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Potera, Carol. "Fungus Sequesters Industrially Valuable Rare-Earth Elements." Microbe Magazine 10, no. 7 (July 1, 2015): 273–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/microbe.10.273.1.
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Borges, Fabiane Morais. "FUTUROS SEQUESTRADOS X O ANTI-SEQUESTRO DOS SONHOS." Manzuá: Revista de Pesquisa em Artes Cênicas 2, no. 1 (August 18, 2019): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21680/2595-4024.2019v2n1id17422.
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O tema desse texto é sobre o sequestro da subjetividade humana, ou a intromissão do sistema de controle nos sonhos e o sequestro do futuro na era do antropoceno. Evidencia a ideia de que o excesso de extração dos recursos naturais de dentro da Terra é concomitante à extração do “espírito” de dentro dos corpos, e como isso está nos levando aos desastres climáticos e à miséria ontológica. O texto apresenta uma equação pedagógica onde define suas bases ontopolíticas afirmando que elas fazem parte da gramática de liberação do futuro e sonhos. São elas: tecnoxamanismo + ancestrofuturismo + redes de inconscientes. Antepõe isso às bases tecno-ideológicas da sociedade de controle, responsáveis pelo sequestro do futuro e dos sonhos, que são: tecnociência + capitalismo corporativo + inteligência artificial de Deus. Deixa claro que essas equações estão em conflito e disputam a rede de inconscientes e o futuro da Terra. Sugere que a grande ideologia de liberdade e individualidade prometida no pós - II Guerra Mundial pelas corporações industriais dos países aliados, foi uma grande armadilha, que culminou na criação de um terrível sistema de controle. Logo salienta a importância da ficção e sua capacidade de criar mundo, tirando-a do aprisionamento do universo simbólico e imaginário, trazendo-a para a concretização de fato. A ficção então é apresentada como um dos instrumentos mais poderosos de produção de realidade, assim como a hiperstição, que é a capacidade de criar ficções em bandos, e materializá-las na realidade. Com base nessa ideia de ficção como algo determinante, o texto traz o ancestrofuturismo e redes de inconsciente, apresentando-os como projetos de ampliação das nossas bases imaginárias, reestruturando a ideia de comunicabilidade entre inconscientes, apresentando-a como um operador radical de ancestralidades e futuros tanto do planeta quanto dos seus habitantes. Nesse ponto aparecem questões relacionadas a espectrologia, aos universos paralelos de signos que atravessam a linguagem e os campos invisíveis não acessíveis com o nível de consciência mesquinha, como mostra Davi Kopenawa, que diz que os brancos só sonham consigo mesmo e suas mercadorias e por isso não veem nada, e pensam que tudo o que não veem é mentira. Por fim o texto apresenta os sonhos como um dos portais mais poderosos de resgate das ontologias perdidas no passado, assim como de produção de outros futuros. A partir de várias referências, sugere uma metodologia de tratamento/treinamento dos sonhos, partindo da relação entre arte e clínica. Aparecem algumas metodologias de trabalho, oriundos de práticas tais como programa ruidocrático, sonhos derivados, comunidades oníricas, etc. Cada um deles nos levando para um grau mais elevado de entendimento sobre sonhos como espaço público ontopolítico, algo que deve ser urgentemente resgatado para que haja possibilidade de resistência subjetiva ao terrorismo da máquina, e para que se fortaleça a liberação do futuro através do esquema anti-sequestro dos sonhos, pois quanto mais potentes são os sonhos, mais capazes são de gerar mundos.
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Hollink, Emily, Shane E. Tichy, and Eric E. Simanek. "Piperidine-Functionalized Supports Sequester Atrazine from Solution." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 44, no. 6 (March 2005): 1634–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie0494566.
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Madden, Sinéad M., Alan Ryan, and Patrick Walsh. "A Systems Thinking Approach Investigating the Estimated Environmental and Economic Benefits and Limitations of Industrial Hemp Cultivation in Ireland from 2017–2021." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (March 31, 2022): 4159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074159.
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There may be unrecognised environmental and economic benefits in cultivating industrial hemp for CO2 sequestration in Ireland. By using a Systems Thinking approach, this study aims to answer how industrial hemp, which can sequester between 10 to 22 million Mt CO2 per hectare, has been helpful towards carbon sequestration efforts. A mixed-methods design combining qualitative and quantitative secondary material is used to inform Behaviour over Time Graphs (BoTGs) to illustrate the data from 2017 to 2021. In 2019 the total CO2 emissions from agriculture was 21,151.24 million Mt, and the total land cultivated with hemp was 547 hectares which represented 0.0079% of total land use and 0.0123% of agricultural land use. Based on a sequestration rate of between 10 and 22 million Mt of CO2, industrial hemp had the potential to sequester between 5470 Mt and 24,068 million Mt of CO2, this represents nearly quarter to potentially all the CO2 from agriculture and equates to a carbon tax equivalent of between €109,400 and €481,360 for that year. The total amount of CO2 sequestrated between 2017 and 2021 was between 14,660 million Mt and 64,504 million Mt of CO2. This represents an estimated contribution in carbon tax equivalent of between €348,805 and €1,534,742, respectively.
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Suresh, Priyanka, and Christine E. Duval. "Poly(acid)-Functionalized Membranes to Sequester Uranium from Seawater." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 59, no. 26 (June 11, 2020): 12212–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.0c01090.
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Araújo, Adão Batista de, Carlos Roberto Lima, Fabio Junho Alves da Silva, Luan da Silva Figueroa, and Everton Monteiro da Costa. "Reflorestamento como ação mitigadora das emissões de CO2 em um o restaurante popular." Revista Brasileira de Gestão Ambiental e Sustentabilidade 5, no. 10 (2018): 565–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21438/rbgas.051011.
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O sequestro de carbono com plantio de florestas promove a absorção (mitigação) de grandes quantidades de gás carbônico (CO2) presentes na atmosfera. Este trabalho tem por objetivos, a partir do consumo de gás liquefeito de petróleo (GLP), estimar as emissões anuais de CO2 (t CO2 ano-1) dos fogões industriais do Restaurante Popular do Município de Patos, Estado da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil, como também estimar as áreas de reflorestamentos necessárias para a efetiva mitigação destas emissões de carbono. O estudo tem como ponto de partida o Restaurante Popular, unidade localizada, no Município de Patos. O restaurante atende diariamente 750 pessoas, mas produz 800 refeições. As estimativas de áreas de reflorestamentos necessárias para a efetiva mitigação das emissões anuais médias de CO2 foram de 1,10 ha para a jurema preta, de 0,24 ha para os híbridos de eucalipto e 0,18 ha para o clone comercial de Eucalyptus urograndis. O clone comercial de E. urograndis, quando plantado no Sul da Bahia, é aproximadamente seis vezes mais eficiente que a Mimosa tenuiflora (jurema preta) para a mitigação de carbono (CO2), ou ainda, que a sua taxa de sequestro de carbono é aproximadamente 507% maior que a da jurema preta. Os custos variaram entre R$ 15,29 por tonelada de CO2 sequestrada para o clone comercial de E. urograndis a um custo de R$ 4.500,00 por ha reflorestado e R$ 133,99 por tonelada de CO2 sequestrada para a Mimosa tenuiflora a um custo de R$ 6.500,00 por ha reflorestado.
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Alqadami, Ayoub Abdullah, Moonis Ali Khan, Masoom Raza Siddiqui, Zeid Abdullah Alothman, and Sadia Sumbul. "A facile approach to develop industrial waste encapsulated cryogenic alginate beads to sequester toxic bivalent heavy metals." Journal of King Saud University - Science 32, no. 2 (March 2020): 1444–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2019.11.040.
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Astudillo Pizarro, Francisco. "Hidropolítica neoliberal en Chile y el secuestro hídrico en el Valle de Copiapó: Trayectorias, dinámicas y narrativas en tensión, una perspectiva de coyuntura histórica." AMBIENTES: Revista de Geografia e Ecologia Política 3, no. 2 (December 21, 2021): 25–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.48075/amb.v3i2.28293.
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Resumen En este artículo, y desde un abordaje regional situado en el valle de Copiapó en la Región de Atacama en el norte de Chile, efectuamos un análisis del periodo de desarrollo del neoliberalismo en clave ambiental como una coyuntura histórica, en la que nos concentramos en el metabolismo económico, material y político institucional entre sociedad y medioambiente. Específicamente, analizaremos como el agua, es sometida a un proceso de privatización y mercantilización, constituyendo las silenciosas bases del metabolismo extractivo en el marco del desarrollo y transformación de la industria minera y agroindustrial, que implicó una intensificación radical del consumo industrial de agua, paralelo a un aumento exponencial de la acumulación capitalista y a una simultánea hiper-desertificación artificial de una zona ya naturalmente desértica. Hipotetizamos que la acumulación por desposesión hídrica solo fue posible teniendo como condiciones de posibilidad y origen re fundacional, a las transformaciones institucionales radicales realizadas sin posibilidad de discusión democrática y en un contexto de represión y violencia política, con lo que el análisis de la dimensión ambiental del presente no puede disociarse de los contextos políticos subyacentes y sus trayectorias en términos de un abordaje de análisis de procesos de duración media en términos braudelianos. Palabras clave: hidropolítica; secuestro hídrico; coyuntura; violencia; neoliberalismo. Resumo Neste trabalho, a partir de uma abordagem regional localizada no vale de Copiapó, Região do Atacama, norte do Chile, realizamos uma análise ambiental no período histórico de desenvolvimento do neoliberalismo no Chile, na qual enfocamos o metabolismo econômico, material e político-institucional entre sociedade e meio ambiente. Especificamente, analisamos como a água está submetida a um processo de privatização e comercialização, constituindo as bases silenciosas do metabolismo extrativo no quadro do desenvolvimento e transformação da indústria mineira e agroindustrial, o que implicou uma intensificação radical do consumo industrial de água, paralelo a um aumento exponencial da acumulação capitalista e a uma simultânea hiperdesertificação artificial de uma área já naturalmente deserta. Hipotetizamos que o acúmulo por expropriação da água só foi possível tendo como condições de possibilidade e origem refundacional, as radicais transformações institucionais realizadas iniciadas na ditadura e consolidadas nos governos pós-ditatoriais, com as quais a análise da dimensão ambiental do presente não pode ser dissociada dos contextos políticos subjacentes e de suas trajetórias em termos de uma abordagem de análise de processo de média duração em termos braudelianos. Para isso, analisamos o fenómeno destacando duas ordens distintas, mas ligadas: 1) uma, relativa às trajetórias político-institucionais sob uma perspectiva histórica, considerando dimensões escalares em dimensiones políticas, econômicas e ambientais; 2) outra, sociopolítica e narrativa, ao abordar discursos e narrativas promovidos pelo capital, como formas ideológicas de despolitização da crise, Por outro lado, a emergência de narrativas de contestação desde as comunidades e atores locais, que vão da narrativa do desaparecimento do rio à do sequestro da água. Finalmente, destacamos que, ainda que não haja relação causal entre o sentido semântico observado, tanto o desaparecimento como o sequestro são narrativas que podem estar vinculadas à violência política originária da ditadura y a luta pelos Direitos Humanos, com o desaparecimento e sequestro de pessoas no âmbito da repressão política, paralela aos processos de transformação económica que levaram à reconfiguração silenciosa entre capital e meio ambiente no Chile. Em termos de periodização da conjuntura estudada, apesar de não estar estruturada de forma sequencial, se incluem eventos e processos que envolvem o desenvolvimento da conjuntura neoliberal desde a execução do golpe de Estado contra Salvador Allende em 1973, do desenvolvimento de transformações jurídicas e econômicas da ditadura militar e da consolidação neoliberal na transição pós-ditatorial, até o denominado estallido social de outubro de 2019 e o posterior processo constituinte em 2020/2021 Palavras-chave: hidropolítica; sequestro de água; conjuntura; violência; neoliberalismo. Neoliberal hydropolitics in Chile and the water kidnapping in Copiapó Valley: Trajectories, dynamics and narratives in tension, an historical conjuncture approach Abstract In this work and from a regional approach located in the Copiapó valley in the Atacama Region in northern Chile, we carry out an analysis of the period of development of neoliberalism in an environmental key as a historical conjuncture, in which we focus on metabolism economic, material and institutional political between society and environment. Specifically, we will analyze how water is subjected to a process of privatization and commercialization, constituting the silent bases of the extractive metabolism in the framework of the development and transformation of the mining and agro-industrial industry, which implied a radical intensification of the industrial consumption of water, parallel to an exponential increase in capitalist accumulation and to a simultaneous artificial hyper-desertification of an already naturally desert area. We hypothesize that the accumulation by water dispossession was only possible having as conditions of possibility and re-foundational origin, the radical institutional transformations carried out initiated in the dictatorship and consolidated in the post-dictatorial governments, with which the analysis of the environmental dimension of the present does not it can be dissociated from the underlying political contexts and their trajectories in terms of a medium-duration process analysis approach in Braudelian terms. Keywords: hydro-politics; water kidnapping; conjuncture; violence; neoliberalism.
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Fawzy, Samer, Ahmed I. Osman, Haiping Yang, John Doran, and David W. Rooney. "Industrial biochar systems for atmospheric carbon removal: a review." Environmental Chemistry Letters 19, no. 4 (March 11, 2021): 3023–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10311-021-01210-1.
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AbstractIn the context of climate change, there is an urgent need for rapid and efficient methods to capture and sequester carbon from the atmosphere. For instance, production, use and storage of biochar are highly carbon negative, resulting in an estimated sequestration of 0.3–2 Gt CO2 year−1 by 2050. Yet, biochar production requires more knowledge on feedstocks, thermochemical conversion and end applications. Herein, we review the design and development of biochar systems, and we investigate the carbon removal industry. Carbon removal efforts are currently promoted via the voluntary market. The major commercialized technologies for offering atmospheric carbon removal are forestation, direct air carbon capture utilization and storage, soil carbon sequestration, wooden building elements and biochar, with corresponding fees ranging from 10 to 895 GBP (British pounds) per ton CO2. Biochar fees range from 52 to 131 GBP per ton CO2, which indicates that biochar production is a realistic strategy that can be deployed at large scale. Carbon removal services via biochar are currently offered through robust marketplaces that require extensive certification, verification and monitoring, which adds an element of credibility and authenticity. Biochar eligibility is highly dependent on the type of feedstock utilized and processing conditions employed. Process optimization is imperative to produce an end product that meets application-specific requirements, environmental regulations and achieve ultimate stability for carbon sequestration purposes.
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Petros, Peter, Matthias Heilweck, and David Moore. "Saving the Planet with Appropriate Biotechnology: 5. An Action Plan." Mexican Journal of Biotechnology 6, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 1–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.29267/mxjb.2021.6.2.1.
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We evaluate suggestions to harness the ability of calcifying organisms (molluscs, crustacea, corals and coccolithophore algae) to remove permanently CO2 from the atmosphere into solid (crystalline) CaCO3 for atmosphere remediation. Here, we compare this blue carbon with artificial/industrial Carbon dioxide Capture & Storage (CCS) solutions. An industrial CCS facility delivers, at some cost, captured CO2, nothing more. But aquaculture enterprises cultivating shell to capture and store atmospheric CO2 also produce nutritious food and perform many ecosystem services like water filtration, biodeposition, denitrification, reef building, enhanced biodiversity, shoreline stabilisation and wave management. We estimate that a mussel farm sequesters three times as much carbon as terrestrial ecosystems retain. Blue carbon farming does not need irrigation or fertiliser, nor conflict with the use of scarce agricultural land. Blue carbon farming can be combined with restoration and conservation of overfished fisheries and usually involves so little intervention that there is no inevitable conflict with other activities. We calculate that this paradigm shift (from ‘shellfish as food’ to ‘shellfish for carbon sequestration’) makes bivalve mollusc farming and microalgal farming enterprises, viable, profitable, and sustainable, alternatives to all CCUS industrial technologies and terrestrial biotechnologies in use today.
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Guo, Yue Feng, Li Zhi Wu, Yun Feng Yao, Fu Cang Qin, Wei Qi, and Gang Tie Li. "Engineering Simulation on Forest Carbon Balance under Different Tree Configuration Mode." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 2324–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.2324.
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From a greenhouse gas policy standpoint, forests play an extremely important role in the exchange of carbon dioxide between the land and atmosphere. Because forest management has a potentially large effect on the entire forest carbon (C) cycle, and the biological and industrial systems are tightly coupled in the North region of China, simulation of varying management and forest product production scenarios are needed to explore trade-offs of managing forests for multiple objectives. Thus, an important consideration in management of forests is their present and future capacity to sequester C from the atmosphere. In this paper, C balance of the biological system was simulated under different management scenarios that were designed to test effects of plant configuration.
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Alvarez, Jose M., Claudio Pasian, Rattan Lal, Rafael Lopez-Nuñez, and Manuel Fernández. "A biotic strategy to sequester carbon in the ornamental containerized bedding plant production: A review." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 16, no. 3 (October 23, 2018): e03R01. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2018163-12871.
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Identifying options of climate change mitigation is of global interest to researchers. Whereas wide range of techniques of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and carbon sequestration have been studied in row crops and forest systems, little research has been done on the ornamental horticulture. The ornamental industrial sector has indeed some negative impacts on the global environment, but also presents opportunities to reduce GHG emissions and increase C sequestration. Thus the objective of this study was to synthesize the potential contributions of some substrates used in the horticultural sector to carbon sequestration. The specific focus of the review is on the possible use of compost, vermicompost and biochar as soilless substrate substitutes for containerized ornamental plants production. Around 11 million kilograms of sphagnum peat moss are used annually in the world for horticultural production. Therefore, the potential of using compost, vermicompost and biochar as growing media is assessed on the basis of data from greenhouse studies. Peat-based substrate can be substituted up to 30% to 35% by compost or vermicompost and up to 20% to 25% by biochar. Some examples from field studies are included to conduct the life cycle assessment of using these growth media. An estimate of C storage on the long-term basis in soil indicates up to 3 million tons of CO2 equivalent as the maximum C potential storage per year in the global productive sector if the peat-based growing media are substituted by compost/vermicompost and biochar at the ratios mentioned above. Finally, synergies between compost vermicompost and biochar are discussed when these materials are combined as growing media additives and research gaps in this area of activity have been identified for further research.
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Ko, Daeho. "Optimization of Vacuum Pressure Swing Adsorption Processes To Sequester Carbon Dioxide from Coalbed Methane." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 55, no. 33 (August 9, 2016): 8967–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.6b01288.
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Paluš, Hubert, Ján Parobek, Martin Moravčík, Miroslav Kovalčík, Michal Dzian, and Vlastimil Murgaš. "Projecting Climate Change Potential of Harvested Wood Products under Different Scenarios of Wood Production and Utilization: Study of Slovakia." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 23, 2020): 2510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062510.
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The forestry and forest-based sector play a significant role in climate change mitigation strategies and can contribute to the achievement of a climate-neutral economy. In this context, the ability of harvested wood products (HWP) to sequester carbon is of significant importance. The objective of this work is to make a projection of climate change mitigation potential of HWP, under different scenarios of wood utilization in Slovakia. This study builds on the comparison of different scenarios of industrial wood utilization till 2035 and presents the resulting impacts on the national carbon balance. The results suggest that the development of timber supplies after 2020 in Slovakia will be influenced, in particular, by the future changes in the age distribution and tree species composition as well as the extent of future accidental felling. Consequently, a predicted structure and availability of wood resources in Slovakia will be reflected in a higher share of the production of products with shorter life cycle and thus will negatively affect the carbon pool in HWP. By comparing the results of the four designed scenarios, it follows that the scenario with the greatest mitigation potential, is the one assuming the optimal use of wood assortments and limitation of industrial roundwood foreign trade.
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Rout, Itishree, Dr Trupti Ranjan Mahapatra, Dr Sanjukra Sahoo, and Dr Debadutta Mishra. "DRY SLIDING WEAR BEHAVIOUR OF CARBONATED FLY ASH FILLED COMPOSITE." Latin American Applied Research - An international journal 52, no. 4 (September 25, 2022): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.52292/j.laar.2022.880.
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Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) has appeared as an efficient approach to alleviate the intimidating effect of the growing concentration of CO2. Recently, Fly-ash (FA), which is an industrial alkali residue and rich in metal oxides, has been proven as one of the potential agents for CCS through mineral carbonation. In this research, an attempt has been made to sequester CO2 by using FA via chemical activation technique and subsequently use this FA after carbonation (Carbonated Fly Ash (CFA)) as filler materials to fabricate a new class of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite. Further, the dry sliding wear properties (Pin-on disc) of these CFA composites are investigated at room temperature according to Taguchi design of experiment and the effect of diverse control factors are deliberated. The ANOVA revealed that the applied normal load and weight% of CFA significantly affect the wear rate of the presently developed CFA composites.
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Holechek, Jerry L., Hatim M. E. Geli, Andres F. Cibils, and Mohammed N. Sawalhah. "Climate Change, Rangelands, and Sustainability of Ranching in the Western United States." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 17, 2020): 4942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12124942.
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Accelerated climate change is a global challenge that is increasingly putting pressure on the sustainability of livestock production systems that heavily depend on rangeland ecosystems. Rangeland management practices have low potential to sequester greenhouse gases. However, mismanagement of rangelands and their conversion into ex-urban, urban, and industrial landscapes can significantly exacerbate the climate change process. Under conditions of more droughts, heat waves, and other extreme weather events, management of risks (climate, biological, financial, political) will probably be more important to the sustainability of ranching than capability to expand output of livestock products in response to rising demand due to population growth. Replacing traditional domestic livestock with a combination of highly adapted livestock and game animals valued for both hunting and meat may be the best strategy on many arid rangelands. Eventually, traditional ranching could become financially unsound across large areas if climate change is not adequately addressed. Rangeland policy, management, and research will need to be heavily focused on the climate change problem.
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Hinck, M. L., J. Ferguson, and J. Puhaakka. "Resistance of EDTA and DTPA to aerobic biodegradation." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 2-3 (February 1, 1997): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0474.
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Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) are synthetic chelating agents that form stable complexes with most metals and are used in a variety of industrial applications. They are increasingly used with peroxide and ozone bleaching of wood pulp to sequester iron and manganese. These chelates have been widely reported to either resist degradation or undergo slow biodegradation. EDTA and DTPA have few known environmental impacts in receiving waters. A study was conducted to assess the biodegradability of EDTA and DTPA and to determine if these compounds could be transformed in conventional effluent treatment processes. Four dissimilar inocula were used in batch and continuous aerobic tests using a variety of enrichment techniques. Selection pressure was applied to bacterial populations by providing EDTA and DTPA as sole carbon sources. Additionally, experiments were conducted using degraders of chemically similar compounds nitrilotriacetic acid and triethanolamine. In all experiments, the results showed that neither EDTA or DTPA are biodegraded under aerobic conditions.
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Sajdak, Marcin, Roksana Muzyka, Grzegorz Gałko, Ewelina Ksepko, Monika Zajemska, Szymon Sobek, and Dariusz Tercki. "Actual Trends in the Usability of Biochar as a High-Value Product of Biomass Obtained through Pyrolysis." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010355.
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This review comprehensively examines biochar, an essential material in an era of climate change for reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions into the atmosphere. It is inconspicuous, black, lightweight, and very porous, and is produced through the thermal conversion of biomass. Our literature review highlights biochar’s expansive application possibilities. Firstly, its potential to improve soil quality and sequester CO2 has been examined, as well as its utilization in iron and steel manufacturing to minimize the quantity of coke and ultimately reduce CO2 emissions. In industrial manufacturing, the complete elimination of coke can promote environmental neutrality, which is achieved using biochar from biomass for its extrusion. Furthermore, biochar is becoming increasingly significant in modern energy storage technologies and as an important additive in Pickering emulsions, which are also employed in energy storage systems. Additionally, the use of carbon black is a broad topic, and this review illustrates where it can be successfully utilized, especially in environmentally sensitive areas.
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Ko, Daeho. "Development of a Simulation Model for the Vacuum Pressure Swing Adsorption Process To Sequester Carbon Dioxide from Coalbed Methane." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 55, no. 4 (January 19, 2016): 1013–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.5b03824.
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Dai, Chong, Zhaoyi Dai, Yue Zhao, Xin Wang, Samiridhdi Paudyal, Saebom Ko, Amy T. Kan, and Mason B. Tomson. "Prediction Models of Barite Crystallization and Inhibition Kinetics: Applications for Oil and Gas Industry." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 30, 2021): 8533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158533.
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Barite is one of the most common mineral scales in the oilfield and its formation can sequester toxic strontium (Sr) and radium (Ra). Various scale inhibitors are widely used to inhibit its formation. The inhibition efficiencies of 18 common inhibitors were tested using an improved kinetic turbidity method over broad oil and gas production conditions. A theoretical and a semi-empirical barite crystallization and inhibition model were developed for the 18 most used scale inhibitors. Both models can work under a broad range of production conditions and are carefully reviewed against all available experimental data. These models have shown wide applications in industrial operations, field testing, and laboratory testing. Using the new models and testing method, a novel fast inhibitor performance testing method was proposed and validated. Furthermore, the barite crystallization and inhibition models also work well to predict the inhibition performance of mixed inhibitors. This study not only advanced barite scale inhibition in an efficiency and low-cost way during oil and gas production, but also provided new insights on understanding the fate and transport of toxic Sr and Ra.
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Benson, Sally M., and Franklin M. Orr. "Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage." MRS Bulletin 33, no. 4 (April 2008): 303–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2008.63.
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Reducing CO2 emissions from the use of fossil fuel is the primary purpose of carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS). Two basic approaches to CCS are available.1,2 In one approach, CO2 is captured directly from the industrial source, concentrated into a nearly pure form, and then pumped deep underground for long-term storage (see Figure 1). As an alternative to storage in underground geological formations, it has also been suggested that CO2 could be stored in the ocean. This could be done either by dissolving it in the mid-depth ocean (1–3 km) or by forming pools of CO2 on the sea bottom where the ocean is deeper than 3 km and, consequently, CO2 is denser than seawater. The second approach to CCS captures CO2directly from the atmosphere by enhancing natural biological processes that sequester CO2 in plants, soils, and marine sediments. All of these options for CCS have been investigated over the past decade, their potential to mitigate CO2 emissions has been evaluated,1 and several summaries are available.1,3,4
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Freita, Bruna Ferreira Dias, Gabriela Leite Magalhães, Manoel Soares Soares Júnior, and Márcio Caliari. "Produção de corante natural extraído de jambolão (Syzygium cumini)." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 2 (February 15, 2021): e27410212600. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i2.12600.
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Dentre inúmeras frutas existentes no Brasil, o jambolão tem se destacado por ser rico em vários constituintes benéficos à saúde, como compostos fenólicos, e por apresentar propriedades antioxidantes e antimicrobianas. Ainda considerando os aspectos de relacionados à saúde, existe uma tendência dos consumidores para a utilização de corantes naturais em substituição os artificiais. Portanto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo a avaliação química, física e propriedades tecnológicas da polpa de jambolão liofilizada e do corante natural proveniente do jambolão. Para obtenção do material liofilizado, a polpa foi seca em liofilizador industrial. Em seguida, o corante foi obtido por meio de extração utilizando como solvente água /etanol (proporção de 50:50), e posterior fixação utilizando como veículo farinha de arroz, seguido de secagem a 30°C. A caracterização da polpa de jambolão liofilizada e corante natural em pó de jambolão foi realizada por meio da determinação das propriedades físico-químicas, composição proximal, compostos bioativos, índices de absorção de água (IAA), índice de solubilidade em água (ISA), índice de absorção de óleo (IAO), propriedade de pasta (RVA), estudo calorimétrico (DSC) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados demonstraram que o processo de extração e fixação do corante aumentaram a porcentagem de sequestro de radical livre de antioxidante (6,4) e temperatura de pasta (95,1 ºC), tratando-se de um corante termicamente estável quando comparado com a polpa liofilizada. Conclui-se que é possível a utilização polpa de jambolão liofilizada para produção de corante natural à base de jambolão e aplicação em alimentos.
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Meegoda, Jay N., Jitendra A. Kewalramani, Brian Li, and Richard W. Marsh. "A Review of the Applications, Environmental Release, and Remediation Technologies of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21 (November 3, 2020): 8117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218117.
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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are pollutants that have demonstrated a high level of environmental persistence and are very difficult to remediate. As the body of literature on their environmental effects has increased, so has regulatory and research scrutiny. The widespread usage of PFAS in industrial applications and consumer products, complicated by their environmental release, mobility, fate, and transport, have resulted in multiple exposure routes for humans. Furthermore, low screening levels and stringent regulatory standards that vary by state introduce considerable uncertainty and potential costs in the environmental management of PFAS. The recalcitrant nature of PFAS render their removal difficult, but existing and emerging technologies can be leveraged to destroy or sequester PFAS in a variety of environmental matrices. Additionally, new research on PFAS remediation technologies has emerged to address the efficiency, costs, and other shortcomings of existing remediation methods. Further research on the impact of field parameters such as secondary water quality effects, the presence of co-contaminants and emerging PFAS, reaction mechanisms, defluorination yields, and the decomposition products of treatment technologies is needed to fully evaluate these emerging technologies, and industry attention should focus on treatment train approaches to improve efficiency and reduce the cost of treatment.
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Moore, David. "Saving the planet with appropriate biotechnology: 4. Coccolithophore cultivation and deployment." Mexican Journal of Biotechnology 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 129–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.29267/mxjb.2021.6.1.129.
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Cultivating coccolithophore algae for carbon sequestration is discussed. Coccolithophores have been major calcium carbonate producers in the world’s oceans for about 250 million years. Today, they account for about a third of the total marine CaCO3 production by coating their single cells externally with plates of microcrystalline CaCO3. The possibility that these algae could be used to trap atmospheric CO2 with existing technology has not been widely considered. There is scope for both high technology cultivation in bioreactors and low technology cultivation in terraced raceway ponds or lagoons on tropical coastal sites. The latter could produce a sludge of pure CaCO3 as a feedstock for cement production in place of the fossilised limestone currently used (cement production accounts for around 8% of industrial fossil CO2 emissions). On the high seas coccolithophores naturally produce extensive blooms, which emit the volatile gas dimethyl sulfide to the atmosphere, where it promotes formation of clouds that block solar radiation. The vision is for aquaculture nurseries onboard factory ships, cultivating both coccolithophores and bivalve molluscs, creating and maintaining blooms of coccolithophores in the oceanic high seas to sequester carbon from the atmosphere and generate cloud cover to cool the immediate environment.
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Khan, Abdul G. "Nano-Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals Contaminated Wastewater Ecosystems and Wetlands by Constructed Wetlands Planted with Waterlogging-Tolerant Mycorrhizal Fungi and Vetiver Grass." Environmental Sciences Proceedings 6, no. 1 (March 5, 2021): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecms2021-09385.
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Wetlands and aquatic ecosystems, which are an important part of the ecological system and national resources that need to be well managed, are becoming polluted by toxic heavy metals (HMs) from the industrial mining and smelting of metalliferous ores, and agricultural activities. The loss of wetlands may cause a loss of flora and fauna and thereby decrease biodiversity. Waterlogging resistant plants, their root associated microbes (Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF)) and plant growth promoting rhizobia (PGPR) can provide potential tools in constructed wetlands (CWs) in order to allow for the Nano-Mycorrhizo-Phytoremediation (NMPR) of HM-polluted natural wetlands and aquatic ecosystems. AMF-CW systems should be considered ideal locations for the technical installations for phytoremediation and need to be optimized for the efficient functioning of phytoremediation in field trials. This presentation will address one of the major hurdles in the production of large quantities of indigenous and stress-adapted AMF inoculum for the purposes of constructing artificial AM-CW systems. The significance and potential role of floating islands of aquatic macrophytes such as Vetiver grass and their root associated microbes (AMF and PGPR) in an environmental cleanup of HM contaminated industrial, municipal, and mining effluents, will be highlighted in the presentation. During the environmental and pollutant stresses, the aquatic macrophytes and their root associated microbes produce nano-molecules of HM-binding cysteine-rich peptides, phytochelators (nano-molecules) forming HM-complexes that sequester HM-ions, protecting the host from contaminants. HM-adapted AMF not only enhance Vetiver grass growth, producing a greater biomass for bio energy production, but also uptake/stabilize HMs, e.g., Nano-Mycorrhizo-Phytoremediation (NMPR).
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Ibrahim, Mohamed, Muftah El-Naas, Abdelbaki Benamor, Saad Al-Sobhi, and Zhien Zhang. "Carbon Mineralization by Reaction with Steel-Making Waste: A Review." Processes 7, no. 2 (February 24, 2019): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7020115.
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Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) is taking the lead as a means for mitigating climate change. It is considered a crucial bridging technology, enabling carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuels to be reduced while the energy transition to renewable sources is taking place. CCS includes a portfolio of technologies that can possibly capture vast amounts of CO2 per year. Mineral carbonation is evolving as a possible candidate to sequester CO2 from medium-sized emissions point sources. It is the only recognized form of permanent CO2 storage with no concerns regarding CO2 leakage. It is based on the principles of natural rock weathering, where the CO2 dissolved in rainwater reacts with alkaline rocks to form carbonate minerals. The active alkaline elements (Ca/Mg) are the fundamental reactants for mineral carbonation reaction. Although the reaction is thermodynamically favored, it takes place over a large time scale. The challenge of mineral carbonation is to offset this limitation by accelerating the carbonation reaction with minimal energy and feedstock consumption. Calcium and magnesium silicates are generally selected for carbonation due to their abundance in nature. Industrial waste residues emerge as an alternative source of carbonation minerals that have higher reactivity than natural minerals; they are also inexpensive and readily available in proximity to CO2 emitters. In addition, the environmental stability of the industrial waste is often enhanced as they undergo carbonation. Recently, direct mineral carbonation has been investigated significantly due to its applicability to CO2 capture and storage. This review outlines the main research work carried out over the last few years on direct mineral carbonation process utilizing steel-making waste, with emphasis on recent research achievements and potentials for future research.
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Reynes, Javier F., Guy Mercier, Jean-François Blais, and Louis-César Pasquier. "Feasibility of a Mineral Carbonation Technique Using Iron-Silicate Mining Waste by Direct Flue Gas CO2 Capture and Cation Complexation Using 2,2′-Bipyridine." Minerals 11, no. 4 (March 26, 2021): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11040343.
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Mineral carbonation is gaining increasing attention for its ability to sequester CO2. The main challenge is doing it economically and energy-efficiently. Recently, many studies have focused on the aqueous reaction of carbon dioxide with the alkaline earth minerals such as serpentine, Mg-rich olivine and wollastonite. Nevertheless, Fe-rich olivines have been poorly studied because of their high energy demand, which make them unfeasible for industrial implementation. This article describes the feasibility of an indirect mineral carbonation process using silicic, Fe-rich mining waste with direct flue gas CO2 via iron complexation using 2,2′-bipyridine. The overall process was performed in three main steps: leaching, iron complexation, and aqueous mineral carbonation reactions. The preferential parameters resulted in a recirculation scenario, where 38% of Fe cations were leached, complexed, and reacted under mild conditions. CO2 uptake of 57.3% was achieved, obtaining a Fe-rich carbonate. These results are promising for the application of mineral carbonation to reduce CO2 emissions. Furthermore, the greenhouse gas balance had a global vision of the overall reaction’s feasibility. The results showed a positive balance in CO2 removal, with an estimated 130 kg CO2/ton of residue. Although an exhaustive study should be done, the new and innovative mineral carbonation CO2 sequestration approach in this study is promising.
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Srivatsav, Prithvi, Bhaskar Sriharsha Bhargav, Vignesh Shanmugasundaram, Jayaseelan Arun, Kannappan Panchamoorthy Gopinath, and Amit Bhatnagar. "Biochar as an Eco-Friendly and Economical Adsorbent for the Removal of Colorants (Dyes) from Aqueous Environment: A Review." Water 12, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): 3561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123561.
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Dyes (colorants) are used in many industrial applications, and effluents of several industries contain toxic dyes. Dyes exhibit toxicity to humans, aquatic organisms, and the environment. Therefore, dyes containing wastewater must be properly treated before discharging to the surrounding water bodies. Among several water treatment technologies, adsorption is the most preferred technique to sequester dyes from water bodies. Many studies have reported the removal of dyes from wastewater using biochar produced from different biomass, e.g., algae and plant biomass, forest, and domestic residues, animal waste, sewage sludge, etc. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the application of biochar as an eco-friendly and economical adsorbent to remove toxic colorants (dyes) from the aqueous environment. This review highlights the routes of biochar production, such as hydrothermal carbonization, pyrolysis, and hydrothermal liquefaction. Biochar as an adsorbent possesses numerous advantages, such as being eco-friendly, low-cost, and easy to use; various precursors are available in abundance to be converted into biochar, it also has recyclability potential and higher adsorption capacity than other conventional adsorbents. From the literature review, it is clear that biochar is a vital candidate for removal of dyes from wastewater with adsorption capacity of above 80%.
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Landry, Gabriel, Evelyne Thiffault, Dominic Cyr, Lucas Moreau, Yan Boulanger, and Caren Dymond. "Mitigation Potential of Ecosystem-Based Forest Management under Climate Change: A Case Study in the Boreal-Temperate Forest Ecotone." Forests 12, no. 12 (November 30, 2021): 1667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12121667.
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The forest sector can help reduce atmospheric CO2 through carbon (C) sequestration and storage and wood substitution of more polluting materials. However, climate change can have an impact on the C fluxes we are trying to leverage through forestry. We calculated the difference in CO2 eq. fluxes between ecosystem-based forest management and total forest conservation in the context of the temperate-boreal forest ecotone of Quebec (Canada), taking into account fluxes from forest ecosystems, wood product life cycle, and the substitution effect of wood products on markets. Over the 2020–2120 period, in the absence of climate change, ecosystem-based forest management and wood production caused average net annual emissions of 66.9 kilotonnes (kt) of CO2 eq. year−1 (relative to forest conservation), and 15.4 kt of CO2 eq. year−1 when assuming a 100% substitution effect of wood products. While management increased the ecosystem C sink, emissions from degradation of largely short-lived wood products caused the system to be a net source. Moreover, climate warming would decrease the capacity of ecosystems to sequester C and cause a shift towards more hardwood species. Our study highlights the need to adapt the industrial network towards an increased capacity of processing hardwoods into long-lived products and/or products with high substitution potential.
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Vance, Eric D., Ben H. Cazell, H. Nick Chappell, Howard W. Duzan, Marshall A. Jacobson, John R. Johnson, and James L. Rakestraw. "Enhancing Forest Technology: Research Priorities of the Southern Forest Sector." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 34, no. 1 (February 1, 2010): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/34.1.38.
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Abstract The southern forest sector has undergone dramatic changes over the past decade, including shifts in land ownership (from integrated forest product companies to organizations with different objectives and time horizons) and losses of forestland to development. The ability to support sustainable biomass production for traditional and emerging markets is at risk because of a decline in industry research infrastructure and because of dilution of government agency and university forest productivity research with other priorities. To assess forest productivity research priorities, a survey was distributed to integrated forest products companies, real estate investment trusts, timber investment management organizations, and consulting organizations based in the South. Environmental services were a top priority for all organization types, cited as a high or very high priority by 74% of respondents, followed by forest management (64%), improving wood quality delivered to mills (57%), and biotechnology and tree improvement (39%). The highest priority individual research needs were to quantify the potential of managed forests to sequester carbon and sustain water quality and biodiversity and to update growth and yield models to account for changing stand, genetic, management, and environmental factors. Respondents rely mostly on university cooperatives and industrial research organizations for both basic and applied/technology transfer research.
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Fang, Liping, Wenbin Zeng, Ling Xu, and Li-Zhi Huang. "Green rusts as a new solution to sequester and stabilize phosphate in sediments under anoxic conditions and their implication for eutrophication control." Chemical Engineering Journal 388 (May 2020): 124198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.124198.
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de Oliveira Garcia, Wagner, Thorben Amann, Jens Hartmann, Kristine Karstens, Alexander Popp, Lena R. Boysen, Pete Smith, and Daniel Goll. "Impacts of enhanced weathering on biomass production for negative emission technologies and soil hydrology." Biogeosciences 17, no. 7 (April 17, 2020): 2107–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2107-2020.
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Abstract. Limiting global mean temperature changes to well below 2 ∘C likely requires a rapid and large-scale deployment of negative emission technologies (NETs). Assessments so far have shown a high potential of biomass-based terrestrial NETs, but only a few assessments have included effects of the commonly found nutrient-deficient soils on biomass production. Here, we investigate the deployment of enhanced weathering (EW) to supply nutrients to areas of afforestation–reforestation and naturally growing forests (AR) and bioenergy grasses (BG) that are deficient in phosphorus (P), besides the impacts on soil hydrology. Using stoichiometric ratios and biomass estimates from two established vegetation models, we calculated the nutrient demand of AR and BG. Insufficient geogenic P supply limits C storage in biomass. For a mean P demand by AR and a low-geogenic-P-supply scenario, AR would sequester 119 Gt C in biomass; for a high-geogenic-P-supply and low-AR-P-demand scenario, 187 Gt C would be sequestered in biomass; and for a low geogenic P supply and high AR P demand, only 92 Gt C would be accumulated by biomass. An average amount of ∼150 Gt basalt powder applied for EW would be needed to close global P gaps and completely sequester projected amounts of 190 Gt C during the years 2006–2099 for the mean AR P demand scenario (2–362 Gt basalt powder for the low-AR-P-demand and for the high-AR-P-demand scenarios would be necessary, respectively). The average potential of carbon sequestration by EW until 2099 is ∼12 Gt C (∼0.2–∼27 Gt C) for the specified scenarios (excluding additional carbon sequestration via alkalinity production). For BG, 8 kg basalt m−2 a−1 might, on average, replenish the exported potassium (K) and P by harvest. Using pedotransfer functions, we show that the impacts of basalt powder application on soil hydraulic conductivity and plant-available water, to close predicted P gaps, would depend on basalt and soil texture, but in general the impacts are marginal. We show that EW could potentially close the projected P gaps of an AR scenario and nutrients exported by BG harvest, which would decrease or replace the use of industrial fertilizers. Besides that, EW ameliorates the soil's capacity to retain nutrients and soil pH and replenish soil nutrient pools. Lastly, EW application could improve plant-available-water capacity depending on deployed amounts of rock powder – adding a new dimension to the coupling of land-based biomass NETs with EW.
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Riordan, Helen, Phil Cohen, and Stella Elkington. "Carbon capture clusters." APPEA Journal 62, no. 2 (May 13, 2022): S173—S176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj21147.
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Net zero is an endeavour that will impact every corner of the world. We need global communication and collaboration. To move fast, the transition must become more efficient and spread the best solutions far and wide. For difficult to decarbonise industries, collaboration is essential. The other essential ingredient is policy. The UK banned diesel and petrol car sales from 2030. This is driving electric vehicle manufacturing and supply chains. The EU banned single-use plastics from 2021. Consequently, Coca Cola Europe announced 100% of their bottles would be based on recycled plastic. Norway introduced a carbon tax in 1991 to encourage research into low-carbon solutions. It became the first country to geologically sequester CO2 and the first to do it from an LNG facility. Ten years after the tax was introduced, Norway’s carbon emissions had dropped by 14%. Policies influence emissions. They drive not only environmental outcomes but also sustainable growth and the ability to future-proof their economies. In 2007 and 2012, the UK announced funding for a commercial-scale carbon capture and storage project, both times the programs were aborted. A third attempt, this time focussing on decarbonising four industrial clusters by 2030, was announced in 2018 along with the first ‘net-zero’ carbon cluster by 2040, with the support of a number of UK policies it is expected to progress to construction. This paper discusses the journey from policy through partnerships to the development of Carbon Capture and Hydrogen Clusters in the UK and looks at lessons learnt for Australia.
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Paragamac, Jason Ben, Jasper Maglinab, Mabel Barroga, Melanie Garcia, Peter Hume, and Feliciano Gacad. "Heavy metal concentration in soil and accumulation in selected plant species: A case study of Tampakan, South Cotabato." University of Mindanao International Multidisciplinary Research Journal 6, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.55990/umimrj.v5i1.504.
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Natural processes bring heavy metals and further escalated by a long history of addition from industrial development. The soil serves as a sink and can accumulate different types of minerals and nutrients, including metals and metalloids that are harmful even at lower concentrations. Plants’ ability to sequester metals and mobilize into various plant parts are significant in the bioremediation process. This study used quantitative and exploratory research design, which involves the collection of soil and plant samples subjected to laboratory test to determine the heavy metal concentration in Pulabato, Tampakan, South Cotabato in terms of arsenic (As), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg). Analysis of variance (ANOVA), correlation, simple and multiple linear regressions are employed to determine significant differences, relationships, and influences. Results show significant differences in plant heavy metal concentration across low, mid, and high elevations for metals Cu, Pb, and Hg. Pb concentration in soil shows a significant relationship with Cu in plants. Also, Pb concentration shows a positive correlation and Hg with a negative correlation for Pb concentration in the plant. Moreover, Hg’s presence in plants shows a negative correlation in Pb for soil and a positive relationship with Hg. Simple linear regression statistics show that Pb significantly influences Cu, Pb in the plant by Pb in soil, and Pb in the plant with Hg in soil. Multiple regression statistics show a significant Pb’s influence in the soil to Pb in the plant but not with Hg. Lastly, As and Pb significantly influences Hg concentration in plants.
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Porfiriev, B. N., A. A. Shirov, A. Y. Kolpakov, and E. A. Edinak. "Opportunities and risks of the climate policy in Russia." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 1 (January 11, 2022): 72–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2022-1-72-89.
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The climate agenda involves significant economic dimension and component. This is precipitated, on the one hand, by the climate change impact on the economy and its implications for economic development that necessitate costs for planning and implementing adaptation measures, and, on the other hand, by the imperatives of structural and technological modernization of the economy to strengthen its competitiveness and sustainability of socio-economic development including reduction of industrial greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions and increasing the ecosystems’ carbon sink capacity. The above implies harmonization of ecological, climatic, socio-economic, and technological characteristics to produce an effective national low GHG emissions socio-economic development strategy required by the Paris Climate Agreement. This in turn calls for comprehensive assessment of the impact produced by new low-carbon technologies on economic dynamics using the framework of macrostructural calculations and scenarios of economic development of Russia with different volumes of funding invested in decarbonization. It is argued that the most efficient is a group of so-called moderate scenarios that provide for both GHG reduction and economic growth rates above the global average. More ambitious scenarios involve risks of slowing GDP growth given weighty additional investment which constrains the dynamics of household consumption. The key role of the Russian ecosystems capacity to absorb and sequester carbon in implementation of the low GHG emissions socio-economic development strategy is substantiated and the imperative for the complex of measures to improve the efficiency of land use and forestry resources (LULUCF), primarily the quality of R&D and the national monitoring system development, is emphasized.
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AJALA, Mary Adejoke, Ambali Saka ABDULKAREEM, Abdulsalami Sanni KOVO, Jimoh Oladejo TIJANI, and Olawale Elijah AJALA. "ADSORPTION STUDIES OF ZINC, COPPER, AND LEAD IONS FROM PHARMACEUTICAL WASTEWATER ONTO SILVER-MODIFIED CLAY ADSORBENT." SOUTHERN JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 30, no. 33 (June 27, 2022): 28–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.48141/sjs.v30.n33.2022.06_ajala_pgs_28_43.pdf.
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Background: Industrial wastewater contains pollutants that are detrimental to human health in varied proportions. Among the pollutants are heavy metals, including Zn2+, Pb2+, and Cu2+ found in a characterized pharmaceutical wastewater. Several techniques have been proposed for the heavy metal sequester. However, they are with attendant challenges. The adsorption techniques using clay-metal oxide modified adsorbent/composite such as silver-clay adsorbent is considered suitable for an effective sequestering process. Aims: To develop and characterize Ag/clay adsorbent for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment. Methods: The Ag nanoparticles were synthesized using Parkia biglobossa aqueous leaves extract in an optimization study. The raw clay was beneficiated and doped with silver nanoparticles via the wet impregnation method. The silver-clay adsorbent was characterized using FTIR, XRD, SEM, and EDS characterization tools. The developed adsorbent was used for the batch adsorption process of the heavy metal ion removal from the wastewater. Results and Discussion: The phytochemical analysis and FTIR results of the P. biglobosa showed that the leaf contains phenol, tannin, and flavonoids which acts as reducing, capping, and stabilizing agent required for synthesizing the silver nanoparticles. The prepared silver nanoparticles modified clay adsorbent Ag/clay, have evenly distributed stacks of pseudo-hexagonal plates, are rich in silica, possess silver nanoparticles in the frameworks, and contain functional groups suitable for binding heavy metals. The adsorptions of Zn2+, Pb2+, and Cu2+ from pharmaceutical wastewater onto the silver-modified clay were studied as a function of adsorbent dosage and contact time. The percentage removal results obtained showed that the adsorbent had up to 99.96%, 99.5%, and 99.44% removal efficiency for Zn2+, Pb2+, and Cu2+, respectively, which are better compared with previous studies. The adsorption process was feasible, spontaneous, and exothermic, with Langmuir and Pseudo-second-order models as best fits for the process. Conclusions: The adsorption of selected heavy metal ions onto the green synthesized silver-modified clay adsorbent (Ag/clay) was feasible, spontaneous, and exothermic in the order Zn2+>Pb2+>Cu2+ with Langmuir and Pseudo-second-order model best fitted for the process. These show that the synthesized silver oxide nanoparticles supported on local clay can be used as a potentially low-cost adsorbent to remove heavy metal ions from industrial wastewater.
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Tsezos, Marios. "Biological Removal of Ions: Principles and Applications." Advanced Materials Research 20-21 (July 2007): 589–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.20-21.589.
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Microbial cell – soluble species interactions can be part of technologies for the treatment of metal/metalloid and radionuclide bearing water streams in order to sequester the targeted species. Interactions of microbial cells and soluble targeted species include passive and active processes of metabolically inactive or active biomass, and result in the reduction of their mobility and toxicity. Different parts of the cell may sequester targeted species via processes such as complexation, chelation, coordination, ion exchange, precipitation and reduction. Collectively, these mechanisms have been referred to as sorption and the overall phenomenon as biosorption. The term biosorption is generally used to describe the passive interaction of microbial biomass with targeted species. The technologies based on these processes, lead to the set up of units, mainly in the form of packed bed reactors similar to the configuration of ion exchange resins reactors, placed at the end of a treatment process as a polishing stage. In order to maintain durability of the sorbent, the microbial cells harvested from different sources, are formulated into particles by way of immobilization – pelletization. In the early years of Biosorption, a significant effort was devoted to study the reusability of the sorbent by repeated sorption – desorption cycles, in order to reduce the operating cost of the technology. The availability of the biosorbent material, the reversibility of the desorption process, the presence of competing co-ions and organic molecules, posed significant scepticism and finally serious doubt about the industrial applicability of biosorption as a stand alone technology. However the mechanisms are active and present in biological reactors, and can contribute to overall species sequestering. Biological reactors based on active microbial biomass as alternative to passive sorption, exploit the self regenerating features of living biomass along with the traits of microbial metabolism. Active cells produce metabolites (i.e. EPS, simple inorganic moieties etc.) interacting chemically with the targeted species. The active biomass offers the additional attractive feature of forming biofilms on the surface of carrier materials allowing a natural way of cell immobilization. Different biofilm reactor configurations e.g. static or moving bed filters, fluidized bed reactors, rotating biological contactors support the development of biofilms. Conditions such as temperature, pH, presence of toxic compounds etc. should be considered in the applicability of the technology. Important metabolically mediated immobilization processes for metal/metalloid and radionuclide species are bioprecipitation and bioreduction. Bioprecipitation processes include the transformation of soluble species to insoluble hydroxides, carbonates, phosphates, sulfides or metal – organic complexes as a result of the microbial metabolism. In the case of biological reduction, the cells may use the species as terminal electron acceptors in anoxic environments to produce energy or reduce the toxicity of the cells microenvironment. Such processes form the basis for treatment technologies which are recently developed and applied both in pilot and full scale.
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Kiran, Boda Ravi, and Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad. "Ricinus communis L. (Castor bean), a potential multi-purpose environmental crop for improved and integrated phytoremediation." EuroBiotech Journal 1, no. 2 (May 9, 2017): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24190/issn2564-615x/2017/02.01.
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Abstract Phytoremediation is a plant based environmental cleanup technology to contain (rendering less toxic), sequester and degrade contaminated susbtrates. As can be seen from data metrics, it is gaining cosiderable importance globally. Phytoremediation approach is being applied for cleanup of inorganic (potentially toxic metals), organic (persistent, emergent, poly-acromatic hydrocarbons and crude oil etc.) and co-contaminated (mixture of inorganic and organic) and/or polluted sites globally. Recently new approaches of utilizing abundantly available natural organic amendments have yielded significant results. Ricinus communis L. (Castor bean) is an important multipurpose crop viz., Agricultural, Energy, Environmental and Industrial crop. The current status of knowledge is abundant but scattered which need to be exploited for sustainable development. This review collates and evaluates all the scattered information and provides a critical view on the possible options for exploiting its potential as follows: 1. Origin and distribution, 2. Lead toxicity bioassays, 3. Progress in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi-assisted phytoremediation, 4. Promising bioenergy crop that can be linked to pytoremediation, 5. A renewable source for many bioproducts with rich chemical diversity, 6. It is a good biomonitor and bioindicator of atmospheric pollution in urban areas, 7. Enhanced chelate aided remediation, 8. Its rhizospheric processes accelerate natural attenuation, 9. It is suitable for remediation of crude oil contaminated soil, 10. It is an ideal candidate for aided phytostabilization, 11. Castor bean is a wizard for phytoremediation and 12. Its use in combined phytoextraction and ecocatalysis. Further, the knowledge gaps and scope for future research on sustainable co-generation of value chain and value addition biobased products for sustainable circular economy and environmental security are described in this paper.
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Fischer, Alicia, James Saunders, Sara Speetjens, Justin Marks, Jim Redwine, Stephanie R. Rogers, Ann S. Ojeda, Md Mahfujur Rahman, Zeki M. Billor, and Ming-Kuo Lee. "Long-Term Arsenic Sequestration in Biogenic Pyrite from Contaminated Groundwater: Insights from Field and Laboratory Studies." Minerals 11, no. 5 (May 19, 2021): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11050537.
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Pumping groundwater from arsenic (As)-contaminated aquifers exposes millions of people, especially those in developing countries, to high doses of the toxic contaminant. Previous studies have investigated cost-effective techniques to remove groundwater arsenic by stimulating sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) to form biogenic arsenian pyrite. This study intends to improve upon these past methods to demonstrate the effectiveness of SRB arsenic remediation at an industrial site in Florida. This study developed a ferrous sulfate and molasses mixture to sequester groundwater arsenic in arsenian pyrite over nine months. The optimal dosage of the remediating mixture consisted of 5 kg of ferrous sulfate, ~27 kg (60 lbs) of molasses, and ~1 kg (2 lbs) of fertilizer per 3785.4 L (1000 gallons) of water. The remediating mixture was injected into 11 wells hydrologically upgradient of the arsenic plume in an attempt to obtain full-scale remediation. Groundwater samples and precipitated biominerals were collected from June 2018 to March 2019. X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), electron microprobe (EMP), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses determined that As has been sequestered mainly in the form of arsenian pyrite, which rapidly precipitated as euhedral crystals and spherical aggregates (framboids) 1–30 μm in diameter within two weeks of the injection. The analyses confirmed that the remediating mixture and injection scheme reduced As concentrations to near or below the site’s clean-up standard of 0.05 mg/L over the nine months. Moreover, the arsenian pyrite contained 0.03–0.89 weight percentage (wt%) of sequestered arsenic, with >80% of groundwater arsenic removed by SRB biomineralization. Considering these promising findings, the study is close to optimizing an affordable procedure for sequestrating dissolved As in industry settings.
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Migolet, Pierre, Kalifa Goïta, Alfred Ngomanda, and Andréana Paola Mekui Biyogo. "Estimation of Aboveground Oil Palm Biomass in a Mature Plantation in the Congo Basin." Forests 11, no. 5 (May 12, 2020): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11050544.
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Agro-industrial oil palm plantations are becoming increasingly established in the Congo Basin (West Equatorial Africa) for mainly economic reasons. Knowledge of oil palm capacity to sequester carbon requires biomass estimates. This study implemented local and regional methods for estimating palm biomass in a mature plantation, using destructive sampling. Eighteen 35-year-old oil palms with breast height diameters (DBH) between 48 and 58 cm were felled and sectioned in a plantation located in Makouké, central Gabon. Field and laboratory measurements determined the biomasses of different tree compartments (fruits, leaflets, petioles, rachises, stems). Fruits and leaflets contributed an average of 6% to total aboveground palm biomass, which petioles accounted for 8%, rachises for 13% and the stem, 73%. The best allometric equation for estimating stem biomass was obtained with a composite variable, formulated as DBH2 × stem height, weighted by tissue infra-density. For leaf biomass (fruits + leaflets + petioles + rachises), the equation was of a similar form, but included the leaf number instead of infra-density. The allometric model combining the stem and leaf biomass yielded the best estimates of the total aboveground oil palm biomass (coefficient of determination (r2) = 0.972, p < 0.0001, relative root mean square error (RMSE) = 5%). Yet, the model was difficult to implement in practice, given the limited availability of variables such as the leaf number. The total aboveground biomass could be estimated with comparable results using DBH2 × stem height, weighted by the infra-density (r2 = 0.961, p < 0.0001, relative RMSE (%RMSE) = 5.7%). A simpler model excluding infra-density did not severely compromise results (R2 = 0.939, p < 0.0003, %RMSE = 8.2%). We also examined existing allometric models, established elsewhere in the world, for estimating aboveground oil palm biomass in our study area. These models exhibited performances inferior to the best local allometric equations that were developed.
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ARá‰VALO, José Ramón, Gloria GARCáA-FARIá‘A, Yeray MONTES DE OCA, and Silvia FERNáNDEZ-LUGO. "Differences in Carbon Sequestration in Native vs. Exotic Pine Species (Tenerife, Canary Islands)." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Agriculture 70, no. 2 (November 25, 2013): 299–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-agr:9744.
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Global warming can be mitigated by carbon sequestration through forestry and agroforestry. For countries with low industrial development, carbon sequestration also represents an opportunity to fund sustainable development. In the Canary Islands, CO2 emissions are above the average for Spain, in fact, they are estimated to be three times higher. Authorities have been working in recent years to reduce these emissions and increase carbon sequestration. Afforestation on the island of Tenerife has been carried out mainly using an endemic pine species (Pinus canariensis), the dominant species of native pine forest stands. However, the exotic Pinus radiata has also been introduced in some areas. The success of exotic invasive species is often attributed to their capacity for fast growth, particularly when resources are not limited and can continue to increase. In this situation, exotic species are more competitive compared to native ones. We evaluated the capacity to absorb CO2 of P. radiata vs. P. canariensis under similar environmental conditions and planted during the same period. Through allometric equations for above ground biomass, we estimated the amount of biomass and carbon content in individuals and extrapolated these results to the rest of the mass (in the the Corona Forestal Natural Park in Tenerife). Our preliminary results revealed that P. radiata and P. canariensis sequester different amounts of carbon under similar environmental conditions. The carbon capture strategy of a species is strongly associated with disturbance, with species from disturbed sites having traits that confer capacity for fast growth. We suggest that P. radiata has a higher carbon sequestration capability per individual than the native species P. canariensis. However, the much larger extensions and density of P. canariensis make this species the main carbon sink on the island.
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Fawzy, Samer, Ahmed I. Osman, John Doran, and David W. Rooney. "Strategies for mitigation of climate change: a review." Environmental Chemistry Letters 18, no. 6 (July 30, 2020): 2069–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01059-w.
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Abstract Climate change is defined as the shift in climate patterns mainly caused by greenhouse gas emissions from natural systems and human activities. So far, anthropogenic activities have caused about 1.0 °C of global warming above the pre-industrial level and this is likely to reach 1.5 °C between 2030 and 2052 if the current emission rates persist. In 2018, the world encountered 315 cases of natural disasters which are mainly related to the climate. Approximately 68.5 million people were affected, and economic losses amounted to $131.7 billion, of which storms, floods, wildfires and droughts accounted for approximately 93%. Economic losses attributed to wildfires in 2018 alone are almost equal to the collective losses from wildfires incurred over the past decade, which is quite alarming. Furthermore, food, water, health, ecosystem, human habitat and infrastructure have been identified as the most vulnerable sectors under climate attack. In 2015, the Paris agreement was introduced with the main objective of limiting global temperature increase to 2 °C by 2100 and pursuing efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 °C. This article reviews the main strategies for climate change abatement, namely conventional mitigation, negative emissions and radiative forcing geoengineering. Conventional mitigation technologies focus on reducing fossil-based CO2 emissions. Negative emissions technologies are aiming to capture and sequester atmospheric carbon to reduce carbon dioxide levels. Finally, geoengineering techniques of radiative forcing alter the earth’s radiative energy budget to stabilize or reduce global temperatures. It is evident that conventional mitigation efforts alone are not sufficient to meet the targets stipulated by the Paris agreement; therefore, the utilization of alternative routes appears inevitable. While various technologies presented may still be at an early stage of development, biogenic-based sequestration techniques are to a certain extent mature and can be deployed immediately.
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Jenvey, Nigel. "Technology Focus: Decarbonization (July 2022)." Journal of Petroleum Technology 74, no. 07 (July 1, 2022): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0722-0080-jpt.
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Have you noticed that the pace, breadth, and depth of engagement in decarbonization within the oil and gas industry is going from strength to strength? In addition to corporate commitments and project announcements, this was evident in the content of OnePetro technical papers during the past year that demonstrate the industry is serious about implementation. In the inaugural JPT Technology Focus article last year, we shared three selected papers on the role of natural gas in fuel-switching; carbon capture, use, and storage (CCUS); and hydrogen technologies that are part of the toolkit of solutions that avoid, reduce, replace, offset, or sequester greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions. This year is different. We focus on CCUS and, explicitly, three papers from the Asia Pacific region. You may be wondering: why? The answer is that countries in Asia Pacific comprise the world’s most populous and fastest-growing economies, which already contribute to half of all GHG emissions and which are expected to account for almost two-thirds of global energy demand growth over the next 2 decades. It is for these reasons that, for CCUS to be successful as a global climate-change mitigation technology (and we know that it is vital to meet global targets), it has to be deployed successfully at scale in the growing markets in Asia Pacific. Please enjoy the following summary of three selected papers on the assessment of CCUS technologies in the Asia Pacific region that go a long way toward identifying and developing the region’s understanding of deployment and underpinning future investment.
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Jenvey, Nigel. "Technology Focus: Decarbonization (July 2021)." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 07 (July 1, 2021): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0721-0064-jpt.
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Have you noticed the change in the oil and gas industry over the past year with its engagement in carbon management, decarbonization, and net-zero-emissions targets? Policy support and technology advances in alternative energies have delivered massive cost reduction in renewables more quickly, and to a greater degree, than expected. Over the past few years, more of the world’s capital has been spent on electricity than oil and gas sup-ply, and more than half of all new energy-generation capacity is now renewable. Some elements of society, therefore, have suggested that this is the beginning of the end for the fossil-fuel sector and call for investors to turn away from oil and gas and “leave it in the ground.” In more than a century of almost continuous change, however, the oil and gas industry has a long track record of innovative thinking, creative solutions, and different business models. SPE papers and events that covered decarbonization during the past year show that a wide variety of solutions already exist that avoid, reduce, replace, offset, or sequester greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It is clear, therefore, that decarbonization technologies will now be as important as 4D seismic, horizontal wells, and hydraulic fracturing. That is why we now bring you this inaugural Technology Focus feature dedicated to decarbonization. The experience and capability of the entire JPT community in decarbonization is critical. Please enjoy the following summary of three selected papers on the role of natural gas in fuel-switching; carbon capture, use, and storage (CCUS); and hydrogen technologies that deliver the dual challenge of providing more energy with less GHG emission. There are many ways to engage in the SPE decarbonization efforts in the remainder of 2021. Regional events have addressed CCUS, hydrogen, geothermal, and methane. There is also the new SPE Gaia sustainability program to enable and empower all members who wish to engage in the alignment of the future of energy with sustainable development. The Gaia program has an on-demand library of materials, including an existing series on methane, and upcoming similar events on other energy transition, natural capital and regeneration, and social responsibility priorities. Get involved through your SPE section or chapter or contact your regional Gaia liaison to find out what Gaia programming you can support or lead at www.spe.org/en/gaia.
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Irawati, Wahyu, Adolf Jan Nexson Parhusip, Nida Sopiah, and Juniche Anggelique Tnunay. "The Role of Heavy Metals-Resistant Bacteria Acinetobacter sp. in Copper Phytoremediation using Eichhornia crasippes [(Mart.) Solms]." KnE Life Sciences 3, no. 5 (September 11, 2017): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v3i5.995.
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<p>Phytoremediation is a bioremediation process using plants and microorganisms to extract, sequester, or detoxify heavy metals. <em>Eichhornia crassipes </em>[(Mart.) Solms] is a well-known phytoremediating plant that has the ability to remove heavy metals from water by accumulating them in their tissues. <em>Acinetobacter </em>sp. IrC1 and <em>Acinetobacter </em>sp. IrC2 are copper resistant bacteria isolated from industrial waste in Rungkut, Surabaya. The aim of this research was to study the effect of <em>Acinetobacter </em>sp. IrC1 and <em>Acinetobacter </em>sp. IrC2 inoculation in copper phytoremediation process using <em>Eichhornia crassipes</em>. Bacterial isolate with colony form unit of 10<sup>8 </sup>was inoculated into the rhizosphere of <em>Eichhornia crassipes </em>in water containing 10 mL · L<sup>–1 </sup>and 20 mL · L<sup>–1</sup> copper. Copper removal in contaminated water and copper accumulation in the plant roots was analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results showed that inoculation treatment enhanced the potency of the plant to reduce copper from 94 % concentration level in the medium without bacterial inoculation to 98.3 % and 97 % in medium inoculated with <em>Acinetobacter </em>sp. IrC1 and <em>Acinetobacter </em>sp. IrC2, respectively. <em>Eichhornia crassipes </em>inoculated with <em>Acinetobacter </em>sp. IrC1 accumulated up to six fold higher copper concentrations in roots compared with un-inoculated controls. The roots of <em>Eichhornia crassipes</em> accumulated 596 mg · kg<sup>–1</sup>and 391 mg · kg<sup>–1</sup> in medium containing 5 mL · L<sup>–1</sup> and 10 mL · L<sup>–1</sup> copper without inoculation, while, the upper part of the plants accumulated up to 353 2.5 mg · kg<sup>–1</sup> and 194 1.5 mg · kg<sup>–1</sup> in medium inoculated with <em>Acinetobacter</em> sp. IrC1, respectively. The findings of the study indicated that <em>Acinetobacter </em>sp. IrC1 and <em>Acinetobacter </em>sp. IrC2 can improve the phytoremediation potential of <em>Eichhornia crassipes</em>.</p>
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Kokal, Sunil. "Technology Focus: EOR Operations (June 2021)." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 06 (June 1, 2021): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0621-0062-jpt.
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A long time ago, my mentor, Farooq Ali, wrote a thought-provoking paper on the unfulfilled promises of enhanced oil recovery (EOR). His essential summary: EOR had not lived up to its hype and full potential. There were more than a hundred methods and techniques proposed, but only a few had succeeded commercially. Fast-forward a few decades and into the new century, and the message and conclusions have not changed. EOR has definitely not lived up to its promise, especially from the big-picture perspective of daily oil production rates. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, the world was producing close to 100 million BOPD. Of this, only approximately 4 million BOPD was coming from EOR, and the bulk of this was from thermal. The numbers pale even when compared with shale oil, which has dominated US oil production during the past decade. So why has EOR failed so spectacularly? The answer is complex—mostly economic, less technical. It is difficult to compete against water (flooding), where the cost of the injectant is practically free. Compare this with EOR, where you have to inject something other than water—either heat, a gas or solvent, polymer, surfactant, or something exotic such as microbes. These techniques cost money and make EOR inherently expensive. They have become the Achilles’ heel of EOR. So, what is the message for those of us working in EOR? Make EOR cost-competitive, improve waterflooding, or join the sustainability bandwagon that is sweeping the world? That is the call of the hour, and for decades to come. While other EOR methods such as thermal and chemical will have a limited future, injection of carbon dioxide (CO2) for EOR will be a win/win proposition. It provides a way to sequester CO2 and produce additional oil at the same time. The oil revenues provide the “U” in “CCUS” (carbon capture, utilization, and storage) that will play a vital role in the removal of CO2. CCUS is considered by most to be an essential part of the climate-change portfolio of solutions. The papers in this feature are examples of CO2 sequestration either with EOR or in saline aquifers. One provides the EOR and storage potential in the Norwegian continental shelf. Another is a case study of improving asset performance in marginal pay regions. The third is an example that capitalizes on the US government’s 45Q tax credits for incentivizing CO2 injection. Our industry has been the custodian of subterranean reservoirs. We are the experts in managing and developing them. Why not use that expertise to find solutions for climate change by capturing and removing carbon and being part of the solution? Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org. SPE 200363 Economic Assessment of Strategies for CO2 EOR and Storage in Brownfield Residual Oil Zones: A Case Study From the Seminole San Andres Unit by Bo Ren, The University of Texas at Austin, et al. OTC 30157 Effects of CO2/Rock/Formation Brine Parameters on CO2 Injectivity for Sequestration by Muhammad Aslam Md Yusof, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, et al. SPE 202276 Is Chemical EOR Finally Coming of Age? by Eric Delamaide, IFP Technologies
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Krivchenya, D. Yu, Ye O. Rudenko, V. P. Prytula, S. F. Hussaini, and I. I. Shulzhyk. "Surgical treatment of pulmonary sequestration in children." Paediatric Surgery. Ukraine, no. 2(75) (June 25, 2022): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15574/ps.2022.75.31.
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Pulmonary sequestration is a complex malformation of the lungs, which is based on a violation of the development of their bronchopulmonary and vascular components. The multifactorial nature of morphological and functional disorders is clinically manifested by respiratory distress syndrome and heart failure with a threat of a critical outcome for a newborn child, despite the sufficient development of the respiratory system as a whole. Purpose - optimization of diagnosis and treatment of lung sequestration in children based on the study of clinical and diagnostic data, as well as the results of surgical treatment. Materials and methods. The study included 18 patients aged from 8 days to 18 years, including newborns - 6, children from 1 to 12 months - 5, from 1 to 3 years - 3, from 7 to 9 years - 2 and from 15 to 18 years - 2. Median age was 4.5 months. Research methods included evaluation of clinical symptoms, chest X-ray, contrast-enhanced CT, and angiography. Prenatal diagnosis was carried out using ultrasonography and fetal MRI. In all cases, open surgical treatment was used. Results. Intrapulmonary sequestration was diagnosed in 13 (72.2%) patients, extrapulmonary - in 5 (27.8%), p=0.082. Left-sided localization in 11 (61.1%) patients, right-sided localization in 7 (38.9%) patients, р=0.3. Associated malformations had 9 (50%) patients: polycystic (n=4) or hypoplasia (n=2) of the lung, diaphragmatic hernia (n=3), pericardial defect (n=1), thoracic dystopia of the kidney (n=2), Waardenburg syndrome (n=1), ventricular septal defect (n=1), innominate artery tracheal compression (n=1). Symptomatic course was noted in 15 (83.3%) patients, asymptomatic - in 3 (16.7%) cases (p=0.021). Main symptoms were as follows: pulmonary bleeding, hemophthisis, respiratory and hemodynamic disorders, signs of inflammation. Lobectomy (n=8), atypical segmental lung resection (n=4) and transection of aberrant vessels (n=1) were performed for intrapulmonary sequestration, and sequestrectomy (n=4) for extrapulmonary sequestration. In cases of associated diaphragmatic hernia (n=3), simultaneous diaphragmatic plasty was performed, including using a non-free pericardial flap (n=1) or a PTFE patch (n=1), and in case of innominate artery compression of the trachea, aortopexy (n=1). In 17 (94.4%) cases, a positive result of surgical treatment was noted. Postoperative complications (intrathoracic bleeding) and lethality were observed in 1 (5.6%) case. Patients were examined in the long-term period from 2 months to 30 years after surgery. Conclusions. Surgical correction of pulmonary sequestration is appropriate as the diagnosis is made, mainly in the neonatal period. Given the complexity of the pathology, especially in the presence of associated malformations, and the expediency of early correction in the neonatal period, thoracotomy access should be preferred as safer for sequential division of arterial and then venous vessels, and for atypical segmental lung resection or lobectomy, depending on peculiarities of sequester. The presence of associated defects requires simultaneous correction. In the case of associated diaphragmatic hernia, autopericardial defect plastics or a synthetic patch are appropriate as an alternative to simple suturing. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the participating institution. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. No conflict of interests was declared by the authors. Keywords: congenital malformations of the lungs, lung sequestration, surgical treatment, children.
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Heinen, Joel T., and Roberta (‘Bobbi’) S. Low. "Human Behavioural Ecology and Environmental Conservation." Environmental Conservation 19, no. 2 (1992): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900030575.
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We contend that humans, as living organisms, evolved to sequester resources to maximize reproductive success, and that many basic aspects of human behaviour reflect this evolutionary history. Much of the environment with which we currently deal is evolutionarily novel, and much behaviour which is ultimately not in our own interests, persists in this novel environment. Environmentalists frequently stress the need for ‘sustainable development’, however it is defined (seeRedclift, 1987), and we contend that a knowledge of how humans are likely to behave with regard to resource use, and therefore a knowledge of what kinds of programmes are likely to work in any particular situation, is necessary to achieve sustainability. Specifically, we predict that issues which are short-term, local, and/or acute, such as an immediate health-risk, will be much easier to solve than issues which are broad, and which affect individuals other than ourselves, our relatives, and our friends. The bigger the issue is, the less effective is likely to be the response. Hence, the biggest and most troublesome ecological issues will be the most difficult to solve —inter aliabecause of our evolutionary history as outlined above.This may not appear to bode well for the future of the world; for example, Molte (1988) contends that there are several hundred international environmental agreements in place, but Carroll (1988) contends that, in general, none of them is particularly effective if the criterion for effectiveness is a real solution to the problem. There are countless examples of ‘aggressors’ (those nations causing the problem) not complying with an agreement, slowing its ratification, or reducing its effectiveness (e.g.the USversusCanada, or Great BritainversusSweden, with regard to acid rain legislation: Fig. 1,cf.Bjorkbom, 1988). The main problem in these cases is that the costs are externalized and hence discounted by those receiving the benefits of being able to pollute. Any proposed change is bound to conflict with existing social structures, and negotiations necessarily involve compromise in aquid pro quofashion (Brewer, 1980). We contend, along with Caldwell (1988) and Putnam (1988), that nations are much too large to think of as individual actors in these spheres. Interest groups within nations can affect ratification of international environmental treaties; for example, automobile industry interestsversusthose of environmental NGOs in the USA on the acid rain issue. It may even be that our evolutionary history is inimical to the entire concept of the modern nation state.Barring major, global, socio-political upheaval, we suggest that a knowledge of the evolution of resource use by humans can be used to solve at least some resource-related problems in modern industrial societies. In some cases, these can probably be solved with information alone, and in other cases, the problems can probably be solved by playing on our evolutionary history as social reciprocators; environmental problems which tend to be relatively local and short-term may be solvable in these ways. Economic incentives can provide solutions to many other types of problems by manipulating the cost and benefits to individuals. We suggest that broader, large-scale environmental problems are much more difficult to solve than narrower, small-scale ones, precisely because humans have evolved to discount such themes; stringent regulations and the formation of coalitions, combined with economic incentives to use alternatives and economic disincentives (fines) not to do so, may be the only potential solutions to some major, transboundary environmental issues.In preparing this argument, we have reviewed literature from many scholarly fields well outside the narrow scope of our expertise in behavioural ecology and wildlife conservation. Our reading of many works from anthropology, economics, political science, public policy, and international development, will doubtless seem naïve and simplistic to practitioners of those fields, and solving all environmental problems will ultimately take expertise from all of these fields and more. In general, however, we have found agreement for many of our ideas from these disparate disciplines, but much of their literature does not allow for a rigorous, quantitative hypothesis-testing approach to analysing the main thesis presented here — an approach that we, as scientists, would encourage. We hope to challenge people interested in environmental issues from many perspectives, to consider our arguments and find evidence,proorcon, so that we (collectively) may come closer to a better analysis of, and ultimately to solutions for, our most pressing environmental problems.
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Emera, Mohammed K., and Hemanta K. Sarma. "A Reliable Correlation To Predict the Change in Minimum Miscibility Pressure When CO2 Is Diluted With Other Gases." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 9, no. 04 (August 1, 2006): 366–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/93478-pa.
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Summary A new genetic algorithm (GA)-based correlation has been developed to estimate the change in MMP when CO2 is diluted with other gases, termed "impure CO2" in the context of this paper. The advantage of this correlation over others is that it can be used for gas mixtures with higher N2 concentrations (tested up to 20 mol%) and with non-CO2 component concentrations up to 78 mol% (e.g., H2S, N2, SOx, O2, and C1-C4) with a higher accuracy. Equally important, it could be a useful screening tool when experimental data are not available and when developing an optimal and economical laboratory program to estimate the MMP. In developing this correlation, the GA software developed in our earlier work (Emera and Sarma 2005a) has been modified to account for various components in the injected-gas stream. The correlation estimates the change in MMP as a function of injected-gas solvency in the oil. The solvency, in turn, is related to critical properties of the injected gas (critical temperature and pressure). In addition, pure CO2/oil MMP is used as an input in this correlation. The correlation has been validated successfully against published experimental data and several correlations in the literature. It yielded a better match with an average error of 4.7% and a standard deviation of 6.3%, followed by the Sebastian et al. (1985) correlation with a 13.1% average error and a 22.0% standard deviation and the Alston et al.(1985) correlation with a 14.1% average error and a 43.2% standard deviation. Introduction CO2 miscible flooding is among the most widely applied nonthermal enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) techniques. Among gas-injection processes, CO2 is preferred to hydrocarbon gases because of its lower cost and high displacement efficiency. Furthermore, the increasing global awareness of the detrimental effects on the environment of industrial gases containing high CO2 concentrations has also contributed to an added impetus to harness these gases and sequester them into petroleum reservoirs while also enhancing oil recovery. An a priori understanding of the effect of various impurities on the CO2/oil MMP is critical to the design and implementation of a CO2 gas-injection project. Key factors that affect CO2 flooding are reservoir temperature, oil characteristics, reservoir pressure, and the purity of injected CO2 itself. Field case histories from CO2 floods in the Permian Basin, west Texas, suggest that CO2 purity should not be viewed as too rigid a constraint because the use of a low-purity CO2 stream could also be economic and effective in enhancing oil recovery. In fact, certain impurities, such as H2S and SOx, could contribute toward attaining CO2/oil miscibility at lower pressures. The presence of C1 and N2, however, could increase the MMP. From an operational perspective, it is often the remaining low percentages of non-CO2 gases that are more difficult and costly to remove, requiring expensive gas-separation facilities. Safety and compression cost considerations also justify near-miscible CO2 flood applications for some reservoirs. Therefore, the potential of injecting impure gases containing both CO2 and non-CO2 components (H2S, N2, SOx, O2, and C1-C4) could be an attractive option, provided the impure gas composition does not affect the process performance adversely and its overall impact on miscibility with the oil, separation/purification at the surface, and subsequent reinjection is evaluated and well understood a priori. This paper presents a reliable GA-based correlation to estimate the change in MMP when CO2 is diluted with other gases, together with a comprehensive comparison of its efficiency against other commonly used correlations (listed in Table 1). The software designed in our earlier work (Emera and Sarma 2005a) to develop an MMP correlation for pure CO2 and oil has been modified to account for impure CO2 gases with non-CO2 components. The GA software used in this study has been presented in the flow chart provided in Fig. 1. This figure also presents the stopping criterion under which the fitness of the solution is decided and accepted. The GA software uses real numbers coded as chromosomes (problem solutions comparable to chromosomes of the biological system) to encode the correlation in an initial random population (group of solutions) of 100 chromosomes size. Such an encoding technique enhances the GA robustness. Each chromosome is evaluated on the basis of a fitness value, which is designed on the basis of the objective function (minimizing the misfit between observed and predicted values). For the selection technique, the roulette wheel method was used. Also, to produce a new offspring (new solutions), reproduction operators such as one-point crossover and mutation were used. Moreover, the correlation errors could be minimized further through a series of iterative optimization runs using the previous software results as a new initial population.
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Shantaram, Manjula. "The carbon challenge." Biomedicine 41, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 692–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.51248/.v41i4.1388.
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If one has a passion for the planet, then this is the right time to drastically lower the carbon emissions. A carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse gases (including carbon dioxide and methane) that are generated by our actions. The average carbon footprint for a person in the United States is 16 tons, one of the highest rates in the world. Some carbon emissions will probably never be eradicated entirely from certain industries, such as air travel or construction. When emissions cannot be further reduced, carbon offsetting is the next best thing, says Winters (1). Offsetting emissions is paying for or investing in organisations that can extract carbon from the atmosphere to help others reduce their footprint. It could include investing in reforestation projects or new technologies that suck carbon out of the atmosphere and sequester it underground permanently, technologies to replace jet fuel with alternative green fuels, or switching fossil-fuel-powered facilities with hydrogen-powered facilities. Unless the global economy meets the aims of the Paris Agreement, keeping climate change well below 2°C, the world is expected to suffer extreme weather conditions leading to mass migration and global catastrophe. The argument for global companies to reduce their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is clearer than it has ever been. Business operations around the world are now subject to greater climate and transition risks. Consumers are insisting for eco-friendly products and responsible corporate behaviours. Investors are increasingly embracing capital-allocation strategies that take environmental, social, and governance (ESG) issues into account. Policy makers and government organizations are exploring the potential regulation of carbon emissions. The more aggressive the targets, the better the results. In COP26 climate summit in Glasgow held in November 2021, it was made clear that the current climate crisis has been precipitated by unsustainable lifestyles and wasteful consumption patterns mainly in the developed countries. The world needs to awaken to this reality. Globally, the building and construction sectors account for nearly 40% of global energy-related carbon dioxide emissions in constructing and operating buildings (2). Current building codes address operating energy but do not typically address the impacts of embodied carbon in building materials and products. However, more than half of all GHG emissions is related to materials management (including material extraction and manufacturing) when aggregated across industrial sectors (3). In order to reduce our carbon footprint, we can start an eco-friendlier life. In winter, instead of heating, insulate the loft and walls which will make sure our home retains heat during the winter and stays cool in summer. By switching to a company that provides electricity from solar, wind, or hydroelectric energy, we can reduce our household emissions. Buy energy efficient electrical appliances. Additionally, make sure to turn off and unplug anything we are not using. It takes energy and resources to process and deliver water to our homes. So, by using less water, we can help the environment and lower our carbon footprint. The food we eat can have a significant impact on the environment. For example, meat and dairy products require a lot of land, water and energy to produce. They also create a lot of methane, a greenhouse gas. Moreover, food shipped from overseas uses a lot more resources than local produce. By eating fewer animal products, especially red meat, (or choosing a plant-based diet) and shopping for locally sourced food, we can make a big difference. Why not support our local farmers’ market? Powering empty rooms and office space is a huge energy drain. By making sure we turn off lights and appliances when they are not in use, we can make sure we are not wasting power. we can also request to install automatic, movement-sensing lights and energy-saving LED bulbs to address the issue. It has never been easier to collaborate with others online. Whether through sharing documents using cloud storage or video conferencing instead of travelling, we can reduce our waste and emissions. Try moving away from printed documents where possible, and encourage others to work on their digital skills for the workplace. Cycling and walking are two of the most environmentally friendly ways to travel. And, not only are they good for the planet, but they are also good for our health. If we can, choose to cycle or walk to work where possible. ‘Reduce, reuse, recycle’ is a popular slogan. Companies of all sizes use a host of different products in their day-to-day running. Whether it has things like paper, electronic devices, packaging, or water, it all has a carbon footprint. By reducing the amount of waste, we generate, reusing IT equipment, and recycling waste, we can make a real difference. Single use plastics may be convenient, yet they are fairly dreadful for the environment. Not only do they pollute our waterways and oceans, but they also require energy to produce and recycle. We can stop using things like disposable coffee cups and cutlery to reduce our company’s carbon footprint. Instead of preaching, let us practise and bring a change.