Academic literature on the topic 'Sepik District'

The Papua New Guinea (PNG) species of the water beetle genus Hydraena Kugelann, 1794, are revised, based on the study of 7,411 databased specimens. The two previously named species are redescribed, and 130 new species are described. The species are placed in 32 species groups. High resolution digital images of all primary types are presented (online version in color), scanning electron micrographs of representative species are given, and geographic distributions are mapped. Male genitalia, representative female terminal abdominal segments and representative spermathecae are illustrated. Papua New Guinea Hydraena species are typically found in sandy/gravelly stream margins, often in association with streamside litter; some species are primarily pond or swamp dwelling, and a few species are usually found in the hygropetric splash zone on stream boulders or on rocks at the margins of waterfalls. The geographic distributions of PNG Hydraena are compared with the Areas of Freshwater Endemism recently proposed by Polhemus and Allen (2007), and found to substantially support those areas. Only one species, H. impercepta Zwick, 1977 is known to be found in both Australia and Papua New Guinea. The probable Australian origins of the PNG hydraenid genera Gymnochthebius and Limnebius are discussed. The origins of just a few species of PNG Hydraena appear to clearly be Australia, and of comparatively recent origin, whereas the origins of the remainder remain problematic because of lack of knowledge of the Hydraena fauna in Papua Province, Indonesia, and islands large and small to the west of New Guinea. No endemic genera of Hydraenidae are currently known for New Guinea, whereas 98% of the known species are endemic. New species of Hydraena are: H. acumena (Eastern Highlands Province: Koma River, tributary of Fio River), H. adelbertensis (Madang Province: Adelbert Mts., below Keki), H. akameku (Madang Province: Akameku–Brahmin, Bismarck Range), H. altapapua (Southern Highlands Province: Sopulkul, 30–35 km NE Mendi), H. ambra (Eastern Highlands Province: Wanitabi Valley, nr. Okapa), H. ambripes (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Budemu), H. ambroides (Eastern Highlands Province: Wanitabi Valley, nr. Okapa), H. apertista (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Lower Naho Valley, Hinggia), H. apexa (Eastern Highlands Province: Okapa), H. aquila (Madang Province: Simbai area), H. aulaarta (Western Highlands Province: Kundum), H. austrobesa (Central Province: nr. Port Moresby, Sogeri Plateau, Musgrave River), H. bacchusi (Eastern Highlands Province: Wanitabi Valley, nr. Okapa), H. balkei (Eastern Highlands Province: Akameku–Brahmin, Bismarck Range), H. bicarinova (Eastern Highlands Province: Wanitabi Valley, nr. Okapa), H. bifunda (Morobe Province: c. 7 mi. Lae–Bulolo road), H. biundulata (Morobe Province: Lae–Bulolo road), H. brahman (Madang Province: Ramu Valley, 4.5 km N Brahman), H. bubulla (Madang Province: Akameku–Brahmin, Bismarck Range), H. buloba (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. buquintana (Western Highlands Province: Mt. Hagen town area), H. carinocisiva (Eastern Highlands Province: Aiyura), H. carmellita (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. cavifrons (Madang Province: Ramu Valley, 4.5 km N Brahman), H. cheesmanae (Central Province: Kokoda), H. clarinis (Madang Province: Sepik Ramu Basin, Kojé Creek), H. colorata (Morobe Province: 5 miles W of Lae, Buins Creek), H. confluenta (Eastern Highlands Province: Umg. [=environs of] Kainantu, Onerunka), H. copulata (Gulf Province: Marawaka, Mala), H. cunicula (Madang Province: Akameku–Brahmin, Bismarck Range), H. decepta (Eastern Highlands Province: Okapa), H. diadema (Eastern Highlands Province: Purosa Valley, nr. Okapa), H. dudgeoni (Madang Province: Sepik Ramu Basin, Kojé Creek), H. einsteini (Central Province: Port Moresby–Brown River road), H. essentia (Eastern Highlands Province: Sepik River Basin, stream beside milestone labelled G-99), H. exhalista (Gulf Province: Marawaka, Mala), H. fasciata (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. fascinata (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, nr. Moro), H. fasciolata (Madang Province: Madang, Ohu Village), H. fasciopaca (Madang Province: Keki, Adelbert Mts.), H. fenestella (Morobe Province: Lae-Bulolo road), H. foliobba (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. formosopala (East Sepik Province: Prince Alexander Mts., Wewak), H. funda (Central Province: Moitaka, 7 miles N of Port Moresby), H. fundacta (Madang Province: Adelbert Mts., Sewan–Keki), H. fundapta (Central Province: Port Moresby–Brown River road), H. fundarca (Eastern Highlands Province: Okapa), H. fundextra (Morobe Province: Markham Valley, Gusap), H. galea (Eastern Highlands Province: Akameku–Brahmin, Bismarck Range, 700 m), H. herzogestella (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Bundun), H. hornabrooki (East Sepik Province: Sepik, main river), H. huonica (Madang Province: Kewensa, Finisterre Range, Yupna, Huon Peninsula), H. ibalimi (Sandaun Province: Mianmin), H. idema (Eastern Highlands Province: Umg. [=environs of] Onerunka, Ramu River), H. impala (Central Province: nr. Port Moresby, Sogeri Plateau, Musgrave River), H. incisiva (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. incista (Western Highlands Province: Simbai, Kairong River), H. infoveola (Gulf Province: Marawaka, Mala), H. inhalista (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Damanti), H. inplacopaca (Eastern Highlands Province: Waisa, nr. Okapa), H. insandalia (Eastern Highlands Province: Headwaters of Fio River, 0.5 km downstream of river crossing on Herowana/Oke Lookout path, ca. 4.5 km N of Herowana airstrip), H. intensa (Morobe Province: Lae–Bulolo road), H. johncoltranei (National Capital District, Varirata NP), H. jubilata (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Budemu), H. koje (Madang Province: Sepik Ramu Basin, Kojé Creek), H. koma (Eastern Highlands Province: Koma River, tributary of Fio River, 100 m downstream of rattan bridge crossing, ca. 3.8 km S by E of Herowana airstrip), H. labropaca (Central Province: nr. Port Moresby, Sogeri Plateau, Musgrave River), H. lassulipes (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. limbobesa (Gulf Province: Marawaka, near Ande), H. maculopala (Madang Province: Madang, Ohu Village), H. manulea (Morobe Province: Lae, Buins Creek), H. manuloides (Central Province: Port Moresby–Brown River road), H. marawaka (Gulf Province: Marawaka, Mala), H. mercuriala (Sandaun Province: May River), H. mianminica (Sandaun Province:May River), H. nanocolorata (Madang Province: Sepik Ramu Basin, Kojé Creek), H. nanopala (Madang Province: Sepik Ramu Basin, Kojé Creek), H. nitidimenta (Eastern Highlands Province: Koma River, tributary of Fio River, at rattan bridge crossing, ca. 2.6 km N by W of Herowana airstrip), H. okapa (Eastern Highlands Province: Wanitabi Valley, nr. Okapa), H. ollopa (Western Highlands Province: Kundum), H. otiarca (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau, Snake River), H. owenobesa (Morobe Province: ca. 10 km S Garaina Saureri), H. pacificica (Morobe Province: Huon Pen., Kwapsanek), H. pala (Morobe Province: Lae–Bulolo road, Gurakor Creek), H. palamita (Central Province: nr. Port Moresby, Sogeri Plateau, Musgrave River), H. paxillipes (Morobe Province: Lae–Bulolo road, Patep Creek), H. pectenata (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Damanti), H. pegopyga (Madang Province: Ramu Valley, 3 km N Brahman), H. penultimata (Sandaun Province: May River), H. perpunctata (Madang Province: Sepik Ramu Basin, Kojé Creek), H. pertransversa (Eastern Highlands Province: Clear stream, summit of Kassem Pass at forest level), H. phainops (Morobe Province: Lae–Bulolo road, Patep Creek), H. photogenica (Eastern Highlands Province: Goroka, Mt. Gahavisuka), H. picula (Eastern Highlands Province: Goroka, Daulo Pass), H. pilulambra (Eastern Highlands Province: Clear stream, summit of Kassem Pass at forest level), H. pluralticola (Morobe Province: c. 7 miles Lae–Bulolo road), H. processa (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. quadriplumipes (Madang Province: Aiome area), H. quintana (Morobe Province: Markham Valley, Lae–Kainantu road, Erap R), H. ramuensis (Madang Province: Ramu Valley, 6 km N Brahman), H. ramuquintana (Madang Province: Ramu Valley, 6 km N Brahman), H. receptiva (Morobe Province: Lae–Bulolo road), H. remulipes (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. reticulobesa (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Moro), H. sagatai (Sandaun Province: Abau River), H. saluta (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Damanti), H. sepikramuensis (Madang Province: Ramu Valley, Sare River, 4 km N Brahman), H. sexarcuata (Eastern Highlands Province: Akameku–Brahmin, Bismarck Range), H. sexsuprema (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Damanti), H. spinobesa (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Budemu), H. striolata (Oro Province: Northern District, Tanbugal Afore village), H. supersexa (Eastern Highlands Province: Okapa), H. supina (Eastern Highlands Province: Wanitabi Valley, nr. Okapa), H. tarsotricha (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau, Snake River), H. tetana (Eastern Highlands Province: Okapa), H. thola (Central Province: Port Moresby– Brown River road), H. tholasoris (Morobe Province: Markham Valley, Gusap, c. 90 miles NW of Lae), H. thumbelina (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Damanti), H. thumbelipes (Sandaun Province: Mianmin), H. tibiopaca (Morobe Province: ridge between Aseki–Menyamya), H. torosopala (Madang Province: Keki, Adelbert Mts.), H. torricellica (Morobe Province: Torricelli Mts., village below Sibilanga Stn.), H. transvallis (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Damanti), H. trichotarsa (Morobe Province: Lae–Bulolo road), H. tricosipes (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. tritropis (Madang Province: Sepik Ramu Basin, Kojé Creek), H. tritutela (Morobe Province: ca. 10 km S Garaina Saureri), H. ulna (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. variopaca (Eastern Highlands Province: Wanitabi Valley, nr. Okapa), H. velvetina (Eastern Highlands Province: Purosa Valley, nr. Okapa).

Aristolochia chrismülleriana is described from the Ambunti-Hunstein district, near historical localities of the Kaiserin- Augusta-Fluss Expedition of 1912–13. Noteworthy records from the German classical sites are also reported for Secamone timorensis (Apocynaceae) and Monanthocitrus paludosa (Rutaceae).

<p><strong>Introduction</strong></p><p>Family Planning is central to the empowerment of women and a key factor reducing poverty. However, millions of women around the world are not accessing safe and effective family planning methods. This study determined contraceptive prevalence and identified barriers to using modern contraception in the Maprik district of East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Methods</strong></p><p>Data from the National Health Information System (NHIS) and a survey of women presenting to outpatient clinics was used to estimate contraceptive prevalence. The in-person interviews, which also sought to understand barriers to using modern contraceptives, included women aged 15-49 years from three different health facility catchments. A population based awareness campaign promoting family planning was undertaken through mass media (local radio) and targeted information sessions.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Findings</strong></p><p>The retrospective review of NHIS data indicated a contraceptive prevalence of 38% while the survey indicated a prevalence of 30%. Of the women interviewed, 46% indicated having an unintended pregnancy and 16% had sought to end a pregnancy. Of those women who were not using modern contraceptives, 19% lacked knowledge on methods to avoid pregnancy and 13% were concerned about side effects from using modern contraceptives. A family planning awareness program resulted in a notable increase in the number of men having a vasectomy.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Conclusion</strong></p><p>This study confirmed low contraceptive prevalence estimates in Maprik District and identified the key barriers to contraceptive use that can be effectively addressed. Continued awareness campaigns are necessary to address key knowledge gaps and alleviate fears about the side effects of contraceptive use. </p>

Permasalahan yang terjadi di SD Negeri se-Kecamatan Gamping Yogyakarta pada olahraga sepak takraw adalah sebagian siswa ada yang belum terampil melakukan sepakmula, sepaksila, sepakkuda, heading, dan smash. Penelitian ini deskriptif kuantitatif dengan metode surve. Subjek dalam penelitian adalah seluruh peserta ekstrakurikuler sepak takraw di SD Negeri se Kecamatan Gamping, berjumlah 22 siswa yang ditentukan dengan purposive saampling. Instrumen penelitian ini menggunakan metode tes keterampilan dasar bermain Sepak takraw terdiri dari: tes sepakmula, sepaksila, sepakkuda, heading dan smash. Teknik analisis disini berbentuk presentase keterampilan bermain Sepak takraw di SD Negeri se Kecamatan Gamping Yogyakarta dengan hasil “sangat kurang” 0% (0 siswa), “kurang” 40,91% (9 siswa), “sedang” 31,82% (7 siswa), “tinggi” 18,18% (4 siswa), dan “sangat tinggi” 9,09% (2 siswa). Dengan nilai rata-rata 49,99 dengan hasil keterampilan bermain Sepak takraw di SD Negeri se Kecamatan Gamping Yogyakarta dalam kategori “sedang”.Sepak Takraw: How ability of state elementary school in the Covid-19 Pandemic?AbstractThe problem that occurs in public elementary schools throughout the Gamping District of Yogyakarta in the sport of sepak takraw is that some students are not yet skilled at soccer, soccer, horse soccer, heading, and smash. This research is descriptive quantitative with a survey method. The subjects in the study were all participants of the sepak takraw extracurricular at State Elementary Schools in Gamping District, totaling 22 students who were determined by purposive sampling. This research instrument uses the basic skills test method for playing sepak takraw consisting of soccer, soccer, horse, heading, and smash tests. The analysis technique here is in the form of a percentage of the skills of playing sepak takraw in SD Negeri in Gamping District, Yogyakarta with the results of "very poor" 0% (0 students), "less" 40.91% (9 students), "moderate" 31.82% (7 students), “high” 18.18% (4 students), and “very high” 9.09% (2 students). With an average value of 49.99 with the results of the skills of playing sepak takraw at State Elementary Schools throughout the Gamping District of Yogyakarta in the "medium" category.

Sambas district is the district with the lowest HDI among the 14 districts in West Kalimantan. The highest education level of most people is only Elementary School, while public health issues are very complex, while most families are poor. Those facts show that Kabupaten Sambas is one of the districts that need attention in development in all sectors, including health, education, and economy. Sebawi, one of the region in Sambas district, still requires efforts to improve the human resource. The aim of KKN-PPM in Sebawi is to have a community empowerment in the areas of health, education, and socio-economic. The activities included strengthening 'desa siaga', increasing access to education, and intensive mentorship for the home industry in three selected villages, namely Sepuk Tanjung, Rantau Panjang and Sebawi. The results showed that the major program such as 'desa siaga' and entrepreneurship run very well. We successfully revitalized management and operational team of 'Desa Siaga'. and also convinced the villagers to provide ambulance facility in their village. We also established a new group of entrepreneurs consisted of housewife and dropout students. We hope that the new entrepreneur group can promote economic growth in the villages. Hopefully, the program can be sustainable and will be monitored periodically. Keywords: community empowerment, alert village, poor families

El-Fayoum governorate has unique characteristics which induces mosquito proliferation and thus increased the risk arisen from diseases transmission. Present study explores the role of remote sensing and GIS modeling integrated with field survey for mapping mosquito breeding sites and the areas under risk of diseases transmission in El-Fayoum governorate. Entomological surveys were conducted for a total number of 40 accessible breeding sites during the period 12-16 November 2017. A calibrated Landsat OLI image, synchronized with the field trip, was processed to produce Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI), and Land Surface Temperature (LST). A cartographic GIS model was generated to predict breeding sites in the whole governorate and to assess the potential risk. The main filarial disease vector (Culex pipiens) was abundant at Atsa district, while Malaria vectors (Anopheles sergentii and Anopheles multicolor) were mainly distributed in El-Fayoum and Youssef El-Seddiq districts. Means levels of NDVI, NDMI and LST at breeding habitats were recorded; 0.18, 0.08 and 21.75° C, respectively. Results of the model showed that the highest predicted risk area was reported at Atsa district (94.4 km2) and Yousef El-Sediq (81.8 km2) while the lowest prediction was observed at Abshawai district (35.9 km2). It can be concluded that Atsa, Yousef El-Sedik and El-Fayoum districts are more vulnerable to Malaria and Filaria diseases outbreaks, thus precaution and pest control methods must be applied to mitigate the possible risks.

Introduction:Immunization is one of the splendid public health interventions that remarkably reduced child morbidity, mortality, and disability. Despite attaining substantial immunization coverage in Kashmir, assessment of the immunization system is quintessential for sustaining the gains and exploring the gaps. Objective: To assess the gaps in the delivery of routine immunization services in Kashmir Valley. Method: In-depth face-to-face interviews were conducted with thirty-two (32) important stakeholders, who were purposively selected as they play an active role in the planning and implementation of the Immunization Program and devise strategies at different levels of healthcare delivery. At the state level, SEPIO and SMO were interviewed at the District level, DIO/Deputy CMO was interviewed in all ten (10) districts of Kashmir Valley. From all ten Districts, two Medical-Blocks were selected from each District, and one Block Medical Officer and one Medical Officer were interviewed alternatively from each Medical-Block. Results: The thematic qualitative analysis approach was used and the analysis process generated five themes. Each of these themes included many sub-themes. 1. Factors facilitating the implementation of Routine Immunization (RI), 2. Limitations and deficits related to knowledge, attitude, monitoring, 3. Constraints encountered in the implementation of (RI) program, 4. Difficulties in the implementation of RI revealed by respondents, 5. Transformational steps to bridge gaps in the delivery of Immunization (RI) Conclusion: There were visible deficits related to knowledge, attitude, and monitoring among health professionals. Certain constraints encountered in the implementation of the program were financial constraints in the training of health care professionals and human resources constraints. The study showed the need for transformational steps to bridge gaps in the delivery of the Immunization (RI), which included regular monitoring and review meetings, teamwork and peer learning, training, and improvement in cold chain maintenance.

The threat of drought that occurs every year will have an impact on hampering the activities of residents Dusun Sepi, Buwun Mas Village, Sekotong District. Therefore, it is necessary to make efforts to overcome the threat of a clean water crisis due to drought by conserving water or looking for alternative water sources. The application of a rainwater harvesting system (PAH) can be a solution to this problem. The purpose of this community service activity is to provide socialization and applications regarding efforts to anticipate drought disasters. The method used is a knowledge approach by providing socialization and application of the PAH system in one of the buildings at the Zainul Hafidz Islamic Boarding School At-Taufiq, Dusun Sepi, Buwun Mas Village, Sekotong District. The socialization activity took place on June 4, 2022 and went smoothly and orderly. During the implementation of the service activities, partners, in this case the residents of the Zainul Hafidz At-Taufiq Islamic Boarding School and the residents of the quiet hamlet, were very enthusiastic in participating in the socialization and application of rainwater harvesting (PAH) or roof-based rain water harvesting on a household scale with 54 participants. who came from the residents of the Islamic boarding school and residents around Dusun Sepi. From the estimated demand for clean water for Islamic boarding schools, with the PAH system as an alternative water source, the fulfillment of clean water needs for Islamic boarding schools can be helped by 3%.

This research focuses on the efforts made by supporters of Berni in establishing her group's identity. By strengthening group solidarity and building networks with various parties, Berni's supporters have the goal of building a supporting character without conflict and making Jember a safe area for all supporters. Researchers use social capital theory to analyze the beliefs, norms, and social networks formed by Berni's supporters. This study uses a qualitative method with an ethnographic approach. The findings of this study include solidarity among members created through activities carried out by supporters of Berni, namely meeting, drinking coffee together, and coming to the stadium to provide support to Persid during the competition. While in the bridging aspect, Berni's supporters have succeeded in building a secure and reciprocal network with various parties such as the management of the Persid Jember club, the regional government, the police, supporters outside the region, and with the community. Berni's supporters also build trust in the broader community by not engaging in clashes or destruction that can disturb the community. Keywords: social capital, trust, norms, identity. Referensi: Afrizal. (2015). Metode Penelitian Kualitatif: Sebuah Upaya Mendukung Penggunaan Penelitian Kualitatif dalam Berbagai Disiplin Ilmu. Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada Hasbullah, J. (2006). Social Capital: Menuju Keunggulan Budaya Manusia Indonesia. Jakarta: MR-United Press Lucky, N. dan Setyowati, N. (2013). Fenomena Perilaku Fanatisme Suporter Sepak Bola (Studi Kasus Suporter Persebaya Bonek di Surabaya). Jurnal Kajian Moral dan Kewarganegaraan No. 1 Vol. 1. Surabaya: Universitas Negeri Surabaya diakses pada 4 Juni 2018 melalui https://jurnalmahasiswa.unesa.ac.id/index.php/jurnal-pendidikan kewarganegaraa/article/view/1474 Maarif, S. (2011). Bahan Ajar Sosiologi: Kapital Sosial. Yogyakarta: Gress Publishing Narwoko, J. & Suyanto, B. (2006). Sosiologi: Teks Pengantar dan Terapan.Jakarta: Kencana Putnam, R. D. (1995). Bowling Alone: American’s Declining Social Capital. Journal of Democracy No. 1 Vol. 6. Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press diakses pada 17 Oktober 2017 melalui https://muse.jhu.edu/article/16643 Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon and Schuster Paperbacks Soekanto, S. (2013).Sosiologi Suatu Pengantar. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers Sunoto, H. (2014). Modal Sosial: Definisi, Konsep-konsep Utama Dari Pemikiran Modal Sosial, dan Analisis Terhadap Masalah Kemasyarakatan. Bandung: Sekolah Tinggi Kesejahteraan Sosial diakses pada 29 Maret 2017 melalui https://www.academia.edu/8894781/Modal_Sosial_penjelasan_singkat_para_pakar Syahra, R. (2003). Modal Sosial: Konsep dan Aplikasi. Jurnal Masyarakat dan Budaya Vol. 5 No. 1. Jakarta: LIPI diakses pada 11 Maret 2018 melalui http://jmb.lipi.go.id/index.php/jmb/article/view/256 Wirawan, A. O. 2014. Berni Pride of The City: Kisah Sebuah Kelompok Suporter Sepak Bola. Jember: Berni

The aim of this paper is to show some empirical evidence of the sustainability and decision making in dairy production in Turkey. The main material of the study was obtained from the data collected by the survey conducted in the villages in Merkez, Manavgat and Serik districts of the Antalya province. Within the context of the research, 75 farmers were interviewed in the 2007 production season. The research results indicate that the households are the most important decision maker in terms of farming decisions. 56.3% of the farmers in the small farms, 61.5% of the farmers in the medium-size farms and 41.2% of the farmers in the large farm noted that they could quit dairy production activity if they received a fixed salary.

Located amid tropical rainforest, in an upper tributary of the Sepik River, the Frieda River area is home to one of the biggest undeveloped gold and copper deposits in the Pacific. Exploration of Frieda's rich deposits has been ongoing since it began in 1969, bringing together unlikely partners in a process of preparing for a large-scale resource extraction project. This thesis offers an ethnographic account of stakeholder relations as they were unfolding at Frieda over forty years after the first company arrived on the banks of the River. It presents the key stakeholders of the Frieda River Project as outcomes of relations which produced them, emergent from an interplay between prescribed roles and expectations of responsibilities, and on the ground activities of forming and negotiating social relations. Through an ethnographic study of the Payamo it describes a process through which the Frieda River Project's local stakeholders mobilized a range of complex and contested relations to turn Frieda's rich deposits into development, and to make the mine at Frieda happen. This study provides an ethnographic insight into complex and contested processes of planning for a resource extraction project as they were actually taking place. It proposes an analytical framework of looking at a mine as a social relation and argues that although it might not yet have the appearance which would make it visible to the company and the government, from the perspective of its indigenous stakeholders the Frieda River Mine is already happening, but it has not yet revealed itself.