Academic literature on the topic 'Seperation Process'

Ethanolamine (EA, including MEA, DEA and TEA) is a kind of heat sensitive material. It is easy to be colored at high temperature which influences the product quality and its application. This paper studies the relationship between color number and time of MEA, DEA, TEA and their mixtures at different temperatures. The result shows that MEA is most sensitive to high temperature, TEA take the second place, DEA is almost unaffected. DEA can protect TEA and MEA from being colored, the more DEA content, the better effect. According to the results of tests and process simulation, optimized parameters of separation equipment and operation are put forward which can provide guidance for the production of high purity, low color number of TEA.

Tujuan dari makalah ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi potensi dampak lingkungan selama proses produksi gula tebu di Jawa Timur Indonesia. Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan Life Cycle Assesment (LCA) untuk mengevaluasi dampak lingkungan selama proses produksi gula dari tebu. Analisis LCA fokus pada pengolahan tebu menjadi gula, yang terdiri dari proses persiapan, proses miling, centrifugal separation, proses clarification, proses evaporation, dan proses crystalization. Hasil Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) diekpresikan dengan metode EDIB 2003, menunjukkan bahwa dampak lingkungan yang paling signifikan terhadap penurunan kualitas lingkungan adalah global warming, acidification, eutrofikasi, human toxicity air, dan ozone depletion. Selanjutnya, proses produksi gula yang paling besar kontribusnya pada dampak lingkungan adalah proses penggilingan/miling, diikuti oleh proses centrifugal seperation,proses clarification, proses crystallization,proses evaporation, dan proses preperation untuk semua kategori dampak lingkungan.Life Cycle Assessment Study of Sugarcane: The case of East JavaABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to identify potential environmental impacts during the process of sugarcane production in East Java, Indonesia. This study utilized Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach to evaluate the environmental impact during the manufacturing of sugar cane. LCA analysis focuses on processing sugarcane, which consists of the preparation process, the milling process, centrifugal separation, the clarification process, the evaporation process, and the crystalization process. The Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) was expressed by the EDIB 2003 method. The result showed that the most significant environmental impacts on environmental degradation were global warming, acidification, eutrophication, human toxicity of water, and ozone depletion. Furthermore, the production process with the greatest contribution to environmental impact were the miling process, followed by centrifugal seperation process, clarification process, crystallization process, evaporation process, and preperation process for all categories of environmental impacts.Keywords: Environmental Impact, Energy, Sugarcane, Global Warming, Life Cycle Assessment

The practice justifies that the most oil fields are characterized with numerous parameters in the operation process. The pressure, phase permeability, volumetric flow rate by the phases are some of them. The changing of parameters, as a result, drastically effect the productivity of the oil wells. By course of time, the pressure drop leads to the seperation of gas from fluid in formation conditions, i.e. if the bottomhole pressure is lower than saturation pressure, the degassing takes place at the bottomhole zone, which increases the permeability of gas phase.

The separation of antimony and arsenic and leaching kinetics of arsenic from arsenic alkali residue were investigated. The influencing factors such as solid/liquid ratio, stir speed, temperature and time on leaching of arsenic were studied. The results show that the leaching rate reaches 87.75% at the condition of solid/liquid ratio of 1:4 , stir speed of 600r/min ,temperature of 90°C and time of 60min. The leaching process was controlled by the surface chemical reaction and the kinetics of leaching arsenic followed the model of shrinking core. The activation energy was found to be 666.57kJ/mol. The kinetics equation was expressed as shrinking core model.

Bentonite has strong adsorption for cationic dyes. But as dye absorbent, it's difficult for them to recycle and regenerate. In order to solve these problems, a kind of magnetism bentonite composite was prepared by coprecipitation method, and H2O2/UV process was attempted to regenerate the spent composite. The results showed that the composite still has high adsorption performance for cationic dye methylene blue (MB), and the introduction of magnetite can achieve rapid solid-liquid seperation of composite in the external magnetic field. For the spent composite, its adsorption performance could be recovered by H2O2/UV process. The recovery effect is directly related to the dosage of hydrogen peroxide. In this study, as the dosage of hydrogen peroxide was 3% (volume ratio), the adsorption efficiency of spent composite for MB could almost return to its initial level after 3h regeneration. This research is of great significance to improve the utilization of bentonite adsorbent in water treatment engineering, and can also provide technical reference for the recycle and regeneration of other adsorbent materials.

SEGMENTASI CITRA DIGITAL IKAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE THRESHOLDINGABSTRAK Untuk mengenal jenis-jenis ikan berdasarkan ciri-cirinya, telah dibuat suatu sistem untuk memisahkan objek mata ikan menggunakan metode thresholding. Prosesnya dimulai dengan menginput citra digital ikan, selanjutnya dikonversi ke citra grayscale. Kemudian dilakukan proses segmentasi terhadap citra grayscale. Selanjutnya, dipilih hasil segmentasi dan ditandai dengan proses deteksi tepi menggunakan operator Canny yang dipertajam dengan proses dilasi. Proses terakhir adalah membuat plot contour terhadap hasil proses dilasi dan citra grayscale. Hasil segmentasi berhasil memisahkan objek mata ikan dengan menggunakan metode thresholding local. Keseluruhan proses ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan MATLAB R2012a. Kata kunci : Mata Ikan, Segmentasi Citra, Thresholding DIGITAL FISH IMAGE SEGMENTATION BY THRESHOLDING METHOD ABSTRACT A system of fish eyelets seperation has been conducted to identify types of fish acording to their characteristics, by using thresholding method. The process start by inserting digital fish image then convert it to grayscale image. Next step is to process segmentation the grayscale image. Choosed the segmentation result then marked it by edge detection process using Canny operation which has been sharpened by dilation process. The last step is to make contour plot to dilation result and grayscale image. The result of the segmentation shows that the fish eyelets can be separated using local thresholding method. The whole process is conducted by using MATLAB R2012a. Keywords : Fish Eyelets, Segmentation Image, Thresholding

In present article, the low intensity magnetic separation process was studied for the low-grade niobium minerals by microwave magnetic roasting. The influence of magnetic density, particle size of grinding and dispersant addition on the magnetic separation effect of sinter ore with the best magnetisability was investigated emphatically. The results show that the iron recovery was decreased and the iron grade increased gradually with decreasing the magnetic density and particle size of grinding. The magnetic separation result of sinter ore was optimal under the magnetic density of 80KA / m and the grinding grain-size of 33 μm. Fine grinding can effectively make Fe separated from Nb, especially when the dispersant(industrial alcohol) was used in the process of magnetic separation , resulting in the improvement of the grade of iron from 57.2% to 60.5% and enrichment of Nb in the tailing ore(the grade of Nb was 5.01%). After the acid pickling of tailing ore containing Nb, the grade of Nb in the extract was improved to 12.36%, which was enriched four times more than that of low-grade niobium ore before microwave magnetic roasting.

Abstract Background Analysis of steroid hormones rapidly and reliably remains a challenge in clinical laboratories as this plays an important role in evaluation of many endocrine disorders. The aim of this study was to create a steroid profiling panel by using a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method which was composed of the most commonly analyzed steroid hormones in clinical laboratories. Materials and methods Protein precipitation was performed for sample preparation. Ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) system and an analytical column with C18 selectivity was chosen for chromatographic seperation. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) ion source was preferred for ionization, and tandem MS with triple quadrupole was used. MS scan was performed using the selected reaction monitoring mode in positive polarity. During the method validation process, test performance was evaluated for each steroid hormone, and 40 serum samples were used for method comparison with immunoassays available in our core laboratory. Results An isotope dilution (ID)-LC-MS/MS method was developed, in which 13 steroids can be analyzed in the same run. Test performance was quite good for the 11 steroids (cortisol, DHEA, DHEAS, total testosterone, progesterone, androstenedione, 11-deoxycortisol, cortisone, corticosterone and dihydrotestosterone) while estradiol and aldosterone performance was suboptimal considering the precision and trueness. Conclusion This ID-LC-MS/MS method would be useful in clinical laboratories, especially for the immunoassays having insufficient test performance and when checking for interferences in available immunoassays.

För företag som verkar på den dynamiska och konkurrenskraftiga modemarknaden är den storautmaningen att skapa en hållbar konkurrensfördel för att på ett lönsamt sätt vinna kampen omkunden. Ett viktigt verktyg är en effektiv och flexibel inköpsprocess. Utformningen avinköpsprocessen avgör förmågan att möta den krävande modekundens efterfrågan. Vår studie avseratt undersöka hur inköpsprocessen bör organiseras hos en produktutvecklande modedetaljist för attvara effektiv och kunna möta marknadens förändringar. För att påvisa ämnets praktiska relevans ochförtydliga problematiken används ett fallföretag där kvalitativa empiriska undersökningar har utförts.En inköpsprocess består av olika aktiviteter som tillsammans påverkar processens utfall. Enprocesstyrd verksamhet separerar inte aktiviteterna från varandra utan vill förtydligaberoendeförhållandet mellan dem och skapa ett helhetsperspektiv. En förutsättning för att skapakundvärde är att processens samtliga aktiviteter arbetar med syfte att skapa värde för slutkunden.Inköpsprocessens aktiviteter bör även ha ett tydligt definierat utfall för att överlämningen till nästafas ska ske så effektivt som möjligt. I strävan att säkra kvaliteten på utfallet från varje aktivitet bliransvarsfördelningen inom inköpsprocessen en viktig fråga. En tydlig och balanserad uppdelning avarbetsuppgifter, ansvarsområden och slutgiltig beslutsfattare inom varje aktivitet ökar effektiviteten iprocessen och de interna ledtiderna reduceras.Företag X står inför en omorganisering av deras inköpsprocess då den i dagsläget inte upplevstillräckligt konkurrenskraftig. För att öka processens effektivitet, flexibilitet samt minska de internaledtiderna utförs en omfördelning av arbets‐ och ansvarsuppgifterna. Företagets designers hartidigare ägt allt ansvar över processens beslut, vilket gjort inköpsavdelningens betydelse nästintillobefintlig. Idag arbetar företaget för att öka varje aktivitets‐ och befattningsbetydelse för att säkraprocessens resultat och för att den inte ska, som tidigare, vara beroende av ett fåtal medarbetaresarbete. Genom omorganiseringen ska flera arbetsuppgifter utföras parallellt vilket gjort attöverlämningarna mellan avdelningarna fått en ökad betydelse. Företagets nya inköpsorganisation ärännu i sin uppstartsfas men fördelar och nackdelar kan ändå redan identifieras. Resultatet av denempiriska undersökningen visar på en större andel värdeskapande aktiviteter, en jämnareuppgiftsfördelning och en tydligare gemensam målsättning. Undersökningen påvisar även brister iform av att den tidigare strukturens ansvarsfördelning till mångt och mycket lever sig kvar vilkethämmar effektiviteten. Det saknas, trots identifieringen av överlämningarnas betydelse, tydligariktlinjer om vad överlämningarna ska innefatta och hur dem skall utföras.Vår slutsats är att en processtyrd inköpsprocess är att föredra för en produktutvecklandemodedetaljist. Det faktiska kundvärde som processen har för avsikt att skapa bör styra processensutformning både när det gäller ansvarsfördelning och värdeskapande aktiviteter.For companies that compete in the dynamic and highly compatible fashion market, the greatchallenge is to create a sustainable competitive advantage to be able to win the customer during themost profitable circumstances. An important tool for this ambition is an efficient and flexible buyingprocess. The structure of the buying process determines its requirement and ability to handle thedemanding demands of the fashion customer. Our essay aims to examine how the buying processshould be organized at a product developing fashion retailer to be efficient and able to deal with themarket changes. To make a statement regarding the practical relevance of the chosen theme and toelucidate the complex of problems, we chose to use a company to exemplify in where we carried outqualitative empirical research.A buying process consists of different activities that together have a direct impact at the output ofthe process. A business with a process management doesn’t separate the activities apart, instead itemphasize the interdependence between them and a comprehensive perspective by orientate themin a process. The requirement for creating customer value is for all the activities within the process tobe aware of the customer needs and bear it in mind when performing every single working task. Theactivities of the process should also have a clearly defined output so that the handing over to thenext phase will appear as efficient as possible. With the ambition to secure the output quality foreach activity, the responsibilities within the buying process become an important issue. E clearlydefined and balanced split of working tasks, responsibilities and final decision makers within eachactivity, increases the efficiency of the process and will result in reduced leadtimes.Company X is facing a re‐organisation of their buying process since its current capability doesn’treach a satisfying level of being competitive. To increase the efficiency, flexibility and the internalleadtimes, a redistribution of working tasks and responsibilities are being made. Previously, thedesigners of the firm have had the overall responsibility of the decisions of the process which haveresult in a lack of impact for the buying function. The company is trying to achieve an increasedimportance and impact of each of the activities within the process to secure the result of the outputin which it will not be depending on the work of a few members of the process.In the new structure of the firm’s buying process, the activities within the process are suppose to runparallel which requires hand overs performed with good quality. The new buying process is still in anearly stage but even so, advantages and disadvantages can be identified. The result of the empiricalresearch is showing an increased share of value added activities within the process, a more balancedsplit of working tasks and clearer common objectives from the participating activities and employees.The investigation also shows deficiencies in the new organization regarding the previous structure ofresponsibilities that is still affecting the efficiency in a non‐favorable way. There is also lack of clearguidelines for how the handovers should be performed.Our conclusion is that it’s favourable for a fashion retailer if their buying process has a processmanagement. The process should be designed in both terms of responsibilities and value creationactivities after the real customer value that the process is planning to create.
Program: Textilekonomutbildningen

The study on performance of low-cost adsorbent such as saw dust of Gmelina arborea (Ghambhari tree) in the removal of Chromium (VI) ion from aqueous solution is performed. The adsorbent material adopted was found to be an efficient media for removal of Chromium (VI)ion in continuous mode using fixed bed column. A comparative study has also been done on the adsorption capacity of saw dust of different mesh sizes. The column studies were conducted with a fixed column of diameter 7cms and a bed height of 50cms. The flow rate of solution passing through the adsorbent bed was maintained at a fixed value of 1litre/min. It was found that the metal uptake capacity (amount of removal) of Chromium (VI) ion decreased but the adsorption capacity (percentage of removal) increased with the decrease in the concentration of chromium (VI) in the initial sample solution. It was also observed that the order of metal uptake capacity & adsorption capacity of saw dust of different ISS mesh size for removal of Chromium (VI) removal was as follows: (-30 +10) > (-50 +30) > (-70 +50) .

A thermodynamic model based on activity is proposed to correlate and predict the vapour-liquid equilibria of the aforesaid systems. The activity based models render an insight in to the molecular physics of the system; hence accurate speciation of the equilibriated liquid phase becomes a reality besides its prediction ability of solubility of the acid gases over alkanolamine solutions. The activity based model has been developed using extended Debye-Hückel theory of electrolytic solution with short range, non-electrostatic interactions. The vapor phase non-ideality has been taken care of in terms of fugacity coefficient calculated using Virial Equation of State. The equilibrium constants are taken from literature as functions of temperature only. The neutral and ionic species present in the equilibrated liquid phase have been estimated with zero interaction model and incorporated here. The interaction parameters in the activity models are estimated by minimizing the objective function, which is the summation of relative deviation between the experimental and model predicted CO2 partial pressures over a wide range. The parameter estimation for the phase equilibrium models have been formulated here as a multivariable optimization (minimization) problem with variable bounds. The MATLAB 7.6 optimization toolbox has been used extensively for the present work. ‘fmincon’ function, which is a constrained optimization function uses quasi-Newton and Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) methods, has been used here for minimization of the proposed objective functions with variable bounds for both approximate and rigorous modeling. There remains a necessity of refinement of the developed rigorous thermodynamic model in terms of the accurate speciation, i.e., exact determination of the species concentration in the equilibrated liquid phase and use of better optimization algorithm, may be non-traditional one, which will ensure global minima.

Chromium (VI) compounds are widely used in industry such as electroplating, meal finishing, leather tanning, pigments, etc. In recent years ground water is the main source of domestic water supply. Chromate poisoning cause severe skin disorders allergic dermatitis, liver and kidney damage. Thus chromium causes great public concern. A wide range of separation process has been investigated for the removal of Chromium (VI) from water. Adsorption using activated carbons posed to be the efficient method for removal of Chromium ions from water. To use carbon as an adsorbent requires activation or surface modification of carbon. Methods like thermal and chemical methods of activation are common, but some problems are associated with them. Electrochemical method as one of the method of surface modification of commercially available activated carbon can be applied. The result is better adsorption of Chromium (VI) ions. The present thesis includes various adsorption techniques. A literature review of adsorption characteristics has been included. Our project work include fabrication of an experimental setup, surface modification (oxidation at anode) in 0.5 M KCl solution at various intensity of currents, and latter comparisons of BET surface area, porosity, FTIR analysis ( for identification of changes in bonds after electrochemical oxidation) and adsorption in spectrophotometer. Surface area, pore volume and pore size all decrease with increase in current intensity. A significant loss in porosity and decrease in pore diameter were observed and is due to blockage of pores by formation of functional groups (carboxylic acidic groups, hydroxyl groups, lactonic grops, phenolic group) and aggregation of humic substances. As the intensity of oxidation is increased by increasing the intensity of source current the amount of adsorption also increases. Also it is observed that if the intensity of current is increased from 0.1 Amp to 2.1 Amp, the amount of adsorption increases. But as the current approaches to 2.1 Amp the adsorption amount doesn’t change significantly. Sample oxidized at 2.1 ampere was analyzed in FTIR. In the FTIR spectra it is revealed that in some ranges dip in transmittance was observed. Suitable reasons were found out. This process of activation can be suitably applied for activation of carbon.

Metal Organic Frameworks (or, MOFs) have shown tremendous potential in adsorptive separation applications and gas storage owing to some of their extraordinary features in terms of specific surface area, pore volume, low to moderate heat of adsorption and fairly uniform pore size distribution. But, the success or failure of any adsorbent material largely depends on their stability in varying experimental conditions. In this work, we have highlighted the synthesis of 3 most versatile MOFs reported till date viz. Cu-BTC (or, HKUST-1), Cr-BDC (or, MIL-101) and Zn-BDC (or, MOF-5). Each of these MOFs after their successful synthesis and characterization were exposed to a regulated environmental conditionto study the effect of moisture sensitivity. Such a study is particularly important since any real time experiment with MOF is bound to come to terms with varying degree of moisture or water vapor, especially when exposed for longer duration. After detailed experimentation we concluded that a controlled exposure to ambient conditions didn’t have a severe effect on MOF’s thermal stability. Cr-BDC was found to be taking up more moisture during the course of time as compared to Cu-BTC and Zn-BDC. The degree of crystallinity appeared to be reduced over the time interval and surface morphology too gets affected. Moreover, we have carried out a comprehensive review of 3 very important industrially and environmentally important gases viz. H2, CO and CO2 on these three MOF matrices. The reason behind choosing theses gases stems out from the fact that H2 is projected as a future fuel which may very well replace the conventional fossil fuels, both CO2 and CO are the most important green house gases and their emission needs to be effectivelyarrested, mixture of these gases are emitted from various sources e.g. steam reforming of naphtha, partial oxidation of hydrocarbons, metallurgical plants etc. Apart from these facts, physical properties of each of them are quite different. H2 is a non-polar gas whereas CO has a permanent dipole moment and CO2 has a quadrupole moment. Studying the effects of these physical properties could be interesting from a fundamental point of view to understand the adsorption phenomenon. The retrieved experimental data from literature was model fit using standard isotherm models viz. Langmuir, Freundlich, Freundlich-Langmuir, Dual Site Langmuir (DSL) and Virial models. Additionally, a comparative study between simulation data (available in literature) and experimental data (at same conditions)was carried out for a proper validation. CO was selected on the basis of its polarity and CH4 was chosen since it is non-polar. The adsorbent for the study was Cu-BTC. Our findings are summarized as: (I) All the isotherm models are not equally efficient in predicting the adsorption behavior in low and high pressure regime. Freundlich-Langmuir model is seen to be the best in explaining the adsorption behavior irrespective of the type of probe or adsorbent surface. (II) The experimental H2 adsorption data as reported by various researchers varied considerably from lab to lab and H2 adsorption on none of the adsorbents studied in this work satisfies the Department of Energy (DoE) target of 6.5 wt%. (III) Cr-BDC (or, MIL-101) showed the highest affinity for CO2. This uptake of CO2 is the highest reported till date. (IV) Although experimental data on CO adsorption on any MOF material is scarce, but still within our review, we have found Cr-BDC to have the highest loading of CO. The higher loading can be attributed to very high surface area (ca. 3000 m2 g-1) for Cr-BDC amongst the studied MOFs. (V) The comparison of simulation with experimental data of CO and CH4 on Cu-BTC has shown that for polar molecule e.g. CO, simulation data under predicts the experimental data whereas in the higher loading region simulation data over predicts. This is less marked for non-polar gas like CH4. It is worth mentioning that even though there are variations in simulation result predictions with experimental data but still Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulation is a strong method in predicting experimental excess adsorption data particularly when total pore volume information and single crystal XRD data is available.

This thesis is dedicated to the liquid phase adsorption of dyes, namely Rhodamine B and Erioglaucine, where they represent the class of a basic and an acid dye respectively. The adsorbents used are Metal Organic Framework (Cu-BTC) and Activated Carbon. The characterization was done for each of the adsorbent. On the one hand, the experimental data did not envisage Cu-BTC as an effective adsorbent for liquid phase adsorption while on the other hand, Activated Carbon showed some encouraging results on the batch experiments conducted on various parameters like effects of adsorbent dose, initial pH and contact time.

This work highlights the fabrication of ceramic microfiltration membranes using drill mud as the raw material. The raw material was pre-processed and paste casting method was used for fabrication. Three different membranes were successfully fabricated (keeping a standard stoichiometric composition of raw materials and binders) at three different sintering temperatures e.g. 500, 800 and 900oC. Comprehensive characterization techniques viz. scanning electron microscopy (SEM), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), BET surface area and Mercury porosimetry were followed to ascertain the nature of the membrane fabrication. The membrane sintered at 900oC, having an average pore size of 18ìm was found best suited for oil-water emulsion studies. A rejection of ca. 38% was observed for this membrane. Another variant of ceramic membrane was fabricated at 900oC with an addition of 25% kaolin. A better rejection of ca. 49% was found for this case which can be attributed to better structural properties of the membrane surface and uniformity in pore size distribution. All the membranes were studied for their regeneration and reusability. A detailed cost analysis was also performed and it was seen that the membranes fabricated were much cheaper than the similar products reported in literature.

Recently room temperature ionic liquids (ILs); called green solvents are emerging as promising candidates to capture due to their wide liquid range, low melting point, negligible vapor pressure, high solubility and reasonable thermal stability. However, these solvents, suffer from a major disadvantage of high viscosities in their unreacted state, which makes them very difficult to handle and transport in an industrial scenario. To make up for this, combining RTILs with conventional solvents like alkanolamines have been proposed.Again, owing to the huge number of possible combinations between cations and anions and blends of the resulted ILS/RTILs with alkanolamines, a solvent screening procedure became essential in narrowing down the solvents/blended solvents with the desired properties. In view of this, various thermophysical and physicochemical properties intended for CO2 absorption were predicted for the ionic liquids as well as their alkanolamine blends using the computational chemistry software “cosmotherm”.Various properties like density, heat capacities, viscosities, conductivity, melting point etc were studied by changing the substituent cation or anion of ILS/RTILs and their combinations with alkanolamines as well.On comparison of the predicted properties, it has been noticed that the anions TF2N and PF6 exhibits the most desirable properties in combination with the solvents MEA, DEA and PE.The screened solvents in this study might be proving their worth on experimental verification.

Acetic acid is an important carboxylic acid widely used in chemical, pharmaceutical, food and other industries. The growing importance of biological production (fermentation) expressed with new routes and increasing production rates, leads to look for technologies of downstream processing for product separation. The reactive extraction can be used for the recovery of an acetic acid from aqueous solution.The reactive extraction with specific extractant and a proper combination of extractant and diluents provides the higher capacity and selectivity of an acetic acid. The recovery of acetic acid by reactive extraction is studied using an organic solvent such as toluene, petroleum ether and n-hexane. The feed concentration of acetic acid in the aqueous solution ranges in between 0.1 to 0.4 gmol/l. The extraction of acetic acid from aqueous solution (feed concentration 0.4 gmol/lit) with organic solvent gives the distribution coefficient (KD) in toluene, petroleum ether and N-Hexane solvents equal to 1.29, 0.79 and 0.6 respectively. Further, the reactive extraction is carried out with the mixtures of extractant–diluents. The tri-iso-octylamine is used as an extractant. The extraction of acetic acid with 40% of tri-iso-octylamine in an organic solvent shows the highest distribution coefficient for toluene, petroleum ether and n-hexane. These are 3.65, 2.70 and 2.63 respectively. By comparing results, it can be concluded that using the mixtures of extractant–diluents, the extraction is significantly improved.

In this project work, Kaolin was the primary raw material for membrane fabrication. Various additives/binders were also used based on their suitability and effectiveness in imparting special properties e.g. mechanical strength and dispersion properties for homogeneity to the final or finished membrane. During membrane preparation with various stoichiometric compositions of ingredients, it was observed that higher percentages of kaolin didn’t result into membranes with good flexural strength whereas increasing the % of red-mud enhanced the mechanical strength quite considerably e.g. 10.11 MPa (membrane F), 18.93 MPa (membrane G) and 12.04 MPa (membrane H) respectively. Methanol permeation studies showed that the average steady state flux was highest for membrane G (ca. 4.23×10-4 m3 m-2 sec-1). The fabricated membranes were undergone catalyst recovery study in a batch membrane module. In this work, Cu-BTC (or, HKUST-1 or, MOF-199), a well-known Metal Organic Framework (MOF) was selected as the potential catalyst. Several cycles (or batches) were carried out inside the membrane module and it was observed that membrane G performed better than the rest and a recovery percentage of ca. 61% was noted after 3 cycles before the membrane pores were completely choked. Membrane de-fouling and regeneration studies were carried out in detail using back-washing treatment inside the module itself and ultra-sonication techniques for preparing the membranes for next round of operations.

This paper examines the metaphor of hunting as used in Plato’s dialogue, the Sophist. In it, we explore the idea that the example of the ‘angler’ given at the start of the dialogue is no throw-away example, but opens up the metaphor of hunting as an important element of understanding how to use the method of division introduced for coming to definitional knowledge. I argue that the use of the metaphor of hunting is a pedagogical tool that transforms the attentive student’s understanding of the method of division from a dry science of definition, to a manner of approaching the search for truth. Applied reflexively to the search for the definition of the sophist, it helps reveal that the search for knowledge is a non-linear, iterative process which requires passing-through, and abides no shortcuts. It leaves open the suggestion that the true image of knowledge and the philosopher may finally be found in a version of acquisitive rather than productive or seperative arts (as they are classified within the dialogue).

Solid state nanopore is a potential candidate for separation of nanoparticles or biomolecules such as proteins, DNA, and RNA. However, efficient separation of particles through nanopores is a challenging task as a number of factors such as externally applied voltage, size and charge density of particle, size and charge density of membrane pore, and the concentration of bulk electrolyte influence the translocation behavior of nanoparticles through pores. This paper uses a mathematical model based on Poisson–Nernst–Plank equations along with Navier-Stokes equations to systematically study these factors. Membrane pore surface charge is found to be a vital parameter in this seperation process. Numerical results reveal that efficient separation of high density lipoprotein (HDL) from low density lipoprotein (LDL) in a 0.2 M KCL solution (resembling blood buffer) through a 150 nm pore is possible if the pore surface charge density is around −4.0 mC/m2.