et la façon dont les deux leaders séduisent le peuple par un discours populiste plus efficace que ceux de leurs concurrents démocrates (P.-A.Taguieff), pour mettre en place, en définitive, les premières démocraties illibérales d’Europe (I. Wallerstein et C. Schmitt)
In the early nineties, Serbia and Belarus do not take the democratic path. After hesitant beginnings in this transition, S. Milošević and A. Loukachenka suspend the process of democratisation for a certain length of time. Besides the originality of the regimes they instaured, their methods of taking power raise questions. They do not carry out a putsch but redirect the democratisation process of the region. While the neighbouring statesn lean on nationalism and look for the origins of the nation to build regimes inspired by the West and free from communism, S. Milošević and A. Loukachenka seize upon this reasoning of redefining identity to oppose democracy with the initial consent of the people.This research aims to understand how these two political leaders twist the democratic and nationalist ideologies to establish anachronistic regimes. To this end, we will first study their definition of the nation and we willattempt to understand, in the light of specialised litterature, how the national narrative is rewritten (M. Ferro, P. Nora, P. Ricoeur, A.-D. Smith and G.-L. Mosse), and how the nation’s protonational foundations are redesigned (E. Hobsbawm). Using certain authors, we will then analyse, the implementation of the nationalist movement(M. Hroch) and the way the two leaders attract people with a populist discourse more effective than those of their democrat competitors (P.-A. Taguieff) to ultimately implement the first illiberal democracies in Europe (I. Wallerstein and C. Schmitt)

La politique de pré-adhésion de l’Union européenne enjoint les pays des Balkans occidentaux à coopérer et à se réconcilier avant d’envisager leur entrée dans l’Union. Le volet coopération transfrontalière de l’Instrument d’Aide pour la Pré-adhésion est l’instrument unique au travers duquel l’UE soutient concrètement ces injonctions. De la sorte, elle désigne les espaces frontaliers comme les lieux privilégiés des réconciliations et le projet d’aménagement transfrontalier comme l’instrument pour atteindre cet objectif. Cette thèse vise à interroger ces deux présupposés. A partir d’un travail de terrain mené à la frontière Serbie/Croatie, elle montre que le programme européen de coopération transfrontalière a permis le rapprochement des Ministères concernés et que les projets développés à la frontière ont contribué à une « réconciliation de niche » entre quelques acteurs locaux. Néanmoins, celle-ci ne s’étend pas au-delà de ce noyau de base. Pour dépasser cette limite, il apparaît nécessaire de repenser la politique d’élargissement pour toutes les parties associées à ce processus. Car c’est la question du vivre-ensemble à l’échelle du continent européen qui se pose
The European Union pre-accession policy urges the Western Balkans countries to cooperate and reconcile before considering joining the European Union. The cross-border co-operation component of the Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance is the only tool by which the EU concretely supports these injunctions. In this way, it appoints cross border areas as privileged places of reconciliation and the planning project as the tool to achieve this objective. This thesis aims to examine these two presumptions. Field work conducted at the border between Serbia and Croatia, showed that the European cross border cooperation programme enabled concerned ministries to get closer and that the local projects contributed to a “niche reconciliation” between a few local stakeholders. Nevertheless, it does not extend beyond this basic core. In order to overcome this limit it appears necessary to rethink the enlargement policy for all parties involved in the process. Because therein lies the issue of community harmony in the European continent

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In the marine fluvial plains, present along the Brazilian coast, there are intrinsic interaction between the agents coordinated by sea actions and fluvial dynamics. These interactions offer quantity and quality of environmental services to their river basins. This study characterized the Basin of the Guandu System (BHSG) and its flat land in relation to the offer of ecosystem services. Subsequently, it prospected on the factors that determine the supply and management of services as environmental assets in microbasins, strongly anthropized by mineral activity. Geoprocessing information was used to spatialize areas with similar ecosystem services and a local monitoring system to evaluate and size environmental services. The BHSG is home to Sepetiba marine fluvial plain in 50.21% of its area, whose altitude is less than 40 m, forms of flat or smooth undulating relief. In it interact the environmental effects produced by the rocky massifs of the high parts and the oscillations of the seas in the low parts. The combination of the contemporary geomorphological processes of the basin's hydrogel zones with their environmental attributes allowed the identification of homogeneous vocations of environmental services in the areas of abstraction and water regulation. As well, to identify the water effects where there is synergy between the Guandu rectified channel, built at 64 years and reserve areas around the original river bad, which were sectioned. In these places, there was an increase in upstream and downstream water flow reserve, which can be exploited for management purposes through the payment of environmental services. In the anthropogenic basin located in a region where the reservoir effects of the plain are inexpressive, the design of the water collection and management strategies in the riverbed with infiltration induction zones, through infiltration tanks, functioned as sediment retainers by preventing the emission of 29,000 t in 4 years. In addition to guaranteeing the supply of the average demand of 90 m3d-1 of raw water in a sparsely populated region with rainfall irregularity, historically exploited by subsistence agriculture, located in the peri-urban region of the RMRJ and with a predominantly negative annual climatic water balance, evidencing its potential to produce water under unfavorable conditions.
Nas plan?cies fl?vio marinha, presente ao longo da costa brasileira, existem intera??o intr?nseca entre os agentes coordenados pelas a??es do mar e a din?mica fluvial. Estas interagem e oferece quantidade e qualidade de servi?os ambientais ?s suas bacias hidrogr?ficas. Este estudo caracterizou a Bacia Hidrogr?fica do Sistema Guandu (BHSG) e sua plan?cie em rela??o a oferta de servi?os ecossist?micos. Posteriormente, prospectou sobre os fatores que determinam a oferta e manejo de servi?os como ativos ambientais em microbacias, fortemente antropizada por atividade mineral. Foram utilizadas informa??es de geoprocessamento para espacializar ?reas com servi?os ecossist?micos similares e sistema de monitoramento local para avaliar e dimensionar os servi?os ambientais. A BHSG abriga a plan?cie fl?vio marinha de Sepetiba em 50,21% de sua ?rea, cuja altitude ? inferior a 40 m, apresenta-se formas de relevo plano ou suave ondulado. Nela interagem os efeitos ambientais produzidos pelos maci?os rochosos das partes altas e as oscila??es dos mares nas partes baixas. A combina??o dos processos geomorfol?gicos contempor?neos das zonas hidrogen?ticas da bacia com seus atributos ambientais permitiu identificar voca??es homog?neas de presta??o de servi?os ambientais nas ?reas de capta??o e regula??o h?drica. Assim como, identificar os efeitos h?dricos onde h? sinergia entre o canal retificado do Guandu, constru?do a 64 anos e ?reas de reserva??o no entorno dos talvegues originais, que foram seccionados. Nestes locais, observou-se aumento da reserva??o dos fluxos h?dricos ? montante e diminui??o a jusante, que podem ser explorados para fins de manejo via pagamento de servi?os ambientais. Na bacia antropizada situado em regi?o onde os efeitos de reserva??o da plan?cie ? inexpressivo, o desenho das estrat?gias de coleta e administra??o h?drica nos talvegues com zonas de indu??o de infiltra??o, por meio de tanques de infiltra??es, funcionaram como retentores de sedimentos ao impedir a emiss?o de 29.000 t em 4 anos. Al?m de garantir o abastecimento da demanda m?dia de 90 m3d-1 de ?gua bruta em regi?o de escassa e com irregularidade de chuvas, explorada historicamente por agricultura de subsist?ncia, situada em regi?o periurbana da RMRJ e com balan?o h?drico climatol?gico anual predominantemente negativo no tempo, evidenciando o seu potencial de produ??o de ?gua em condi??es desfavor?veis

Nella tesi si sviluppa un'analisi sulle competenze di comunicazione nei musei della Serbia tramite uno studio sulle politiche e competenze di comunicazione in generale e in uno caso specifico - musei in Serbia. Gli strumenti usati per fare l'analisi sono il questionario sviluppato nei musei in Serbia e le interviste svolte con gli esperti e professionisti degli stessi musei. La tesi ha lo scopo di creare un'immagine chiaro del contesto di riferimento nell'ambito di comunicazione.

La thèse veut revenir sur l'histoire complexe du Kosmet en étudiant trois de ses composantes majeures abordées dans une perspective historique : à savoir la question du Kosovo (qui trouve ses racines dans une histoire de longue durée), la crise du Kosovo (telle qu'elle va se nouer dans les années 1980) et la réaction des grandes puissances européennes face à cette crise. Cette approche permet de voir la naissance, l'essor, l'aggravation et, enfin, l'internationalisation de ce problème ; ce faisant, cette approche permettra aussi de montrer l'évolution des nationalismes serbe et albanais ainsi que la formation et les transformations des États nationaux serbe et albanais, c'est­-à-dire de se pencher sur l'émergence et le développement des deux forces motrices, serbe et albanaise, qui jouèrent un rôle clef dans la question du Kosovo ; et elle permettra également de voir comment les grandes puissances européennes, dans le contexte de la disparition de la Yougoslavie socialiste, ont réagi à la crise et ont été progressivement partie prenante de la question du Kosovo et de son règlement
Kosovo is the disputed borderland between Serbia and Kosovo Albanians. The Serbs refer to Kosovo as the cradle of the Serb nation. The anniversary of the Battle of Kosovo Plain is the most important date in the Serbian national calendar. In 1981 there were major student protests in Pristina, followed by demands for Kosovo to be given republic status. The Serbian Communist leader S. Milosevic became president of Serbia in 1987 and in 1989 the Serbian parliament passed constitutional amendments reasserting Serbian control over Kosovo. In 1998 the Kosovo Liberation Anny unleashed a major guerrilla offensive. The conflict gained widespread international attention and was resolved with the intervention of the NATO

Cette thèse analyse la "révolution associative" en Serbie, le boom des ong locales depuis la dissolution de la yougoslavie. Loin des vues normatives qui célèbrent les ONG comme incarnations démocratiques, il faut expliquer ce phénomène à travers ses liens dialectiques avec l'industrie de l'aide, l'économie politique mondiale et les projets néolibéraux de restructuration étatique. J'analyse tout d'abord ce que la démocratisation fait en pratique, les épistémologies du changement social qu'elle produit, la manière dont elle essentialise l'Histoire et suggère des techniques de soi comme forme d'intervention sociale. J'examine ensuite les politiques culturelles autour du cadre dominant "démocrates contre nationalistes" à travers le prisme analytique de classe: en exposant le cosmopolitisme pratique que les ONG de salon déploient comme stratégie de légitimation pour se consolider, et en analysant les "nationalstes" à travers des expériences de dépossessions symboliques et matérielles, je montre aussi que faire des "projets" déradicalise la production du savoir et l'action politique, en même temps qu'il produit un nouveau précariat. Enfin, je discute le conflit assumé entre ONG et état via la réforme de l'état providence. Je soutiens que les hiérarchies de pouvoir se situent plutôt entre une élite technocratique d'experts, circulant entre ONG-donateurs-état et les ONG et institutions publiques qui fournissent des services, stigmatisées à cause de leur "résistance" aux réformes. L'aide, je conclus, crée non seulement les conditions de sa propre reproduction institutionnelle, mais surtout, contribue à la reproduction sociale de systèmes mondiaux inégalement structurés
This thesis sets out to unpack the ‘‘associational revolution’’ in Serbia, the boom of local NGOs since the violent Yugoslav dissolution. Far from normative views, celebrating NGOs as democratic incarnations, we have to explain this phenomenon within its dialectical constitution with global systems of political economy, aid, and current neoliberal state restructuring. First, I analyze what democratization actually does, what kind of epistemologies of change it produces, how it collides to local political constellations, how it ‘pathologizes’ history and suggests technologies of the self as a form of social intervention. Second, I examine the politics of culture behind the dominant framework “Democrats vs. Nationalists” through the analytical prism of class: by depicting the ‘‘practical cosmopolitanism’’ that the salon NGOs deploy as a legitimizing strategy for consolidating power; and by analyzing the ‘‘nationalists’’ through class-based experiences of material and symbolic dispossessions. Third, I look at the art of NGOing; how project-making deradicalizes knowledge and political action; what labor patterns it produces through the formation of a local precariat. Finally, I discuss the overstated NGO-State clash through the welfare reform (outsourcing policy/provision). I argue that power hierarchies are instead to be drawn between a technocratic élite of experts, circulating among NGOs-donors-state, and nonprofit and public institutions in service provision, stigmatized for their “resistance”. Aid, I conclude, not only creates the conditions for its own institutional reproduction, but critically partakes to the social reproduction of unequally structured global systems

Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Europe and Eurasia))--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2010.
Thesis Advisor(s): Yost, David S. Second Reader: Moran, Daniel J. "March 2010." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 21, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Yugoslavia, Serbo-Croatian, Bosnia, Croatia, Serbia. Includes bibliographical references (p. 61-66). Also available in print.

The goal of the thesis was to examine the processing of different types of filler-gap dependencies in Serbo-Croatian. The Active Filler Strategy (Frazier 1987) and its extension, the Minimal Chain Principle (de Vincenzi 1991), formulated as ambiguity resolution strategies in the processing of empty categories, predict that subject extractions are easier than the object ones. Other strategies, such as the Syntactic Prediction Locality Theory (Gibson 1998), although formulated as a more general theory of sentence processing, make very similar predictions about the processing of wh-extractions. The thesis consists of different experiments in Serbo-Croatian, in which a number of predictions based on the AFS, the MCP and potentially the SPLT were tested. Three on-line reading time experiments were carried out: the scarmbling, koji and Sto experiments. In the scrambling experiment the processing of different word orders was tested. In the koji ("who/which") relative clause experiment the processing of filler-gap dependencies in relative clauses was tested. The third experiment, the Sto experiment, presents an innovative contribution to the study of the filler-gap processing. As object binders always precede the subject binders, object Sto relatives are predicted to be easier to process than the subject ones. The results from the scrambling experiment indicate that there is a strong preference to interpret an initial ambiguous NP as the subject. The results from the koji experiment show that the parser prefers to postulate the gap in the first grammatically available position, making subject relatives easier to process than the object ones. In Sto relatives, the locality asymmetry, based on a structural difference, is reflected in processing: object Sto relatives are easier to process than subject relatives. In sum, the results from the on-line experiments indicate that the parser searches actively for the gap/binder in the processing of filler-gap dependencies in Serbo-Croatian. Additionally, the adult study has been extended to testing children's comprehension of different types of relative clauses. Results from act-out tasks and an elicited production task show a trend towards preference for an object interpretation in Sto relatives, as well as a subject interpretation in koji relatives. Results from both adult and child experiments are examined within a model of parsing in which syntactic and semantic information are factored in at different levels.

The term ‘prosthetic’ is used increasingly across the social sciences and has taken on a theoretical life as a result of debates springing from contemporary studies of science and technology, medical anthropology and citizenship. This research considers whether the usage of ‘prosthetic’ and ‘prosthesis’ has however, become all too distanced from a grounded understanding of these terms, and is now in many ways synonymous with the term ‘cyborg’, therefore obscuring the specific relationships that prostheses represent. It asks if these terms have become a ‘catchall’ of technological subjectivities, without any basis in lived experience. Through ethnographic research into the manufacture, marketing and usage of medical prostheses in a Serbian inpatient rehabilitation centre, as well as interviews with prosthesis manufacturers, salespeople, as well with various citizens young and old, I present a nuanced view of the way in which citizenship itself is enacted. Citizenship is also a process of augmenting the body, both explicitly, such as in the (re)construction of socially acceptable bodies who have the capacity to labour, and implicitly, such as in the process of acquiring passports and identity documents. This process of externalising, and of the distributing of elements of the self into objects and relationships outside of the biological body forms the basis of what I term prosthetic citizenship. In my search for a grounded and ethnographically informed understanding of prostheses, and of prosthetic citizenship, key themes emerge, such as hope, normality, morality and the relationship of technology to the bodies. I find that prostheses are always sites of entanglement and paradox, but that they are also equally full of promise, and that in understanding how, why and in what capacities they are used, they emerge as capable of bridging the divide between theoretically complex abstract relationships, and the pragmatic realities of daily life.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2010.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 151-160).
This dissertation analyzes different aspects of the globalization process. In recent years we witnessed an increasing role of emerging economies in world capital markets. Moreover, there has been a large reduction in trade costs which has allowed production to be offshored to less developed economies. Both elements are part of the globalization process but they have different effects within and between countries. The first essay studies the relationship between globalization and the appearance of rational bubbles. It shows that bubbles cannot appear in a financially developed economy in autarky. In contrast, as globalization progresses, more financially underdeveloped economies have access to world capital markets and the possibility of having a bubble in the financially developed country increases. It also shows that, conditional on having a bubble, globalization raises house prices only when the bubble is attached to houses. The second essay, co-authored with Marti Mestieri, analyzes the distributional effects of two waves of globalization. A First Globalization characterized by trade liberalizations and a Second Globalization characterized by reductions in communication costs. It shows that wage inequality always rises in the South. However, wage polarization emerges in the North during the Second Globalization. Moreover, there exists a complementarity between both globalizations. Wage polarization is delayed by the extent of trade in the First Globalization. It also shows that heterogeneous participation in Second Globalization trade generates a discontinuous pattern of specialization. The third essay studies how financial institution differences affect the offshoring choice of firms. It shows that financial institution differences affect the optimal contract offered to the supplier and are enough to generate a product cycle. Production is kept in North when the good is new and it is shifted to the South as it becomes more standardized.
Ph.D.

Il existe, entre la Serbie et la France, une véritable communauté scientifique en ce qui concerne le droit public. En effet, depuis le XIXe siècle, si l’on se penche sur l’histoire, les publicistes serbes et français s’interrogent sur les mêmes problèmes relatifs à l’État et sa pérennité. Ceci n’a rien d’étonnant car la Serbie, comme la France, a sa place dans le cadre de l’espace européen contemporain et répond à ses modèles. Les concepts de droit public que nous connaissons, par rapport au cas étudié, sont de deux types : nous pouvons distinguer les concepts de processus, qui témoignent d’une dynamique particulière, et les concepts de cas, qui nous amènent à une analyse statique. Concernant les premiers, il est question de transition démocratique, transition constitutionnelle, succession d’États, dislocation, sécession, séparation d’États et internationalisation du droit public. Pour les seconds, il s’agit des concepts d’État, personnalité morale, d’État constitutionnel, souveraineté, État composé (état fédéré, régional, autonomies), État de droit, démocratie et administration internationale. Il ne nous a pas semblé nécessaire de créer d’autres concepts. En effet, la plupart des points problématiques rappellent les grandes théories, plus ou moins directement. Dans le cadre de notre recherche il a bien été question de faire un bilan de ces théories, au regard d’un cas concret : la République de Serbie depuis, 1990, au moment de l’introduction du pluripartisme, dans la Yougoslavie titiste mourante. Le but de cette analyse est de proposer notre contribution car nous n’avons pas la prétention de fonder une nouvelle théorie de l’État. Mais au vu des mécanismes du droit, comme outil nous permettant de penser l’État, le cas de la Serbie, depuis 1990, et ses données spécifiques, nous amènent à engager une piste de réflexion sur l’État tel qu’il peut être pensé et critiqué, en ce début de XXIe siècle
The nineteenth century, if one looks at History, French and Serbian publicists have questioned the same problems with regard to the issue State and its future. This is not surprising as Serbia, like France, has its place in the framework of the European contemporary public Law. The concepts of public Law that we know from the cases studied are of two types: we can distinguish between concepts of process, which has proven to be particularly dynamic, and concepts of case law that leads us to a static analysis. The former relates to a democratic transition, constitutional transition, succession, dislocation, secession, separation of state and internationalization of public law. The latter, pertains to concepts of state, legal status, sovereignty, state compound (federal state, regional autonomies), Rule of law, Democracy and international administration. It did not seem necessary to create other concepts. Indeed, the most problematic issues involve the major theories, more or less directly. Part of our research has included a review of these theories, in terms of a concrete case: the Republic of Serbia since 1990, when the introduction of multipartism in Tito's Yugoslavia came to end. The purpose of this analysis is to offer our contribution ; we do not pretend to find a new theory of the state. Indeed in view of the mechanisms of Law as a tool to consider the question of state, in the case of Serbia, since 1990, with its specific circumstances, leads us to initiate a line of reflexions on the issue of state that may be thought as criticism, in the early twenty-first century

In 1918, Serbs, Croats and Slovenes established a kingdom called "Yugoslavia." Serbs were considering this state as the state of Serbs. Bosnia Hercegovina's community or political powers did not help the establishment of Yugoslavia. The official ideology considered Muslims as the heir of the Ottoman occupiers in the Balkans. In the first Yugoslavia, Bosnian Muslims were under pressure and they were attacked by Serbs who had the official support of the administration. In time those attacks turned into ethnic cleansing. Bosnian Muslims were pushed out of the government bureaucracy and their lands.

The inter-ethnic conflict between Serbs and Albanians in Kosovo have persisted since the war in Kosovo in 1999, even though it has been improved in recent years. A friendly relationship between Serbs and Albanians in Kosovo is vital for the future of Kosovo, and for the security in the Balkan region. The aim with this study is to explain how the relationship between Serbs and Albanians has changed since Kosovo’s declaration of independence in 2008. Interviews have been conducted with six Serbs and six Albanians living in Kosovo. The interviews were mainly based on three key moments which were considered to have had an influence on the inter-ethnic relationship. The results from the interviews showed that these three key moments have resulted in antagonism between, but also within the two ethnic groups. However, the growth of antagonism seems to have been a consequence of how politicians and media on both sides in Kosovohave handled these key moments, rather than as a consequence of the key moments per se.

Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Civil-Military Relations))--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2007.
"June 2007." Title from title page of PDF document (viewed on: Nov. 16, 2007). Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-61).

Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies(Civil-Military Relations))--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2008.
Thesis Advisor(s): Rasmussen, Maria ; Clunan, Anne. "March 2008." Description based on title screen as viewed on May 1, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-61). Also available in print.

Au début de cette thèse, aucun corpus annoté syntaxiquement (treebank) n’était disponible pour le serbe. Or, les treebanks annotés manuellement sont une condition sine qua non du développement (entraînement et évaluation) d’outils statistiques dédiés à l’annotation syntaxique automatique (parsers). L’existence des parsers performants permet à son tour l’annotation syntaxique de corpus plus larges, qui peuvent ensuite alimenter des recherches en linguistique théorique. De fait, l’absence de ces ressources pour le serbe freine le développement des recherches sur cette langue dans ces deux directions, et plus généralement les efforts visant l’informatisation et la valorisation du serbe. Afin de combler cette lacune, nous avons constitué un ensemble de ressources pour le traitement automatique du serbe. Il s’agit en premier lieu du treebank ParCoTrain-Synt, qui contient 101 000 tokens annotés en morphosyntaxe, en lemmes et en syntaxe de dépendances. Nous avons également confectionné le lexique ParCoLex, doté de 7 millions d’entrées provenant de 157 000 lemmes différents. En exploitant ces deux ressources, nous avons développé des modèles pour le parsing, pour l’étiquetage et pour la lemmatisation.Toutes les ressources citées sont librement diffusées à l’adresse suivante : https://github.com/aleksandra-miletic/serbian-nlp-resources. Les ressources constituées ont également été exploitées dans le cadre de deux études linguistiques, montrant ainsi que le corpus ParCoTrain-Synt ouvre la porte aux études empiriques basées sur des analyses quantitatives dans le domaine de la linguistique serbe
At the beginning of this PhD, no treebank for Serbian was available. However, manually annotated treebanks are an essential resource for developing (training and evaluating) statistical tools for syntactic analysis (parsers). Efficient parsers, in turn, facilitate the annotation of large corpora, which can be used as a basis for research in theoretical linguistics. The lack of these resources for Serbian slows down the research in these two directions. It also hinders the creation of digital resources for Serbian in general. In order to address this issue, we created a suite of NLP resources for Serbian. Firstly, we created the ParCoTrain-Synt treebank, a 101 000 token corpus, complete with morphosyntactic annotation, lemmatisation and syntactic dependency annotation. We also built the ParCoLex lexicon, containing 7 million entries for 157 000 different lemmas. Using these two resources, we trained models for parsing, morphosyntactic tagging and lemmatisation. All of the above resources are available at the following address : https: //github.com/aleksandra-miletic/serbian-nlp-resources. We also used these resources in two experiments in Serbian linguistics, demonstrating that the ParCoTrain-Synt treebank is well suited to empirical studies based on quantitative data analysis

Cette thèse étudie le système énergétique de 4 États : L’Albanie, le Kosovo, la Macédoine, la Serbie, appartenant aux Balkans occidentaux. Ils possèdent peu de ressources, les infrastructures restent souvent anciennes. Mais, avec l’instauration des grands projets gaziers internationaux, cet espace deviendra une zone transitaire essentielle, entre les pays producteurs gaziers (Asie centrale, la Russie, la Méditerranée orientale et le Moyen-Orient) et l’Europe occidentale. Les rapports de force y règnent pourtant. Ils sont liés à la sécurité énergétique et aux affrontements passés ou récents, mal stabilisés. La confrontation géoéconomique l’emporte sur la coopération technique. Des acteurs extérieurs, d’abord la Russie et l’Union européenne, mais aussi la Chine, la Turquie et les États-Unis, interviennent. L’énergie est un enjeu régional et mondial ; il renvoie au registre de la puissance
This thesis studies the energy sectors of 4 countries part of the Western Balkans: Albania, Kosovo, Macedonia and Serbia. These countries are relatively poor in energy resources and their energy infrastructure is outdated and in dire need of modernization. However, in view of the colossal natural gas projects between Western Europe and gas-rich countries in the east, this area is emerging as an important transit area between the Russian Federation, former Soviet Union countries and eventually other countries in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East. This reflects the evolving balance of power in the Western Balkans, which is shaped by their quest for energy security and the heritage of previous unresolved conflicts. As a result, geoeconomic competition trumps over cooperation. Moreover, external powers, first and foremost, the European Union and Russia, but also Turkey, the United States and China, intervene to safeguard their interests. Hence, energy is a crucial regional and world issue; and an important factor of power

The introduction of civic education to Serbian primary and secondary schools in 2001 marked a beginning of an all-encompassing education reform that followed the country's 2000 'democratic revolution'. In the context of a socio-political shift from various authoritarian regimes, including the 1945-1990 state socialism and 1990-2000 nationalist authoritarianism, the policy set the tone for future changes that were designed to support democratisation of Serbia, and assist its return to Europe (Birzea, 1994). A part of the broader programme for democratisation of education and education for democracy in Serbia, the policy enabled various discursive elements constitutive of the desired post-2000 ideology to enter the national educational discourse. This thesis explored its formation. I approached the policy as a way to explore the beginning of Serbia's first proper post-communist reform, and analyse the actors and ideologies that had shaped it. I used Ball's notion of policy-as-discourse and conceptualised civic education policy as a part of a discursive project of creating a 'new Serbia'. Using elite interviews and documentary analysis, I explored its formation and development, its place in the wider reform, and its relation to religious education, (re)introduced at the same time. Combining the elements of Fairclough's critical discourse analysis, and elements of Bourdieu's social theory, I looked into the meaning and function of civic education as a part of the ideological construction of the future Serbia, as well as capital used to position Serbia favourably in the global field in the early days of its educational transition. Within the wider transition literature, I attempted to establish a comparison between Serbia's 'belated' post-communist transition, and educational changes happening across formerly communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe in early-to-mid 1990s. I also explored the applicability and usefulness of the recent theoretical developments in the transition literature that go against the conceptualisation of post-communist transitions as modernising projects, and argue instead for a focus on unique transformations that happen as a result of a meeting between globally dominant and desirable discursive elements and local contexts. I conclude that the discursive elements of the Serbian civic education policy were used as capital by Serbian policy actors to ensure their better positioning not only in the global, but also in the national field, as suggested by differences in the ideological construction of the policy discourse in different fields. This prompts a concern with the concept of various 'policyspeaks', as recently explored by Halász (2012) and Steiner-Khamsi (2014). I argue that as a part of a discursive project intended to construct post-2000 Serbia, civic education policy worked more towards eradicating the undesirable ideology of violent nationalist authoritarianism, than towards eradicating the ideology of communist authoritarianism. In this sense, the specificity of the context proved important for the shape and meaning of a post-communist reform and ideologies that it was designed to propagate. However, instead of rejecting modernist concepts of transition and democratisation, I advise a future focus on careful unpacking of their context-dependent ideological-discursive constructions.

Dans cette thèse je démontre comment les imaginaires de la nation serbe, de l’Occident et des valeurs universelles (démocratie, droits de l’homme et tolérance) véhiculées au sein de la revue ‘Orthodoxie’ (publiée par l’Eglise Orthodoxe Serbe) ont pour but final la préservation de la position sociale de l’Eglise et de ses intérêts en tant qu’une institution religieuse au sein de la société serbe. Cette ‘résistance’ aux changements construit des imaginaires sociaux qui nous appréhendons comme des représentations sociales et ont tendance à (re)devenir la vision dominante de la société serbe. J’étudie le discours de la revue ‘Orthodoxie’ et des acteurs qui y contribuent afin de montrer le processus des créations des imaginaires sociaux et leurs tentatives de se présenter au public et dans la sphère publique comme les courants de pensée dominants concernant la nation serbe, l’Occident et les valeurs ‘universelles’. J’ai répondu aux questions suivantes : - comment la tradition nationale « se traditionalise », la culture nationale s’idéalise et l’identité nationale se sacralise ? - comment l’imaginaire de l’Europe et de la culture européenne/occidentale (‘EUX’) se construisent en opposition à l’imaginaire de la nation serbe (‘NOUS’) ? - comment les valeurs de la démocratie, des droits de l’homme et de la tolérance sont imaginées à travers une telle construction opposée (‘EUX’ versus ‘NOUS’) ?
In this thesis I demonstrate how do the imaginaries of Serbian nation, of Occident and of ‘universal’ Values (democracy, human rights, tolerance), constructed in the journal published by the SOC serve as factors of conservation and protection of the social position of the Church, its social and political interests in the sense of national religious institution in the Serbian society. The ‘resistance’ to change allows the construction of social imaginaries that we comprehend as social representations with a tendency to become (again) or to impose them as a dominant vision of the Serbian society. I studied the discourse in the ‘Orthodoxy’ journal and the social actors that published their articles in order to demonstrate the process of the creation of social imaginaries and the tentative to present them publicly/in the public sphere as dominant currents of social thoughts on Serbian nation, Occident and ‘universal’ values. I answered to the following questions:- The way national tradition is “traditionalized”, national culture is idealized and national identity is sacralized.- How the imaginary of Europe and European/western culture (‘THEM) are constructed in an opposition to the imaginary of a Serbian nation (‘US’)?- How the values of democracy, human rights and tolerance are imagined through this opposed imaginary construction (‘US’ vs ‘THEM’)?

Depuis la fin de la guerre froide, la profession militaire connaît des mutations majeures qui transforment le cadre d'exercice des métiers de l'armée de Terre voués au combat. Parmi les mutations les plus saillantes que nous retiendrons, il y a le fait qu'en premier lieu, les militaires de l'armée de Terre n'ont plus d'ennemis clairement identifiés ; en deuxième lieu, que l'action opérationnelle des forces armées françaises s'exerce dorénavant dans le cadre multinational et interarmées des opérations de maintien de la paix ; en troisième lieu, que les unités projetées se caractérisent par leur organisation modulaire et interarmes, ces unités formant des groupements opérationnels de circonstances ; en quatrième lieu, qu'ils doivent désormais assurer des missions qui s'apparentent à des actions de police dont la finalité est d'assurer la sécurité publique ou même le maintien de l'ordre, seul ou à l'appui de gendarmes mobiles ou de policiers internationaux onusiens. A ce titre, les missions accomplies par les professions à statut militaire au Kosovo situent un des cadres inhabituels qui nous intéressent tout particulièrement dans le cadre de ce travail de terrain. Cette recherche se donne comme objectif d'étudier en quoi les situations de coopération entre soldats, gendarmes et policiers internationaux nous éclairent sur les transformations des identités professionnelles
This research focuses on the frameworks and forms of cooperation between the military and police forces that work to keep the peace and law and order in Kosovo. In reality, the scenario maintained in Kosovo by Resolution 1244 of the UN Security Council is not so much that of keeping the peace, but more ambitiously of its enforcement. This objective implies the reconstruction of the institutions that must ensure democratic transition and, at the very least, a change of regime. It also establishes that the collective safety missions will be gradually transferred from the army and the international police, the strong heterogeneity of the skills of the international police officers and, finally, a complex and often conflicting distribution of the military and police responsibilities in terms of ways to conceive the maintenance of law and order. That is why, when the member states of the European Union decided to acquire, for 2003, a targeted police force of 5,000, stemming from and provided by Union-15, it is interesting to study, in an overall reflection on matters concerning security and the maintenance of the order in Europe, the terms of cooperation between international military (NATO) and police (UN) forces who are then substituted for the failing local police forces. Finally, the research gives itself the goal to exam the transformations of military identity in such situations

The NATO intervention in the wars in the former Yugoslavia from 1991 to 1999 illustrated the importance of South Eastern Europe to Atlantic security. In 2005, certain of the southern Slav nations have gained NATO and EU membership, as in the case of Slovenia, or have drawn ever closer to qualifying for membership, as in the case of Croatia and Bulgaria. However, Serbia and Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina have proved more difficult to draw into the European fold due to the lingering effects of the wars in Bosnia and Kosovo. This thesis explores Serbia's ongoing attempts to integrate into EU and NATO structures. It begins with the background of the situation in Serbia of 2005 with a focus on the historical leadership, management, and missions of the security sector. It then examines the development and objectives of the security sector reform agenda and the challenges facing its practitioners. Additionally, this thesis analyses the impact of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Kosovo final status disposition, and the chaotic domestic political situation on Serbian reform efforts. This thesis argues that, as a result of political and social circumstances unique to Serbia as well as the institutional shortcomings of the West as concerns comprehensive democratic reform of power and arms, the ongoing SSR efforts in Serbia will take several years to come to fruition.

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The quantity and diversity of present processes in large organizations are huge. Considering a context of high productivity and high turnover, cost of employees for the information and knowledge necessary to perform their tasks as well as the loss of knowledge, causes significant damage. However, Knowledge Management (KM) provides a horizon in this field and may represent a competitive advantage. The institutions that create new knowledge in a sustainable manner and spread throughout the organization have the capacity to innovate, improving processes and bypassing any crises. Internal services, demands between units of an institution, often represent bottlenecks in performance, caracterized for errors, delays and low quality / efficiency, among others, with a significant impact on the final product / service. A methodology that addresses these services can be a way for institutions such as governments meet the challenge of raising the standard of service to customers and citizens. Ontologies contribute to this optical in that create and conceptual relationships on the knowledge models. From them, inferences can be made both by humans and by machines, facilitating searches, maximizing disambiguations and establishing clear standards of communication. Thus, the present study had the vision to contribute to improving the efficiency and effectiveness in public administration, using the premises of the Service Charter with the main objective to describe these internal services in the form of an ontology. Was used as a research focus a representative public bank of the indirect administration and among the main findings, there was satisfactory use of a new methodology for creating ontologies, creating an ontology for the intended context (OntoCSI), the creation of application wiki pilot that showed the basic elements for collaborative construction of the Internal Services Charter template and the approval of this interface with experts and other stakeholders.
A quantidade e a diversidade de processos presentes nas grandes organiza????es s??o enormes. Considerando um contexto de alta produtividade e de alta rotatividade, o custo dos funcion??rios para obter a informa????o e o conhecimento necess??rios para a execu????o de suas tarefas, bem como a perda de conhecimento, origina preju??zo significativo. Entretanto, a Gest??o do Conhecimento (GC) fornece um horizonte neste campo e pode representar vantagem competitiva. As institui????es que criam novos conhecimentos de forma sustent??vel e os disseminam por toda a organiza????o possuem a capacidade de inovar, melhorando os processos e contornando eventuais crises. Os servi??os internos, demandas entre as unidades de uma institui????o, frequentemente representam gargalos em seu desempenho, tangibilizados por erros, atrasos e baixa qualidade/efici??ncia, entre outros, com reflexos significativos no produto/servi??o final. Uma metodologia que aborde estes servi??os pode ser uma via para institui????es, como os governos, cumprirem o desafio de elevar o padr??o dos servi??os prestados aos clientes e aos cidad??os. As ontologias contribuem para esta ??tica na medida em que criam modelos conceituais e de relacionamentos sobre o conhecimento. A partir delas, podem ser realizadas infer??ncias tanto por humanos quanto por m??quinas, facilitando buscas, maximizando desambigua????es e estabelecendo padr??es claros de comunica????o. Assim, a presente pesquisa teve a vis??o de contribuir com a melhoria da efici??ncia e da efic??cia na administra????o p??blica, utilizando as premissas da Carta de Servi??os com o objetivo principal de descrever estes servi??os internos sob a forma de uma ontologia. Utilizou-se como foco de pesquisa um banco p??blico representativo da administra????o indireta e, dentre os principais resultados, houve satisfat??ria utiliza????o de nova metodologia para a cria????o de ontologias, a cria????o de uma ontologia para o contexto pretendido (OntoCSI), a cria????o de aplica????o wiki piloto que mostrou os elementos b??sicos para constru????o colaborativa do modelo de Carta de Servi??os Interna e a aprova????o desta interface junto a especialistas e outras partes interessadas.

Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2005.
Thesis Advisor(s): John Leslie, Stephen Garrett. Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-79). Also available online.