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Capicchioni, Amos. "Trust <i>sham</i> e tutela cautelare (Trib. Perugia, 31 luglio 2021)." marzo-aprile, no. 2 (April 7, 2022): 344–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.35948/1590-5586/2022.91.
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Massima È assoggettabile a sequestro conservativo ex art. 671 cod. proc. civ. la nuda proprietà di un immobile che l’ex amministratrice di una s.r.l., convenuta in giudizio dalla curatela del fallimento della società per mala gestio e condotte distrattive, ha segregato in un trust autodichiarato in favore dei propri discendenti, essendo il trust sham per essersi il disponente/trustee riservato il diritto di abitazione e il potere di revocare i beneficiari e nominarne di nuovi e avere così mantenuto la disponibilità del fondo in trust.
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Chiapponi, Giovanni. "Can harmonized time limits in European civil procedure enhance the effectiveness of the enforcement of EU Law? = Possono termini processuali armonizzati in materia civile incre-mentare l’ effettività nell’esecuzione del diritto dell’Unione Europea?" CUADERNOS DE DERECHO TRANSNACIONAL 12, no. 1 (March 5, 2020): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/cdt.2020.5202.
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Abstract: The article focuses on the judgment Al Bosco, rendered by the ECJ on 4th October 2018. Al Bosco gives a new insight as to how the ECJ interprets the following questions: firstly, it clarifies the relationship between the doctrine of extended effects and that of equivalent effects; secondly, it underlines the importance of the principle of legal certainty; finally, it addresses issues concerning the time limit for the enforcement of a provisional measure issued in a Member State other than the Member State in which enforcement is sought. Against such a background, I will examine the pos-sibility of introducing a uniform and autonomous concept of harmonized time limits within the EU.Keywords: Time limits, provisional measures, recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and com-mercial matters, civil judicial cooperation, harmonisation.Riassunto: lo scritto è di commento alla sentenza “Al Bosco”, pronunciata dalla CGUE il 4 ottobre 2018. L’arresto in parola si segnala per il quid novi introdotto dalla Corte di Lussemburgo sull’interpretazione di talune questioni: inizialmente, chiarifica il rapporto tra il principio di estensione dell’efficacia e quello di equivalenza degli effetti; sottolinea, quindi, la centralità del principio di legalità giuridica. Affronta, da ultimo, talune problematiche relative all’applicazione del termine per l’esecuzione di una misura cautelare (un sequestro conservativo) in un contesto transfrontaliero. La sentenza mi fornisce lo spunto per svolgere alcune brevi considerazioni circa l’opportunità di valutare l’introduzione di un concetto autonomo ed uniforme di termini processuali armonizzati all’interno dell’Unione Europea. Parole chiave: termini processuali, misure cautelari, riconoscimento ed esecuzione di decisioni in materia civile e commerciale, cooperazione giudiziale in materia civile, armonizzazione.
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Sergushkin, R. R., and A. N. Bezin. "COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT TREATMENTS FOR CORNEAL SEQUESTER IN CATS." International Journal of Veterinary Medicine, no. 3 (October 18, 2022): 213–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.52419/issn2072-2419.2022.3.213.
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Corneal pathologies in cats are the main causes of reduced visual acuity and blindness. Corneal sequestration is a specific disease of cats characterized by stromal necrosis of the cornea, in the form of black or brown foci of pathological tissue. If left untreated, sequestration consistently affects all layers of the cornea up to its perforation, which in turn leads to purulent inflammation of all the membranes of the eye and forced removal of the eye. In the last 5 years, corneal sequestration has taken one of the leading places among diseases of the organ of vision in cats, so the search for effective methods of treatment is one of the main issues in veterinary ophthalmology.Also, it is worth noting that in the course of studying the scientific literature, it was found that there were no works from other authors that directly compared the methods of treatment presented in my work.The aim of our study was to compare two treatments for corneal sequestration in cats.This article presents two methods of treating corneal sequestration in cats of various breeds: conservative and surgical. The clinical manifestations of corneal sequestration in cats are presented. The therapeutic efficacy of conservative treatment was studied. The description and effectiveness of the surgical method is given. In a comparative analysis of two options for treatment tactics in cats with corneal sequestration of the cornea, the surgical method of treatment is the most effective and radical, in comparison with the conservative one. First of all, this was due to the fact that the animals showed a complete restoration of visual ability, as well as a decrease in the risks of complications and relapses.
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Fitch, G. L., and M. J. Martinelli. "Conservative and surgical management of a sequestrum involving the radial cortex in two horses." Equine Veterinary Education 10, no. 5 (October 1998): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3292.1998.tb00883.x.
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Sandhage‐Hofmann, Alexandra, Anja Linstädter, Liana Kindermann, Simon Angombe, and Wulf Amelung. "Conservation with elevated elephant densities sequesters carbon in soils despite losses of woody biomass." Global Change Biology 27, no. 19 (July 17, 2021): 4601–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15779.
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Teobaldo, Débora, and Gustavo Macedo de Mello Baptista. "Quantificação da Severidade das Queimadas e da Perda de Sequestro Florestal de Carbono em Unidades de Conservação do Distrito Federal (Measurement of Severity of Fires and Loss of Carbon Forest sink in the Conservation Units at Distrito Federal)." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 9, no. 1 (February 10, 2016): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v9.1.p250-264.
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O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o grau de severidade das queimadas e da perda do sequestro de carbono nas principais Unidades de Conservação do Distrito Federal nos anos de 2010 e 2011. Para determinar o grau de severidade utilizou-se índices espectrais antes e depois da queimada, como o índice de queimada por razão normalizada (NBR) e o índice relativo diferenciado de queimada por razão normalizada (RdNBR). O sequestro de carbono perdido pela queimada foi comparado antes, depois da queimada e na rebrota pelo índice espectral CO2flux. A relação entre a severidade e o sequestro de carbono também foi determinada por meio das imagens de pré-fogo, pós-fogo e da rebrota e a comparação temporal do CO2flux. As regressões obtidas para o ano de 2010 foram bastante de acordo com o esperado, com baixa relação antes da queimada, alta após, e menor na rebrota. Já para 2011, como ocorreram queimadas ao longo de todo o período, não foi possível verificar relações favoráveis. A B S T R A C T The aim of this study was to assess the burn severity and carbon sink in the Conservation Units at Distrito Federal in the 2010 and 2011. For the burn severity index was used to quantify biomass before and after burning, such as a Normalized Burn Ratio - NBR and relative differenced Normalized Burn Ratio - RdNBR indices. Carbon sink lost by the burning was compared before and after fire by regrowth CO2flux spectral index. The relationship between the burn severity and carbon sink were also made by means the pre, post-fire and regrowth images, and temporal comparison of CO2flux. The regressions obtained for the 2010 were largely in agreement with expectations, with a low pre-fire, after high and low in regrowth. Already in 2011, as fires occurred throughout the period, it was not possible to verify favorable relationships. Keywords: Biomass, burn severity, RdNBR, carbon sink, CO2flux.
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Knowlton, Nancy. "Ocean Optimism: Moving Beyond the Obituaries in Marine Conservation." Annual Review of Marine Science 13, no. 1 (January 3, 2021): 479–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-040220-101608.
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While the ocean has suffered many losses, there is increasing evidence that important progress is being made in marine conservation. Examples include striking recoveries of once-threatened species, increasing rates of protection of marine habitats, more sustainably managed fisheries and aquaculture, reductions in some forms of pollution, accelerating restoration of degraded habitats, and use of the ocean and its habitats to sequester carbon and provide clean energy. Many of these achievements have multiple benefits, including improved human well-being. Moreover, better understanding of how to implement conservation strategies effectively, new technologies and databases, increased integration of the natural and social sciences, and use of indigenous knowledge promise continued progress. Enormous challenges remain, and there is no single solution; successful efforts typically are neither quick nor cheap and require trust and collaboration. Nevertheless, a greater focus on solutions and successes will help them to become the norm rather than the exception.
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Bateman, Benjamin. "A Flattened Protagonist: Sleep and Environmental Mitigation in Lydia Millet’s How the Dead Dream." Contemporary Women's Writing 13, no. 2 (July 2019): 152–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cww/vpz012.
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Abstract Thinking with contemporary American novelist Lydia Millet’s How the Dead Dream (2007), this essay explores sleep as a form of ecological relief and argues that the form of the novel can critically expose the limitations of a “set-aside” approach to environmental conservation. As the protagonist T. loses the ability to sequester personal losses, he pursues co-sleeping opportunities with critically endangered animals both in zoos and in the wild. Through his somnolent form, the novel imagines sustainable and rehabilitative alternatives to traditional character development.
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Sardiñas, Hillary S., Rebecca Ryals, and Neal M. Williams. "Carbon farming can enhance pollinator resources." California Agriculture 76, no. 4 (February 2023): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3733/ca.2022a0014.
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Native California bees and other wild pollinators, which are essential to many fruit and vegetable crops, are being threatened by climate change, pesticides and habitat degradation. Carbon farming, a set of practices that sequester carbon in the soil or woody biomass, can create habitat that supports these pollinators. This paper focuses on habitat management and farming practices that both increase carbon sequestration and benefit pollinator communities. By incentivizing and supporting conservation practices that incorporate carbon farming, we can protect wild pollinators and increase the resilience of California agriculture in the face of ongoing climate change.
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Slynko, Ie I., O. O. Potapov, Yu V. Derkach, A. I. Ermoliev, and A. Ya Andrukhiv. "MANAGEMENT OF LUMBOSACRAL RADICULITIS." Eastern Ukrainian Medical Journal 8, no. 4 (2020): 439–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/eumj.2020;8(4):439-447.
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4,000 patients with discogenic lumbosacral radiculitis were treated. 2,000 patients were managed conservatively, 1,000 patients underwent microdiscectomy and 1,000 patients underwent endoscopic discectomy. The authors of the paper compared indications for different types of treatment, effectiveness of treatment, and duration of rehabilitation. The age of patients in both groups ranged 18 to 78 years. Treatment outcomes were evaluated using the Macnab scale, including the need for additional treatment, duration of rehabilitation treatment, and terms of return to work. Currently, the results of conservative treatment of lumbar hernias are being discussed in the literature. In general, according to authors, the result of conservative treatment is inversely proportional to the size of hernias: the smaller the hernia, the more successful the treatment results. Moreover, there is no clear correlation with the conservative treatment methods. At the same time, the results of surgical intervention directly correlate with the size of hernias or sequesters: the larger the hernia, the better the outcome. Alternatively, microsurgical and endoscopic interventions were used with similar outcomes and relapse rates. The long-term outcomes were tracked using the Macnab scale. Relapses of hernias in the endoscopic discectomy group were found in 18 patients, which was 1.8%. Relapses of hernias in the microdiscectomy group were found in 11 patients, which was 1.1%. Modern conservative methods of treatment allow good outcomes for treatment of hernias even up to 8 mm. In patients with hernias 8 mm to 10 mm the results of conservative treatment were generally not satisfactory and relapses occurred quickly. In patients with hernias of more than 10 mm, conservative treatment is not recommended; positive outcomes are possible only with the use of surgical methods.
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Nowak, David, Jack Stevens, Susan Sisinni, and Christopher Luley. "Effects of Urban Tree Management and Species Selection on Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 28, no. 3 (May 1, 2002): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2002.017.
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Trees sequester and store carbon in their tissue at differing rates and amounts based on such factors as tree size at maturity, life span, and growth rate. Concurrently, tree care practices release carbon back to the atmosphere based on fossil-fuel emissions from maintenance equipment (e.g., chain saws, trucks, chippers). Management choices such as tree locations for energy conservation and tree disposal methods after removal also affect the net carbon effect of the urban forest. Different species, decomposition, energy conservation, and maintenance scenarios were evaluated to determine how these factors influence the net carbon impact of urban forests and their management. If carbon (via fossil-fuel combustion) is used to maintain vegetation structure and health, urban forest ecosystems eventually will become net emitters of carbon unless secondary carbon reductions (e.g., energy conservation) or limiting decomposition via long-term carbon storage (e.g., wood products, landfills) can be accomplished to offset the maintenance carbon emissions. Management practices to maximize the net benefits of urban forests on atmospheric carbon dioxide are discussed.
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V. Caraig, Renelle. "A Glimpse to Botanical Garden: Case Study in the Environment and Ecological Niche of Molave Tree." BOHR International Journal of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science 1, no. 2 (2022): 62–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.54646/bijcees.007.
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A wood species called molave (Vitex parviflora Juss.) naturally grows in tropical nations like the Philippines. In the marginal uplands, molave is also a plant that is advised for afforestation. The ecological niche of the molave tree is significant to the balance of the terrestrial ecosystems. The trees serve as producers of the biotic organism and provide shelter, oxygen and sequester carbon dioxide. The trees also provide support that upholds the land from erosion and landslides. According to FAO (2004), people in the county continue to unlawfully cut these trees despite the Philippines’ restriction on doing so, which results in an annual deforestation rate of roughly 2.48%, compared to 1.4% in the 1990s. Some of the conservation plans of the government include in situ conservation, integrated protected area systems, geographic mapping of species distribution, and education and training activities for conservation planning. Therefore, the molave tree in the Botanical Garden of University of the Philippines Los Banos has a vital role in controlling the balance of the ecosystems together with the living organisms in the area and ˜ must be sustained and protected.
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Bouchard, Natalie R., Deanna L. Osmond, Ryan J. Winston, and William F. Hunt. "The capacity of roadside vegetated filter strips and swales to sequester carbon." Ecological Engineering 54 (May 2013): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.01.018.
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Vittoria Ferroni, Maria. "Rigenerazione urbana e riuso temporaneo dei beni: i beni confiscati alla criminalità organizzata." SOCIOLOGIA URBANA E RURALE, no. 128 (July 2022): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sur2022-128007.
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Il contributo, a partire da una diversa concezione della rigenerazione urbana, riguarda il riuso temporaneo dei beni immobili. Il riuso ha la funzione di rivitalizzare gli immobili degradati, nel periodo transitorio, fin quando divengano luoghi con nuove funzioni. In particolare è stato analizzato il riuso temporaneo ed il riuso sociale dei beni confiscati alla mafia che, nelle more dello svolgimento delle lunghe procedure che ne determinano una nuova destinazione, può essere assegnato temporaneamente fin dalla fase di sequestro agli enti locali ed in particolare il Comune che potrà gestirli direttamente oppure assegnarli ad una serie di soggetti indicati dal legislatore (es. comunità giovanili, organizzazioni di volontariato, centri di recupero e cura dei tossicodipendenti, cooperative).
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Hiltner, Ulrike, Andreas Huth, Bruno Hérault, Anne Holtmann, Achim Bräuning, and Rico Fischer. "Climate change alters the ability of neotropical forests to provide timber and sequester carbon." Forest Ecology and Management 492 (July 2021): 119166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119166.
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Taillardat, Pierre, Benjamin S. Thompson, Michelle Garneau, Karelle Trottier, and Daniel A. Friess. "Climate change mitigation potential of wetlands and the cost-effectiveness of their restoration." Interface Focus 10, no. 5 (August 14, 2020): 20190129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2019.0129.
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The cost-effective mitigation of climate change through nature-based carbon dioxide removal strategies has gained substantial policy attention. Inland and coastal wetlands (specifically boreal, temperate and tropical peatlands; tundra; floodplains; freshwater marshes; saltmarshes; and mangroves) are among the most efficient natural long-term carbon sinks. Yet, they also release methane (CH 4 ) that can offset the carbon they sequester. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis on wetland carbon dynamics to (i) determine their impact on climate using different metrics and time horizons, (ii) investigate the cost-effectiveness of wetland restoration for climate change mitigation, and (iii) discuss their suitability for inclusion in climate policy as negative emission technologies. Depending on metrics, a wetland can simultaneously be a net carbon sink (i.e. boreal and temperate peatlands net ecosystem carbon budget = −28.1 ± 19.13 gC m −2 y −1 ) but have a net warming effect on climate at the 100 years time-scale (i.e. boreal and temperate peatland sustained global warming potential = 298.2 ± 100.6 gCO 2 eq −1 m −2 y −1 ). This situation creates ambivalence regarding the effect of wetlands on global temperature. Moreover, our review reveals high heterogeneity among the (limited number of) studies that document wetland carbon budgets. We demonstrate that most coastal and inland wetlands have a net cooling effect as of today. This is explained by the limited CH 4 emissions that undisturbed coastal wetlands produce, and the long-term carbon sequestration performed by older inland wetlands as opposed to the short lifetime of CH 4 in the atmosphere. Analysis of wetland restoration costs relative to the amount of carbon they can sequester revealed that restoration is more cost-effective in coastal wetlands such as mangroves (US$1800 ton C −1 ) compared with inland wetlands (US$4200–49 200 ton C −1 ). We advise that for inland wetlands, priority should be given to conservation rather than restoration; while for coastal wetlands, both conservation and restoration may be effective techniques for climate change mitigation.
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Golicz, Karolina, Gohar Ghazaryan, Wiebke Niether, Ariani C. Wartenberg, Lutz Breuer, Andreas Gattinger, Suzanne R. Jacobs, Till Kleinebecker, Philipp Weckenbrock, and André Große-Stoltenberg. "The Role of Small Woody Landscape Features and Agroforestry Systems for National Carbon Budgeting in Germany." Land 10, no. 10 (September 30, 2021): 1028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10101028.
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The intensification of food production systems has resulted in landscape simplification, with trees and hedges disappearing from agricultural land, principally in industrialized countries. However, more recently, the potential of agroforestry systems and small woody landscape features (SWFs), e.g., hedgerows, woodlots, and scattered groups of trees, to sequester carbon was highlighted as one of the strategies to combat global climate change. Our study was aimed to assess the extent of SWFs embedded within agricultural landscapes in Germany, estimate their carbon stocks, and investigate the potential for increasing agroforestry cover to offset agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. We analyzed open-source geospatial datasets and identified over 900,000 hectares of SWFs on agricultural land, equivalent to 4.6% of the total farmland. The carbon storage of SWFs was estimated at 111 ± 52 SD teragrams of carbon (Tg C), which was previously unaccounted for in GHG inventories and could play a role in mitigating the emissions. Furthermore, we found cropland to have the lowest SWF density and thus the highest potential to benefit from the implementation of agroforestry, which could sequester between 0.2 and 2 Tg of carbon per year. Our study highlights that country-specific data are urgently needed to refine C stock estimates, improve GHG inventories and inform the large-scale implementation of agroforestry in Germany.
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Kavvadias, V., M. Papadopoulou, E. Vavoulidou, S. Theocharopoulos, G. Koubouris, G. Psarras, Chr Manolaraki, G. Giakoumaki, and A. Vasiliadis. "Effect of sustainable management of olive tree residues on soil fertility in irrigated and rain-fed olive orchards." Journal of Water and Climate Change 9, no. 4 (August 10, 2018): 764–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2018.143.
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Abstract Olive trees are a major source of agricultural residues. Strategies based on different management of organic amendments have been reported to increase soil fertility. The effect of sustainable organic matter input practices (application of shredded pruning residue and olive residue compost to soil) on soil properties in irrigated and rain-fed olive groves was investigated. The study took place in 40 olive groves in the region of Peza, island of Crete, Greece during a 5-year period (2012–2017). The results showed that olive trees play an important role in soil nutrient conservation under semi-arid conditions in the Mediterranean basin. The addition of olive tree residues, in combination with conservation tillage practices, improved soil fertility over the experimental period. Most of the soil properties were favored by irrigation. In olive soil parcels receiving organic materials the soil organic matter and the total nitrogen were increased in irrigated fields. The ability of surface soil to sequester carbon and nutrients beneath the tree canopy of olive groves was high. It is recommended that sustainable soil management practices should consider soil fertility variability of olive orchards.
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Jacobsen, K. L., and C. F. Jordan. "Effects of restorative agroecosystems on soil characteristics and plant production on a degraded soil in the Georgia Piedmont, USA." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 24, no. 3 (July 29, 2009): 186–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170509002592.
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AbstractThis work presents the results of a three-year field study of agroecosystems designed to restore soil organic matter (SOM) to degraded soils of the Georgia Piedmont. The systems combine a suite of management practices previously demonstrated to increase SOM when studied individually, and examine the effects of these techniques when used in combination in a cropping systems context on soil characteristics, crop production and weed biomass. The systems' components include organic management, alley cropping with perennial legumes, conservation tillage, use of winter cover crops, straw mulch and two compost application rates. Vegetable crops grown were a rotation of okra, hot pepper and a corn and winter squash intercrop. The systems were not able to maintain soil C or N without the addition of compost. Systems incorporating alley cropping, organic management, conservation tillage and compost maintained soil C, and increased in soil C when mulch was not applied. In organic, conservation tillage without alley cropping, soil C did not change significantly, even with annual 44.8 Mg ha−1 of compost additions. Patterns for soil N followed those of soil C. The study demonstrated that alley cropping can maintain and sequester soil C and N beyond organic conservation tillage alone, and more than conventionally tilled, chemically fertilized treatments. Crop yields did not vary by treatment due to high variation within treatments. Winter cover crop residue provided an effective weed barrier for 4 to 6 weeks in the spring, but additional hand weeding was required throughout the summer. The results of this systems-level study demonstrated interactions between management practices when used in combination that would not have been observed when studied individually. It also demonstrates that agroforestry techniques, conservation tillage and compost applications can increase soil C in degraded, clayey soils while they are in cultivation.
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Ivanova, M. A., V. A. Parfenov, and A. I. Isaikin. "Conservative treatment for patients with discogenic lumbosacral radiculopathy: results of a prospective follow-up." Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics 10, no. 3 (November 9, 2018): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2018-3-59-65.
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Surgical treatment as accelerated functional recovery for discogenic radiculopathy has been proven to have advantages over medical treatment, the efficiency of which remains debatable. Objective: to investigate the efficiency of combination conservative treatment in patients with discogenic lumbosacral radiculopathy. Patients and methods. Thirty patients (12 men and 18 women; mean age, 39.5±2.2 years) with discogenic lumbosacral radiculopathy confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging were followed up. All the patients underwent combination conservative treatment (epidural glucocorticoid administration, analgesic therapy, and motor mode correction). They were surveyed using questionnaires (numeric pain rating scale (NPRS), Oswestry disability index, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the 12-Item Short Form (SF-12) of Quality of Life (QoL) Questionnaire on admission to the clinic, at 7-14 days after treatment (pain intensity and functional status), and in the long-term period (at 3, 6 and 12 months) after discharge. At baseline, the patients were severely disabled due to pain syndrome. The average Oswestry index was 57.9±3.7%, the back and leg pain intensity scores were 6.5±0.6 and 6.9±0.5, respectively, as evidenced by NPRC. The majority of patients were found to have the combined musculoskeletal sources of pain, such as a myofascial component in 56.7% and sacroiliac joint dysfunction in 43.3%. In these cases, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and muscle relaxants were additionally used. Results. The conservative treatment resulted in a statistically significant clinical improvement with a preserved positive effect in the long term: at 1 year, the average Oswestry index was equal to 16.6±3.9%, the back and leg pain intensity scores were 1.7±0.5 and 1.6±0.5, respectively, as shown by NPRC (p<0.001 vs baseline). Within a year, only one female patient required surgical treatment; regression of large extrusions and sequesters, the average initial size of which reached 11.1 mm, was observed in 9 cases. Conclusion. The findings reflect the efficiency of conservative treatment and the expediency of detecting mixed musculoskeletal disorders and their correction in discogenic radiculopathy.
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Landry, Gabriel, Evelyne Thiffault, Dominic Cyr, Lucas Moreau, Yan Boulanger, and Caren Dymond. "Mitigation Potential of Ecosystem-Based Forest Management under Climate Change: A Case Study in the Boreal-Temperate Forest Ecotone." Forests 12, no. 12 (November 30, 2021): 1667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12121667.
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The forest sector can help reduce atmospheric CO2 through carbon (C) sequestration and storage and wood substitution of more polluting materials. However, climate change can have an impact on the C fluxes we are trying to leverage through forestry. We calculated the difference in CO2 eq. fluxes between ecosystem-based forest management and total forest conservation in the context of the temperate-boreal forest ecotone of Quebec (Canada), taking into account fluxes from forest ecosystems, wood product life cycle, and the substitution effect of wood products on markets. Over the 2020–2120 period, in the absence of climate change, ecosystem-based forest management and wood production caused average net annual emissions of 66.9 kilotonnes (kt) of CO2 eq. year−1 (relative to forest conservation), and 15.4 kt of CO2 eq. year−1 when assuming a 100% substitution effect of wood products. While management increased the ecosystem C sink, emissions from degradation of largely short-lived wood products caused the system to be a net source. Moreover, climate warming would decrease the capacity of ecosystems to sequester C and cause a shift towards more hardwood species. Our study highlights the need to adapt the industrial network towards an increased capacity of processing hardwoods into long-lived products and/or products with high substitution potential.
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McCown, Phillip J., Matthew C. Wang, Luc Jaeger, and Jessica A. Brown. "Secondary Structural Model of Human MALAT1 Reveals Multiple Structure–Function Relationships." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 22 (November 9, 2019): 5610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20225610.
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Human metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) is an abundant nuclear-localized long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) that has significant roles in cancer. While the interacting partners and evolutionary sequence conservation of MALAT1 have been examined, much of the structure of MALAT1 is unknown. Here, we propose a hypothetical secondary structural model for 8425 nucleotides of human MALAT1 using three experimental datasets that probed RNA structures in vitro and in various human cell lines. Our model indicates that approximately half of human MALAT1 is structured, forming 194 helices, 13 pseudoknots, five structured tetraloops, nine structured internal loops, and 13 intramolecular long-range interactions that give rise to several multiway junctions. Evolutionary conservation and covariation analyses support 153 of 194 helices in 51 mammalian MALAT1 homologs and 42 of 194 helices in 53 vertebrate MALAT1 homologs, thereby identifying an evolutionarily conserved core that likely has important functional roles in mammals and vertebrates. Data mining revealed that RNA modifications, somatic cancer-associated mutations, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms may induce structural rearrangements that sequester or expose binding sites for several cancer-associated microRNAs. Our findings reveal new mechanistic leads into the roles of MALAT1 by identifying several intriguing structure–function relationships in which the dynamic structure of MALAT1 underlies its biological functions.
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Zaloumis, Nicholas P., and William J. Bond. "Reforestation or conservation? The attributes of old growth grasslands in South Africa." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1703 (September 19, 2016): 20150310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0310.
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Deforestation as a result of burning and land conversion in the tropics and subtropics has been widely studied and active restoration of forests has been widely promoted. Besides other benefits, reforestation can sequester carbon thereby reducing CO 2 emissions to the atmosphere. However, before grasslands are targeted for ‘reforestation', it is necessary to distinguish whether they are ancient natural grasslands or secondary vegetation colonizing deforested areas. Here we report the results of a study comparing primary grasslands in South Africa with 4–40 year old secondary grasslands recovering from afforestation with Pinus species. Primary grasslands had significantly higher plant species richness overall, especially of forb species. Ground cover of primary grasslands was more evenly distributed among species than secondary grasslands which tended to mono-dominance. Forbs with underground storage organs (USOs) were common in primary grasslands but conspicuously absent in the recovering systems. Comparison of secondary grasslands of different ages (up to 40 years) showed negligible recovery of the original species composition. Three key features distinguish old growth primary from secondary grasslands: total and forb species numbers, evenness of species contributions to cover and the presence of USOs. Old growth grasslands also differed in their fire response, showing significant post-burn resprouting and fire-stimulated flowering in contrast to secondary grasslands. Though similar contrasting attributes of ancient and secondary grasslands have been reported in South America, more studies are needed to explore their generality in other geographical regions. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Tropical grassy biomes: linking ecology, human use and conservation’.
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Varoni, Elena M., Niccolò Lombardi, Giulio Villa, Alberto Pispero, Andrea Sardella, and Giovanni Lodi. "Conservative Management of Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws (MRONJ): A Retrospective Cohort Study." Antibiotics 10, no. 2 (February 17, 2021): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10020195.
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Background: Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a severe side effect of bisphosphonates and anti-resorptive drugs prescribed for treatment of severe osteoporosis, Paget’s disease, and bone malignancies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of a combined pharmacological and surgical management strategy on patients affected by MRONJ. Materials and methods: Medical records of patients with MRONJ were retrospectively examined to collect clinical history data. Conservative management included an initial pharmacological phase with antibiotics and antiseptic agents, followed by surgical intervention to remove bone sequestrum. Primary outcomes were healing from MRONJ at short term (1 month after surgery) and at longer term (3 months after surgery). Secondary outcome was assessment of recurrences at longer-term follow-up. Results: Thirty-five patients were included in the study with mean follow-up of 23.86 ± 18.14 months. Seven cases showed spontaneous exfoliation of necrotic bone during pharmacological therapy, which in one case did not require any further intervention. At 1-month posttreatment, 31 out of 35 (88.5%) patients showed complete healing. The 25 patients who were followed for at least 3 months revealed a healing rate of 92% (23/25). Recurrences occurred in 7 patients out 23 who showed the long-term healing, after a mean period of 7.29 ± 3.45 months. The prognostic score (University of Connecticut Osteonecrosis Numerical Scale—UCONNS) was significantly higher (p = 0.01) in patients with poor healing as compared to complete healing, both at 1 and 3 months posttreatment. Conclusions: A MRONJ treatment approach based on a combined pharmacological and surgical treatment strategy showed a high rate of healing and few recurrences.
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Rabach, Vincent O., James Koske, Monicah Mucheru Muna, Jonathan Muriuki, and Innocent Osoro Ngare. "Carbon Sequestration in Agroforestry Systems between Conservation Agriculture and Conventional Practice in The Asal Area of Machakos County, Kenya." Journal of Applied Agricultural Science and Technology 4, no. 2 (August 31, 2020): 118–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32530/jaast.v4i2.170.
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Dryland ecosystems have always been prone to relatively high vegetation and general environmental degradation; translating to changes in soil physical and chemical properties and massive carbon losses. Despite their vast surface area, Carbon sequestration therein still remains low. However, this low carbon means they are less saturated and therefore a tremendous potential therein to sequester more Carbon. Conservation agriculture with trees (CAWT) presents an opportunity to reduce the degradation and enhance the carbon stocks. This study was set to compare the biomass productivity and carbon sequestration potential of agroforestry between conventional and conservation agriculture practice. The study was carried out as part of ongoing experimentation established in short rain (SR) season of 2012 by the World Agroforestry Centre in a trial site at the Agricultural Training Centre (ATC) in Machakos county, Kenya. The trials adopted a split plot arranged in a randomized complete block design with two farming systems (conventional and conservation agriculture) as the main blocks, 7 treatments and three replicates, summing to a total of 42 plots. In the fields, two shrub species (Calliandra calothyrsus Meissn. and Gliricidia sepium Jacq.) were planted in three different spacing (1.5x1 m, 3x1 m, 4.5x1 m) for maize-legume intercrops. Trees were harvested by coppicing, weighed and leaf/twig samples taken for determination of biomass, which was then converted to Carbon using a conversion factor 0.5. The data was statistically analyzed using ANOVA and means separated using LSD at p <0.05. Results showed significant increase in carbon sequestration under conservation agriculture (p <0.001), with a yearly sequestration potential of between 12.8 and 24 Mg C/ha/yr compared to 11.6-23 Mg C/ha/yr for conventional practice. Calliandra also sequestered more carbon than Gliricidia. CAWT is therefore concluded to be a feasible way of increasing carbon stocks in the drylands.
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Altobelli, Filiberto, Ronald Vargas, Giuseppe Corti, Carmelo Dazzi, Luca Montanarella, Alessandro Monteleone, Lucrezia Caon, et al. "Improving soil and water conservation and ecosystem services by sustainable soil management practices: From a global to an Italian soil partnership." Italian Journal of Agronomy 15, no. 4 (December 16, 2020): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ija.2020.1765.
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The UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) identify the need to restore degraded soils in order to improve productivity and the provision of ecosystem services. The aim is to support food production, store and supply clean water, conserve biodiversity, sequester carbon, and improve soil resilience in a context of climate change. Within this framework, in order to achieve the SDGs and to correct land management in the long-term, soil management is considered mandatory. The reduction of land degradation should be based on various sustainable soil management practices that improve and maintain soil organic matter levels, increase water infiltration, and improve soil water management. This technical review - a policy paper - summarizes the sustainable and territorial impact of soil degradation, including soil water erosion, from the global level to the European and National levels. Furthermore, with the aim of sharing ongoing soil and water management actions, instruments, and initiatives, we provide information on soil and water conservation activities and prospects in Italy.
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Lee, Junhyung, Amr El-Maghrabi, Sareh Keshavarzi, Wei Xu, Shao Hui Huang, John Waldron, John Kim, et al. "Osteoradionecrosis in head and neck cancer patients: Risk factors and comparison of grading systems." Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2022): e18057-e18057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.16_suppl.e18057.
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e18057 Background: We aimed to identify the incidence and risk factors for osteoradionecrosis (ORN) in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients. We also compared frequency of severity scores across different ORN grading systems. Methods: Retrospective review was conducted for HNC patients who were managed at our institution (2011-2018) with curative-intent definitive, pre- or post-operative intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) with 45Gy, and underwent pre-IMRT dental evaluation. Jaw ORN was defined based on: 1) clinical signs (exposed bone, bone spicules, sequestra, infection and fistula), 2) radiological finding (abnormal bone pattern, radiographic sequestra and pathological fracture), and 3) treatment required and response to therapy, either conservative (chlorhexidine rinse, antibiotics, PENTOCLO, and hyperbaric oxygen) or surgical (sequestrectomy, debridement, and jaw resection). ORN events were retrospectively graded using 6 different grading systems. Pre-IMRT periodontal condition (PC) was classified by universal multi-dimensional staging system based on number of teeth and bone loss (stages 0 to IV). Multivariable analysis (MVA) using logistic regression was applied to identify risk factors of ORN. Results: A total of 2735 HNC patients were included; median age 61 years, 30% (n = 807) current/ex-smokers, 72% (n = 1914) had moderate to severe PC (stage II-IV), 53% (n = 1459) oral cavity/oropharynx (OC/OP) primary tumor. The median IMRT dose was 70Gy/35 fractions, 43% (n = 1170) received concurrent chemotherapy, and 37% (n = 1006) underwent surgery. A total of 227 patients (8.3%) developed ORN. There was discrepancy in different grading system for capturing and reporting the degree of severity (i.e. grade) of ORN (table). On MVA, risk factors for ORN were: current/ex-smoker (OR 1.5, 95% CI: 1.12-2, p< 0.01), stage II-IV PC (OR 1.7, 95% CI: 1.17-2.36, p< 0.01), primary OC/OP tumor (OR 4.4, 95% CI: 3.08-6.29, p< 0.001], and IMRT dose prescription ≥60Gy (OR 3.5, 95%CI: 1.11-11.33, p< 0.01). Conclusions: ORN is relatively uncommon in HNC patients, however it can be under-reported by different grading systems. Risk factors for ORN were: smoking history, pre-IMRT poor PC condition, OC/OP primary tumor, and higher dose (≥60Gy) IMRT.[Table: see text]
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Watanabe, Takuma, Keita Asai, Shizuko Fukuhara, Ryuji Uozumi, and Kazuhisa Bessho. "Effectiveness of surgery and hyperbaric oxygen for antiresorptive agent-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: A subgroup analysis by disease stage." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): e0244859. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244859.
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Antiresorptive agent-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (ARONJ) is an adverse event induced by antiresorptive agents (ARAs). The purpose of this study was to evaluate variables, mainly surgery and hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy, associated with treatment outcomes in patients with a diagnosis of ARONJ at a single center. We enrolled consecutive patients who presented to our hospital for the management of stage 2 or 3 ARONJ between January 2003 and December 2019. The relationship between potentially predictive factors and outcome variables was examined using statistical analyses, along with a subgroup analysis based on disease stage. Of 252 patients included in this study, 206 had stage 2 ARONJ and 46 had stage 3 ARONJ. There were 119 patients with osteoporosis and 133 with malignant disease. In total, 139 patients were healed, and the healing rate of patients with stage 3 ARONJ was lower than that of patients with stage 2 ARONJ. With regard to the combination of surgery and HBO therapy, most patients underwent HBO before and after surgery. In the univariable analysis, surgery showed a therapeutic effect in both stage 2 and 3 ARONJ, whereas HBO showed a therapeutic effect in stage 2 ARONJ. In the multivariable analysis for stage 2 ARONJ, extensive surgery showed a stronger association with healing than conservative surgery, whereas ≥46 sessions of HBO therapy was less associated with healing than was non-HBO therapy. Our findings suggest that extensive surgery is highly effective against ARONJ regardless of disease stage if there is a sequestrum separation and systemic tolerance, whereas HBO therapy before and after surgical approach can be effective. Further studies are needed to identify treatment strategies for patients with treatment-refractory ARONJ who may be forced to undergo long-term HBO therapy with the expectation of sequestrum separation.
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Poudyal, Bishnu Hari, Govinda Paudel, and Harisharan Luintel. "Enhancing REDD+ Outcomes through Improved Governance of Community Forest Groups." Journal of Forest and Livelihood 11, no. 2 (September 14, 2013): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfl.v11i2.8618.
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Since forests are both source and sink of carbon, scholars have suggested reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, including conservation and sustainable management of forest and enhancement of forest carbon stock (REDD+) to be part of climate negotiation. Studies have shown that forests can play a role in reducing emissions in a cheaper, quicker and effective way, while generating important co-benefits, including biodiversity conservation and watershed management. However, governance that shapes relations between different stakeholders at grassroots level has been shown to be a crucial issue in managing local forests in a way that sequester more carbon from, and emit less of it to, the atmosphere. The authors of this paper argue that the lessons gained at community forest user group (CFUG) level regarding forest governance could be useful in designing a REDD+ governance structure at grassroots level. For this, both positive lessons and challenges faced so far could be documented, analyzed, synthesized and shared at broader level. REDD+, being an external intervention to local communities, can bring a range of challenges that influence the governance dynamics. However, if the programme is managed carefully, CFUGs are capacitated adequately and governed collaboratively, REDD+ may bring synergistic outcomes with existing community forestry at grassroots level, particularly by bringing both environmental and livelihood benefits.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfl.v11i2.8618 Journal of Forestry and Livelihood Vol.11(2) 2013 14-26
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Parico, Gian Carlo G., Ivette Perez, Jennifer L. Fribourgh, Britney N. Hernandez, Hsiau-Wei Lee, and Carrie L. Partch. "The human CRY1 tail controls circadian timing by regulating its association with CLOCK:BMAL1." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 45 (October 26, 2020): 27971–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1920653117.
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Circadian rhythms are generated by interlocked transcription–translation feedback loops that establish cell-autonomous biological timing of ∼24 h. Mutations in core clock genes that alter their stability or affinity for one another lead to changes in circadian period. The human CRY1Δ11 mutant lengthens circadian period to cause delayed sleep phase disorder (DSPD), characterized by a very late onset of sleep. CRY1 is a repressor that binds to the transcription factor CLOCK:BMAL1 to inhibit its activity and close the core feedback loop. We previously showed how the PHR (photolyase homology region) domain of CRY1 interacts with distinct sites on CLOCK and BMAL1 to sequester the transactivation domain from coactivators. However, the Δ11 variant alters an intrinsically disordered tail in CRY1 downstream of the PHR. We show here that the CRY1 tail, and in particular the region encoded by exon 11, modulates the affinity of the PHR domain for CLOCK:BMAL1. The PHR-binding epitope in exon 11 is necessary and sufficient to disrupt the interaction between CRY1 and the subunit CLOCK. Moreover, PHR–tail interactions are conserved in the paralog CRY2 and reduced when either CRY is bound to the circadian corepressor PERIOD2. Discovery of this autoregulatory role for the mammalian CRY1 tail and conservation of PHR–tail interactions in both mammalian cryptochromes highlights functional conservation with plant and insect cryptochromes, which also utilize PHR–tail interactions to reversibly control their activity.
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Gubhaju, Karishma, Dipesh Raj Pant, and Ramesh Prasad Sapkota. "Carbon stock estimation of Shree Rabutar Forest of Gaurishankar Conservation Area, Dolakha, Nepal." Nepal Journal of Environmental Science 6 (December 31, 2018): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njes.v6i0.30127.
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Forests store significant amount of atmospheric carbon in the form of above and below ground biomass and the amount of carbon stored in forests differs along spatial continuum which provides important information regarding forest quality. This study was carried out to estimate the carbon stock of Shree Rabutar Forest of Gaurishankar Conservation Area, Dolakha, Nepal. In total, 20 circular sampling plots with an area 250 m2 were randomly laid in the study area. Ten tree species were observed in the sampling plots laid in the forest. The higher values of density, frequency, abundance and basal area were observed for Rhododendron arboreum, Alnus nepalensis, Pinus roxburghii and Pinus wallichiana. On the basis of Important Value Index, the dominant tree in the forest was Alnus nepalensis followed by Rhododendron arboreum and Pinus roxburghii. Shannon Index of general diversity of trees in the forest was 0.74 with equal value of Evenness Index, whereas the index of dominance was low (0.22) in the forest. Mean biomass of the forest was 464.01±66.71 tonha-1 contributed by above ground tree biomass (384.44 tonha-1), leaf litter, herbs and grasses biomass (2.69±0.196 tonha-1) and below ground tree biomass (76.88±11.13 tonha-1). Mean carbon stock was 262.77±30.79 tonha-1 including soil carbon stock 44.69±2.25 tonha-1. Individuals of trees with 20-30 cm DBH class were observed in maximum number, which shows that the forest has high potential to sequester carbon over time. Carbon stock estimation and forest management can be one of the potential strategies for climate change mitigation especially through carbon dioxide absorption by the forests.
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Man, Cosmin D., Kevin C. Lyons, John D. Nelson, and Gary Q. Bull. "Potential of alternate forest management practices to sequester and store Carbon in two forest estates in British Columbia, Canada." Forest Ecology and Management 305 (October 2013): 239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.05.059.
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Strokov, A. S., D. S. Ternovsky, V. Yu Potashnikov, and A. A. Potapova. "Economical evaluation of externalities using partial equilibrium model." Journal of the New Economic Association 48, no. 4 (2020): 113–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31737/2221-2264-2020-48-4-5.
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Our research investigation shows the possible pathways of natural resource economy with respect of externalities. We analyzed the development of agricultural and forestry products’ export from Russia to China, and the externalities were evaluated as greenhouse gas emissions. We developed five scenarios of Russian economic development until 2030 and 2050 on terms of domestic improvements in soy, rapeseed and corn production, wood production, increase of exports to China. After applying the partial equilibrium model we introduced a correct measure of possible profit by a monetary value of emitted greenhouse gas. In contrast to previous research instead of carbon tax we suggest a measure of social cost of carbon. Our estimates show that it could be effective at 68 USD per 1 metric ton of CO2 equivalent. This method was supposed to evaluate correctly the economic loss from extensive development of forestry and agriculture, taking into account monetary evaluation of externalities. Our results showed that extracting natural resources should be balanced by appropriate ecological programs. This could include but should not be limited to conservation of some part of the territory, which will help to decrease overall GHG emissions, and improve the balance of emissions with respective carbon sequestr on abandoned (conserved) land, which here will be an additional indicator of reducing negative externalities.
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Castagnini, Francesco, Luca Busanelli, Giovanni Bracci, Enrico Tassinari, Federico Biondi, Claudio Masetti, and Aldo Toni. "Partial 2-Stage Revision in Chronic Hip Arthroplasty Infections: A Review." Hospital Practices and Research 3, no. 3 (May 20, 2018): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/hpr.2018.16.
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Background: Periprosthetic hip infections (PHIs) are troublesome complications of hip arthroplasties. The gold standard procedure for treating chronic PHI is a 2-stage approach. Recently, however, more conservative approaches have been developed to spare the osseointegrated components and avoid sequestra, bone loss, devascularization, and difficult reconstructions. The partial two-stage approach, which leaves the well-fixed component in situ and removes the loosened component, may be an effective strategy. Objective: This paper, a narrative mini-review, analyzed the preliminary results of a partial 2-stage approach to treating chronic hip arthroplasty infections. Methods: Pertinent papers describing the partial 2-stage approach (leaving the well-fixed component in situ and removing the loosened component) were collected and evaluated. Results: Six main case series were selected. A total of 76 patients were included. Many patients were treated with socket removal and stem retention with quite similar surgical techniques. Many cases included highly virulent bacteria, and no pre-operative selection about comorbidities was performed. The first outcomes of this approach were promising, with a rate of infection control ranging from 81.3% to 100% at mid-term follow-up. Conclusion: This approach proved good at mid-term follow-up; however, many concerns still exist. In particular, the indications are imprecise, and the role of biofilm is still unclear. Despite the first good outcomes, the partial 2-stage approach for chronic PHI should be validated by multicenter prospective studies.
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Baiamonte, Giorgio, Luciano Gristina, Santo Orlando, Salvatore Samuel Palermo, and Mario Minacapilli. "No-Till Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration Patterns as Affected by Climate and Soil Erosion in the Arable Land of Mediterranean Europe." Remote Sensing 14, no. 16 (August 19, 2022): 4064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14164064.
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No-tillage (NT) has been considered an agronomic tool to sequester soil organic carbon (SOC) and match the 4p1000 initiative requirements of conservative soil management. Recently, some doubts have emerged about the NT effect on SOC sequestration, often because observations and experimental data vary widely depending on climate and geographic characteristics. Therefore, a suitable SOC accounting method is needed that considers climate and morphology interactions. In this study, the yearly ratio between SOC in NT and conventional tillage (CT) (RRNT/CT) collected in a previous study for flat (96 samples) and sloping (44 samples) paired sites was used to map the overestimation of SOC sequestration. It was assumed that there would be an overestimation of NT capacity in sloping fields due to lower erosion processes with respect to CT. Towards this aim, Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques and an extensive input database of high spatial resolution maps were used in a simplified procedure to assess the overestimation of SOC stocks due to the sloping conditions and spatial variability of the Aridity Index (AI). Moreover, this also made it possible to quantify the effects of adopting NT practices on soil carbon sequestration compared to CT practices. The method was applied to the arable lands of five Mediterranean countries (France, Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain) ranging between the 35° and 46° latitude. The results showed an overestimation of SOC sequestration, when the AI and soil erosion were considered. The average overestimation rate in the studied Mediterranean areas was 0.11 Mg ha−1 yr−1. Carbon stock overestimation ranged from 34 to 1417 Gg for Portugal and Italy, respectively. Even if overestimation is considered, 4p1000 goals are often reached, especially in the more arid areas. The findings of this research allowed us to map the areas suitable to meet the 4p1000 that could be achieved by adopting conservative practices such as NT.
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Heinen, Joel T., and Roberta (‘Bobbi’) S. Low. "Human Behavioural Ecology and Environmental Conservation." Environmental Conservation 19, no. 2 (1992): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900030575.
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We contend that humans, as living organisms, evolved to sequester resources to maximize reproductive success, and that many basic aspects of human behaviour reflect this evolutionary history. Much of the environment with which we currently deal is evolutionarily novel, and much behaviour which is ultimately not in our own interests, persists in this novel environment. Environmentalists frequently stress the need for ‘sustainable development’, however it is defined (seeRedclift, 1987), and we contend that a knowledge of how humans are likely to behave with regard to resource use, and therefore a knowledge of what kinds of programmes are likely to work in any particular situation, is necessary to achieve sustainability. Specifically, we predict that issues which are short-term, local, and/or acute, such as an immediate health-risk, will be much easier to solve than issues which are broad, and which affect individuals other than ourselves, our relatives, and our friends. The bigger the issue is, the less effective is likely to be the response. Hence, the biggest and most troublesome ecological issues will be the most difficult to solve —inter aliabecause of our evolutionary history as outlined above.This may not appear to bode well for the future of the world; for example, Molte (1988) contends that there are several hundred international environmental agreements in place, but Carroll (1988) contends that, in general, none of them is particularly effective if the criterion for effectiveness is a real solution to the problem. There are countless examples of ‘aggressors’ (those nations causing the problem) not complying with an agreement, slowing its ratification, or reducing its effectiveness (e.g.the USversusCanada, or Great BritainversusSweden, with regard to acid rain legislation: Fig. 1,cf.Bjorkbom, 1988). The main problem in these cases is that the costs are externalized and hence discounted by those receiving the benefits of being able to pollute. Any proposed change is bound to conflict with existing social structures, and negotiations necessarily involve compromise in aquid pro quofashion (Brewer, 1980). We contend, along with Caldwell (1988) and Putnam (1988), that nations are much too large to think of as individual actors in these spheres. Interest groups within nations can affect ratification of international environmental treaties; for example, automobile industry interestsversusthose of environmental NGOs in the USA on the acid rain issue. It may even be that our evolutionary history is inimical to the entire concept of the modern nation state.Barring major, global, socio-political upheaval, we suggest that a knowledge of the evolution of resource use by humans can be used to solve at least some resource-related problems in modern industrial societies. In some cases, these can probably be solved with information alone, and in other cases, the problems can probably be solved by playing on our evolutionary history as social reciprocators; environmental problems which tend to be relatively local and short-term may be solvable in these ways. Economic incentives can provide solutions to many other types of problems by manipulating the cost and benefits to individuals. We suggest that broader, large-scale environmental problems are much more difficult to solve than narrower, small-scale ones, precisely because humans have evolved to discount such themes; stringent regulations and the formation of coalitions, combined with economic incentives to use alternatives and economic disincentives (fines) not to do so, may be the only potential solutions to some major, transboundary environmental issues.In preparing this argument, we have reviewed literature from many scholarly fields well outside the narrow scope of our expertise in behavioural ecology and wildlife conservation. Our reading of many works from anthropology, economics, political science, public policy, and international development, will doubtless seem naïve and simplistic to practitioners of those fields, and solving all environmental problems will ultimately take expertise from all of these fields and more. In general, however, we have found agreement for many of our ideas from these disparate disciplines, but much of their literature does not allow for a rigorous, quantitative hypothesis-testing approach to analysing the main thesis presented here — an approach that we, as scientists, would encourage. We hope to challenge people interested in environmental issues from many perspectives, to consider our arguments and find evidence,proorcon, so that we (collectively) may come closer to a better analysis of, and ultimately to solutions for, our most pressing environmental problems.
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Petros, Peter, Matthias Heilweck, and David Moore. "Saving the Planet with Appropriate Biotechnology: 5. An Action Plan." Mexican Journal of Biotechnology 6, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 1–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.29267/mxjb.2021.6.2.1.
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We evaluate suggestions to harness the ability of calcifying organisms (molluscs, crustacea, corals and coccolithophore algae) to remove permanently CO2 from the atmosphere into solid (crystalline) CaCO3 for atmosphere remediation. Here, we compare this blue carbon with artificial/industrial Carbon dioxide Capture & Storage (CCS) solutions. An industrial CCS facility delivers, at some cost, captured CO2, nothing more. But aquaculture enterprises cultivating shell to capture and store atmospheric CO2 also produce nutritious food and perform many ecosystem services like water filtration, biodeposition, denitrification, reef building, enhanced biodiversity, shoreline stabilisation and wave management. We estimate that a mussel farm sequesters three times as much carbon as terrestrial ecosystems retain. Blue carbon farming does not need irrigation or fertiliser, nor conflict with the use of scarce agricultural land. Blue carbon farming can be combined with restoration and conservation of overfished fisheries and usually involves so little intervention that there is no inevitable conflict with other activities. We calculate that this paradigm shift (from ‘shellfish as food’ to ‘shellfish for carbon sequestration’) makes bivalve mollusc farming and microalgal farming enterprises, viable, profitable, and sustainable, alternatives to all CCUS industrial technologies and terrestrial biotechnologies in use today.
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Cai, Zhen, Ranjith P. Udawatta, Clark J. Gantzer, Shibu Jose, Larry Godsey, and Lauren Cartwright. "Economic Impacts of Cover Crops for a Missouri Wheat–Corn–Soybean Rotation." Agriculture 9, no. 4 (April 24, 2019): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9040083.
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In the United States, agricultural production using row-crop farming has reduced crop diversity. Repeated growing of the same crop in a field reduces soil productivity and increases pests, disease infestations, and weed growth. These negative effects can be mitigated by rotating cash crops with cover crops. Cover crops can improve soil’s physical, chemical, and biological properties, provide ground cover, and sequester soil carbon. This study examines the economic profitability for a four-year wheat–corn–soybean study with cover crops by conducting a field experiment involving a control (without cover crops) at the Soil Health Farm in Chariton County, MO, USA. Our findings suggested that economic profitability of the cash crop is negatively affected by the cover crop during the first two years but were positive in the fourth year. The rotation with cover crops obtained the same profit as in the control group if revenue from the cash crop increased by 35% or the cost of the cover crop decreased by 26% in the first year, depending on the cost of seeding the cover crop and terminating it. This study provides insights for policymakers on ways to improve the economic efficiency of cost-share conservation programs.
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Lane, C. R., and B. C. Autrey. "Sediment accretion and accumulation of P, N and organic C in depressional wetlands of three ecoregions of the United States." Marine and Freshwater Research 68, no. 12 (2017): 2253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf16372.
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Wetland depressions without surface channel connections to aquatic systems are substantial sinks for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and organic carbon (org. C). We assessed accretion, N, P and org.-C accumulation rates in 43 depressional wetlands across three ecoregions of the USA (Erie Drift Plain, EDP; Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain, MACP; Southern Coastal Plain, SCP) using caesium-137 (137Cs). The mean sediment accretion rate in minimally affected (reference) sites was 0.6±0.4mmyear–1 and did not differ among ecoregions. Accumulation rates for N and org. C averaged 3.1±3.1gNm–2year–1 and 43.4±39.0g org. Cm–2year–1 respectively, and did not differ across minimally affected sites. Phosphorus accumulation rates were significantly greater in EDP (0.10±0.10gPm–2year–1) than MACP (0.01±0.01gPm–2year–1) or SCP (0.04±0.04gPm–2year–1) sites. Land-use modality and wetland-type effects were analysed in SCP, with few differences being found. Depressional wetlands sequester substantive amounts of nutrients and C; their cumulative contributions may significantly affect landscape nutrient and C dynamics because of the abundance of wetland depressions on the landscape, warranting further investigation and potential watershed-scale conservation approaches.
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Jahangir, Mohammad Mofizur Rahman, Shanta Islam, Tazbeen Tabara Nitu, Shihab Uddin, Abul Kalam Mohammad Ahsan Kabir, Mohammad Bahadur Meah, and Rafiq Islam. "Bio-Compost-Based Integrated Soil Fertility Management Improves Post-Harvest Soil Structural and Elemental Quality in a Two-Year Conservation Agriculture Practice." Agronomy 11, no. 11 (October 20, 2021): 2101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112101.
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The impacts of integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) in conservation agriculture need short-term evaluation before continuation of its long-term practice. A split-split plot experiment with tillage (minimum tillage, MT vs. conventional tillage, CT) as the main plot, residue (20% residue, R vs. no residue as a control, NR) as the sub-plot, and compost (Trichocompost, LC; bio-slurry, BS; and recommended fertilization, RD) as the sub-sub plot treatment was conducted for two consecutive years. Composite soils were collected after harvesting the sixth crop of an annual mustard-rice-rice rotation to analyze for nutrient distribution and soil structural stability. The LC increased rice equivalent yield by 2% over RD and 4% over BS, and nitrogen (N) uptake by 11% over RD and 10% over BS. Likewise, LC had higher soil organic carbon (SOC), N, and available sulphur (S) than BS and RD. Conversion of CT to MT reduced rice equivalent yield by 11%, N uptake by 26%, and N-use efficiency by 28%. Conversely, soil structural stability and elemental quality was greater in MT than in CT, indicating the potential of MT to sequester C, N, P, and S in soil aggregates. Residue management increased rice yield in the second year by 4% and corresponding N uptake by 8%. While MT reduced the yield, our results suggest that ISFM with Trichocompost and residue retention under MT improves soil fertility and physical stability to sustain crop productivity.
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Mihaylova, Z., R. Ugrinov, E. Aleksiev, and P. Stanimirov. "Osteonecrosis of the Jaws in Patients Receiving Anti-Angiogenic Drugs and Chemotherapeutics: Literature Review and Case Reports." Acta Medica Bulgarica 46, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amb-2019-0019.
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Abstract Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a relatively rare but serious pathology associated with the use of bisphosphonates (BPs) and antiresorptive drugs in patients with bone metastases, multiple myeloma and osteoporosis. Various cases of patients with jaw bone necrosis due to BPs have recently been reported in the literature. Anti-angiogenic drugs are novel anticancer agents prescribed to patients with renal carcinoma, lung carcinoma, soft tissue metastases, etc. Anti-angiogenic drugs target the vascular endothelial growth factor’s (VEGF) signaling pathways via different mechanisms and thus inhibit tumor cell proliferation, neoangiogenesis and tumor growth. Several reports have suggested a higher incidence of MRONJ in patients treated with BPs in combination with anti-angiogenic drugs. However, there is currently no sufficient data in the literature about the risk of ONJ in patients taking anti-angiogenic drugs or cancer chemotherapy alone. We present two clinical cases of osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients treated with chemotherapy, but no history of BPs. In the first case the necrosis is related to the anti-angiogenic agent sunitinib in a patient with lung metastases and in the second case- to complex chemotherapy in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia. We recommend conservative treatment with antibiotics in both cases, together with antiseptics and surgical removal of the necrotic bone following total demarcation of the sequesters.
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Leite, L. F. C., E. S. Mendonça, P. L. O. A. Machado, and E. S. Matos. "Total C and N storage and organic C pools of a Red-Yellow Podzolic under conventional and no tillage at the Atlantic Forest Zone, south-eastern Brazil." Soil Research 41, no. 4 (2003): 717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr02037.
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A 15-year experiment in a clayey Red-Yellow Podzolic in the tropical highlands of Viçosa, Brazil, was studied in 2000, aiming to evaluate the impact of different management systems (no tillage, disk plowing, heavy scratcher + disk plowing, and heavy scratched) on the total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and several organic carbon pools. A natural forest, adjacent to the experimental area, was used as reference. The greatest TOC and TN as well as microbial biomass C (CMB), light fraction C (CFL), and labile organic carbon (CL) stocks were observed in the Atlantic Forest, compared with all other systems. The long-term cultivation (±70 years) of this area, prior to the installation of the experiment, has led to soil degradation, slowing the C recovery. No tillage had the higher C and N stocks and greater CL pool at the surface (0–10 cm), indicating improvement in soil nutrient status, although none of the systems presented potential to sequester C-CO2. Sustainable tropical agricultural systems should involve high residue input and conservative soil management in order to act as a C-CO2 sink. The C stocks in the CMB, CFL, and CL compartments were more reduced in relation to the natural vegetation with higher intensity management than the TOC stocks. This result indicates that these C compartments are more sensitive to changes in the soil management.
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Sommer, Rolf, Birthe Katharina Paul, John Mukalama, and Job Kihara. "Reducing losses but failing to sequester carbon in soils – the case of Conservation Agriculture and Integrated Soil Fertility Management in the humid tropical agro-ecosystem of Western Kenya." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 254 (February 2018): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.11.004.
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Waaswa, Andrew, and Felix Satognon. "Development and the Environment: Overview of the Development Planning Process in Agricultural Sector, in Uganda." Journal of Sustainable Development 13, no. 6 (October 12, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v13n6p1.
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The social component of the environment associated mostly with human activities has significantly imposed a threat to the only life-support systems of the earth. Uganda made adjustments in its planning process to prioritize environment conservation. However, in the recent past years, mostly between 2013 and 2017, the country stretched its resources to increase agricultural production, both livestock and crops. The objective of this study was to establish and document the development and the environment conservation strategies at global and regional levels with an overview on the development planning process in agricultural sector, in Uganda. The results showed that the sustainable development plans with participatory approach at international, regional, national and local or community levels are the best methods to cope with and reduce the negative impacts of man’s activities on the environment. The understanding of the complexes of the environment is very important to ensure the relationship between the social, economic and environmental protection for a sustainable development. The results also indicated that in Uganda, the agriculture industry made consistent efforts to increase agricultural production by 431,161 hectares and livestock heads by 7,878,000 (cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and poultry) between 2013 and 2017. This increased agricultural greenhouse gas emission due to the use of synthetic fertilizers, burning of the cleared grasses, and use of manures applied to boost soil fertility and the reduction in the trees that sequester CO2. This study recommended that the agricultural sector should opt for sustainable agriculture by adopting practices like use of multipurpose crops that can offer environmental services like binding soil particles together to control erosion as well as yielding more food products. Dual-purpose livestock breeds should be adopted to avoid immense numbers that serve different purposes that will probably lead to increased GHG emissions.
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Wardell-Johnson, Grant W., Gunnar Keppel, and Julianne Sander. "Climate change impacts on the terrestrial biodiversity and carbon stocks of Oceania." Pacific Conservation Biology 17, no. 3 (2011): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc110220.
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We review the threats from anthropogenic climate change to the terrestrial biodiversity of Oceania, and quantify decline in carbon stocks. Oceania’s rich terrestrial biodiversity is facing unprecedented threats through the interaction of pervasive environmental threats (deforestation and degradation; introduced and invasive species; fragmentation) and the effects of anthropogenic climate change (sea level rise; altered rainfall patterns and increased fire frequency; temperature rises and increased storm severity, extreme weather events and abrupt system changes). All nine of Oceania’s terrestrial biomes harbour ecosystems and habitat types that are highly vulnerable under climate change, posing an immense conservation challenge. Current policies and management practices are inadequate and the need for new legislation and economic mechanisms is clear, despite powerful interests committed to limiting progress. Mitigation can be achieved by increasing the effectiveness of the protected area network, by maintaining and effectively managing existing carbon stocks and biodiversity, and by reforestation to sequester atmospheric carbon. A price on carbon emissions may encourage less carbon-intensive energy use while simultaneously encouraging reforestation on long-cleared land, and reducing degradation of native forests. However, realizing these changes will require societal change, and depend on input and collaboration from multiple stakeholders to devise and engage in shared, responsible management.
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SMITH, J., K. MULONGOY, R. PERSSON, and J. SAYER. "Harnessing carbon markets for tropical forest conservation: towards a more realistic assessment." Environmental Conservation 27, no. 3 (September 2000): 300–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900000345.
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The proposed Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol paves the way for financial and technological transfers to support forestry projects that sequester carbon or protect carbon stocks. From its inception, the concept has been highly controversial. It has been enthusiastically supported by those who believe that conservation of tropical forests will be difficult unless forest owners and managers are compensated for the environmental services of their forests. Others believe that financial transfers supporting ‘carbon farming’ would ignore social concerns and the full range of goods and services of forests. This paper examines the implications of CDM for forest conservation and sustainable use, by drawing on recent literature and the results of a policy dialogue with CDM stakeholders. We conclude that initial estimates of the contribution tropical forestry could make to both climate change mitigation and to forest conservation need to be scaled down. CDM payments for tropical forestry are likely to be received in a far more limited area than initially expected. The cost-effectiveness of forestry projects relative to projects in the energy sector may have been overestimated. In particular few estimates have adequately accounted for the likelihood that the duration of CDM forestry projects is unlikely to be as long as the residency time of carbon in the atmosphere. Also political realities and investor priorities may not have been sufficiently understood. CDM funding for forestry may also decline in future as economically viable clean technologies are increasingly developed in the energy sector. Tropical forests are likely to be an intermediate climate change mitigation strategy for buying time, until more permanent options become available. The most important justification for including forests in CDM may lie in the contribution CDM could potentially make to forest conservation and sustainable use. An analysis of the implications of CDM for forests reveals the importance of involving forest stakeholders more closely in the CDM debate. To prevent perverse outcomes and reduce the risk of ‘leakage’ of emission reduction to areas outside project boundaries, CDM projects may need to be limited to niches which meet certain political and institutional preconditions and where sufficient understanding of local decision-making and the broader context is available. CDM may be more effective if used to remove non-economic impediments to forestry activities that are economically viable and meet local needs. Lessons from the forestry sector in relation to plantations, natural forest management, forest conser- vation and non-timber forest products are discussed to illustrate the dangers of misusing CDM and also to give examples of how CDM could be harnessed for better use of forests. CDM should be seen as one more tool for enhancing the effectiveness of more conventional ways of promoting forest conservation and sustainable use.
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Abimbola, Ismaila, and Diana Feliciano. "Assessing the Area of Suitable Land for Climate Change Mitigation with Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis) in Scotland." Land 11, no. 10 (October 9, 2022): 1753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11101753.
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One of the key areas in which the United Kingdom government plans to achieve net zero, reduce GHG emissions and sequester carbon is through afforestation. Afforestation will also provide ecosystem services to society. The Scottish government’s target is to increase woodland cover in Scotland to 25% by 2050. In this study, a land suitability analysis was used to investigate the likelihood of achieving this target based on the biophysically suitable and available land considering the current policy constraints for planting Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) in Scotland. The results showed that about 19% of land area in Scotland is biophysically suitable for Sitka spruce and about 13% is biophysically suitable and available based on policy constraints. Thus, there is an opportunity for the Scottish government to increase the woodland cover in Scotland to 31.5% and exceed its 25% woodland target. However, for Scotland to achieve net zero by 2045, it will require that more trees be planted on higher-quality agricultural land, different from areas where trees are currently planted.
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Zhu, Yihong, Bingqian Zhao, Zhaoting Zhu, Bo Jia, Wanzhong Xu, Mingqian Liu, Lushuang Gao, and Timothy G. Gregoire. "The effects of crop tree thinning intensity on the ability of dominant tree species to sequester carbon in a temperate deciduous mixed forest, northeastern China." Forest Ecology and Management 505 (February 2022): 119893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119893.
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Dhyani, Shalini, Jayshree Shukla, Rakesh Kadaverugu, Rajarshi Dasgupta, Muktipada Panda, Sudip Kumar Kundu, Harini Santhanam, Paras R. Pujari, Pankaj Kumar, and Shizuka Hashimoto. "Participatory Stakeholder Assessment for Drivers of Mangrove Loss to Prioritize Evidence-Based Conservation and Restoration in Bhitarkanika and Mahanadi Delta, India." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (January 5, 2023): 963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15020963.
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In recent times, environmental stewardship of mangroves has provided the impetus to protect and restore these ecosystems for their inherent ability to protect coastal regions from climate change, sequester carbon dioxide as rich blue carbon, and support human well-being through a multitude of ecosystem services. Participatory stakeholder assessment, as a part of the present study, integrated local stakeholder perspectives in assessing drivers of mangrove loss in Bhitarkanika and Mahanadi delta, Odisha, providing empirical evidence through a mixed-method approach. The use of a Likert scale provided the methodology to develop a single composite variable as the best measure of central tendency. In total, 27.5% of the respondents were locals and were living close to the study area for generations, whereas the other 72.5% represented researchers, academics, and forest department officials. Stakeholder responses at the ground level indicated that Bhitarkanika and Mahanadi delta were facing increased frequency of extreme climatic events followed, by aquaculture and other land-use changes, which can be considered potential drivers causing mangrove loss. Co-development of future scenarios by integrating concerns of all the stakeholders emerged as a potential solution to effectively address the trade-offs arising from local anthropogenic interferences, as well as large-scale developmental activities. This study highlights the need for convergence of multi-disciplinary knowledge from diverse stakeholder groups, including traditional and indigenous knowledge, for the purpose of developing accurate plausible alternative scenarios. Interactive governance and incentivization approaches, along with alternative livelihood opportunities, are proposed as the means to improve conservation and restoration in the region based on the present study. Understanding of the coupled socio-ecological system and its relevance is found to be critical to improve bi-directional linkages of ecosystem health and human well-being.
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Kumar, Kewat Sanjay. "Sustainable Management of Soil for Carbon Sequestration." Science & Technology Journal 5, no. 2 (July 1, 2017): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22232/stj.2017.05.02.10.
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Mechanisms governing carbon stabilization in soils have received a great deal of attention in recent years due to their relevance in the global carbon cycle. Two thirds of the global terrestrial organic C stocks in ecosystems are stored in below ground components as terrestrial carbon pools in soils. Furthermore, mean residence time of soil organic carbon pools have slowest turnover rates in terrestrial ecosystems and thus there is vast potential to sequester atmospheric CO2 in soil ecosystems. Depending upon soil management practices it can be served as source or sink for atmospheric CO2. Sustainable management systems and practices such as conservation agriculture, agroforestry and application of biochar are emerging and promising tools for soil carbon sequestration. Increasing soil carbon storage in a system simultaneously improves the soil health by increase in infiltration rate, soil biota and fertility, nutrient cycling and decrease in soil erosion process, soil compaction and C emissions. Henceforth, it is vital to scientifically explore the mechanisms governing C flux in soils which is poorly understood in different ecosystems under anthropogenic interventions making soil as a potential sink for atmospheric CO2 to mitigate climate change. Henceforth, present paper aims to review basic mechanism governing carbon stabilization in soils and new practices and technological developments in agricultural and forest sciences for C sequestration in terrestrial soil ecosystems.