Journal articles on the topic 'Sepik District'

The Papua New Guinea (PNG) species of the water beetle genus Hydraena Kugelann, 1794, are revised, based on the study of 7,411 databased specimens. The two previously named species are redescribed, and 130 new species are described. The species are placed in 32 species groups. High resolution digital images of all primary types are presented (online version in color), scanning electron micrographs of representative species are given, and geographic distributions are mapped. Male genitalia, representative female terminal abdominal segments and representative spermathecae are illustrated. Papua New Guinea Hydraena species are typically found in sandy/gravelly stream margins, often in association with streamside litter; some species are primarily pond or swamp dwelling, and a few species are usually found in the hygropetric splash zone on stream boulders or on rocks at the margins of waterfalls. The geographic distributions of PNG Hydraena are compared with the Areas of Freshwater Endemism recently proposed by Polhemus and Allen (2007), and found to substantially support those areas. Only one species, H. impercepta Zwick, 1977 is known to be found in both Australia and Papua New Guinea. The probable Australian origins of the PNG hydraenid genera Gymnochthebius and Limnebius are discussed. The origins of just a few species of PNG Hydraena appear to clearly be Australia, and of comparatively recent origin, whereas the origins of the remainder remain problematic because of lack of knowledge of the Hydraena fauna in Papua Province, Indonesia, and islands large and small to the west of New Guinea. No endemic genera of Hydraenidae are currently known for New Guinea, whereas 98% of the known species are endemic. New species of Hydraena are: H. acumena (Eastern Highlands Province: Koma River, tributary of Fio River), H. adelbertensis (Madang Province: Adelbert Mts., below Keki), H. akameku (Madang Province: Akameku–Brahmin, Bismarck Range), H. altapapua (Southern Highlands Province: Sopulkul, 30–35 km NE Mendi), H. ambra (Eastern Highlands Province: Wanitabi Valley, nr. Okapa), H. ambripes (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Budemu), H. ambroides (Eastern Highlands Province: Wanitabi Valley, nr. Okapa), H. apertista (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Lower Naho Valley, Hinggia), H. apexa (Eastern Highlands Province: Okapa), H. aquila (Madang Province: Simbai area), H. aulaarta (Western Highlands Province: Kundum), H. austrobesa (Central Province: nr. Port Moresby, Sogeri Plateau, Musgrave River), H. bacchusi (Eastern Highlands Province: Wanitabi Valley, nr. Okapa), H. balkei (Eastern Highlands Province: Akameku–Brahmin, Bismarck Range), H. bicarinova (Eastern Highlands Province: Wanitabi Valley, nr. Okapa), H. bifunda (Morobe Province: c. 7 mi. Lae–Bulolo road), H. biundulata (Morobe Province: Lae–Bulolo road), H. brahman (Madang Province: Ramu Valley, 4.5 km N Brahman), H. bubulla (Madang Province: Akameku–Brahmin, Bismarck Range), H. buloba (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. buquintana (Western Highlands Province: Mt. Hagen town area), H. carinocisiva (Eastern Highlands Province: Aiyura), H. carmellita (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. cavifrons (Madang Province: Ramu Valley, 4.5 km N Brahman), H. cheesmanae (Central Province: Kokoda), H. clarinis (Madang Province: Sepik Ramu Basin, Kojé Creek), H. colorata (Morobe Province: 5 miles W of Lae, Buins Creek), H. confluenta (Eastern Highlands Province: Umg. [=environs of] Kainantu, Onerunka), H. copulata (Gulf Province: Marawaka, Mala), H. cunicula (Madang Province: Akameku–Brahmin, Bismarck Range), H. decepta (Eastern Highlands Province: Okapa), H. diadema (Eastern Highlands Province: Purosa Valley, nr. Okapa), H. dudgeoni (Madang Province: Sepik Ramu Basin, Kojé Creek), H. einsteini (Central Province: Port Moresby–Brown River road), H. essentia (Eastern Highlands Province: Sepik River Basin, stream beside milestone labelled G-99), H. exhalista (Gulf Province: Marawaka, Mala), H. fasciata (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. fascinata (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, nr. Moro), H. fasciolata (Madang Province: Madang, Ohu Village), H. fasciopaca (Madang Province: Keki, Adelbert Mts.), H. fenestella (Morobe Province: Lae-Bulolo road), H. foliobba (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. formosopala (East Sepik Province: Prince Alexander Mts., Wewak), H. funda (Central Province: Moitaka, 7 miles N of Port Moresby), H. fundacta (Madang Province: Adelbert Mts., Sewan–Keki), H. fundapta (Central Province: Port Moresby–Brown River road), H. fundarca (Eastern Highlands Province: Okapa), H. fundextra (Morobe Province: Markham Valley, Gusap), H. galea (Eastern Highlands Province: Akameku–Brahmin, Bismarck Range, 700 m), H. herzogestella (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Bundun), H. hornabrooki (East Sepik Province: Sepik, main river), H. huonica (Madang Province: Kewensa, Finisterre Range, Yupna, Huon Peninsula), H. ibalimi (Sandaun Province: Mianmin), H. idema (Eastern Highlands Province: Umg. [=environs of] Onerunka, Ramu River), H. impala (Central Province: nr. Port Moresby, Sogeri Plateau, Musgrave River), H. incisiva (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. incista (Western Highlands Province: Simbai, Kairong River), H. infoveola (Gulf Province: Marawaka, Mala), H. inhalista (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Damanti), H. inplacopaca (Eastern Highlands Province: Waisa, nr. Okapa), H. insandalia (Eastern Highlands Province: Headwaters of Fio River, 0.5 km downstream of river crossing on Herowana/Oke Lookout path, ca. 4.5 km N of Herowana airstrip), H. intensa (Morobe Province: Lae–Bulolo road), H. johncoltranei (National Capital District, Varirata NP), H. jubilata (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Budemu), H. koje (Madang Province: Sepik Ramu Basin, Kojé Creek), H. koma (Eastern Highlands Province: Koma River, tributary of Fio River, 100 m downstream of rattan bridge crossing, ca. 3.8 km S by E of Herowana airstrip), H. labropaca (Central Province: nr. Port Moresby, Sogeri Plateau, Musgrave River), H. lassulipes (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. limbobesa (Gulf Province: Marawaka, near Ande), H. maculopala (Madang Province: Madang, Ohu Village), H. manulea (Morobe Province: Lae, Buins Creek), H. manuloides (Central Province: Port Moresby–Brown River road), H. marawaka (Gulf Province: Marawaka, Mala), H. mercuriala (Sandaun Province: May River), H. mianminica (Sandaun Province:May River), H. nanocolorata (Madang Province: Sepik Ramu Basin, Kojé Creek), H. nanopala (Madang Province: Sepik Ramu Basin, Kojé Creek), H. nitidimenta (Eastern Highlands Province: Koma River, tributary of Fio River, at rattan bridge crossing, ca. 2.6 km N by W of Herowana airstrip), H. okapa (Eastern Highlands Province: Wanitabi Valley, nr. Okapa), H. ollopa (Western Highlands Province: Kundum), H. otiarca (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau, Snake River), H. owenobesa (Morobe Province: ca. 10 km S Garaina Saureri), H. pacificica (Morobe Province: Huon Pen., Kwapsanek), H. pala (Morobe Province: Lae–Bulolo road, Gurakor Creek), H. palamita (Central Province: nr. Port Moresby, Sogeri Plateau, Musgrave River), H. paxillipes (Morobe Province: Lae–Bulolo road, Patep Creek), H. pectenata (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Damanti), H. pegopyga (Madang Province: Ramu Valley, 3 km N Brahman), H. penultimata (Sandaun Province: May River), H. perpunctata (Madang Province: Sepik Ramu Basin, Kojé Creek), H. pertransversa (Eastern Highlands Province: Clear stream, summit of Kassem Pass at forest level), H. phainops (Morobe Province: Lae–Bulolo road, Patep Creek), H. photogenica (Eastern Highlands Province: Goroka, Mt. Gahavisuka), H. picula (Eastern Highlands Province: Goroka, Daulo Pass), H. pilulambra (Eastern Highlands Province: Clear stream, summit of Kassem Pass at forest level), H. pluralticola (Morobe Province: c. 7 miles Lae–Bulolo road), H. processa (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. quadriplumipes (Madang Province: Aiome area), H. quintana (Morobe Province: Markham Valley, Lae–Kainantu road, Erap R), H. ramuensis (Madang Province: Ramu Valley, 6 km N Brahman), H. ramuquintana (Madang Province: Ramu Valley, 6 km N Brahman), H. receptiva (Morobe Province: Lae–Bulolo road), H. remulipes (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. reticulobesa (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Moro), H. sagatai (Sandaun Province: Abau River), H. saluta (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Damanti), H. sepikramuensis (Madang Province: Ramu Valley, Sare River, 4 km N Brahman), H. sexarcuata (Eastern Highlands Province: Akameku–Brahmin, Bismarck Range), H. sexsuprema (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Damanti), H. spinobesa (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Budemu), H. striolata (Oro Province: Northern District, Tanbugal Afore village), H. supersexa (Eastern Highlands Province: Okapa), H. supina (Eastern Highlands Province: Wanitabi Valley, nr. Okapa), H. tarsotricha (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau, Snake River), H. tetana (Eastern Highlands Province: Okapa), H. thola (Central Province: Port Moresby– Brown River road), H. tholasoris (Morobe Province: Markham Valley, Gusap, c. 90 miles NW of Lae), H. thumbelina (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Damanti), H. thumbelipes (Sandaun Province: Mianmin), H. tibiopaca (Morobe Province: ridge between Aseki–Menyamya), H. torosopala (Madang Province: Keki, Adelbert Mts.), H. torricellica (Morobe Province: Torricelli Mts., village below Sibilanga Stn.), H. transvallis (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Damanti), H. trichotarsa (Morobe Province: Lae–Bulolo road), H. tricosipes (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. tritropis (Madang Province: Sepik Ramu Basin, Kojé Creek), H. tritutela (Morobe Province: ca. 10 km S Garaina Saureri), H. ulna (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. variopaca (Eastern Highlands Province: Wanitabi Valley, nr. Okapa), H. velvetina (Eastern Highlands Province: Purosa Valley, nr. Okapa).

Aristolochia chrismülleriana is described from the Ambunti-Hunstein district, near historical localities of the Kaiserin- Augusta-Fluss Expedition of 1912–13. Noteworthy records from the German classical sites are also reported for Secamone timorensis (Apocynaceae) and Monanthocitrus paludosa (Rutaceae).

<p><strong>Introduction</strong></p><p>Family Planning is central to the empowerment of women and a key factor reducing poverty. However, millions of women around the world are not accessing safe and effective family planning methods. This study determined contraceptive prevalence and identified barriers to using modern contraception in the Maprik district of East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Methods</strong></p><p>Data from the National Health Information System (NHIS) and a survey of women presenting to outpatient clinics was used to estimate contraceptive prevalence. The in-person interviews, which also sought to understand barriers to using modern contraceptives, included women aged 15-49 years from three different health facility catchments. A population based awareness campaign promoting family planning was undertaken through mass media (local radio) and targeted information sessions.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Findings</strong></p><p>The retrospective review of NHIS data indicated a contraceptive prevalence of 38% while the survey indicated a prevalence of 30%. Of the women interviewed, 46% indicated having an unintended pregnancy and 16% had sought to end a pregnancy. Of those women who were not using modern contraceptives, 19% lacked knowledge on methods to avoid pregnancy and 13% were concerned about side effects from using modern contraceptives. A family planning awareness program resulted in a notable increase in the number of men having a vasectomy.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Conclusion</strong></p><p>This study confirmed low contraceptive prevalence estimates in Maprik District and identified the key barriers to contraceptive use that can be effectively addressed. Continued awareness campaigns are necessary to address key knowledge gaps and alleviate fears about the side effects of contraceptive use. </p>

Permasalahan yang terjadi di SD Negeri se-Kecamatan Gamping Yogyakarta pada olahraga sepak takraw adalah sebagian siswa ada yang belum terampil melakukan sepakmula, sepaksila, sepakkuda, heading, dan smash. Penelitian ini deskriptif kuantitatif dengan metode surve. Subjek dalam penelitian adalah seluruh peserta ekstrakurikuler sepak takraw di SD Negeri se Kecamatan Gamping, berjumlah 22 siswa yang ditentukan dengan purposive saampling. Instrumen penelitian ini menggunakan metode tes keterampilan dasar bermain Sepak takraw terdiri dari: tes sepakmula, sepaksila, sepakkuda, heading dan smash. Teknik analisis disini berbentuk presentase keterampilan bermain Sepak takraw di SD Negeri se Kecamatan Gamping Yogyakarta dengan hasil “sangat kurang” 0% (0 siswa), “kurang” 40,91% (9 siswa), “sedang” 31,82% (7 siswa), “tinggi” 18,18% (4 siswa), dan “sangat tinggi” 9,09% (2 siswa). Dengan nilai rata-rata 49,99 dengan hasil keterampilan bermain Sepak takraw di SD Negeri se Kecamatan Gamping Yogyakarta dalam kategori “sedang”.Sepak Takraw: How ability of state elementary school in the Covid-19 Pandemic?AbstractThe problem that occurs in public elementary schools throughout the Gamping District of Yogyakarta in the sport of sepak takraw is that some students are not yet skilled at soccer, soccer, horse soccer, heading, and smash. This research is descriptive quantitative with a survey method. The subjects in the study were all participants of the sepak takraw extracurricular at State Elementary Schools in Gamping District, totaling 22 students who were determined by purposive sampling. This research instrument uses the basic skills test method for playing sepak takraw consisting of soccer, soccer, horse, heading, and smash tests. The analysis technique here is in the form of a percentage of the skills of playing sepak takraw in SD Negeri in Gamping District, Yogyakarta with the results of "very poor" 0% (0 students), "less" 40.91% (9 students), "moderate" 31.82% (7 students), “high” 18.18% (4 students), and “very high” 9.09% (2 students). With an average value of 49.99 with the results of the skills of playing sepak takraw at State Elementary Schools throughout the Gamping District of Yogyakarta in the "medium" category.

Sambas district is the district with the lowest HDI among the 14 districts in West Kalimantan. The highest education level of most people is only Elementary School, while public health issues are very complex, while most families are poor. Those facts show that Kabupaten Sambas is one of the districts that need attention in development in all sectors, including health, education, and economy. Sebawi, one of the region in Sambas district, still requires efforts to improve the human resource. The aim of KKN-PPM in Sebawi is to have a community empowerment in the areas of health, education, and socio-economic. The activities included strengthening 'desa siaga', increasing access to education, and intensive mentorship for the home industry in three selected villages, namely Sepuk Tanjung, Rantau Panjang and Sebawi. The results showed that the major program such as 'desa siaga' and entrepreneurship run very well. We successfully revitalized management and operational team of 'Desa Siaga'. and also convinced the villagers to provide ambulance facility in their village. We also established a new group of entrepreneurs consisted of housewife and dropout students. We hope that the new entrepreneur group can promote economic growth in the villages. Hopefully, the program can be sustainable and will be monitored periodically. Keywords: community empowerment, alert village, poor families

El-Fayoum governorate has unique characteristics which induces mosquito proliferation and thus increased the risk arisen from diseases transmission. Present study explores the role of remote sensing and GIS modeling integrated with field survey for mapping mosquito breeding sites and the areas under risk of diseases transmission in El-Fayoum governorate. Entomological surveys were conducted for a total number of 40 accessible breeding sites during the period 12-16 November 2017. A calibrated Landsat OLI image, synchronized with the field trip, was processed to produce Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI), and Land Surface Temperature (LST). A cartographic GIS model was generated to predict breeding sites in the whole governorate and to assess the potential risk. The main filarial disease vector (Culex pipiens) was abundant at Atsa district, while Malaria vectors (Anopheles sergentii and Anopheles multicolor) were mainly distributed in El-Fayoum and Youssef El-Seddiq districts. Means levels of NDVI, NDMI and LST at breeding habitats were recorded; 0.18, 0.08 and 21.75° C, respectively. Results of the model showed that the highest predicted risk area was reported at Atsa district (94.4 km2) and Yousef El-Sediq (81.8 km2) while the lowest prediction was observed at Abshawai district (35.9 km2). It can be concluded that Atsa, Yousef El-Sedik and El-Fayoum districts are more vulnerable to Malaria and Filaria diseases outbreaks, thus precaution and pest control methods must be applied to mitigate the possible risks.

Introduction:Immunization is one of the splendid public health interventions that remarkably reduced child morbidity, mortality, and disability. Despite attaining substantial immunization coverage in Kashmir, assessment of the immunization system is quintessential for sustaining the gains and exploring the gaps. Objective: To assess the gaps in the delivery of routine immunization services in Kashmir Valley. Method: In-depth face-to-face interviews were conducted with thirty-two (32) important stakeholders, who were purposively selected as they play an active role in the planning and implementation of the Immunization Program and devise strategies at different levels of healthcare delivery. At the state level, SEPIO and SMO were interviewed at the District level, DIO/Deputy CMO was interviewed in all ten (10) districts of Kashmir Valley. From all ten Districts, two Medical-Blocks were selected from each District, and one Block Medical Officer and one Medical Officer were interviewed alternatively from each Medical-Block. Results: The thematic qualitative analysis approach was used and the analysis process generated five themes. Each of these themes included many sub-themes. 1. Factors facilitating the implementation of Routine Immunization (RI), 2. Limitations and deficits related to knowledge, attitude, monitoring, 3. Constraints encountered in the implementation of (RI) program, 4. Difficulties in the implementation of RI revealed by respondents, 5. Transformational steps to bridge gaps in the delivery of Immunization (RI) Conclusion: There were visible deficits related to knowledge, attitude, and monitoring among health professionals. Certain constraints encountered in the implementation of the program were financial constraints in the training of health care professionals and human resources constraints. The study showed the need for transformational steps to bridge gaps in the delivery of the Immunization (RI), which included regular monitoring and review meetings, teamwork and peer learning, training, and improvement in cold chain maintenance.

The threat of drought that occurs every year will have an impact on hampering the activities of residents Dusun Sepi, Buwun Mas Village, Sekotong District. Therefore, it is necessary to make efforts to overcome the threat of a clean water crisis due to drought by conserving water or looking for alternative water sources. The application of a rainwater harvesting system (PAH) can be a solution to this problem. The purpose of this community service activity is to provide socialization and applications regarding efforts to anticipate drought disasters. The method used is a knowledge approach by providing socialization and application of the PAH system in one of the buildings at the Zainul Hafidz Islamic Boarding School At-Taufiq, Dusun Sepi, Buwun Mas Village, Sekotong District. The socialization activity took place on June 4, 2022 and went smoothly and orderly. During the implementation of the service activities, partners, in this case the residents of the Zainul Hafidz At-Taufiq Islamic Boarding School and the residents of the quiet hamlet, were very enthusiastic in participating in the socialization and application of rainwater harvesting (PAH) or roof-based rain water harvesting on a household scale with 54 participants. who came from the residents of the Islamic boarding school and residents around Dusun Sepi. From the estimated demand for clean water for Islamic boarding schools, with the PAH system as an alternative water source, the fulfillment of clean water needs for Islamic boarding schools can be helped by 3%.

This research focuses on the efforts made by supporters of Berni in establishing her group's identity. By strengthening group solidarity and building networks with various parties, Berni's supporters have the goal of building a supporting character without conflict and making Jember a safe area for all supporters. Researchers use social capital theory to analyze the beliefs, norms, and social networks formed by Berni's supporters. This study uses a qualitative method with an ethnographic approach. The findings of this study include solidarity among members created through activities carried out by supporters of Berni, namely meeting, drinking coffee together, and coming to the stadium to provide support to Persid during the competition. While in the bridging aspect, Berni's supporters have succeeded in building a secure and reciprocal network with various parties such as the management of the Persid Jember club, the regional government, the police, supporters outside the region, and with the community. Berni's supporters also build trust in the broader community by not engaging in clashes or destruction that can disturb the community. Keywords: social capital, trust, norms, identity. Referensi: Afrizal. (2015). Metode Penelitian Kualitatif: Sebuah Upaya Mendukung Penggunaan Penelitian Kualitatif dalam Berbagai Disiplin Ilmu. Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada Hasbullah, J. (2006). Social Capital: Menuju Keunggulan Budaya Manusia Indonesia. Jakarta: MR-United Press Lucky, N. dan Setyowati, N. (2013). Fenomena Perilaku Fanatisme Suporter Sepak Bola (Studi Kasus Suporter Persebaya Bonek di Surabaya). Jurnal Kajian Moral dan Kewarganegaraan No. 1 Vol. 1. Surabaya: Universitas Negeri Surabaya diakses pada 4 Juni 2018 melalui https://jurnalmahasiswa.unesa.ac.id/index.php/jurnal-pendidikan kewarganegaraa/article/view/1474 Maarif, S. (2011). Bahan Ajar Sosiologi: Kapital Sosial. Yogyakarta: Gress Publishing Narwoko, J. & Suyanto, B. (2006). Sosiologi: Teks Pengantar dan Terapan.Jakarta: Kencana Putnam, R. D. (1995). Bowling Alone: American’s Declining Social Capital. Journal of Democracy No. 1 Vol. 6. Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press diakses pada 17 Oktober 2017 melalui https://muse.jhu.edu/article/16643 Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon and Schuster Paperbacks Soekanto, S. (2013).Sosiologi Suatu Pengantar. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers Sunoto, H. (2014). Modal Sosial: Definisi, Konsep-konsep Utama Dari Pemikiran Modal Sosial, dan Analisis Terhadap Masalah Kemasyarakatan. Bandung: Sekolah Tinggi Kesejahteraan Sosial diakses pada 29 Maret 2017 melalui https://www.academia.edu/8894781/Modal_Sosial_penjelasan_singkat_para_pakar Syahra, R. (2003). Modal Sosial: Konsep dan Aplikasi. Jurnal Masyarakat dan Budaya Vol. 5 No. 1. Jakarta: LIPI diakses pada 11 Maret 2018 melalui http://jmb.lipi.go.id/index.php/jmb/article/view/256 Wirawan, A. O. 2014. Berni Pride of The City: Kisah Sebuah Kelompok Suporter Sepak Bola. Jember: Berni

The aim of this paper is to show some empirical evidence of the sustainability and decision making in dairy production in Turkey. The main material of the study was obtained from the data collected by the survey conducted in the villages in Merkez, Manavgat and Serik districts of the Antalya province. Within the context of the research, 75 farmers were interviewed in the 2007 production season. The research results indicate that the households are the most important decision maker in terms of farming decisions. 56.3% of the farmers in the small farms, 61.5% of the farmers in the medium-size farms and 41.2% of the farmers in the large farm noted that they could quit dairy production activity if they received a fixed salary.

This article describes the issue of the influences of the time factor and wildlife populations on road animal–vehicle crashes. The article presents problems associated with animal–vehicle crashes in Poland. They are the subject of many court disputes. For the purposes of the study, data on animal–vehicle road crashes were obtained from the SEWiK database, as well as data on the numbers of animals in hunting districts from 2016–2020. The relationship between the number of road crashes and time was analysed, and the relationships between the numbers of road crashes and the animal populations, as well as the locations, types, and categories of the hunting districts, were analysed as well. The factors related to changes in the wildlife populations, road crashes in previous years, and the lengths of the road networks were also analysed. The research shows no relationship between the abundance of a particular species and the number of road crashes. Instead, there is a correlation between the number of crashes in previous years and the road network length.

ABSTRACTElectrical energy needs are very important for villagers' activities in improving work productivity and education. For people who live in remote areas, such as Sepok Keladi, Sungai Kakap sub-district, Kubu Raya district, fulfilling electricity is a big problem. Because the PLN electricity network has not reached the area. Therefore, the most appropriate solution to overcome the absence of electrical energy in this area is to convert sunlight into electrical energy using photovoltaic technology (Solar Cells). The system for supplying electricity with this system is called the Solar Power Plant (PLTS). Currently, PLTS is still classified as a power plant with an expensive initial investment. Therefore, installing PLTS is preferred for lighting. For these purposes, the use of lamps that require low power is very important. Energy-saving light Emitting Diode (LED) DC lights are one solution that can be applied to overcome lighting problems in remote areas that receive energy supplies from PLTS. With lighting, it can support social, economic and community education activities, especially at night. Keywords: PLTS, remote areas, LED lights, energy-saving. ABSTRAKKebutuhan energi listrik sangat penting bagi aktivitas warga desa dalam meningkatkan produktivitas kerja dan pendidikan. Bagi masyarakat yang tinggal di daerah terpencil, seperti dusun Sepok Keladi, kecamatan Sungai Kakap kabupaten Kubu Raya, pemenuhan akan energi listrik merupakan masalah besar. Oleh karena jaringan listrik PLN belum menjangkau daerah tersebut. sehingga solusi yang paling tepat untuk mengatasi ketiadaan energi listrik di daerah tersebut adalah dengan mengubah cahaya matahari menjadi energi listrik menggunakan teknologi photovoltaic (Sel Surya). Sistem penyediaan energi listrik dengan sistem ini disebut Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya (PLTS). Saat ini PLTS masih digolongkan sebagai pembangkit listrik dengan investasi awal yang mahal, Oleh karena itu, pemasangan PLTS lebih diutamakan untuk penerangan. Untuk keperluan tersebut penggunaan lampu yang memerlukan daya rendah sangatlah penting. Lampu light Emitting Diode (LED) DC hemat energi merupakan salah satu solusi yang dapat diterapkan untuk mengatasai masalah penerangan di daerah terpencil yang mendapat suplay energi dari PLTS. Dengan adanya penerangan dapat menunjang aktivitas sosial, ekonomi dan pendidikan masyarakat terutama pada malam hari. Kata Kunci: PLTS, daerah terpencil, Lampu LED, hemat energi

Bambanipa Village is one of the villages in Palasa District, Parigi Moutong Regency, Central Sulawesi Province. Based on direct observations and interviews with local fishermen, the number of fishermen in the village of Bambanipa is 37 people. The research method used is descriptive and participatory. descriptive methods used are surveys and interviews. for data analysis using a randomized block design (RBD) model, with a mathematical formulation. During the research in the village of Bambanipa, the total number of catches was 318 individuals. With details based on the type of fish caught, namely Baronang (Siganus lineatus) 19 individuals, Grouper (Cromileptes altivelis) 1 individuals, Botana (Ctenochaetus striatus) 1 individual, Katamba (Lethrinus lentjan) 3 individuals, Dayah beard (Upeneus moluccensis) 3 individuals, Rengginan (Myripristis hexagonatus) 69 individuals, Tiger snapper (Plectorhinchus chaetodontoides) 2 individuals, Kuwe (Pseudocaranx dentex) 5 individuals, Black point snapper (Lutjanus fulviflamma) 3 individuals, Selar (Selar boops) 10 individuals, Sembilang (Euristhmus microceps) 200 individuals , 2 individuals of Cuttlefish (Sepia sp.).

The purpose of the study was to develop a model of passing learning in football games for eighth grade students of Wasilei 7 Middle School, East Halmahera Regency. Based on the results of interviews with the physical education teacher on March 8, 2018 the teacher said that when students received their material they were not serious, what was explained by the physical education teacher was not noticed by the students and they always played. The physical education teacher agrees if I make / develop a passing learning model in class VIII of SMP Negeri 7 Wasilei. East Halmahera Regency. The study was conducted at SMP Negeri 7 Wasilei. East Halmahera Regency. The review of the experts consists of 2 experts namely expert football coaches, expert physical education teachers. and the trial subjects consisted of: (1) small group trials using 8 students, and (2) large group trials or field trials consisting of 10 students (the rest of the small group trials). The results of the research based on the expert evaluation of the soccer coach found that the average percentage was 85.68%, and the expert evaluation of the teacher training was known as an average percentage of 90.25% so that this model could be used. The overall results of the 100% large group trial data. And 100% small group trials. So that the model of passing learning in soccer games at Wasilei 7 Public Middle School, East Halmahera District can be used

Sports is one aspect of development that is gaining national attention in Indonesia, especially in efforts to improve nurseries, coaching, and achievement sports. Nurseries, coaching and improving the performance of sports not only in certain branches but also includes all sports activities in the community including Sepaktakraw sports. The sport of Sepaktakraw is very interesting, and it needs to be taken seriously because the game of Sepaktakraw is a very useful game and has developed a lot in Indonesia, especially in West Sumatra. This sport is popular because Sepaktakraw is full of beautiful acrobatic movements and is beneficial for bodily health. Nurseries, coaching activities towards achieving maximum achievement for this need to be held various preparations, especially the problem of coaches, athletes, organizations, infrastructure, and training programs, in order to improve the achievement to a higher level. In an effort to improve the quality of motion and improve the achievements of athletes in the game Sepak takraw, the technique is very closely related to the ability of movement, physical condition, tactics, and mental. One of the most basic places for coaching is in schools and through Physical Education learning. In connection with this, it is necessary to have training in basic techniques of sepaktakraw games for Penjasorkes teachers in Primary Schools in Padang Utara District, Padang City so that teachers can begin to do sepaktakraw training for students since elementary school.

Sports is one aspect of development that is gaining national attention in Indonesia, especially in efforts to improve nurseries, coaching, and achievement sports. Nurseries, coaching and improving the performance of sports not only in certain branches but also includes all sports activities in the community including Sepaktakraw sports. The sport of Sepaktakraw is very interesting, and it needs to be taken seriously because the game of Sepaktakraw is a very useful game and has developed a lot in Indonesia, especially in West Sumatra. This sport is popular because Sepaktakraw is full of beautiful acrobatic movements and is beneficial for bodily health. Nurseries, coaching activities towards achieving maximum achievement for this need to be held various preparations, especially the problem of coaches, athletes, organizations, infrastructure, and training programs, in order to improve the achievement to a higher level. In an effort to improve the quality of motion and improve the achievements of athletes in the game Sepak takraw, the technique is very closely related to the ability of movement, physical condition, tactics, and mental. One of the most basic places for coaching is in schools and through Physical Education learning. In connection with this, it is necessary to have training in basic techniques of sepaktakraw games for Penjasorkes teachers in Primary Schools in Padang Utara District, Padang City so that teachers can begin to do sepaktakraw training for students since elementary school.

The relevance of the work lies in the demand for materials characterizing the peoples of the Southern Urals and the Urals in the XIX century to reconstruct the history and culture of the region. The purpose of the article is to identify ethnographic materials about the Russian population, which over the past centuries formed the demographic majority and largely determined the ethnic processes in the region. The method of research is a historical and comparative analysis of information about the Russian population of the past centuries with the field materials of the author of the article collected in recent decades. It is revealed that the materials of V.S. Russian Russians of the Zlatoust district of Ufa province, immigrants from Kungursky district of Perm province, that is, representatives of the North Russian ethno-cultural tradition. M.V. Kolesnikov in the late 1880s described the customs and customs of the Russian population of Belebeyevsky and Ufa counties, whose ethnic culture formed by the fusion of traditions of immigrants from different provinces of Russia, especially the Central Russian strip, and interaction with local peoples. Priest K. Yevlantiev in 1878 described the economic activities of the Belebeyevsky district, and the priest M.V. Burdukov in 1905 - the Menzelinsky district of the Ufa province. Their materials allow us to study the process of adaptation of the Russian population to local conditions. Since the 1840s, the newspaper has published information about folk and religious holidays held in villages and cities, where representatives of different ethnic groups, estates, confessions gathered. In the 1860s - 1870s, R.G. Ignatiev presented information about the days of Semik, Trinity, Annunciation, St. George's Day, which were special for the peasants of the Ufa province. Thus, the newspaper's materials provide a variety of information on the ethnic history, economic activity, material and spiritual culture of the Russian population of different counties, their regional features in chronological frames from the 1840s to 1905, ethnocultural processes in the region. Field studies show the preservation of some customs in villages remote from the centers of urbanization.

<p style="text-align: justify;">The abration at Senik hamlet, Bedono village, Demak district has alternated the land became mangrove ecosystem’s area. This ecosystem supply the habitat such as group of mangrove crab (Scylla sp). The purpose of this research to analyze the abundance of mangrove crab at various location in the mangrove’s ecosystem at Senik’s hamlet. The mangrove crabs sampling are taken at three station in the Rejosari The result of variances analyzis prove there are the significant differences (Fhitung=17,67; α=0,05) in the abundance of mangrove crab among station. The most abundant of mangrove crab in the station III (815 ind/Ha), then Station II (563 ind/Ha), and Station I (341 ind/Ha), The Domination of mangrove crab in the three of station is Scylla tanquebarica species (female and the age is adolescent). The analyzis result of Pearson Products Moment at the environment parameter obtained that the water salinity (r=0,77) and the depth of water (r=0,72) to be the most powerfull positive correlation with the abundance of mangrove crab. The conclusion of this research is the height of the abundance of mangrove crab at Senik’s Hamlet supported by the combination of various environment factor, especially the salinity factor, the water depth, and the density of mangrove vegetation. ©2016 JNSMR UIN Walisongo. All rights reserved</p>

Ketersediaan fasilitas jembatan penyeberangan orang (JPO) di SMP Negeri 2 Kota jambi tidak dijadikan pilihan utama bagi para siswa untuk menyeberang. Para siswa lebih memilih menyeberang secara langsung. Salah satunya disebabkan karena arus kendaraan dipagi hari tergolong masih sepi. Namun pada siang hari ketika jam pulang sekolah, arus kendaraan menjadi padat dikarenakan orang tua siswa yang menunggu didepan sekolah sehingga menimbulkan kemacetan sementara.Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan penyebaran kuesioner kepada para siswa di SMP Negeri 2 Kota Jambi tersebut dengan jumlah responden sebanyak 90 orang. Adapun isi dari kuesioner tersebut merupakan poin-poin penting dalam kualitas pelayanan jembatan penyeberangan orang, seperti Keselamatan (Safety), Keamanan (Security), Kemudahan (Convience), Kelancaran (Continuity), Kenyamanan (Comfort), Keterpaduan Sistem (System Coherence), dan Daya Tarik (Attractiveness).Hasil analisa menunjukan bahwa persepsi para siswa menujukan persepsi para siswa terhadap kualitas pelayanan pada jembatan penyeberangan orang SMP Negeri 2 Kota jambi tersebut bernilai 4270, yang mana nilai tersebut pada tabel kriterium menunjukan hasil yang sudah hampir baik/cukup dalam memenuhi standar kualitas pelayanan, walaupun belum menunjukan hasil yang baik.

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peningkatan kemampuan smash kedeng dalam permainan sepak takraw setelah diterapkan latihan otot tungkai menggunakan bola gantung. Jenis penelitian kuantitatif yang bersifat eksperimen dimana terdapat perlakuan pada objek penelitian dengan menggunakan desain penelitian pr test, perlakuan, post test dengan populasi penelitian 30 atlet laki-laki dengan penarikan sampel dalam total sampling sebanyak 30 atlet PSTI Kabupaten Lebong. Hasil tes akhir diperoleh korelasi yang dihitung dengan menggunakan rumus product moment diperoleh pretest dan post test latihan otot tungkai dengan menggunakan bola gantung dengan r = 0,574, hasil korelasi post test latihan bola gantung dengan r = 0,349, hasil korelasi dari hitungan pretest dan post test smash kedeng dengan r = 0,4407. Dan disimpulkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan antara latihan otot tungkai menggunakan bola gantung selama 1 bulan 2 minggu dengan 3 kali/minggu terhadap kemampuan smash kedeng adalah sebesar 59,65%.Kata kunci: Latihan Bola Gantung, Peningkatan Smash kedeng dan Smash Gulung.ABSTRACTThis study aims to determine the improvement of the ability of smash kedeng in game sepak takraw after applied leg muscle exercises using hanging balls. The type of quantitative research is experimental in which there is treatment on the object of research by using pre-test research design, treatment, post test with a population of 30 male athletes with sampling in total sampling of 30 athletes PSTI Lebong District. The final test results obtained correlation calculated by using product moment formula obtained by pretest and post test of leg muscle by using hanging ball with r = 0,574, result of post test correlation of hanging ball with r = 0,349, correlation result from pretest and post Test smash kedeng with r = 0.4407. And concluded that there is a significant influence between leg muscle exercise using a hanging ball for 1 month 2 weeks with 3 times / week on the ability to smash kedeng is equal to 59.65%.Keyword: Limb muscle training, Improved, Smash kedeng and Smash Gulung

Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peningkatan kemampuan smash kedeng dalam permainan sepak takraw setelah diterapkan latihan otot tungkai menggunakan bola gantung. Jenis penelitian kuantitatif yang bersifat eksperimen dimana terdapat perlakuan pada objek penelitian dengan menggunakan desain penelitian pre test, perlakuan, post test dengan populasi penelitian 30 atlet laki-laki dengan penarikan sampel dalam total sampling sebanyak 30 atlet PSTI Kabupaten Lebong. Hasil tes akhir diperoleh korelasi yang dihitung dengan menggunakan rumus product moment diperoleh pre test dan post test latihan otot tungkai dengan menggunakan bola gantung dengan r = 0,574, hasil korelasi post test latihan bola gantung dengan r = 0,349 , hasil korelasi dari hitungan pre test dan post test smash kedeng dengan r = 0,4407. Dan disimpulkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan antara latihan otot tungkai menggunakan bola gantung selama 1 bulan 2 minggu dengan 3 kali/minggu terhadap kemampuan smash kedeng adalah sebesar 59,65%. Kata kunc: Latihan Bola Gantung, Peningkatan Smash kedeng dan Smash Gulung. AbstractThis study aims to determine the improvement of the ability of smash kedeng in game sepak takraw after applied leg muscle exercises using hanging balls. The type of quantitative research is experimental in which there is treatment on the object of research by using pre-test research design, treatment, post test with a population of 30 male athletes with sampling in total sampling of 30 athletes PSTI Lebong District. The final test results obtained correlation calculated by using product moment formula obtained by pre test and post test of leg muscle by using hanging ball with r = 0,574, result of post test correlation of hanging ball with r = 0,349, correlation result from pre test and post Test smash kedeng with r = 0.4407. And concluded that there is a significant influence between leg muscle exercise using a hanging ball for 1 month 2 weeks with 3 times / week on the ability to smash kedeng is equal to 59.65%.Keyword: Limb muscle training, Improved, Smash kedeng and Smash Gulung.

Aim of study: The study aimed to examine the technical and economic performances of two different shredders for three windrow densities of pomegranate residues.Area of study: The study was conducted in the Serik District of Antalya Province, Turkey.Material and methods: Two different pruning residue shredders driven by tractor power take off (PTO) were used. Machine‑I has pick‑up, shredding, screen units. Machine‑II only has a shredding unit. The experiment was conducted at windrow densities of 1.49, 2.10, and 2.41 kg/m2 in a pomegranate orchard; the study used a completely randomized split‐plot design with two treatments and three replications.Main results: The power values for the increasing windrow densities were 8.00, 11.73, and 18.47 kW/m for Machine-I and 5.08, 5.68, and 6.48 kW/m for Machine-II. Moreover, the average particle length of 68.6 mm shredded by Machine‑I was approximately 20 mm smaller than that of Machine‑II. The minimum unit energy value of Machine-II was 2.53 kWh/t at the maximum windrow density of 2.41 kg/m2. This value for Machine-I was 5.58 kWh/t at the medium windrow density of 2.10 kg/m2. The lowest unit cost for Machine-I and Machine-II was calculated as 27.2-7.1 US$/t (at medium density) and 16.8-3.5 US$/t (at maximum density), respectively.Research highlights: The appropriate windrow densities for Machine-I and Machine-II were different in terms of energy requirements and total unit cost. Machine-I is more effective at consistently chopping the residues than Machine-II, but it requires more energy and a higher unit cost.

ABSTRAKKegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat (PKM) ini bertujuan melaksanakan pendampingan pengembangan alat peraga mekanik aplikatif bagi guru IPA. Sebagai pendukung alat peraga yang dikembangkan, dalam kegiatan PKM ini juga dilakukan pendampingan pengembangan lembar kerja peserta didik (LKPD) berbasis keterampilan proses sains. Mitra kegiatan PKM, yaitu Madrasah Aliyah NW Sepit, Kecamatan Keruak, Kabupaten Lombok Timur, dan anggota kelompok guru mitra yang terlibat sebanyak 12 guru IPA pada rumpun mata pelajaran fisika, biologi, dan kimia. Metode pelaksanaan PKM melalui kegiatan pelatihan dan pendampingan yang dirinci menjadi empat tahap, mulai dari persiapan, pelatihan dan pendampingan, konsultasi dan presentasi produk hasil pendampingan, sampai dengan implementasi produk hasil pendampingan ke peserta didik pada pembelajaran IPA. Hasil kegiatan PKM secara umum, yaitu guru IPA sebagai kelompok mitra telah memiliki kompetensi dalam mengembangkan alat peraga mekanik aplikatif dan LKPD berbasis keterampilan proses sains sebagai pendukung implementasi alat peraga ke peserta didik. Produk alat peraga aplikatif yang dikembangkan guru menjadi fondasi pembelajaran inovatif guru IPA dalam menciptakan proses pembelajaran yang atraktif dan menarik untuk mencapai hasil belajar yang lebih optimal. Hasil kegiatan PKM ini dapat menjadi referensi pelaksanaan kegiatan PKM serupa untuk dapat dilaksanakan pada kelompok guru IPA di kabupaten lain sebagai kegiatan suplemen bagi guru dalam meningkatkan kualitas proses pembelajaran IPA di kelas. Kata kunci: Alat peraga; kelompok guru IPA; lembar kerja peserta didik; mekanika aplikatif. ABSTRACTThis community service (PKM) activity aims to assist in the development of applicative mechanical props for science teachers. As a support for the props that were developed, in this activity there was also assistance in the development of student worksheets (LKPD) based on science process skills. PKM activity partners, namely Madrasah Aliyah NW Sepit, kecamatan Keruak, kabupaten Lombok Timur, and members of the group of partner teachers involved were 12 science teachers in a group of physics, biology, and chemistry subjects. The methods of implementing PKM through training and mentoring activities are carried out in four stages, starting from preparation, training and assistance, consultation and presentation of mentored products, to implementation of mentoring products to students in science learning. The result of PKM activities is that science teachers as a partner group have been competent in developing applicative mechanical props and LKPD based on science process skills as a support for the implementation of props to the students. The applicative props product developed by the teacher becomes the foundation of innovative learning of science teachers in creating attractive learning processes to achieve optimal learning outcomes. The results of these PKM activities can be a reference for the implementation of similar PKM activities to be carried out in groups of science teachers in other districts as a supplementary activity for teachers in improving the quality of the science learning process in the classroom. Keywords: Applicative mechanical props; student worksheets; science teachers group

Abstrak : Cedera hamstring adalah cedera pada jaringan otot hamstringkarena kerusakan langsung atau tidak langsung akibat teregang melebihi batas normal. Cedera ini sering terjadi pada bagian groin muscles, hamstring, dan otot quadricep.Cedera ini sering terjadi pada atlet dimana salah satu otot paha belakang mengalami robekan atau peregangan akibat trauma dan gerakan mendadak atau gerakan tiba-tiba berhenti.Olahraga dengan intesitas gerakan kombinasi seperti sprint, fleksibilitas, kelincahan, dan kekuatan otot yang besar, sering mengalami cedera ini. Pada cedera hamstring para atlit biasanya mengeluh nyeri yang menyebabkan berkurangnya fleksibilitas dan kekuatan otot hamstring biasanya disertai dengan penurunan daya tahan dalam melakukan suatu aktifitas latihan.Jenis penelitian ini adalah Quasi Eksperiment dengan metode pretest dan posttest. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Nagari Tandikat Selatan, Kecamatan Patamuan, Kabupaten Padang Pariaman. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan Purposive Sampling dengan sampel dalam penelitian berjumlah 11 pasien.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata tingkat fleksibilitashamstring dan nyeri sebelum dan sesudah intervensi mengalami perubahan. Analisis statistic penelitian ini menggunakan Shapiro-Wilkyang didapatkan hasil p = 0.0005 (p<0.05) fleksibilitashamstring, p = 0.003 (p<0.05) pada nyeri gerak, p = 0.003 (p<0.05) pada nyeri tekan, yang berarti terdapat perubahan yang signifikan pada pemberian Cryoterapi dan Stretchingexercise terhadap peningkatan fleksibilitas dan penurunan nyeri pada kasus cedera Hamstring.Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian Cryoterapi dan Stretchingexercise bisa meningkatkan fleksibilitas dan penurunan nyeri pada kasus cedera Hamstring. Untuk itu diharapkan kepada pasien dengan keluhan cedera Hamstring untuk dapat selalu aktif dan disiplin dalam mengikuti program terapi yang efektif dalam meningkatkan fleksibilitas dan menurunkan nyeri. Kata Kunci : Cryoterapi,Stretching exercise, Hamstring, fleksibilitas Abstrack : Hamstring injury is an injury to the hamstring muscle tissue due to direct or indirect damage due to stretching beyond normal limits. These injuries often occur on the groin muscles, hamstrings, and quadriceps muscles. It is also occurring in athletes where one of the hamstrings is torn or stretched due to trauma and sudden movement or movement stops suddenly. Sports with the intensity of combination movements such as sprints, flexibility, agility, and great muscle strength, often suffer from this injury. In hamstring injuries, athletes usually complain of pain which causes reduced flexibility and strength of the hamstring muscles and usually accompanied by decreased endurance in carrying out a training activity.It was QuasiExperiment with pretest and posttest methods. It was conducted in Nagari Tandikat Selatan, Patamuan District, Padang Pariaman Regency. By using purposive sampling,11 patients were chosen as the samples.The results of this study indicated that the average level of hamstringflexibility and pain before and after the intervention changed. The statistical analysis of this study used Shapiro-Wilk showed p = 0.0005 (p<0.05) hamstringflexibility, p = 0.003 (p<0.05) for motion pain, p = 0.003 (p<0.05) for tenderness. It means that there was a significant change of giving Cryotherapy and stretchingexercise to increase flexibility and reduce pain in cases of hamstring injury.In short, it can be concluded that giving Cryotherapy and stretchingexercises can increase flexibility and reduce pain in cases of hamstring injury. For this reason, it is hoped that patients with complaints of Hamstring injury to be active and disciplined in following an effective therapy program in increasing flexibility and reducing pain. Keywords : Cryotherapy, Stretching Exercise, Hamstring, Flexibility

AbstrakKota Cimahi merupakan wilayah penyumbang beban pencemaran yang besar terhadap Sungai Citarum. Terdapat 5 sungai di Kota Cimahi yang terindikasi tercemar berat diantaranya adalah Sungai Cisangkan. DAS Cisangkan ditempati oleh penduduk dengan kepadatan tinggi dan belum dilengkapi dengan sistem pengelolaan air limbah domestik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui strategi pengendalian pencemaran air yang sesuai untuk Sungai Cisangkan. Pengendalian difokuskan kepada air limbah domestik sesuai dengan PerMenPUPR No. 4 Tahun 2017. Hasil penelitian menyebutkan bahwa mutu air Sungai Cisangkan masuk katagori cemar berat dengan parameter yang tidak memenuhi bakumutu diantaranya BOD, COD, TSS, Fecal coli dan Total Coli. DAS Cisangkan meliputi 10 kelurahan, berdasarkan hasil penapisan 7 diantaranya akan menerapkan sistem terpusat dan 3 kelurahan menerapkan sistem setempat. Pengelolaan secara terpusat akan menggunakan perpipaan yang akan menyalurkan ke instalasi pengolahan air limbah. Sistem setempat direncanakan dengan menggunakan tangki septik biofilter berkapasitas 200 kepala keluarga per unit.Kata kunci: Sungai Cisangkan, limbah, domestik, pengelolaanAbstractCimahi City is an area that contributes a large pollution load to the Citarum River. There are five rivers in Cimahi City that are indicated to be heavily polluted, including the Cisangkan River. The Cisangkan watershed is occupied by a high- density population and is not equipped with a domestic wastewater management system. This study aims to determine the appropriate water pollution control strategy for the Cisangkan River. Control is focused on domestic wastewater in accordance with the regulation of the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing No. 4/2017. The results stated that the quality of Cisangkan River water was categorized as heavily polluted with parameters that did not meet the quality standards, including BOD, COD, TSS, Fecal Coli and Total Coli. The Cisangkan watershed covers ten sub-districts; based on the results of the screening, 7 of them will implement a centralized system, and three villages will apply the local system. Centralized management will use piping that will supply the wastewater treatment plant. The local system is planned using a biofilter septic tank with a capacity of 200 households per unit.Keywords: Cisangkan River, domestic, wastewater, management

Penelitian dilakukan bertujuan menghasilkan sebuah instrumen untuk menilai kinerja pengelolaan sekolah sepakbola yang dilakukan dengan pendekatan sistem manajemen mutu. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode pengembangan. Prosedur pengembangan yang dilakukan yaitu menentukan tujuan, menyusun kerangka teori, menyusun indikator butir soal, menyusun butir soal, uji validitas isi, dan melakukan uji reliabilitas. Uji validitas isi dilaksanakan menggunakan teknik uji validitas Aiken dan uji reliabilitas menggunakan teknik test-retest. Analisis data yang akan digunakan adalah analisis data kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Hasil uji validitas Aiken adalah 0,79. Uji reliabelitas instrumen diujicobakan pada sekolah sekolah sepakbola yang menjadi anggota komite pembinaan pemain usia muda Askab PSSI Sleman berjumlah sembilan sekolah sepakbola dengan teknik pemilihan purposive sampling. Hasil uji reliabilitas menunjukkan indeks sebesar 0.84. Instrumen kinerja pengelolaan sekolah sepakbola berbasis sistem manajemen mutu dinyatakan layak digunakan. Instrumen penilaian kinerja pengelolaan sekolah sepakbola dapat dimanfaatkan oleh PSSI dijenjang kabupaten, provinsi yang bertugas membina pengelolaan sekolah sepakbola di wilayah kerjanya. Kegiatan evaluasi terhadap kinerja pengelolaan sekolah sepak bola diharapkan semakin valid, reliebel, dan objektif dengan instrumen yang berhasil dikembangkan pada penelitian iniValidity and reliability of football school management assessment instruments based on quality management systemAbstractThis research aims to produce an instrument to assess the performance of football school management which is carried out using a quality management system approach. This research was conducted with the development method. The development procedures carried out are determining objectives, developing a theoretical framework, compiling item indicators, compiling items, testing content validity, and conducting reliability tests. The content validity test was carried out using the Aiken validity test technique and the reliability test using the test-retest technique. Data analysis that will be used is qualitative and quantitative data analysis. The result of Aiken's validity test is 0.79. The reliability test of the instrument was tested on soccer schools that were members of the committee for coaching young players from Sleman Football Association, nine football schools using purposive sampling technique. The results of the reliability test showed an index of 0.84. The quality management system-based football school management performance instrument was declared feasible to use. The instrument for assessing the performance of football school management can be used by football schools at the district and provincial levels in charge of fostering the management of football schools in their working areas. Evaluation activities on the performance of soccer school management are expected to be more valid, reliable, and objective with the instruments that were successfully developed in this study.

Radikalisme saat ini telah menjadi isu utama dalam diskursus keislaman kontemporer. Berdirinya Negara Islam Iraq dan Suriah dianggap sebagai ancaman bagi sebagian kalangan di sisi lain, namun juga menjadi bukti bahwa radikalisme benar-benar nyata dan kuat di lain sisi. Indonesia menjadi salah satu negara yang tidak pernah sepi dari diskusi dan praktik radikalisme. Tertangkapnya banyak aktivis radikalis, belum mampu meredam laju gerak radikalisme Islam di Indonesia. Propaganda-propaganda kekerasan, intimidatif, dan intoleran menjadi pemandangan yang kerapkali mewarnai mimbar-mimbar khutbah, diskusi-diskusi keagamaan, atau bahkan spanduk dan pamfllet yang mudah dijumpai di hampir seluruh wilayah di Indonesia. Dalam konteks ini masjid sering dijadikan tempat untuk sosialisasi dan kaderisasi kelompok Islam radikal. Posisinya yang banyak dikunjungi orang, dianggap efektif untuk proyek ideologisasi. Apalagi orientasi orang mendatangi masjid, umumnya adalah untuk mendapatkan “pencerahan”spiritual. Hal ini tentunya selaras dengan karakter ideologisasi Islam radikal yang menawarkan konsep kekerasan dan intoleran dengan balutan pesan-pesan keagamaan. Artikel ini akan mencoba mengkaji proyek ideologisasi Islam radikal yang memanfaat masjid sebagai home base kegiatannya. Lebih dari itu, apa yang seharusnya menjadi focus kebijakan pemerintah untuk menyelamatkan masjid dan membendung laju gerak radikalisme Islam juga menjadi bagian tak terpisahkan dari kajian artikel ini. The radicalism, at this time, has been prominent issue in islamic contemporary discourse. Standing of Islamic state on Iraq and Syiria has been regarded as threat by some people in one side, but also been a proof that radicalism very obvious and stronght in other side. Indonesia has been one country that discuss and practice of radicalism never quiet at there. Getting caught of some radical-activist, couldn’t stop moving of islamic radicalism in Indonesia. Propaganda’s of violent, intimidative, and intolerant, have been viewpoint that usually colored the platform’s sermon, religious discusses, or also banner and pamphlet that was very easy to found it in near of all Indonesian district. Mosque, in this context, often to be place for socialization and forming of cadres of Islamic radicalist. It’s positioning that been visited by much people, regarderd as effective for ideological project. Especially that people’s orientation come to the mosque is getting spiritual enlightenmet. It has been in harmony with ideological character of Islamic radicalism wich bargain a violent concept with covering of religious messages. This article will investigate ideological project of Islamic radicalism that exploit the mosque to be it’s home base activities. The policies of government that must been done for stopping Islamic radicalism also would investigated by this article.

ABSTRACTBackground: One of the health human resource management functions is to perform recruitments. Recruitment is a practice or activity undertaken by an organization with the primary purposes of identifying and attracting potential workers. Based on the profile data of Public Health Office of Buol by 2015 and 2016 were still lacking of physicians. This suggested that recruitment process conducted by Public Health Office of Buol was ineffective because it didn’t meet the standard of supply. This study aims to determine procedures of physician’s recruitment at Public Health Office of Buol and identify factors affecting the willingness of physicians to be placed at Primary Health Care of Buol. Method: This is descriptive study with qualitative approach. Informants collected were 11 respondents (N=11) consisting of Officers of Public Health Office, Regional Employment Institution, Non-Permanent Physicians working in the District of Buol. Finding: The number of Primary Care Physicians has not met yet the standard of the need and the distribution is not widespread. Factors affecting the willingness of physicians to work in Buol are compensation which is accordance with the standard of salary for the very remote areas and the reward, career path in which physicians have the chance of being civil servants as well as further promotion of education. Inhibiting factors including working condition, workload and environmental factors such as quiet and remote area. Conclusion: Recruitment of physicians of Primary Health Care conducted by Public Health Office of Buol was ineffective yet and need improvement efforts regarding recruitment process and improves factors supporting the willingness of physicians to work in the District of Buol. Keywords: recruitment, physician, supporting, inhibit. ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Salah satu fungsi manajemen sumber daya manusia kesehatan adalah melaksanakan rekrutmen. Jumlah dokter di Kabupaten Buol masih kurang. Pada tahun 2015, jumlah dokter di Kabupaten Buol adalah sebanyak 15 dokter dengan rincian 9 dokter umum dan 6 dokter gigi, sedangkan standarnya adalah 26 dokter dengan rincian 15 dokter umum dan 11 dokter gigi. Oleh karena itu, ada kekurangan sebanyak 11 dokter dengan rincian 6 dokter umum dan 5 dokter gigi. Pada tahun 2016, jumlah dokter di Kabupaten Buol adalah sebanyak 8 dokter dengan rincian 3 dokter umum dan 5 dokter gigi, sedangkan standarnya adalah 26 dokter dengan rincian 15 dokter umum dan 11 dokter gigi. Oleh karena itu, ada kekurangan sebanyak 18 dokter dengan rincian 12 dokter umum dan 6 dokter gigi. Jumlah dokter di Kabupaten Buol pada tahun 2016 justru semakin berkurang dan semakin jauh dari kebutuhan standar. Kondisi ini menunjukkan bahwa proses rekrutmen yang dilaksanakan tidak efektif karena belum mampu memenuhi jumlah standar kebutuhan. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui prosedur rekrutmen dokter di Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Buol dan mengidentifikasi faktor yang menghambat rekrutmen dokter di Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Buol. MetodePenelitian: Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan penekatan kualitatif. Informan dalam penelitian ini adalah pihak Dinas Kesehatan dan Dokter yang bekerja di Kabupaten Buol. Kesimpulan: Permasalahan yang terjadi dalam rekrutmen dokter di Kabupaten Buol adalah kurangnya jumlah pelamar. Hal ini dapat disebabkan karena kurangnya minat dan kesediaan dokter untuk bekerja di Kabupaten Buol. Faktor yang mendukung kesediaan dokter untuk bekerja di Kabupaten Buol adalah kompensasi yang sudah sesuai dengan standar gaji untuk wilayah terpencil dan penghargaan serta jenjang karir dimana dokter masih memiliki peluang untuk menjadi PNS dan mendapatkan promosi pendidikan lebih lanjut. Faktor yang menghambat kesediaan dokter untuk bekerja di Kabupaten Buol adalah kondisi kerja yang dinilai sangat berat karena kurangnya jumlah dokter pada Puskesmas rawat inap dan Puskesmas non rawat inap di Kabupaten Buol serta faktor lingkungan yang lebih luas yang dirasa sepi dan terpencil dan menjadi hambatan bagi sebagian dokter. Kata kunci : rekrutmen, seleksi, dokter

<p align="center"><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p> </p><p>Perilaku arsitektur adalah aktivitas manusia baik yang dapat diamati langsung maupun tidak yang terjadi dalam suatu bangunan atau lingkungan sekitar, sedangkan ruang adalah sesuatu kesatuan yang terbatas atau tidak terbatas sama dengan sebuah tempat yang kosong yang di persiapkan dengan kapasitas tertentu untuk di wadahi barang. Perilaku dan ruang arsitektur yang dimaksud pada penelitian ini ialah tentang bagaimana aktivitas yang terjadi sehari-hari antar pedagang dan pembeli yang ada di Pasar Buah tersebut. Pasar ini terletak di jalan Pasar Buah, desa Pusong Baru, kecamatan Banda Sakti, kota Lhokseumawe. Permasalahan pada penelitian ini adalah tentang penggunaan ruang yang tidak maksimal di mana ruang tersebut tidak digunakan dengan baik oleh pedagang. Tujuan dari penelitian ini ialah untuk mengetahui factor yang membuat pedagang tidak menempati ruang dalam, dan bagaimana kondisi fisik pasar tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan analisa langsung di lapangan selama dua minggu. Konsepnya dilakukan dalam bentuk analisa aktivitas masing-masing blok dan analisa fisik tentang letak, cahaya, warna, penghawaan, sirkulasi, material dan dimensi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ruang bagian dalam dari pasar buah tidak terpakai karena faktor pembeli yang sedikit karena sepi pembeli maka pedagang lebih banyak menempati ruang luar supaya pembeli yang datang banyak. Selain itu faktor fisik bangunan bagian dalam yang kurang cahaya dan penghawaan sehingga membuat pedagang tidak nyaman menempati ruang bagian dalam.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p>Kata Kunci: <em>Perilaku, Ruang, Aktivitas</em></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p align="center"><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p class="11daftarpustaka"> </p><p>Architectural behavior is a human activity that can be observed directly or indirectly that occurs in a building or the surrounding environment, while space is a limited or unlimited unit equal to an empty place that is prepared with a certain capacity to contain goods. The architectural behavior and space referred to in this study is about how the daily activities occur between traders and buyers at the Fruit Market. This market is located on Jalan Pasar Buah, Pusong Baru village, Banda Sakti sub-district, Lhokseumawe city. The problem in this study is about the use of space that is not optimal where the space is not used properly by traders. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors that prevent traders from occupying internal space, and how the physical conditions of the market are. This study used a qualitative descriptive method with direct field analysis for two weeks. The concept is carried out in the form of activity analysis of each block and physical analysis of location, light, color, ventilation, circulation, material and dimensions. Based on the results of the study, it shows that the inner space of the fruit market is not used because of the lack of buyers because there are fewer buyers, so the traders occupy more of the outer space so that more buyers come. In addition, the physical factors of the inner building are lacking in light and air, so that it makes traders uncomfortable occupying the inner space.<br /> <br /> Keywords: <em>Behavior, Space, Activities</em></p><p class="11daftarpustaka"> </p>

Abstract Background Menarche, the first menstruation, is a significant developmental milestone for females. In Papua New Guinea (PNG), menarche is an important socio-cultural event marking transition from girlhood to womanhood. PNG is a culturally and linguistically diverse nation, with wide-ranging socio-cultural beliefs and practices around menarche. This study explored post-menarcheal women’s understanding about body changes and menarche, preparation for menarche, and related cultural beliefs and practices at menarche. Methods A constructivist grounded theory study was conducted with 98 female participants who originated from four PNG provinces: Eastern Highlands Province; East Sepik Province; Milne Bay Province; and National Capital District. The participants were purposively and theoretically sampled, with 10 focus group discussions and six individual interviews conducted using a semi-structured interview guide for data collection. Focus group discussions and interviews were voice recorded and transcribed. Data were inductively analyzed using initial, intermediate and advanced coding, memos and constant comparative methods to develop a theoretical model that explains women’s experiences at menarche. Interview participants also identified actions required to improve future experiences of girls at menarche in PNG. Results A grounded theory comprising the core category of ‘Making of a Strong Woman’ and four interconnecting categories (‘Having Baby Sense’; ‘Beginning of Learning’; ‘Intensifying Learning’; and ‘Achieving Womanhood’) was constructed. ‘Urban’ and ‘Rural’ represented both geographical and socio-cultural intervening conditions that influence the experiences of girls at menarche. Experiences of young women at menarche were rooted in socio-cultural beliefs and practices. Women reported being physically and emotionally distressed and unprepared at onset of menarche. Mothers were considered important support, however, their ability to adequately prepare their daughters is limited by shame and secrecy. Despite these limitations, cultural practices at menarche provided an opportunity for intensive preparation of girls for womanhood. Conclusion Limited pre-menarcheal awareness of the meaning of body changes and menarche of girls was linked to culture of shame and secrecy about open discussion on sexuality. However, traditional cultural practices provide an opportunity for collective support and focused learning for girls. Findings from this study have implications for broader sexual and reproductive health education programs in addressing menstrual health and hygiene in PNG, and the Pacific.

Gastropods are an invertebrata which has an important role as an indicator quality mangrove forest. The presence of Gastropods in Sepok Keladi mangrove forest was decreasing due the habitat degradation and it impact on the Gastropods community. The purpose of this research is to determine the diversity of Gastropod species in mangrove forest Sepok Keladi Island Kakap River District Kubu Raya Regency. This study uses purposive random sampling method at six different stations with two 5x5m2 size plots in each station and four replication. The study found four families of Gastropods, i.e. Ellobidae, Littorinidae, Neritidae and Potamidiidae. Epifauna Gastropods found nine species and are five of them are treefauna. The most species foundy Cerethidae obtusa from Potamididae family.

Community Service (PkM) aims to provide understanding to the community in the Depok area, which has been affected by the Hepatitis A pandemic outbreak, regarding the importance of maintaining the distance between septic tanks and drilled wells in order to prevent diseases caused by contaminated water. The method used is to provide socialization of the Minister of Health Regulation no. 3 of 2014 and SNI 2398:2017 to PKK women, cadres, in Gandul Village, Cinere Depok District, regarding septic tanks, manufacturing requirements and their distance to clean water sources. Based on the pre and post tests carried out, it showed that all PkM participants already understood the importance of the requirements for making speptic tanks and setting the distance between the septic tank and clean water wells. However, to apply in the field still requires assistance. The implications of this PkM provide an opportunity for extension workers to research further about groundwater conditions in Gandul Village in order to provide solutions for the community to anticipate the presence of existing fecal waste so as not to pollute the existing ground water

Bread is an additional food favored by people in Sambas Regency. One of the businesses engaged in making baked bread is "Halal and Delicious Guarantee (Jaminan Halal Nikmat-JHN)" bread of Wangi Madu which is located in Sepuk Tanjung Village, Sebawi District, Sambas Regency. This JHN was founded by Mr. Tiong Nyit Kong in 2010, with a household scale. Production, sales and production leftover from January to March 2017 have decreased every month. One of the factors that causes the production and sales of bread to decline monthly is the reduced purchasing power of consumers against JHN's bread. Therefore, it is necessary to examine how "Marketing Strategy for Baked Bread" Halal Delicious Guarantee of Wangi Madu (Scented Honey) in Sepuk Tanjung Village, Sebawi District, Sambas Regency". In determining the marketing strategy, analysis of internal and external factors was used, then processed using SWOT analysis. From the IFE / EFE analysis, obtained seven strengths with the main strength is to have complete permits and halal certificates with a value of 0,313. Six weaknesses, with its main weakness is that the product is not durable with a value of 0,307. Four opportunities, the biggest opportunity with a value of 0,508 is Consumer Loyalty. Four threats with the main threat value of 0.463 is the rise of online cake traders / sellers. Based on the results of the SWOT analysis, Ten strategies are obtained, namely: introducing current products and expanding the marketing area, developing product variants or adding new products, openness and cooperation, production and sales forecasting, improving product packaging, improving product quality by adding flavors and size, recruiting personnel in certain fields and increasing vehicles, increasing creativity for processing new products that are more in demand by consumers, increasing promotional efforts, creating websites and social media accounts about JHN’s Bread.Keywords : bread, Halal Delicious Guarantee (Jaminan Halal Nikmat-JHN), marketing strategy

ABSTRAKKawasan prioritas pada Kecamatan Bekasi Selatan adalah kawasan permukiman sepanjang Kali Bekasi. Kurangnya sarana dan prasana dalam penyaluran air limbah domestik telah memberikan kontribusi pencemaran cukup tinggi kepada penurunan kualitas air Kali Bekasi. Dampak dari aktivitas sehari-hari masyarakat yang menjadi kebiasaan seperti buang air besar sembarang di sembarang tempat, tidak memiliki tangki septik sebagai tempat buang air besar, dan air bekas mandi dan cucian yang dibuang ke saluran drainase maupun secara langsung ke badan air juga menyebabkan buruknya tingkat sanitasi di Kecamatan Bekasi Selatan. Kondisi sanitasi Kecamatan Bekasi Selatan teridentifikasi beresiko tinggi berdasarkan Environmental Health Risk Assesment. Oleh Karena itu perlu dilakukan pembangunan Sistem Pengelolaan Air Limbah Domestik berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat Republik Indonesia Nomor 4 Tahun 2017 tentang Penyelenggaraan Sistem Pengelolaan Air Limbah Domestik pada Lampiran I. SPALD yang terpilih pada Kecamatan Bekasi Selatan yaitu Sistem Pengelolaan Air Limbah Domestik Setempat skala Komunal.Kata kunci: Kecamatan Bekasi Selatan, Tingkat Sanitasi, SPALD. ABSTRACTPriority area in South Bekasi District is a residential area along Bekasi River. The lack of facilities and infrastructures in the distribution of domestic wastewater has contributed to pollution which is high enough to decrease the quality of Bekasi River water. The impact of the daily activities of the community which becomes a habit such as defecating in any place, does not have a septic tank as a place to defecate, and used bathing water and laundry which are discharged into the drainage channel or directly to the body of water also causes poor levels sanitation in South Bekasi District. Sanitation conditions in South Bekasi District were identified as high risk based on Environmental Health Risk Assessment. Therefore it is necessary to develop a Domestic Wastewater Management System based on the Republic of Indonesia Minister of Public Works and Housing Regulation No. 4 concerning the Implementation of Domestic Wastewater Management Systems in Appendix I. Selected SPALD in South Bekasi District, namely Local Domestic Wastewater Management System Communal scale.Keywords: Sub-district, sanitation level, SPALD.

Football is a game that is played by kicking the ball by the player, by kicking it into the goal and aiming to get the ball into the opponent's goal. Passing is one of the basic techniques that must be mastered by soccer players. The results of observations in the field are still many players who have not passed well. The formulation of the problem in this study is whether there is an effect of exercise exercises with groups of 3 and exercises with groups of 4, and which exercises have more influence on football passing ability at the Pasirmas Football School in Nganjuk district in 2022. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of exercises with groups of 3 and exercise with groups of 4 on football passing skills at the Pasirmas Football School in Nganjuk district in 2022. This study used an action test with a research design, namely a two group pretest-posttest design. The population in this study amounted to 80 students and a sample of 30 students. Implementation of the assessment is done by passing low to the target. Passing is said to be right if it enters the predetermined target through the specified legal line. This test is intended to measure the accuracy of passing down using the inside of the foot. The research data were analyzed using SPSS version 26. Group 3 t-test results obtained significant values (2-tailed) < 0.05: 0.000 < 0.05 and group 4 significant values (2-tailed) < 0.05 : 0.000 < 0.05. So this result shows that there is a significant difference. Based on the difference in the average post-test data for groups 3 and 4, it was obtained a significant value (2-tailed) < 0.05 : 0.000 < 0.05 with the percentage increase in group 4 being 0.70% and group 3 by 1.33%. Based on the results of the analysis, it can be concluded that exercise exercises with groups of 4 are more influential than exercises with groups of 3 on passing skills at the Pasirmas football school in Nganjuk Regency.

he level of football playing skills is one aspect of technique that is very influential on the ability of a soccer player in a match. The technical aspects consist of the technique of tilting the ball, passing and holding the ball, heading the ball and shooting towards the goal.This study aims to determine "To what extent are the Skill Levels owned by Taruna Dompu PS players in 2018".Based on the results of data analysis, it was found that from the 25 players who were subjected to the study, it was found that the average score of the players was 57.87 with enough categories, with the following details that included in the good category were 13 people (52%), moderate categories were 7 people (28%), enough categories as many as 4 people (16%), and less categories as much as 1 person (4%).Furthermore, when viewed from the average score for each player, the highest score is a heading with an average score of 4 (four) test items of 68.5, while the lowest score is obtained from passing with an average number of scores of 44.75. So clearly based on the data above the level of football playing skills possessed by PS players. Potu Village Cadet Dompu District Dompu Regency in 2018, is still lacking and uneven.

he level of football playing skills is one aspect of technique that is very influential on the ability of a soccer player in a match. The technical aspects consist of the technique of tilting the ball, passing and holding the ball, heading the ball and shooting towards the goal.This study aims to determine "To what extent are the Skill Levels owned by Taruna Dompu PS players in 2018".Based on the results of data analysis, it was found that from the 25 players who were subjected to the study, it was found that the average score of the players was 57.87 with enough categories, with the following details that included in the good category were 13 people (52%), moderate categories were 7 people (28%), enough categories as many as 4 people (16%), and less categories as much as 1 person (4%).Furthermore, when viewed from the average score for each player, the highest score is a heading with an average score of 4 (four) test items of 68.5, while the lowest score is obtained from passing with an average number of scores of 44.75. So clearly based on the data above the level of football playing skills possessed by PS players. Potu Village Cadet Dompu District Dompu Regency in 2018, is still lacking and uneven.

Proses terbentuknya lingkungan permukiman dimungkinkan karena adanya proses penciptaan lingkungan hunian sebagai wadah fungsional yang menampung segala kebutuhan manusia dan dilandasi oleh pola aktifitas serta merupakan hasil interaksi antara manusia atau kelompok masyarakat dengan setting (rona lingkungan) baik bersifat fisik maupun non fisik (sosial budaya). Manusia dalam menempati lingkungan huniannya disesuaikan dengan preferensi lingkungan yang menyangkut pemahaman karakteristik alam dan manusia serta hubungan timbal baliknya. Penyesuaian ini memunculkan konsep bermukim yang memperlihatkan cara masyarakat beradaptasi dengan lingkungan dan membentuk pola permukiman. Seperti halnya yang dibahas dalam penelitian ini dengan mengambil kasus masyarakat di tiga desa yaitu ; Desa Sepuk Laut, Desa Tanjung Saleh, dan Desa Punggur Besar Kecamatan Sungai Kakap Kabupaten Kubu Raya, yang beradaptasi dengan lingkungan dan membentuk pola pemukiman pada kawasan tepian air. Hasil penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa pola permukiman yang terbentuk pada tiga desa diatas mengacu pada tahapan perkembangan kawasan pinggiran sungai atau air, struktur pola permukiman kawasan yang linier, orientasi kearah tepian air, kepadatan dan kualitas bangunan, serta topografi tepian air The process of settlements formation was possibly made by the process of creating dwelling environment as a functional space that accommodate all human needs, These condition are based on the patterns of activity and interaction between people or society with the their environmen setting; both physical and non-physical (social and cultural). In occupied their environment, humans are adapt to the environment preferences concerning their understanding to the natural characteristics and vice-versa. This adaptation led to the concept of living that shows how people adapt to the environment and creating their settlement patterns. This study used case study from three villages, namely; Sepuk Laut village, Tanjung Saleh village, and Punggur Besar village of Sungai Kakap Sub-district, Kubu Raya Regency, which adapt to the environment and form a pattern of settlement in the waterfront areas. The results of this study shown that the settlement pattern formed based on the stage of development of the river and waterfront areas. Besides, it also found that the structure of the settlement is in linear patterns, orientation to the water, the density and quality of the buildings, and the topography of the waterfront.

ABSTRACT: This study is explored the reasons why greenhouse farmers take out and do not take out agricultural insurance as well as the farmers’ inclinations toward agricultural insurance and the factors that affect them so that agricultural insurance can be improved. In this context, three districts of Antalya where greenhouse farming is intensively carried out, namely Aksu, Serik and Kumluca, were selected as the research location, and face-to-face interviews were conducted with 200 farmers, 100 of which had agricultural insurance and 100 of which did not. The farms were divided into two groups, namely, those with and without insurance, according to the data obtained. The potential statistical relationship between some selected features of the farms under study and the farmers with and without insurance was identified by chi-square test. Furthermore, the inclinations, views and opinions of farmers with and without agricultural insurance concerning agricultural insurance were evaluated using a Likert scale. Among the reasons why farmers take out agricultural insurance are insuring their crop, avoiding any potential loss, securing their income and presence of disaster risk. The main reasons why farmers do not take out agricultural insurance is the registration and share problems of their lands.

Abstract: The growth of soccer clubs in the cities and districts in Central Java provokes clashes among supporters, and even between supporters and locals. This article looks at how local daily newspapers, Suara Merdeka and Wawasan, built a narrative reports related to the clash by using Marie Gillespie’s narrative analysis model to see the structures. The analysis shows the narratives put fanatic supporters as citizen’s enemy. Interestingly, the narratives also depict fanatic supporters as “powerless” group who has to be rescued by the army or security forces, whereas in Europe, especially in Italy and the UK, supporters are strictly against themAbstrak: Pertumbuhan klub sepak bola di kota dan kabupaten di Jawa Tengah menyulut bentrokan supporter-suporter dan suporter-warga. Tulisan ini melihat koran Suara Merdeka dan Wawasan membangun narasi pemberitaan mengenai peristiwa tersebut. Metode analisis naratif model Marie Gillespie dipakai untuk melihat rangkaian struktur narasi beritanya. Narasi pemberitaan kedua koran tersebut menempatkan supporter rusuh sebagai musuh warga dan harus diselamatkan polisi dan tentara. Padahal, di Eropa, terutama di Italia dan Inggris, supporter rusuh justru menjadikan aparat keamanan sebagai musuh mereka

PurposeThis paper is intended to investigate the economic, organizational and social factors affecting the receipt of advance payment by greenhouse vegetable producers from commission agents operating in the wholesale market.Design/methodology/approachThe data were gathered through questionnaire forms developed for this specific purpose through face-to-face interviews with 180 producers growing greenhouse vegetables in the central district and Serik, Antalya in the Western Mediterranean Region of Turkey. A logistic regression model was employed to analyse the factors affecting the likelihood of greenhouse vegetable growers getting advance from commission agents.FindingsA good financial status of enterprises producing greenhouse vegetables and the fact that their production input needs are met by cooperatives reduce their dependence on commission agents, thereby increasing their bargaining power when selling their products. Since producers can readily meet their need for the capital required for the vegetable production process from commission agents, they do not prefer to borrow from lending institutions making agricultural loans with requirements such as collateral. The fact that greenhouse vegetable farmers receive technical and market information and advice from commission agents strengthens their relationship with them.Originality/valueIt is the first study that evaluates in detail the financial aspect of the relationships between producers and commission agents in the greenhouse vegetables wholesale market. It contributes significantly to agricultural policymakers regarding the functioning of the greenhouse vegetable market, and in particular, the regulations on agricultural loans for production processes.

Permasalahan pengelolaan air limbah di wilayah perkotaan terjadi karena beberapa faktor antara lain karena pendanaan yang kurang, perencanaan yang tidak tepat, dan karena kurangnya kesadaran masyarakat sebagai pelaku utama di urusan air limbah domestik. Area penelitian yang diambil peneliti adalah Kota Mojokerto. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merumuskan sebuah konsep pengelolaan air limbah domestik di wilayah perkotaan. Menurut data dari Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Mojokerto, kepemilikan tangki septik rumah mencapai angka 89,83%. Metode yang digunakan peneliti adalah menggabungkan hasil analisa zona dan sistem dan hasil dari analisa SWOT. Untuk analisa zona dan sistem peneliti menggunakan data skunder antara lain kerapatan penduduk, resiko kesehatan lingkungan peruntukan kawasan CBD (Central Bussiness District), dan kondisi tanah. Analisa ini mempunyai lingkup area dengan level kelurahan, untuk semua wilayah kelurahan di Kota Mojokerto. Untuk analisa SWOT, peneliti menggunakan data penyebaran kuesioner kepada responden masyarakat dan wawancara kepada responden dari pemerintah dan masyarakat. Hasil dari analisa zona dan sistem menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 3 (tiga) sistem yang disarankan untuk diterapkan di Kota Mojokerto yaitu Sistem Setempat Rumah Tangga (on-site individu) di 2 (dua) kelurahan, Sistem Setempat Rumah Tangga atau Komunal (on-site individu / komunal) di 9 (sembilan) Kelurahan, dan Sistem Terpusat Jangka Menengah (off-site medium) di 7 (tujuh) Kelurahan. Analisa SWOT menunjukkan bahwa akses masyarakat terhadap layanan pengelolaan air limbah domestik di Kota Mojokerto masih memerlukan peningkatan di aspek pendanaan dan aspek partisipasi masyarakat.Kata kunci: air limbah domestik, perkotaan, zona air limbah

Background: There is no previous published record regarding different fish species found in fish markets of Kharagpur town. The place is internationally renowned due to first Institute of Technology of India. Due to largest railway establishment in Kharagpur town, an influx of population is always here from different states. As such their food preference and cultural practice is different. Present survey is relevant to depicts fish preference of the town dwellers and socio-economic status of market associated people. Methods: The study have been conducted from November 2018 to January 2020 thoroughly from 13 fish markets of Kharagpur town, West Bengal, India. Fish specimens collected, identified and preserved. Market related data have been collected from different agents, wholesaler etc. through questionnaire interviews. Result: During the study period it has been observed that 28 freshwater inland fish species; 6 freshwater exotic fish species; 19 marine fish species and 4 crustacean species are available in the Kharagpur town. Some marine molluscs like Loligo sp and Sepia sp are also sold here. There are different peoples, those belong from different districts of West Bengal and involved in fish marketing activities. Therefore, a marketing chain is being established which is interdependent to each other with a socio-economic framework. Some measures have been highlighted towards improvement of infrastructure, hygienic conditions.

Introduction Lillian Ng was born in Singapore and lived in Hong Kong and the United Kingdom before migrating to Australia with her daughter and Ah Mah Yin Jie (“Ah Mahs are a special group of people who took a vow to remain unmarried … [so they] could stick together as a group and make a living together” (Yu 118)). Ng studied classical Chinese at home, then went to an English school and later on studied Medicine. Her first book, Silver Sister (1994), was short-listed for the inaugural Angus & Robertson/Bookworld Prize in 1993 and won the Human Rights Award in 1995. Ng defines herself as a “Chinese living in Australia” (Yu 115). Food, flesh and meat are recurrent topics in Lillian Ng´s second novel Swallowing Clouds, published in 1997. These topics are related to desire and can be used as a synecdoche (a metaphor that describes part/whole relations) of the human body: food is needed to survive and pleasure can be obtained from other people´s bodies. This paper focuses on one type of meat and animal, pork and the pig, and on the relation between the two main characters, Syn and Zhu Zhiyee. Syn, the main character in the novel, is a Shanghainese student studying English in Sydney who becomes stranded after the Tiananmen Square massacre of June 1989. As she stops receiving money from her mother and fears repression if she goes back to China, she begins to work in a Chinese butcher shop, owned by Zhu Zhiyee, which brings her English lessons to a standstill. Syn and Zhu Zhiyee soon begin a two-year love affair, despite the fact that Zhu Zhiyee is married to KarLeng and has three daughters. The novel is structured as a prologue and four days, each of which has a different setting and temporal location. The prologue introduces the story of an adulterous woman who was punished to be drowned in a pig´s basket in the HuanPu River in the summer of 1918. As learnt later on, Syn is the reincarnation of this woman, whose purpose in life is to take revenge on men by taking their money. The four days, from the 4th to the 7th of June 1994, mark the duration of a trip to Beijing and Shanghai that Syn takes as member of an Australian expedition in order to visit her mother with the security of an Australian passport. During these four days, the reader learns about different Chinese landmarks, such as the Forbidden City, the Great Wall, the Ming Tomb and the Summer Palace, as well as some cultural events, such as a Chinese opera and eating typical foods like Peking duck. However, the bulk of the plot of the book deals with the sexual relationship, erotic games and fantasies of Syn and Zhu Zhiyee in the period between 1989 and 1992, as well as Syn´s final revenge in January 1993. Pigs The fact that Zhu Zhiyee is a butcher allows Lillian Ng to include references to pigs and pork throughout the novel. Some of them refer to the everyday work of a butcher shop, as the following examples illustrate: “Come in and help me with the carcass,” he [Zhu Zhiyee] pointed to a small suckling pig hung on a peg. Syn hesitated, not knowing how to handle the situation. “Take the whole pig with the peg,” he commanded (11).Under dazzling fluorescent tubes and bright spotlights, trays of red meat, pork chops and lamb cutlets sparkled like jewels … The trays edged with red cellophane frills and green underlay breathed vitality and colour into the slabs of pork ribs and fillets (15).Buckets of pig´s blood with a skim of froth took their place on the floor; gelled ones, like sliced cubes of large agate, sat in tin trays labelled in Chinese. More discreetly hidden were the gonads and penises of goats, bulls and pigs. (16)These examples are representative of Syn and Zhu Zhiyee´s relationship. The first quotation deals with their interaction: most of the time Zhu Zhiyee orders Syn how to act, either in the shop or in bed. The second extract describes the meat’s “vitality” and this is the quality of Syn's skin that mesmerised Zhu when he met her: “he was excited, electrified by the sight of her unblemished, translucent skin, unlined, smooth as silk. The glow of the warmth of human skin” (13). Moreover, the lights seem to completely illuminate the pieces of meat and this is the way Zhu Zhiyee leers at Syn´s body, as it can be read in the following extract: “he turned again to fix his gaze on Syn, which pierced and penetrated her head, her brain, eyes, permeated her whole body, seeped into her secret places and crevices” (14). The third excerpt introduces the sexual organs of some of the animals, which are sold to some customers for a high price. Meat is also sexualised by Zhu Zhiyee´s actions, such as his pinching the bottoms of chickens and comparing them with “sacrificial virgins”: “chickens, shamelessly stripped and trussed, hung by their necks, naked in their pimply white skin, seemed like sacrificial virgins. Syn often caught Zhu pinching their fleshy bottoms, while wrapping and serving them to the housewives” (15-16). Zhu also makes comments relating food with sex while he is having lunch next to Syn, which could be considered sexual harassment. All these extracts exemplify the relationship between Syn and Zhu Zhiyee: the orders, the looks and the implicit sexuality in the quotidian activities in the butcher´s shop. There are also a range of other expressions that include similes with the word `pig´ in Ng´s novel. One of the most recurrent is comparing the left arm and hand of Zhu Zhiyee´s mother with a “pig´s trotter”. Zhu Zhiyee´s mother is known as ZhuMa and Syn is very fond of her, as ZhuMa accepts her and likes her more than her own daughter-in-law. The comparison of ZhuMa´s arm and hand with a trotter may be explained by the fact that ZhuMa´s arm is swollen but also by the loving representation of pigs in Chinese culture. As Seung-Og Kim explains in his article “Burials, Pigs, and Political Prestige in Neolithic China”: In both Melanesia and Asia, pigs are viewed as a symbolic representation of human beings (Allen 1976: 42; Healey 1985; Rappaport 1967: 58; Roscoe 1989: 223-26). Piglets are treated as pets and receive a great deal of loving attention, and they in turn express affection for their human “parents.” They also share some physiological features with human beings, being omnivorous and highly reproductive (though humans do not usually have multiple litters) and similar internal anatomy (Roscoe 1989: 225). In short, pigs not only have a symbiotic relationship with humans biologically but also are of great importance symbolically (121). Consequently, pigs are held in high esteem, taken care of and loved. Therefore, comparing a part of a human´s body, such as an arm or a hand, for example, to a part of a pig´s body such as a pig´s trotter is not negative, but has positive connotations. Some descriptions of ZhuMa´s arm and hand can be read in the following excerpts: “As ZhuMa handed her the plate of cookies Syn saw her left arm, swollen like a pig´s trotter” (97); “Syn was horrified, and yet somewhat intrigued by this woman without a breast, with a pig´s trotter arm and a tummy like a chessboard” (99), “mimicking the act of writing with her pig-trotter hand” (99), and ZhuMa was praising the excellence of the opera, the singing, acting, the costumes, and the elaborate props, waving excitedly with her pig trotter arm and pointing with her stubby fingers while she talked. (170) Moreover, the expression “pig´s trotters” is also used as an example of the erotic fetishism with bound feet, as it can be seen in the following passage, which will be discussed below: I [Zhu Zhiyee] adore feet which are slender… they seem so soft, like pig´s trotters, so cute and loving, they play tricks on your mind. Imagine feeling them in bed under your blankets—soft cottonwool lumps, plump and cuddly, makes you want to stroke them like your lover´s hands … this was how the bound feet appealed to men, the erotic sensation when balanced on shoulders, clutched in palms, strung to the seat of a garden swing … no matter how ugly a woman is, her tiny elegant feet would win her many admirers (224).Besides writing about pigs and pork as part of the daily work of the butcher shop and using the expression “pig´s trotter”, “pig” is also linked to money in two sentences in the book. On the one hand, it is used to calculate a price and draw attention to the large amount it represents: “The blouse was very expensive—three hundred dollars, the total takings from selling a pig. Two pigs if he purchased two blouses” (197). On the other, it works as an adjective in the expression “piggy-bank”, the money box in the form of a pig, an animal that represents abundance and happiness in the Chinese culture: “She borrowed money from her neighbours, who emptied pieces of silver from their piggy-banks, their life savings”(54). Finally, the most frequent porcine expression in Ng´s Swallowing Clouds makes reference to being drowned in a pig´s basket, which represents 19 of the 33 references to pigs or pork that appear in the novel. The first three references appear in the prologue (ix, x, xii), where the reader learns the story of the last woman who was killed by drowning in a pig´s basket as a punishment for her adultery. After this, two references recount a soothsayer´s explanation to Syn about her nightmares and the fact that she is the reincarnation of that lady (67, 155); three references are made by Syn when she explains this story to Zhu Zhiyee and to her companion on the trip to Beijing and Shanghai (28, 154, 248); one refers to a feeling Syn has during sexual intercourse with Zhu Zhiyee (94); and one when the pig basket is compared to a cricket box, a wicker or wooden box used to carry or keep crickets in a house and listen to them singing (73). Furthermore, Syn reflects on the fact of drowning (65, 114, 115, 171, 172, 173, 197, 296) and compares her previous death with that of Concubine Pearl, the favourite of Emperor Guanxu, who was killed by order of his aunt, the Empress Dowager Cixi (76-77). The punishment of drowning in a pig´s basket can thus be understood as retribution for a transgression: a woman having an extra-marital relationship, going against the establishment and the boundaries of the authorised. Both the woman who is drowned in a pig´s basket in 1918 and Syn have extra-marital affairs and break society’s rules. However, the consequences are different: the concubine dies and Syn, her reincarnation, takes revenge. Desire, Transgression and Eroticism Xavier Pons writes about desire, repression, freedom and transgression in his book Messengers of Eros: Representations of Sex in Australian Writing (2009). In this text, he explains that desire can be understood as a positive or as a negative feeling. On the one hand, by experiencing desire, a person feels alive and has joy de vivre, and if that person is desired in return, then, the feelings of being accepted and happiness are also involved (13). On the other hand, desire is often repressed, as it may be considered evil, anarchic, an enemy of reason and an alienation from consciousness (14). According to Pons: Sometimes repression, in the form of censorship, comes from the outside—from society at large, or from particular social groups—because of desire´s subversive nature, because it is a force which, given a free rein, would threaten the higher purpose which a given society assigns to other (and usually ideological) forces … Repression may also come from the inside, via the internalization of censorship … desire is sometimes feared by the individual as a force alien to his/her true self which would leave him/her vulnerable to rejection or domination, and would result in loss of freedom (14).Consequently, when talking about sexual desire, the two main concepts to be dealt with are freedom and transgression. As Pons makes clear, “the desiring subject can be taken advantage of, manipulated like a puppet [as h]is or her freedom is in this sense limited by the experience of desire” (15). While some practices may be considered abusive, such as bondage or sado-masochism, they may be deliberately and freely chosen by the partners involved. In this case, these practices represent “an encounter between equals: dominance is no more than make-believe, and a certain amount of freedom (as much as is compatible with giving oneself up to one´s fantasies) is maintained throughout” (24). Consequently, the perception of freedom changes with each person and situation. What is transgressive depends on the norms in every culture and, as these evolve, so do the forms of transgression (Pons 43). Examples of transgressions can be: firstly, the separation of sex from love, adultery or female and male homosexuality, which happen with the free will of the partners; or, secondly, paedophilia, incest or bestiality, which imply abuse. Going against society’s norms involves taking risks, such as being discovered and exiled from society or feeling isolated as a result of a feeling of difference. As the norms change according to culture, time and person, an individual may transgress the rules and feel liberated, but later on do the same thing and feel alienated. As Pons declares, “transgressing the rules does not always lead to liberation or happiness—transgression can turn into a trap and turn out to be simply another kind of alienation” (46). In Swallowing Clouds, Zhu Zhiyee transgresses the social norms of his time by having an affair with Syn: firstly, because it is extra-marital, he and his wife, KarLeng, are Catholic and fidelity is one of the promises made when getting married; and, secondly, because he is Syn´s boss and his comments and ways of flirting with her could be considered sexual harassment. For two years, the affair is an escape from Zhu Zhiyee´s daily worries and stress and a liberation and fulfillment of his sexual desires. However, he introduces Syn to his mother and his sisters, who accept her and like her more than his wife. He feels trapped, though, when KarLeng guesses and threatens him with divorce. He cannot accept this as it would mean loss of face in their neighbourhood and society, and so he decides to abandon Syn. Syn´s transgression becomes a trap for her as Zhu, his mother and his sisters have become her only connection with the outside world in Australia and this alienates her from both the country she lives in and the people she knows. However, Syn´s transgression also turns into a trap for Zhu Zhiyee because she will not sign the documents to give him the house back and every month she sends proof of their affair to KarLeng in order to cause disruption in their household. This exposure could be compared with the humiliation suffered by the concubine when she was paraded in a pig´s basket before she was drowned in the HuangPu River. Furthermore, the reader does not know whether KarLeng finally divorces Zhu Zhiyee, which would be his drowning and loss of face and dishonour in front of society, but can imagine the humiliation, shame and disgrace KarLeng makes him feel every month. Pons also depicts eroticism as a form of transgression. In fact, erotic relations are a power game, and seduction can be a very effective weapon. As such, women can use seduction to obtain power and threaten the patriarchal order, which imposes on them patterns of behaviour, language and codes to follow. However, men also use seduction to get their own benefits, especially in political and social contexts. “Power has often been described as the ultimate aphrodisiac” (Pons 32) and this can be seen in many of the sexual games between Syn and Zhu Zhiyee in Swallowing Clouds, where Zhu Zhiyee is the active partner and Syn becomes little more than an object that gives pleasure. A clear reference to erotic fetishism is embedded in the above-mentioned quote on bound feet, which are compared to pig´s trotters. In fact, bound feet were so important in China in the millennia between the Song Dynasty (960-1276) and the early 20th century that “it was impossible to find a husband” (Holman) without them: “As women’s bound feet and shoes became the essence of feminine beauty, a fanatical aesthetic and sexual mystique developed around them. The bound foot was understood to be the most intimate and erotic part of the female anatomy, and wives, consorts and prostitutes were chosen solely on the size and shape of their feet” (Holman). Bound feet are associated in Ng’s novel with pig´s trotters and are described as “cute and loving … soft cottonwool lumps, plump and cuddly, [that] makes you want to stroke them like your lover´s hands” (224). This approach towards bound feet and, by extension, towards pig´s trotters, can be related to the fond feelings Melanesian and Asian cultures have towards piglets, which “are treated as pets and receive a great deal of loving attention” (Kim 121). Consequently, the bound feet can be considered a synecdoche for the fond feelings piglets inspire. Food and Sex The fact that Zhu Zhiyee is a butcher and works with different types of meat, including pork, that he chops it, sells it and gives cooking advice, is not gratuitous in the novel. He is used to being in close proximity to meat and death and seeing Syn’s pale skin through which he can trace her veins excites him. Her flesh is alive and represents, therefore, the opposite of meat. He wants to seduce her, which is human hunting, and he wants to study her, to enjoy her body, which can be compared to animals looking at their prey and deciding where to start eating from. Zhu´s desire for Syn seems destructive and dangerous. In the novel, bodies have a price: dead animals are paid for and eaten and their role is the satiation of human hunger. But humans, who are also animals, have a price as well: flesh is paid for, in the form of prostitution or being a mistress, and its aim is satiation of human sex. Generally speaking, sex in the novel is compared to food either in a direct or an indirect way, and making love is constantly compared to cooking, the preparation of food and eating (as in Pons 303). Many passages in Swallowing Clouds have cannibalistic connotations, all of these being used as metaphors for Zhu Zhiyee’s desire for Syn. As mentioned before, desire can be positive (as it makes a person feel alive) or negative (as a form of internal or social censorship). For Zhu Zhiyee, desire is positive and similar to a drug he is addicted to. For example, when Zhu and Syn make delivery rounds in an old Mazda van, he plays the recordings he made the previous night when they were having sex and tries to guess when each moan happened. Sex and Literature Pons explains that “to write about sex … is to address a host of issues—social, psychological and literary—which together pretty much define a culture” (6). Lillian Ng´s Swallowing Clouds addresses a series of issues. The first of these could be termed ‘the social’: Syn´s situation after the Tiananmen Massacre; her adulterous relationship with her boss and being treated and considered his mistress; the rapes in Inner Mongolia; different reasons for having an abortion; various forms of abuse, even by a mother of her mentally handicapped daughter; the loss of face; betrayal; and revenge. The second issue is the ‘psychological’, with the power relations and strategies used between different characters, psychological abuse, physical abuse, humiliation, and dependency. The third is the ‘literary’, as when the constant use of metaphors with Chinese cultural references becomes farcical, as Tseen Khoo notes in her article “Selling Sexotica” (2000: 164). Khoo explains that, “in the push for Swallowing Clouds to be many types of novels at once: [that is, erotica, touristic narrative and popular], it fails to be any one particularly successfully” (171). Swallowing Clouds is disturbing, full of stereotypes, and with repeated metaphors, and does not have a clear readership and, as Khoo states: “The explicit and implicit strategies behind the novel embody the enduring perceptions of what exotic, multicultural writing involves—sensationalism, voyeuristic pleasures, and a seemingly deliberate lack of rooted-ness in the Australian socioscape (172). Furthermore, Swallowing Clouds has also been defined as “oriental grunge, mostly because of the progression throughout the narrative from one gritty, exoticised sexual encounter to another” (Khoo 169-70).Other novels which have been described as “grunge” are Edward Berridge´s Lives of the Saints (1995), Justine Ettler´s The River Ophelia (1995), Linda Jaivin´s Eat Me (1995), Andrew McGahan´s Praise (1992) and 1988 (1995), Claire Mendes´ Drift Street (1995) or Christos Tsiolkas´ Loaded (1995) (Michael C). The word “grunge” has clear connotations with “dirtiness”—a further use of pig, but one that is not common in the novel. The vocabulary used during the sexual intercourse and games between Syn and Zhu Zhiyee is, however, coarse, and “the association of sex with coarseness is extremely common” (Pons 344). Pons states that “writing about sex is an attempt to overcome [the barriers of being ashamed of some human bodily functions], regarded as unnecessarily constrictive, and this is what makes it by nature transgressive, controversial” (344-45). Ng´s use of vocabulary in this novel is definitely controversial, indeed, so much so that it has been defined as banal or even farcical (Khoo 169-70).ConclusionThis paper has analysed the use of the words and expressions: “pig”, “pork” and “drowning in a pig’s basket” in Lillian Ng´s Swallowing Clouds. Moreover, the punishment of drowning in a pig’s basket has served as a means to study the topics of desire, transgression and eroticism, in relation to an analysis of the characters of Syn and Zhu Zhiyee, and their relationship. This discussion of various terminology relating to “pig” has also led to the study of the relationship between food and sex, and sex and literature, in this novel. Consequently, this paper has analysed the use of the term “pig” and has used it as a springboard for the analysis of some aspects of the novel together with different theoretical definitions and concepts. Acknowledgements A version of this paper was given at the International Congress Food for Thought, hosted by the Australian Studies Centre at the University of Barcelona in February 2010. References Allen, Bryan J. Information Flow and Innovation Diffusion in the East Sepic District, Papua New Guinea. PhD diss. Australian National University, Australia. 1976. Berridge, Edward. Lives of the Saints. St Lucia: U of Queensland P, 1995. C., Michael. “Toward a sound theory of Australian Grunge fiction.” [Weblog entry] Eurhythmania. 5 Mar. 2008. 4 Oct. 2010 http://eurhythmania.blogspot.com/2008/03/toward-sound-theory-of-australian.html. Ettler, Justine. The River Ophelia. Sydney: Picador, 1995. Healey, Christopher J. “Pigs, Cassowaries, and the Gift of the Flesh: A Symbolic Triad in Maring Cosmology.” Ethnology 24 (1985): 153-65. Holman, Jeanine. “Bound Feet.” Bound Feet: The History of a Curious, Erotic Custom. Ed. Joseph Rupp 2010. 11 Aug. 2010. http://www.josephrupp.com/history.html. Jaivin, Linda. Eat Me. Melbourne: The Text Publishing Company, 1995. Khoo, Tseen. “Selling Sexotica: Oriental Grunge and Suburbia in Lillian Ngs’ Swallowing Clouds.” Diaspora: Negotiating Asian-Australian. Ed. Helen Gilbert, Tseen Khoo, and Jaqueline Lo. St Lucia: U of Queensland P, 2000. 164-72. Khoo, Tseen; Danau Tanu, and Tien. "Re: Of pigs and porks” 5-9 Aug. 1997. Asian- Australian Discussion List Digest numbers 1447-1450. Apr. 2010 . Kim, Seung-Og. “Burials, Pigs, and Political Prestige in Neolithic China.” Current Anthopology 35.2 (Apr. 1994): 119-141. McGahan, Andrew. Praise. Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1992. McGahan, Andrew. 1988. Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1995. Mendes, Clare. Drift Street. Pymble: HarperCollins, 1995. Ng, Lillian. Swallowing Clouds. Ringwood: Penguin Books Australia,1997. Pons, Xavier. Messengers of Eros. Representations of Sex in Australian Writing. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009. Rappaport, Roy. Pigs for the Ancestors. New Have: Yale UP, 1967. Roscoe, Paul B. “The Pig and the Long Yam: The Expansion of the Sepik Cultural Complex”. Ethnology 28 (1989): 219-31. Tsiolkas, Christos. Loaded. Sydney: Vintage, 1995. Yu, Ouyang. “An Interview with Lillian Ng.” Otherland Literary Journal 7, Bastard Moon. Essays on Chinese-Australian Writing (July 2001): 111-24.