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1
Monget, Quentin. "Les mutations du statut patrimonial des couples." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Panthéon-Assas, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ASSA0003.
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Bien des couples, aujourd’hui, passent du concubinage au pacs, puis du pacs au mariage, qui sont les trois conjugalités que propose le droit contemporain. À chacune correspond un statut patrimonial spécifique (prévoyant une répartition des biens et des dettes, instituant des effets sociaux et fiscaux, etc.). Or ces statuts sont en pleine mutation : aujourd’hui, on ne compte plus les transformations légales et jurisprudentielles qui s’accomplissent. Quelles sont ces évolutions ? Jusqu’où doivent-elles se poursuivre ? Tel est l’objet de cette étude. Elle relativise l’idée qu’un droit commun du couple serait appelé à émerger : elle constate que, même si un phénomène de convergence est à l’œuvre, d’autres évolutions tendent à accroître certaines différences entre les conjugalités. Elle démontre alors que le droit positif se structure sur le modèle d’une gradation. Plus un couple choisit une conjugalité stable et engagée, plus son statut patrimonial devient exorbitant, communautaire et protecteur. Les amants sont ainsi incités à s’engager sur un chemin jalonné d’étapes prédéterminées (couple sentimental, emménagement, pacs, mariage) que l’on peut appeler iter copulae ; ce modèle est en phase non seulement avec le droit positif, mais aussi avec la réalité sociologique moderne.Ainsi, l’étude synthétise les évolutions en cours. Elle suggère de les approfondir où elles sont inachevées, de les tempérer où elles sont excessives, de les consacrer où elles sont prétoriennes ; le propos est parsemé de propositions de réformes, toutes destinées à asseoir le droit positif sur des bases durables, car plus en phase avec les aspirations modernesMany French couples today move from cohabitation to civil partnership, then from civil partnership to marriage, which are the three forms of conjugality offered by contemporary law. Each has its own specific property status (providing for the division of assets and debts, establishing social and tax effects, etc.). But these statuses are in a state of flux,with countless legal and case law changes being made. What are these changes ? How far should they continue ? That is the purpose of this study. It sets itself apart by putting into perspective the idea that a common law governing couples will emerge : it notes that, even if a phenomenon of convergence is at work, other developments are tending to increase certain differences between conjugal relationships. It then shows that positive law is structured on the model of a gradation. The more a couple chooses a stable and committed conjugal relationship, the more their property status becomes exorbitant, communal and protective. Lovers are thus encouraged to embark on a path marked out by predetermined stages (romantic relationship, moving in, civil partnership, marriage) that can be called iter copulae ; thismodel is in line not only with positive law, but also with modern sociological reality. The study summarises current developments. It suggests deepening them where they are incomplete, tempering them where they are excessive, and enshrining them where they are praetorian. The study is interspersed with proposals for reform, all designed to put positive law on a sustainable footing, since it is more in tune with modern aspirations
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Bryant, Richard. "Phase separation in thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers : a structure-property investigation." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2005. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/33571.
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The effect of soft segment, isocyanate and chain extender chemical structure on the physical and mechanical properties of thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers was systematically investigated. Several series of materials were produced with identical stoichiometry and under the same reaction conditions. The raw materials used to synthesise these materials were systematically altered to facilitate comment on the influence of molecular weight, cohesive energy density (CED) and molecular geometry on the phase separation phenomena observed in polyurethane elastomers.
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Storey, Shane Anthony. "Physical property indices to aid bioprocess synthesis and design." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324667.
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Sykes, Paul A. "Structure-property relationships of chain-extended thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1999. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12451.
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The effect of chain extender chemical structure on the physical and mechanical properties of thermoplastic polyurethane/urethaneurea elastomers was systematically investigated. Several series of materials were synthesised using 4,4' -diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and poly(tetramethylene oxide) glycol (PTMG), each series incorporating a particular class of chain extender compound. Elucidation of the influence of chain extender structural variations within each series was the principal objective of the investigation…
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Aneja, Ashish. "Structure-Property Relationships of Flexible Polyurethane Foams." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29887.
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This study examined several features of flexible polyurethane foams from a structure-property perspective. A major part of this dissertation addresses the issue of connectivity of the urea phase and its influence on mechanical and viscoelastic properties of flexible polyurethane foams and their plaque counterparts. Lithium salts (LiCl and LiBr) were used as additives to systematically alter the phase separation behavior, and hence the connectivity of the urea phase at different scale lengths. Macro connectivity, or the association of the large scale urea rich aggregates typically observed in flexible polyurethane foams was assessed using SAXS, TEM, and AFM. These techniques showed that including a lithium salt in the foam formulation suppressed the formation of the urea aggregates and thus led to a loss in the macro level connectivity of the urea phase. WAXS and FTIR were used to demonstrate that addition of LiCl or LiBr systematically disrupted the local ordering of the hard segments within the microdomains, i.e., it led to a reduction of micro level connectivity or the regularity in segmental packing of the urea phase. Based on these observations, the interaction of the lithium salt was thought to predominantly occur with the urea hard segments, and this hypothesis was confirmed using quantum mechanical calculations. Another feature of this research investigated model trisegmented polyurethanes based on monofunctional polyols, or "monols", with water-extended toluene diisocyanate (TDI) based hard segments. The formulations of the monol materials were maintained similar to those of flexible polyurethane foams with the exceptions that the conventional polyol was substituted by an oligomeric monofunctional polyether of ca. 1000 g/mol molecular weight. Plaques formed from these model systems were shown to be solid materials even at their relatively low molecular weights of 3000 g/mol and less. AFM phase images, for the first time, revealed the ability of the hard segments to self-assemble and form lath-like percolated structures, resulting in solid plaques, even though the overall volume of the system was known to be dominated by the two terminal liquid-like polyether segments. In another aspect of this research, foams were investigated in which the ratios of the 2,4 and 2,6 TDI isomers were varied. The three commercially available TDI mixtures, i.e., 65:35 2,4/2,6 TDI, 80:20 2,4/2,6 TDI, and 100:0 2,4/2,6 TDI were used. These foams were shown to display marked differences in their cellular structure (SEM), urea aggregation behavior (TEM), and in the hydrogen bonding characteristics of the hard segments (FTIR). Finally, the nanoscale morphology of a series of 'model' segmented polyurethane elastomers, based on 1,4-butanediol extended piperazine based hard segments and poly(tetramethylene oxide) soft segments, was also investigated using AFM. The monodisperse hard segments of these 'model' polyurethanes contained precisely either one, two, three, or four repeating units. Not only did AFM image the microphase separated morphology of these polyurethanes, but it also revealed that the hard domains preferentially oriented with their long axis along the radial direction of the spherulites which they formed.Ph. D.
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Lindsay, Carolyn M. "Personal Property." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1378063099.
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Wang, Chenyu Jr. "Synthesis of crosslinked polyurethane and Network constrained surface phase separation." VCU Scholars Compass, 2011. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2630.
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To create functional surfaces for soft materials, such as polyurethanes, our approach is to use a semifluorinated surface modifier as minor component to the matrix material. The surface modifier, driving by reduction in surface energy, surface-concentrates to form a functionalized surface layer at the air-polymer interface. In our previous studies, linear PTMO-based polyurethanes were used as the matrix material. These systems undergo slow surface phase separation at room temperature due to the thermodynamically immiscibility of the soft blocks. In this study, chemically crosslinked matrix was developed to provides a steric hindrance to constrain the mobility of surface modifier and to form a kinetically stable surface. The physical property and morphology of base crosslinked matrix has been characterized using DSC, UTT, DMA and AFM. The surface morphology of surface modified crosslinked matrix has been characterized using AFM, DCA and XPS.
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Farr, Isaac Vincent. "Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Polyimide Gas Separation Membrane Material Systems." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28590.
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Phenylindane monomers 5(6)-amino-1-(4-aminophenyl)-1,3,3-trimethylindane (DAPI), 5,6-diamino-1-(4-aminophenyl)-1,3,3-trimethylindane (TAPI) and 6-hydroxy-
1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,3-trimethylindane (DHPI) were synthesized and characterized. DAPI, as well as other diamines, were then utilized in solution step polycondensation with a number of commercially available dianhydrides using either the two-step ester-acid solution imidization or the high temperature solution imidization routes. High molecular weight soluble fully cyclized polyimides were successfully synthesized using a 1:1 molar ratio of dianhydride to diamine. The polyimides were film forming and were characterized by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and selective gas permeation methods, as well as other techniques. The O2 permeation and O2/N2 selectivity values obtained for materials prepared in this thesis are discussed in relation to the concept of an "upper bound", as defined in the literature concerning gas separation membranes.
The series of polyimides based on DAPI and several dianhydrides were found to have high glass transition temperatures (247°C-368°C) and very good short-term thermal stability as shown by TGA, despite the partially aliphatic character of DAPI. The 5,5'-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethylidene]bis-1,3-isobenzenefurandione (6FDA)/DAPI system also exhibited low weight loss under nitrogen at 400°C, which was comparable to that of a wholly aromatic polyimide based on 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PMDA)/4,4'-oxydianiline (ODA) which is known to have high thermal stability. In addition, the 6FDA/DAPI polyimides had a refractive index value of 1.571 from which the dielectric constant was calculated, giving an attractively low estimated value of 2.47.
The rigid, bulky and isomeric structure of DAPI in the repeat unit imparted film forming characteristics that allowed production of solvent cast membranes which displayed a range of O2 permeability and O2/N2 selectivity characteristics. High O2 permeabilities were observed for polyimides in which the DAPI structure predominated in relation to the overall polymer repeat unit, i.e. in combination with low molar mass dianhydrides. The more flexible dianhydrides afforded a greater degree of molecular freedom and were thought to result in a more tightly packed polymer conformation which decreased the rate of gas penetration through thin films. The DAPI/3,3',4,4'-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA) system showed the best combination of O2 permeability and O2/N2 selectivity values (2.8Ba and 7.3, respectively). Modest variations in the DAPI isomeric ratio did not significantly effect the gas permselectivity properties.
High molecular weight polyimides based on DAPI and BTDA were synthesized by three different routes. The ester-acid and thermal imidization methods produced polyimides with the highest Tgs and best thermal stability in air, as compared to the chemical imidization procedure. For example, a Tg increase of 22°C and a 68°C increase in the 5% weight loss were found for the ester-acid imidized DAPI/BTDA polyimide over those found for the chemically imidized version. The higher Tg and 5% weight loss values were attributed to the elimination of residual uncyclized amide acid moieties.
Polyimides derived from 6FDA were synthesized by the high temperature solution imidization method. Thin films, cast from NMP, were tough and creasable and afforded high Tg (>295°C) systems with good thermal stability. When combined with rigid diamines, 6FDA contributed to high O2 permeation and moderate O2/N2 selectivity. The high O2 permeability was ascribed to hindered interchain packing attributed to the bulky CF3 groups. The exceptionally high oxygen permeability and O2/N2 selectivity values of the 9,9-bis(4-aminophenyl) fluorene (FDA)/6FDA system, were near the desirable "upper bound" for gas separation membrane materials, while those of 3,7-diamino-2,8-dimethyl-dibenzothiophene-5,5-dioxide (DDBT)/6FDA were actually above the upper bound.
High performance polymers based on 4,4'-bis [4-(3,4-dicarboxyphenoxy)]biphenyl dianhydride (BPEDA), 2,2'-bis [4-(3,4-dicarboxyphenoxy)phenyl] propane dianhydride (BPADA), 2,2-bis(3-amino-4-methylphenyl)hexafluoroisopropylidene dianhydride (Bis-AT-AF) and 3,7-diamino-2,8-dimethyl-dibenxothiophene-5,5-dioxide (DDBT) were also synthesized in this work. Additionally, they were characterized with regard to molecular weight, glass transition temperature, and thermal stability.
Polyimide systems containing hydroxyl moieties in the repeat unit were also investigated. Incorporation of hydroxyl moieties in the repeat unit enhanced chain stiffness via intermolecular hydrogen bonding and showed Tg increases of ~30°C Hydroxyl moieties also decreased the thermal stability values typically observed for polyimides. High O2/N2 selectivity was achieved with all of the 4,4'-diaminobiphenyl-3,3'-diol (HAB) containing polymers. However, these materials also had low O2 permeabilities, which suggested a tightly packed structure, possibly facilitated by hydrogen bonding. In contrast to suggestions in the literature, the comparison between a polyimide having pendant hydroxyl groups and another having the same repeat unit without them did not reveal a significant change in permselectivity behavior.
The synthesis, characterization and crosslinking behavior of functional polyimides containing phenol, amine and acetylene moieties are also described. A crosslinking reaction of oligomers containing phenol moieties with a tetrafunctional epoxy resin was achieved 100°C below the "dry" glass transition temperature and was attributed to residual solvent. Utilization of this crosslinking mechanism could allow membrane optimization by investigating the influence of a number of variables, such as the concentration of the phenolic moiety, epoxy weight percent, catalyst concentration and residual solvent content.Ph. D.
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Xue, Wei xue. "Measurements of Cellular Intrinsic Magnetism with Cell Tracking Velocimetry and Separation with Magnetic Deposition Microscopy." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1461231847.
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Ronsin, Francis. "Du divorce et de la separation de corps en france au 19eme siecle." Paris 7, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA070002.
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Jusqu'en 1792, en france, les unions conjugales ne pouvaient etre rompues mais seulement relachees grace a la separation de corps. En 1792, le divorce est autorise et, dans le meme temps, la separation de corps interdite. Le code civil de bonaparte permet de nouveau la separation de corps. En 1816, la restauration interdit le divorce. En 1830, comme en 1848, la liberte du divorce semble devoir etre retablie mais ne le sera finalement pas. Quelques jours avant d'etre ecrasee, la commune avait mis a l'etude le retablissement du divorce. Apres la victoire des republicains aux elections de 1876, les deputes discutent a nouveau du divorce qui est finalement retabli en 1884. Comment ne pas etre stupefait de voir ainsi la legislation du mariage systematiquement remise en cause a chacune des principales dates de l'histoire du 19eme siecle ? cette etroite correlation entre l'histoire des institutions politiques et l'histoire des institutions familiales a certainement ete beaucoup trop negligee par les specialistes de la "grande histoire". Tout aussi surprenant est de constater que si la question du divorce est passionnement debattue par les hommes politiques, les ecrivains, les philosophes sociaux, elle laisse relativement indifferente l'opinion publique. Les donnees statistiques que nous avons traitees montrent que les couples souhaitant leur. .Until 1792, in france, marriage could never be broken but merely loosened thanks to legal separation. In 1792, divorce became lawful and legal separation was forbidden concurrently. The bonaparte civil code authorized legal separation anew. In 1816, under the restauration, divorce was forbidden. In 1830 as well as in 1848, the liberty of divorce seemed likely to be restored but was not, eventually. A few days before being crushed down, the commune had started studying a project to reestablish the right to divorce. After the victory of the republicains at the 1876 election, the deputies debated the project and divorce was eventually re-established in 1884. It is striking to see marriage legislation being challenged at every main date in the history of the 19th century. This close relationship between the history of political institutions and the history of family institutions has been too much overlooked by the specialists of "great" history. And it is no less striking to note that while the divorce question is discussed with passion by the politicians, the writers, the social philosophers, public opinion seems relatively unconcerned. The statistics which we have analysed show that the couples wishing to break off were so few for a long time that they could well be considered as marginal. .
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Motaung, David Edmond. "Structure property relationship and thermal stability of organic photovoltaic cells." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6331_1307942460.
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In this thesis, regioregularpoly( 3-hexylthiophene) (rr-P3HT) polymer was used as a light absorption and electron donating material, while the C60 fullerene and its derivative [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) were used as electron acceptor materials. The effect of solvent to control the degree of mixing of the polymer and fullerene components, as well as the domain size and charge transport properties of the blends were investigated in detail using P3HT:C60 films. The photo-physical, structural and electrical transport properties of the polymer blends were carried out according to their ratios. A distinctive photoluminescence (PL) quenching effect was observed indicating a photo-induced electron transfer. In this thesis, the effect of solvents on the crystallization and interchain interaction of P3HT and C60 fullerene films were studied using XRD, UV-vis, PL, Raman and FTIR spectroscopy. The polymer blends formed with non-aromatic solvents exhibited an improved crystallinity and polymer morphology than that formed with aromatic solvents. An improved ordering was demonstrated in the polymer films spin coated from non-aromatic solvents. This indicates that the limited solubility of rr P3HT in a marginal solvent such as non-aromatic solvents can offer a strategy to obtain highly ordered crystal structures and lead directly to optimal morphologies on the films.
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Wechs, Hatanaka Asako. "Mediation and intellectual property law : a European and comparative perspective." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAA008.
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Un mauvais arrangement vaut mieux qu’un bon procès, dit un adage. Ceci s’applique-t-il également au domaine de la propriété intellectuelle ? La médiation est une méthode de résolution des différends qui a le vent en poupe. Elle a fait l’objet d’une harmonisation en Europe par le biais de la directive 2008/52/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 21 mai 2008 sur certains aspects de la médiation en matière civile et commerciale. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de la thèse est d’analyser des fonctions exercées par la médiation ainsi que les limites de la médiation du point de vue du droit de la procédure civile, du droit des contrats et du droit de la propriété intellectuelle, et de présenter des propositions pour optimiser la médiation lorsqu'elle s’applique aux litiges concernant les droits de la propriété intellectuelle. L’étude porte sur de nombreux systèmes juridiques, institutions et prestataires de règlement des différends, en mettant l’accent sur l’Union européenne, la France et le Royaume-UniA bad compromise is better than a successful lawsuit, says an adage. Would this also applies to intellectual property disputes ? Mediation is a dispute resolution method, which is in vogue. It became subject to harmonisation in Europe under the Directive 2008/52/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on certain aspects of mediation in civil and commercial matters. In this context, the objective of the thesis is to analyse the functions performed by mediation as well as the limitations to mediate from the viewpoint of civil procedure law, contract law and intellectual property law and to present some proposals to optimise mediation to intellectual property law. A number of legal systems, institutions and dispute resolution providers will be covered with the focus on the European Union, France and the UK
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Martinavičius, Andrius. "Structural and transport property changes in austenitic stainless steel induced by nitrogen incorporation." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-68719.
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The saturation of the near surface layers of metals with different elements is a powerful tool to change their surface properties. In this work, structure and transport changes induced by incorporation of large amounts of nitrogen at moderate temperatures (∼370−430°C) in austenitic stainless steel are investigated. The structural study of the plasma nitrided ASS has been carried out using a combination of global (X-ray diffraction, nuclear reaction analysis) and local probe techniques (Mossbauer, X-ray absorption near edge structure, extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopies). It reveals that nitriding at moderate temperatures (∼400°C) results in the nitrided layer with Fe, Cr and Ni being in different local chemical environments: Cr in the CrN-like state, Fe in the Fe4N-like state, Ni in the metallic state. The results demonstrate that the incorporation of interstitial nitrogen destabilizes homogeneous distribution of the ASS constituents, which leads to the segregation of the elements into small zones rich in Cr and Ni and provide strong evidence that the decomposition is of a spinodal nature. These experimental findings contradict the widely accepted view that the phase formed during nitriding at moderate temperatures is a homogeneous supersaturated nitrogen solid solution.
The nitrogen atomic transport study has been carried out by using ion beam nitriding of single-crystalline stainless steel, and the issues of the influence of the crystalline orientation, nitriding temperature, ion flux and ion energy are addressed. The diffusion coefficients have been extracted from the fitting of the nitrogen depth profiles by using the trapping-detrapping model. It is shown that the crystalline orientation plays a significant role in nitrogen diffusion: the penetration depth is largest, intermediate and lowest for the (001), (110) and (111) orientation, respectively. The pre-exponential factor D0 varies by two orders of magnitude depending on the orientation, while the activation energy E is similar (∼1.1 eV) for the (111) and (110) orientations and higher for the (001) orientation (∼1.4 eV). It is found that the nitrogen ion energy and the flux have the effect on the nitrogen transport in the bulk with higher energies (or fluxes) showing larger diffusion coefficients. The ion energy effect is more pronounced for the (001) than for the (111) orientation, while the flux effect is similar in both orientations. In addition, the diffusivity during post-nitriding thermal annealing without ion irradiation is found to be independent of the crystalline orientation. The observed radiation enhanced diffusion and anisotropy are discussed on the basis of nitrogen incorporation induced changes in the matrix structure (ASS decomposition and formation heterogeneous structure), ion bombardment induced effects (defects, localized vibrations) and correlated diffusion.
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Han, Junhee. "Phase separation and structure formation in gadolinium based liquid and glassy metallic alloys." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-143492.
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In this PhD research the liquid-liquid phase separation phenomena in Gd-based alloys was investigated in terms of phase equilibria, microstructure formation upon quenching the melt and corresponding magnetic properties of phase-separated metallic glasses. The phase diagrams of the binary subsystems Gd-Zr and Gd-Ti were experimentally reassessed. Especially the phase equilibria with the liquid phase could be determined directly by combining in situ high energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction with electrostatic levitation of the melt. The Gd-Zr system is of eutectic type with a metastable miscibility gap. The eutectic composition at 18 ± 2 at.% Zr, the liquidus line and the coexistence of bcc-Zr and bcc-Gd at elevated temperature could be determined. The Gd-Ti system is a monotectic system. The experimental observations in this work led to improved new Gd-Zr and Gd-Ti phase diagrams. The phase equilibria of the ternary Gd-Ti-Co system were analyzed for two alloy compositions. The XRD patterns for molten Gd35Ti35Co30 gave direct evidence for the coexistence of two liquid phases formed by liquid-liquid phase separation. The first experimental and thermodynamic assessment of the ternary Gd–Ti–Co system revealed that the stable miscibility gap of binary Gd–Ti extends into the ternary Gd–Ti–Co system (up to about 30 at.% Co). New phase-separated metallic glasses were synthesized in Gd-TM-Co-Al (TM = Hf, Ti or Zr) alloys. The microstructure was characterized in terms of composition and cooling rate dependence of phase separation. Due to large positive enthalpy of mixing between Gd on the one side and Hf, Ti or Zr on the other side, the alloys undergo liquid-liquid phase separation during rapid quenching the melt. The parameters determining the microstructure development during phase separation are the thermodynamic properties of the liquid phase, kinetic parameters and quenching conditions. By controlling these parameters and conditions the microstructure can be tailored both at microscopic and macroscopic length scales. This includes either droplet-like or interconnected microstructures at the microscopic level and glass-glass or glass-crystalline composites at the macroscopic level. Essential parameter for the quenched in microstructure is the temperature dependence of liquid-liquid phase separation, which is determined by the chemical composition of the alloy: on the one hand, earlier and/or later stages of spinodal decomposition or almost homogeneous glassy states are obtained if the critical temperature of miscibility gap Tc is close to the glass transition temperature Tg; and on the one hand, coarsening and secondary precipitations of the liquids are obtained if Tc is much higher than Tg. Finally, the influence of the microstructure developed by phase separation on their magnetic properties had been investigated. The saturation magnetization σS depends on the overall amount of Gd atoms in the alloys and is not remarkably affected by phase separation processes. The Curie temperature TCurie of the magnetic transition is influenced by the changed chemical composition of the Gd-rich glassy phases compared to that of monolithic Gd-Co-Al glassesIn dieser Doktorarbeit wurde die flüssig-flüssig Phasenentmischung von Gd-basierten Legierungen hinsichtlich der Phasengleichgewichte, der Gefügeentwicklung während der Schmelzabschreckung und dazugehöriger magnetischer Eigenschaften, untersucht. Die Zustandsdiagramme der binären Untersysteme Gd-Zr undGd-Ti wurden experimentell ermittelt.. Insbesondere konnten die Phasengleichgewichte mit der flüssigen Phase mittels in-situ Röntgenbeugungsmessunngen an elektrostatisch levitierten Schmelzen direkt, bestimmt werden. Das Gd-Zr System stellt ein ein eutektisches Phasendiagram dar und besitzt eine metastabile Mischungslücke. Die eutektische Zusammensetzung wurde mit 18 ± 2 at.%Zr bestimmt und der Verlauf der Liquiduslinie bei erhöhten Temperaturen wurde experimentell ermittelt. Experimentell wurde die Koexistenz von kubisch-raumzentrierten Zr und Gd in einem Bereich bei hohen Temperaturen nachgewiesen. Das Gd-Ti-System ist von monotektischer Art. Die experimentellen Beobachtungen dieser Arbeit trugen wesentlich zur Verbesserung der Beschreibung der Phasendiagaramme Gd-Zr- und Gd-Ti-Phasenbei. Die Phasengleichgewichte des ternären Gd-Ti-Co-Systems wurde anhand zweier Legierungszusammensetzungen untersucht. Die Röntgenbeugungsdiffraktogramme der geschmolzenen Legiereung Gd35Ti35Co30 sind ein direkter Beleg für die Koexistenz zweier flüssiger Phasen, aufgrund der flüssig-flüssig Phasenentmischung. Die erste experimentelle und thermodynamische Auswertung des ternären Gd-Ti-Co-Systems zeigt, dass sich die stabile Mischungslücke des binären Gd-Ti-Systems ins ternäre Gd-Ti-Co-System bis zu ungefähr 30 at.% Co erstreckt. Es wurden neue Gd-TM-Co-Al (TM = Hf, Ti oder Zr)-basierte metallische Gläser, die separierte Phasen besitzen, hergestellt. Ihr Gefüge wurden hinsichtlich Zusammensetzung- und Abkühlratenabhängigkeit der Phasenentmischung charakterisiert. Aufgrund der großen positiven Mischungsenthalpie zwischen Gd auf der einen und Hf, Ti oder Zr auf der anderen Seite, weisen diese Legierungen eine flüssig-flüssig Phasenentmischung während der Abschreckung aus der Schmelze auf. Die Einflussgrößen, die die Gefügeentwicklung während der Phasenentmischung bestimmen, sind die thermodynamischen Eigenschaften der flüssigen Phase, die kinetische Parameter und die Abschreckbedingungen. Indem diese Parameter und Bedingungen kontrolliert werden, kann das Gefüge auf makro- sowie mikroskopischer Längenskala maßgeschneidert werden. Dies beinhaltet entweder tropfenförmige oder miteinander verbundene Gefüge auf einer mikroskopischen Skala und Glas-Glas oder Glas-Kristall Komposite auf einer makroskopischen Längenskala. Ein wesentlicher Parameter für das abgeschreckte Gefüge ist die Temperatur-Abhängigkeit der flüssig-flüssig Phasenentmischung, die durch die chemische Zusammensetzung der Legierung bestimmt wird. Frühere und/oder spätere Stadien der spinodalen Entmischung oder nahezu homogene amorphe Zustände können abhängig von dem Temperaturunterschied zwischen kritischer Temperatur der flüssig-flüssig Phasenentmischung und der Glasübergangstemperatur erhalten werden. Wenn die kritische Temperatur der Mischungslücke, Tc, viel höher ist als die des Glasübergangs, Tg, können makroskopische Vergröberungen der tropfenförmigen Verteilung der flüssigen Phase und sekundäre flüssige oder kristalline Ausscheidungen in den gebildeten amorphen Phasen erhalten werden. Durch die Phasenentmischung und die erhaltenen heterogenen Gefüge werden die magnetischen Eigenschaften beeinflusst.. Die Sättigungsmagnetisierung,σS, hängt von der gesamten Anzahl der Gd-Atome der Legierung ab und wird nicht bemerkenswert vom Phasenentmischungsprozess beeinflusst. Die Curie Temperatur TCurie wird im Vergleich zu monolithischen Gd-Co-Al Gläsern, und abhängig von der chemischen Zusammensetzung der Gd-reichen Phase, verändert
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Masardo, Francis Alexander. "Managing shared residence : a study of fathers' experiences in Britain and France." Thesis, University of Bath, 2008. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.515569.
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Castermans, Philippe. "Entre separation et ralliement. Les relations entre l'eglise catholique et l'etat en france de 1924 a 1932." Lille 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LIL30012.
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Les annees 1924-1932 peuvent etre considerees comme essentielles dans la perspective des relations etat-eglise catholique au xxeme siecle. La specificite de cette periode peut etre percue a travers les developpements de la crise du cartel des gauches, la condamnation de l'action francaise, l'emergence de l'action catholique, les convergences entre la france et le saint-siege sur les principales questions internationales, la portee des accords du latran et surtout l'affirmation de la primaute romaine sur le monde catholique. Du point de vue institutionnel, les annees vingt et le debut des annees trente sont le moment privilegie de la mise en place empirique et incomplete d'un cadre regissant ces relations, dont les associations diocesaines sont le meilleur exemple. L'historiographie politico-religieuse y discerne souvent un "second ralliement", accomplissement enfin realise de la politique impulsee par leon xiii. Pourtant, la periode 1924-1932 ne voit pas l'acceptation entiere et sans arriere-pensees par l'eglise catholique de la republique et de la nature laique de la societe. Si le changement de climat est indeniable, il ne signifie pas la disparition des contentieux. Il existe toujours une hostilite, sans doute plus marquee chez les catholiques agissant sur le terrain que dans l'eglise en tant qu'institution. En fait, la periode porte simultanement en germe des attitudes d'hostilite a une certaine modernite politique et des comportements qui vont permettre un ralliement que l'on peut qualifier de definitif, mais qui ne se fera qu'apres 1945. A defaut d'un ralliement plein et entier, une collaboration s'esquisse entre les deux pouvoirs. Elle permet de saisir que les pratiques peuvent differer des principes, et que la symbolique et la signification profonde des actes ont souvent plus de valeur que leur portee reelle. Les relations eglise - etat demeurent encore sous l'emprise de "repliques", qui perpetuent les grandes secousses de leur histoire contemporaineThe years 1924-1932 may be considered as essential from the viewpoint of the relations between the state and the roman catholic church in the 20th century. The specificity of that periode can be perceived through the evolution of the "cartel des gauches"crisis, the condemnation of the "action francaise", the emergence of the "action catholique", the convergence between france and the holy see on the main international issues, the significance of the latran agreement, and, above all, the assertion of the ascendancy of rome over catholic wolrd. From the institutional point of view, the twenties and early thirties saw the empirical and incomplete setting up of a framework shaping those relations, of which diocesan associations are the best example. -----politico-religious historiography often finds there a "second ralliement", a belatedachievement of the policy initiated by leo xiii. It cannot said, however, that during the 19241932 period the catholic chuch accepted the republic and the secular nature of society without reservation. If the change in the climate opinion is indeniable, it does not imply the disappearance of all disagreements. There still exists a degree of hostility, probably stronger among catholics in the fields than in the chuch qua institution. In fact, the period contains the seeds both of attitudes of hostility to a certain political modernity and of ways of behaving that will make possible a ralliement which can be called definitive, but which will only take place after 1945. Failing a full and complete ralliement, one can begin to detect some collaboration between the two powers, which enables us to see that practice and principles don't necessarily go hand in hand, and that the symbolism and the deeper meaning of the measures taken are often more valuable than their actual significance. The relations between chuch and state remain under the influence of the "aftershocks" which follow the major earthquakes of their previous history
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KAUFMANN, YVETTE. "L'attitude du consistoire central israelite de france et d'algerie face a la separation des eglises et l'etat." Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1991STR20041.
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Des decisions de l'assemblee de niedernai, en 1977 aux statuts de 1906, quelle etrange parente, la classe dirigeante concedant un partage de l'autorite, mais reclamant en contrepartie une plus grande participation aux depenses. Entre ces deux poles une solution de continuite d'une duree de pres de deux cent ans : l'union de la ci-devant "nation juive" avec l'etat. Une union desiree, mais neanmoins imposee par napoleon, avec, a partir de 1844, un relachement de la surveillance par le gouvernement qui transformait la nature de son acceptation par les juifs : de mariage de raison il devenait mariage d'amour. L'hostilite de l'eglise a l'egard des republicains de progres au moment de l'affaire dreyfus devait cristaliser l'anticlericalisme du centre gauche et des radicaux. La prise en charge par l'etat des traitements des ministres du culte israelite parachevait la similitude avec les autres religions. En consequence de cette egalite, protestants et juifs seront entraines dans le divorce avec les catholiques. L'aboutissement sera non seulement la rupture de la republique francaise avec l7eglise catholique, mais aussi la separation avec les autres religions. Il nous a semble interessant de chercher, a partir d'une etude sur les liens anterieurs de la synagogue et de l'etat, quelle a ete l'attitude du consistoire central durant cette longue maturation. Une premiere approche revele une etonnante absence des dirigeants du judaisme institutionnel sur la scene politique. Une etude plus approfondie fait apparaitre une realite plus complexe et fait ressurgir les figures du grand rabbin zadoc kahn, du pasteur elisee lacheret, de paul grunebaum-ballin et de louis mejanFrom niedernai's assembly in year 1777 to the statutes of 1906, what a strange relationship, the leading class granting a sharing of authority but claiming in counterpart a larger participation in the expenses. Between both poles a solution of continuity near two hundred years long : the union of the "jewish nation" with the state. A wished union indeed however impose trough napoleon and from 1844 forth a laxity in the government's supervision, converting the kind of jewish accept from a convenience marriage to a love marriage. Church's hostility against progressive republicans in dreyfus affair's time will a cristallize anticlericalism amidst left center and radicalism. Imputation of jewish clergymen's appointments of french state completed the similitude with other religions. In conformity with such equality, protestants and jews will be forced in the divorce from french republic. What willresult, it was not only french republi's rupture with roman catholic church, but also separation with the other religions. It seemed to me, it would be interesting, to research beginning with a study on former synagogue's and state's bonds, how was central consistory's attitude during that long maturation. A first approach brings more complex reality and raises many figures chief rabbi zadoc kahn, reverend elisee lacheret, paul grunbaum-ballin et louis mejan
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Sheth, Jignesh Pramod. "Investigation of the Influence of Selected Variables on the Solid State Structure-Property Behavior of Segmented Copolymers." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29390.
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Segmented copolymers are a commercially important class of materials that are utilized in a wide variety of applications. In these systems a relatively large number of variables such as backbone chemistry, segment molecular weight, and the overall molecular weight of the copolymer can be independently controlled to engineer materials with targeted properties. Such versatility also means that a large number of variables can influence the morphology and therefore, properties and performance of segmented copolymers. In this dissertation, the influence of selected variables on the solid state structure-property behavior of segmented poly(ether-block-amide), polyurethane, polyurethaneurea, and polyurea copolymers is explored. The specific variables which have been utilized singly or in conjunction with others are hard segment crystallizability, crystallization conditions, hard segment content, soft segment type and molecular weight, nature of hydrogen bonding, extent of inter-segmental hydrogen bonding, segment symmetry, and chain architecture.
In poly(ether-block-amide)s, it was found that the morphology of both the crystalline and the amorphous phase depend upon the polyamide content of the sample and, as expected, the crystallization conditions.
A comparison of polydimethylsiloxane based segmented polyurethanes with their polyurea counterparts demonstrated that for a constant hard segment content the soft segment molecular weight particularly governs the extent of microphase separation in these materials. The nature of hydrogen bonding, monodentate or bidentate, also strongly influences their mechanical response. Remarkably, the polyurea sample with a polydimethylsiloxane molecular weight of 7000 g/mol and a hard segment content of 25 wt % exhibited a remarkable service temperature window (for rubber-like behavior) of ca. 230°C (from -55°C to 175°C) whereas it was ca. 200°C wide (from -55°C to 145°C) for the equivalent polyurethane sample. The extremely high chemical incompatibility between the polydimethylsiloxane of sufficiently high molecular weight and urethane or urea segment is expected to generate a relatively sharp interface between the soft matrix and the dispersed hard domains. Therefore, a polyether co-soft segment was incorporated in a controlled manner along the chain backbone, which resulted in inter-segmental hydrogen bonding between the ether and the urea segments. The consequent segmental mixing gave rise to a gradient interphase, which led to a significant improvement in the tensile strength, and elongation at break in selected polydimethylsiloxane segmented polyurea copolymers.
The importance of the hydrogen bonding network in model polyurethaneurea copolymers was also explored by utilizing LiCl as molecular probe. It has been demonstrated that hydrogen bonding plays an important role, over and above microphase separation, in promoting the long-range connectivity of the hard segments and the percolation of the hard phase through the soft matrix. The incorporation of hard segment branching in these polyurethaneurea also reduced the ability of the hard segments to pack effectively and establish long-range connectivity. The disruption of the percolated hard phase resulted in a systematic softening of the copolymers.
The role of chain architecture in governing the structure/property/processing of segmented was also investigated by comparing highly branched segmented polyurethaneureas with their linear analogs. These copolymers were based on poly(propylene oxide) or poly(tetramethylene oxide) as the soft segments The highly branched copolymers utilized in this dissertation were able to develop a microphase morphology similar to their linear analogs. Particularly noteworthy, and surprising, was the observation of weak second order interference shoulder in the respective small angle X-ray scattering profiles of the highly branched samples based on poly(propylene oxide) of MW 8200 and 12200, indicating the presence of at least some level of long-range order of the hard domains in these samples. Tapping-mode atomic force microscopy phase images of these two samples clearly confirmed the small angle X-ray scattering results. In addition to the strain induced crystallization of the poly(tetramethylene oxide) MW 2000 g/mol based linear polyurethaneureas, the highly branched analog of this sample also exhibited similar behavior at ambient temperature and uniaxial deformation of ca. 400 % strain. Wide angle X-ray scattering confirmed the above observation. The reduced ability of the branched polymers to entangle resulted in slightly poorer mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, elongation at break, and stress relaxation as compared to their linear analogs. However, primarily due to their reduced entanglement density, the branched polyurethaneureas had significantly lower ambient temperature solution viscosity as compared to their linear polyurethaneurea analogs. Therefore, these highly branched polyurethaneureas can be more easily processed than the latter materials.
Finally, it was demonstrated that non-chain extended segmented polyurethane and polyurea copolymers in which the hard segment is based on only a single diisocyanate molecule may well exhibit properties, such as the breadth of the service window, the average plateau modulus, stiffness, tensile strength, and elongation at break that are similar to chain extended segmented copolymers that possess distinctly higher hard segment content. A careful control of the hard segment symmetry and the nature of the hydrogen bonding is necessary to achieve such improved performance in the non-chain extended systems. Therefore, the results of this study provide new direction for the production of thermoplastic segmented copolymers with useful structural properties.Ph. D.
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Pirri, Valentini Anna. "Controls on the export of cultural property. Historical and contemporary regulatory frameworks in Italy, France and England." Thesis, IMT Alti Studi Lucca, 2020. http://e-theses.imtlucca.it/308/1/PirriValentini_phdthesis.pdf.
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First examples of cultural heritage law reveal the concerns of the legislator for the uncontrolled outflow of artworks and other objects of cultural interest from regional and national borders. The first introduction of an art export control system dates back to the beginning of XVII century. The aim of the regulation and control of the permanent removal of cultural objects is to preserve the national identity and to make up the national cultural heritage of a given country.
Nowadays almost every country worldwide is equipped with a domestic regulatory framework aimed at elevating barriers to the unindiscriminate circulation of artworks, besides being affected also by supranational norms and soft law mechanisms.
This dissertation examines the art export control system adopted in three countries, namely Italy, France and England and at the Community and international level.
The research is conducted taking into account different perspectives, comprehending an analysis of the legislative framework; the administrative structure and organisation; and the pervasiveness of an eventual judicial review over the acts issued by the Administration. The juxstaposition of these three levels reveals to be essential since the whole regulatory framework on the export of cultural property is characterised by the interposition of three different public powers involved (the legislative, executive and, eventually, also the judicial one).
The main investigative tools used in this dissertation comprehend official legislative texts; parliamentary debates; letters and notes exchanged between politicians and experts; official reports delivered by administration offices; statistics on the number of export licences granted; judgments and doctrinal contributions.
In addition to this, documents stored in the Italian, French and English national archives have been widely used during the whole dissertation. Archival researches conducted proved to be extremely useful in order to reconstruct the history of the regulatory frameworks under esamination and, more importantly, in order to understand the backstory which lead to the adoption of official legislation and to learn about its practical implementation. For this purpose, interviews conducted by the author with different experts and civil servants working in the competent Administrations implementing the control on the export of cultural objects in Italy, France and England were instrumental for a complete understanding.
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Wikström, Ebba, and Hedvig Waller. "Three-dimensional subdivision for the separation of residential and premises - A qualitative study of the underlying factors." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-190871.
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In 2004 a new law that allowed the formation of 3D - real estate, ie properties that are limited in both the vertical and horizontal direction and consists of a closed volume. The introduction of 3D buildings were met good by both construction companies and individuals, but in the early years after the introduction the extent of land holdings became lower than expected. In several of the metropolitan municipalities, including Stockholm and Malmö, they plan for 3D - properties already in the plan phase, while the private sphere of the property owners have not been as active. The reason is believed to be that 3D subdivisions are considered cumbersome and complex. It is therefore relevant to examine 3D subdivisions closer since it is not used to the extent that is possible while it at the same time is forecast to become an increasingly common phenomenon. The aim of this bachelor thesis is to find common dominators for completed 3D subdivisions which separates commercial and residential premises with a focus on Stockholm. A study has been conducted on eight properties through interviews with the responsible land surveyor, property owners and exploration of each objects subdivision act. The study will answer four questions: How suitability conditions in the 3rd chapter of Real property law have been met, what factors influenced whether the residential or premises was parceled off, what requirements the property owner had about the subdivision and finally the problems that arose during the subdivision. In the information that emerged during the interviews could be observed that the consideration of the appropriateness of the terms of Real Property Law is always a judgment according to law, but that depends on the specific property and its conditions. The surveyor must make a personal assessment of whether the property meets the reasoning behind the bill about the introduction of 3D properties and assessment can therefore be different depending on the property. It is also difficult to know whether the surveyors assessments leads to properties that are appropriate and functioning since 3D properties are a relatively new phenomenon and there is no practice for the surveyors to refer their decisions to. In the study of factors that influenced the choice of a cut in the subdivision it appeared that the part that would be left was split off. When subdivisioning premises it was mainly housing associations who wanted subdivide and then sell the premises so that the association could accomplish better tax benefits. Regarding the subdivision of homes it was mainly commercial factors since it was considered better to sell a purely residential building without premises. The choice of a cut was also affected by the commercial activity carried out in the property – such as telecom stations or commercial – property owners with important installations or operating units chose to subdivide the parts of the property that the business was not dependent on. Respect the wishes of the owner clear links could been drawn between that the properties where it conducted any kind of commercial activity had greater requirements on the design of the real estate cooperation. It also showed that to the greatest possible extent it was desired to achieve independence between the subdivided parts. Finally the problems raised during the subdivision were studied and it appeared that the boundaries are considered problematic and time-consuming in a 3D subdivision. It was also difficult to determine what features would consist of easements and community premises and how the percentage figures for these would be distributed. Building Collaboration has thus also had a significant role here and is something that can be experienced problematic.År 2004 infördes en ny lagstiftning som möjliggjorde bildande av 3D-fastigheter, det vill säga fastigheter som är begränsade i både vertikalt och horisontellt led och utgörs av en sluten volym. Införandet av 3D-fastigheter bemöttes bra hos både företag och privatpersoner men under de första åren efter införandet blev omfattningen av fastighetsbildningen lägre än den förväntade. Hos flera av storstadskommunerna, bland annat Stockholm och Malmö, planeras det för 3Dfastigheter redan vid framtagandet av nya översikts- och detaljplaner medan den privata sfären av fastighetsägare inte varit lika aktiva. Anledningen tros vara att 3D-avstyckningar anses vara krångliga och komplexa. Det är därför relevant att undersöka 3D-avstyckningar närmare då det inte används i den grad som är möjlig samtidigt som det förutspås bli ett allt vanligare fenomen. Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats är därför att finna gemensamma nämnare för genomförda 3D-avstyckningar som separerar lokaler och bostäder med fokus på Stockholm. En kvalitativ studie har genomförts på åtta stycken fastigheter genom intervjuer med ansvarig lantmätare, fastighetsägare samt undersökning av varje objekts förrättningsakter. Studien besvarar fyra frågeställningar: Hur lämplighetsvillkoren i 3:e kapitlet Fastighetsbildningslagen har blivit uppfyllda, Vilka faktorer som har påverkat huruvida lokalen eller bostäderna styckades av, Vilka önskemål hade fastighetsägaren i förrättningen samt vilka problem som uppstod under förrättningen. I den information som framkom under intervjuerna kunde det observeras att vid hänsynstagande till lämplighetsvillkoren i FBL är det alltid en bedömning enligt lag men som beror av den specifika fastigheten och dess förutsättningar. Lantmätaren måste göra en personlig bedömning huruvida fastigheten uppfyller de resonemang som propositionen bakom införandet av 3D-fastigheter för och bedömningen kan således vara olika beroende på fastighet. Det är även svårt att veta huruvida lantmätarens bedömningar leder till fastigheter som fungerar i praktiken då 3D-fastigheter är ett relativt nytt fenomen och det finns ingen praxis för dem att hänvisa sina beslut till. Vid studie av faktorer som påverkat valet av styckningsdel framgick det att den del som skulle överlåtas avstyckades. Vi avstyckning av lokaler var det främst bostadsrättsföreningar som ville avstycka och överlåta dessa för att kunna bli äkta bostadsrättsföreningar. När det gällde avstyckning av bostäder var det främst affärsmässiga faktorer då det ansågs bättre att försälja en renodlad bostadsfastighet utan lokaler. Valet av styckningsdel påverkades även av den affärsmässiga verksamhet som bedrevs i fastigheten - exempelvis telekomstationer eller handelsverksamhet – fastighetsägare med viktiga installationer eller driftenheter valde att avstycka de delar av fastigheten som verksamheten inte var beroende av. Avseende önskemål från fastighetsägaren kunde tydliga samband dras mellan att fastigheter där det bedrevs någon form av affärsmässig verksamhet hade större önskemål angående utformning av fastighetssamverkan. Det framgick även att i största möjliga mån önskades det att oberoende mellan styckningslotten (3D) och stamfastigheten (2D) uppnåddes. Till sist studerades vilka problem som uppstått under förrättningarna och där framgick det att gränsdragning anses problematiskt och tidskrävande vid en 3D-avstyckning. Det var även svårt att avgöra vilka funktioner som skulle utgöras av servitut och gemensamhetsanläggningar och hur andelstalen för dessa skulle fördelas. Fastighetssamverkan har således även här en betydande roll och är något som kan upplevas problematiskt.
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Abernathy, Whitney E. "Refashioning After the Split: Morocco and the Remaking of French Christianity After the 1905 Law of Separation." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2013. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/history_theses/71.
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On December 9, 1905, newspapers announced the French Third Republic had passed the Law on the Separation of the Churches and the State. This law dissolved the complex relationship that had existed between the French state and the Catholic Church and ended the public role of religion. However, while religious conviction seemed to be on the wane within the French metropole, public discourse in the early twentieth century regarding the impending French seizure of Morocco consistently referred to the French populace as “Christians” while the Moroccans were collectively labeled as “Muslim savages.” This thesis argues that the French media, government, and other public figures generated the concept of a “Christian France” in order to underline the moral and civilizational superiority of a supposedly unified French civilization in relation to the inhabitants of Morocco.
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Buydens, Mireille. "La protection des prestations quasi-créatives en droit comparé (droit allemand, droit français, droit belge)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213060.
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Karamani-Pelacuer, Faustine. "Les modes de limitation de la propriété immobilière." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM1013.
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La propriété telle que décrite à l’article 544 du Code civil est absolue, exclusive et perpétuelle. L’idée d’un droit réel inviolable et sacré n’est qu’un leurre. La propriété immobilière est nécessairement limitée, elle doit respecter des objectifs primordiaux, d’une part, l’équilibre entre les droits des personnes privés et, d’autre part, l’intérêt général. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, des modes de limitation ont été créés en droit privé et public. La loi, le contrat, la jurisprudence et les normes réglementaires sont autant d’atteintes du droit de propriété qui appellent aménagement de modes de limitation. Les techniques de restriction ont natures différentes, acceptées ou imposées, et des régimes distincts, simples ou complexes. Cette diversité rend leur étude délicate et leur justification critiquable, tant la protection de la propriété, droit fondamental, est essentielle. L’expansion des modes de limitation est telle que se pose une question, la conception du droit de propriété des rédacteurs du Code civil n’est-elle pas altérée ? La présente étude se concentre sur l’identification de ces modes de limitation justifiés par les intérêts privés et l’intérêt général, et ce, afin de comprendre toute leur complexité, leur étendue et leur impact sur les prérogatives du droit de propriétéThe property, as described in Article 544 of the Civil Code is absolute, exclusive and perpetual. This idea of a sacred and inviolable property is an illusion. Real estate ownership is limited, in order to meet the primary objectives, namely, firstly, the balance between the rights of private persons and, second, the general interest. For these goals to be achieved, limiting patterns were created. Their expansion is such that arises, therefore, whether the ownership is not brought to disappear as he suffered assaults from all sides? The law, contract, jurisprudence and public law regulations are all limited sources of property rights which are implementing thereof limiting modality. The limitation modalities can take various forms, they can be accepted or imposed. Their diet can be simple or complex, making them difficult and questionable justification study as the protection of property rights, fundamental right is essential. This study focuses on these mitigation techniques justified by private interests and the general interest in order to understand the complexity, scope and impact of modes limitation on real property
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Travouillon, Kenny James Biological Earth & Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science UNSW. "Palaeoecological and biochronological studies of Riversleigh, world heritage property, Oligo-Miocene fossil localities, north-western Queensland, Australia." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41305.
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Riversleigh, World Heritage Property, located in North-western Queensland, Australia, contains over 200 fossil bearing localities from the Oligo-Miocene. The study presented here aims at finding new methods to improve the accuracy of palaeoecological and biochronological studies and describe the palaeoenvironmental and chronological settings of the Riversleigh fossil deposits. One of the methods developed in this thesis, Minimum Sample Richness (MSR), determines the minimum number of species that must be present in a fauna to allow meaningful comparisons using multivariate analyses. Using MSR, several Riversleigh localities were selected for a palaeoecological study using the cenogram method to determine the palaeoenvironment during the Oligo-Miocene. Finally, the Numerical ages method was used to refine the relative ages of the Riversleigh localities and a re-diagnosis of the Riversleigh Systems is proposed.
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Auda, Elodie. "La mise à disposition d’immeubles de l’Etat au profit des universités. Etude critique d’un système de gestion de biens publics décentralisé." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR0015.
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La mise à disposition est un système juridique permettant à l’Etat d’autoriser certains de ses opérateurs à employer des immeubles dont il est propriétaire pour leurs missions d’intérêt général. Elle aménage un partage des droits et obligations du propriétaire portant sur ces biens. S’appliquant indifféremment au domaine public et au domaine privé étatiques – par le biais des procédures d’affectation, de remise en dotation ou des conventions d’utilisation – elle constitue un mode de gestion immobilière dérogatoire, empreint des spécificités du droit de la propriété et de la domanialité publiques. Accessoire de la décentralisation fonctionnelle, la mise à disposition est étroitement liée à la forme d’organisation administrative de l’Etat. Elle retranscrit, en matière immobilière, la logique décentralisatrice et recherche un équilibre entre dépendance et autonomie patrimoniale des établissements publics nationaux vis-à-vis de leur tutelle. C’est dans le cadre de la décentralisation du service public de l’enseignement supérieur et de la recherche que ce système révèle son originalité. De même que la décentralisation fonctionnelle est venue rationaliser une relation institutionnelle séculairement complexe entre les universités et l’Etat, la mise à disposition tente d’équilibrer des rapports patrimoniaux historiquement alambiqués. Elle attribue aux universités une fraction des droits et obligations du propriétaire portant sur des immeubles étatiques et leur garantit une certaine autonomie dans leur gestion immobilière. Elle les maintient concomitamment en situation de dépendance vis-à-vis de l’Etat, qui, face aux maigres ressources des établissements, est propriétaire de la majorité des biens dédiés au service public universitaire. L’analyse critique du système de la mise à disposition, de ses modalités d’application et de ses évolutions fournit un angle d’approche novateur à l’étude des relations entretenues entre les universités et l’Etat, sous le prisme du rapport de dépendance/autonomie qui les caractérise. Sur le plan institutionnel, il est aujourd’hui communément admis qu’une autonomie des universités vis-à-vis de l’Etat est nécessaire à l’individualisation du service public de l’enseignement supérieur et de la recherche, à sa modernisation et à sa dynamisation. Toutefois, la problématique immobilière suscite des hésitations. L’objectif d’une étude critique de la mise à disposition consiste donc à appréhender le degré d’équilibre entre les notions de dépendance et d’autonomie éventuellement atteint et envisageable ainsi que ses conséquences au sein de la relation patrimoniale étatico-universitaire. Or, dans ce contexte, l’efficacité du système est contestable. Fondé sur une théorie minimaliste, il laisse libre court, dans la pratique, à une multitude d’interprétations, de contournements voire de dévoiements, à la source d’une gestion immobilière fluctuante et d’une relation patrimoniale en mal d’équilibre. En dépit des réformes, les résultats de son application sont peu compatibles avec la récente évolution des logiques de gestion immobilière publique qui, en période de crise budgétaire, rejoignent les questionnements que l’immobilier public et le régime de la domanialité publique suscitent depuis la fin du XIXème siècle. La mise à disposition se révèle alors être un outil juridique complexe, à la fois marqué par les enjeux modernes de la gestion de l’immobilier public, par les spécificités du droit dérogatoire auquel celui-ci est soumis ainsi que par les débats contemporains relatifs au statut des universités, aux modalités d’organisation du service public et aux nouveaux moyens d’action publique dans le paysage administratif françaisThe putting at disposal is a legal system enabling French State to authorize some of his institutions to use his immovable properties for general interest. This system permits to share rights and obligations of the proprietor concerning his possessions. It can be applied indifferently to public or private estate of the State by using procedures of allocation, transfers of endowments or covenants for use and it represents a dispensatory way of administration of public propriety and domain. The putting at disposal is an accessory of functional decentralizing and tightly linked to the administration by the State. In estate matter it transcribes decentralizing logic and aims to balance between patrimonial dependence and autonomy of national public institutions face to their administrative supervision. This system reveals its originality in the decentralizing of the public service of university education and research. As well as functional decentralizing did rationalize the institutional relationship, very complex for centuries, between State and universities the putting at disposal tries to balance patrimonial links which have always been convoluted. It confers to universities a part of rights and obligations incumbent to proprietor concerning national estate but grants them some autonomy in administrating this property. But the universities are still dependant on the State who, regarding the low resources of these institutions, remains proprietor of the major part of estates dedicated to university public service. Our critical analysis of the system of putting at disposal, its mode of enforcement and its evolutions aims to deliver an innovating approach of the relationship between universities and State which is characterized by the link of dependence/autonomy. For institutional concern today everybody agrees that universities’ autonomy towards the State is necessary in order to individualize, modernize and energize the public service of university education and research. But there is uncertainty regarding the estate problem. The purpose of a critical study of putting at disposal so consists in evaluating the degree of balance between the notions of dependence and autonomy attempted or eventually feasible and its consequences on the patrimonial relationship between State and universities. Now, in this context, the efficiency of the system can be contested. Founded on a minimalist theory it gives free rein in practice to a vast number of interpretations, circumventions and even misappropriations which lead to a fluctuant estate administration and a misbalanced patrimonial relationship. Despite reforms its implementation does not fit with the recent logic evolutions of the administration of public estate. In fact the budgetary crisis implies questioning about public administration and ownership of public domain dating from the end of the 19th century. The putting at disposal reveals to be a complex legal implement. It is marked at once by the stakes of modern administration of public estate, by the specificity of the dispensatory law which reigns in this matter as well as by contemporary debates about university statutes, the way of organizing the public service and new means of public organization in the context of French administration
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Rolain, Marianne. "Les limitations au droit de propriété en matière immobilière." Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE0037/document.
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Les limitations du droit de propriété, notamment en matière immobilière, ne cessent de se multiplier par de nouvelles lois ou réglementations, voire même de nouvelles techniques contractuelles. Ce phénomène serait-il alors la preuve de la dégénérescence du droit de propriété tel qu’il a été élaboré en 1789 et 1804 ? En réalité, l’article 17 de la Déclaration de 1789 et l’article 544 du Code civil ont toujours prévu la possibilité de limiter le droit de propriété. De plus, il convient de constater que tout est une question d’équilibre entre le droit de propriété et ses limitations. Toutefois, il n’en demeure pas moins que les limitations transforment le droit de propriété. En effet, il s’adapte pour correspondre à des enjeux environnementaux ou urbanistiques, ou encore pour répondre des besoins économiques et sociaux. Notamment, l’instrumentalisation du droit de propriété crée de nouvelles formes d’appropriation : d’une part, les démembrements de ses utilités constituent des propriétés instrumentales, et d’autre part sa dématérialisation révèle des propriétés finalisées en employant la valeur du droit de propriété à des fins spécifiques. Cette adaptation ne signifie pas pour autant qu’aucune limitation ne porte atteinte au droit de propriété. Pour le protéger les juges contrôlent la légalité, la finalité et surtout la proportionnalité de la limitation en cause. De même, ils disposent d’un arsenal de sanctions. Même si ce contrôle semble réduit, les juges ont amélioré la qualification des limitations et ont reconnu la valeur fondamentale du droit de propriété. Une manière de repenser le droit de propriété par ses limitations paraît ainsi se dessinerThe limitations of the property right, in particular out of real estate, do not cease multiplying by new laws or regulations, and even of contracts. Would this phenomenon be the proof of the degeneration of the property right such as it was elaborate in 1789 and 1804? Actually, article 17 of the Declaration of 1789 and article 544 of the Civil code always contained limitations. Furthermore, it is notable that all is a question of balance between the property right and its limitations. However, the limitations transform the property right. Indeed, it adapts to correspond to environmental or urban challenges, or to answer of the economic and social needs. In particular, the instrumentalisation of the property right creates new forms of appropriation : on the one hand, the dismemberments of its utilities constitute instrumental properties, and on the other hand its dematerialization reveals properties finalized by employing the value of the property right at specific ends. However, this adaptation does not mean that no limitation undermines the property right. To protect it the judges control the legality, the finality and especially the proportionality of the limitation in question. In the same way, they have an arsenal of sanctions. Even if this control seems reduced, the judges improved the qualification of the limitations, and they recognized the fundamental value of the property right. A manner of reconsidering the property right by its limitations thus appears to take shape
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Itagaki, Toru. "Investigation on Structural High-Order Organization of Molecular Assemblies Composed of Amphiphilic Polypeptides Having a Hydrophobic Helical Block." Kyoto University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/242516.
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Bellenger, Claire. "Histoire de l'assurance de dommages en France." Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020023/document.
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Balbutiante à la fin de l’Ancien Régime, interdite sous la Révolution, quasi inexistante sous le premier Empire, l’assurance de dommages réapparut sous la Restauration pour prendre son envol sous le second Empire. La Révolution avait certes interdit les sociétés d’assurances, mais en sacralisant l’individu elle a développé le besoin de sécurité et donc à terme le besoin d’assurances. Ce sont des créateurs humanistes qui relancèrent l’idée d’assurance en concevant les premières mutuelles contournant ainsi l’interdiction révolutionnaire. L’assurance de dommages s’est construite sur la science des jurisconsultes et sur la jurisprudence. Le législateur est intervenu tardivement, en 1930, alors que les compagnies d’assurances avaient déjà pris leur essor. Au XVIIIe et XIXe siècles, il s’agissait de protéger ses biens contre les risques d’incendie. La société française étant alors essentiellement agricole, les assurances couvraient aussi le risque de grêle et la mortalité du bétail. L’industrialisation de la France a contribué au développement des contrats de responsabilité professionnelle et aussi de responsabilité civile. L’assurance automobile en est un exemple. Aujourd’hui, l’assurance est une activité complexe exigeant une grande technicité et à forts enjeux financiers. Elle est dans de nombreux cas devenue obligatoire. Pourquoi avoir interdit les sociétés d’assurances sous la Révolution ? Comment s’est construite et s’est développée l’assurance avant que le législateur n’intervienne ? Quelle a été son évolution et quel fut le rôle de l’État après la loi de 1930? C’est à ces questions que nous tenterons de répondre au cours de cette étudeHistory of property and casualty insurance in France In its infancy at the end of the Ancien Régime, forbidden under the Revolution, almost non-existent under the first Empire, property and casualty insurance reappeared under the Restoration to take off under the second Empire. The Revolution had admittedly forbidden insurance companies, but by making sacred the individual it developed the need for security and thus eventually the need for insurance. Humanist creators re-launched the idea of insurances by creating the first mutual insurance companies thereby bypassing the revolutionary ban. Property and casualty insurance built itself on the science of the lawyers and on jurisprudence. The legislator intervened later, in 1930, although insurance companies had continued to develop. Initially it was a question of protecting ones possessions against fire risks. The French society being then essentially agricultural, the insurances also covered the risk of hail and the mortality of the cattle. The industrialization of France contributed to the development of the contracts of professional and civil liability. The automobile insurance is an example. Today the business of insurance is a highly technical and complex activity with high financial stakes. In numerous cases it is compulsory. What were the reasons for forbidding insurance companies under the Revolution? How did the insurance business develop before the legislator intervened? What changed and what was the part of the government after the law of 1930? We shall try to answer these questions by this study
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Newman, Sheila, and smnaesp@alphalink com au. "The growth lobby and its absence the relationship between the property development and housing industries and immigration policy in Australia and France." Swinburne University of Technology, 2002. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au./public/adt-VSWT20060710.144805.
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This thesis compares population policy and demographic outcomes in France and Australia from 1945 taking into consideration projections to 2050. These features are analysed using a theoretical approach derived from James Q. Wilson and Gary Freeman, flagging focused benefits/costs and diffuse benefits/costs of population growth, including growth fueled by immigration. This analysis is framed by the New Ecological Paradigm developed by Dunlap and Catton.
The oil shock of 1973 is identified as a major turning point where French and Australian policy directions and demographic trends diverge, notably on immigration.
It is established that in both countries there was a will for population stabilisation and energy conservation, which succeeded in France. In Australia, however, a strong, organised growth lobby over-rode this Malthusian tendency. A major force for growth lay in the speculative property development and housing industries. The specific qualities of the Australian land development planning and housing system facilitated land speculation. Speculative opportunity and profits were increased by population growth and, with decreasing fertility rates, the industries concerned relied increasingly on high immigration rates. In France, to the contrary, the land development planning and housing industries had no similar dependency on immigration and, since the oil shock, have adapted to a declining population growth rate.
The author concludes that France has a relatively Malthusian economy and that Australia has a relatively Cornucopian one. These observations may be extrapolated respectively to non-English speaking Western European States and to English Speaking Settler States.
Speculative benefits from population growth/immigration are illustrated by demonstrating a relationship between ratcheting property price inflation in high overseas immigration cities in Australia and the near absence of this inflation in low growth areas. In contrast this ratcheting effect is absent in France and French cities where population growth and immigration have little influence on the property market.
The research suggests that speculative benefits of high population growth have been magnified by globalisation of the property market and that these rising stakes are likely to increase the difficulty of population stabilisation and energy conservation under the Australian land development and planning system.
The thesis contains a substantial appendix analysing and comparing French and Australian demographic and energy use statistics.
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Hassan, Hassan Abdellatif Faten. "Grafted cellulose acetate derivatives for the purification of biofuels by a sustainable membrane separation process." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0015/document.
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Lors de la production industrielle du biocarburant éthyl tert-butyl éther (ETBE), cet éther forme un azéotrope contenant 20 % d'éthanol. Comparé à la distillation ternaire utilisée pour la purification de l'ETBE, le procédé membranaire de pervaporation pourrait offrir une alternative intéressante et d'importantes économies d'énergie. Des membranes cellulosiques ont principalement été décrites pour cette application. En particulier, la sélectivité de l'acétate de cellulose (CA) était extrêmement élevée mais son flux trop faible. Dans cette thèse, différentes stratégies de greffage ont été explorées pour améliorer ses propriétés membranaires. La première a mis en œuvre la chimie "click" pour le greffage d'oligomères polylactide, conduisant à des membranes bio-sourcés originales pour cette application. Le greffage de liquides ioniques (LIs) a ensuite été étudié, initialement par chimie "click" (échec dû à des réactions secondaires) puis par une autre stratégie en 2 étapes impliquant une simple substitution nucléophile. Une seconde série de matériaux cellulosiques a été obtenue avec des LIs contenant un même anion bromure et différents cations (imidazolium, pyridinium ou ammonium) de polarité croissante. Une troisième série de nouveaux matériaux membranaires a ensuite été développée en échangeant l'anion bromure par différents anions Tf2N-, BF4-, and AcO-. Les propriétés membranaires de tous les matériaux greffés ont finalement été évaluées sur la base du modèle de sorption-diffusion, révélant que la sorption et la pervaporation étaient conjointement améliorées par les différentes stratégies de greffage développéesDuring the industrial production of ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) biofuel, this ether forms an azeotropic mixture containing 20 wt% of ethanol. Compared to the ternary distillation currently used for ETBE purification, the pervaporation membrane process could offer an interesting alternative and important energy savings. Cellulosic membranes have been mainly reported for this application. In particular, the selectivity of cellulose acetate (CA) was outstanding but its flux was too low. In this work, different grafting strategies were developed for improving the CA membrane properties for ETBE purification. The first strategy used "click" chemistry to graft CA with polylactide oligomers leading to original bio-based membranes for the targeted application. The grafting of ionic liquids onto CA was then investigated first by "click" chemistry (unsuccessful due to side reactions) and then by another two-step strategy implying simple nucleophilic substitution. A second series of cellulosic materials was obtained by grafting different ionic liquids containing the same bromide anion and different cations (imidazolium, pyridinium or ammonium) with increasing polar feature. A third series of new membrane materials was finally developed by exchanging the bromide anion with different anions Tf2N-, BF4-, and AcO-. The membrane properties of all grafted CA membranes were finally assessed on the basis of the sorption-diffusion model, which revealed that both sorption and pervaporation properties were improved by the different grafting strategies
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Gobert, Perle. "La genèse de la propriété industrielle en France." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0136/document.
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Le droit de la propriété industrielle peut apparaître comme un droit assez récent dans le pay-sage juridique français, mais ce présupposé n’est qu’un leurre. Sa présence est attestée dès le commencement des pratiques artistiques et artisanales pendant l’Antiquité. La prise de conscience de son existence et de son utilité au sein de la société a toutefois été exacerbée au XVIIIe siècle, notamment lors de la révolution française de 1789, moment de sa construc-tion et de sa reconnaissance juridiques.Le droit de la propriété industrielle, à partir des événements révolutionnaires devient en effet l’enjeu d’une élaboration aussi bien intellectuelle que juridique. De nombreux débats de la part des créateurs et inventeurs font rage auprès des institutions politiques afin que ce droit soit reconnu et normalisé. L’aboutissement de ces combats intellectuels, grâce aux multiples ré-flexions de la doctrine et de la jurisprudence transforme le droit de la propriété industriel en un droit normatif s’inscrivant dans l’ordonnancement juridique.Au-delà de cette organisation législative, le droit de la propriété industrielle est également le sujet de nombreuses interrogations quant aux circonstances politiques et économiques qui ont permis son éclosion. Le droit de la propriété industrielle se module selon l’ensemble des lois, des jurisprudences, de la doctrine, de la politique et de l’économie qui tente de lui donner des structures juridiques stables. Il s’affirme comme un droit protéiforme, dont la portée na-tionale relative aux inventeurs et aux créateurs dans la reconnaissance de leur droit, prend une dimension internationale, aspirant à organiser et harmoniser les relations économiques des Nations: The right of the industrial property seems like a recent right in the French legal landscape, but this assumption is wrong. Its presence was confirmed as of the beginning of the artistic and artisanal practices during the Antiquity. The awakening of its existence and its utility wi-thin the company however was intensified at the XVIIIth century, in particular at the time of the French revolution of 1789, during the moment of its legal construction and its recognition.The right of the industrial property, starting from the revolutionary events became the chal-lenge of an intellectual development as well as a legal development. Many debates on behalf of the creators and inventors show rage regarding the political institutions, so that this right is acknowledged and standardized. The result of these intellectual combats, thanks to the mul-tiple reflections of the doctrines and jurisprudence transforms the patent right into a normative right falling under legal scheduling.Next to this legislative organization, the right of the industrial property is also the subject of many interrogations as for the political and economic circumstances, which allowed it's blos-soming. The right of the industrial property modulated according to the whole set of laws; ju-risprudences; the doctrines; politics and economics, tries to give him stable legal structures. He affirms himself as a protean right, whose national range relating to the inventors and the creators in the recognition of their right, takes an international dimension, trying to organize and harmonize the economic relations of the Nations
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Bubote, Eugène. "La paternalité Kongo en changement : l’exemple des pères migrants en France." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR21757/document.
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Notre recherche a pour objet l'observation du changement qui s’opère dans la paternalité kongo. Le vécu des pères migrants en France est une des situations qui témoignent de cette réalité. L’échantillon de population est constitué de personnes issues de la société matrilinéaire Kongo, localisée au Congo Brazzaville. Ces pères vivent actuellement dans un contexte où ils sont confrontés à la pratique d'une culture seconde, différente de la première. Des ajustements s'avèrent nécessaires, notamment au niveau des trois axes de la parentalité (exercice, expérience et pratique). Recueillir et analyser les récits qui expriment le positionnement vis-à-vis de l'enfant permet de repérer les capacités du père à établir des liens avec ses expériences subjectives passées de sa propre enfance ou d'autres événements de son histoire marqués par des séparations et particulièrement l'événement migratoire. Des approches théoriques tournées vers l'anthropologie, l'interculturalité et la psychologie apportent un étayage approprié à notre étude. Les analyses cliniques, thématiques et textuelles des données recueillies permettent de donner une validité objective à nos hypothèsesThe object of our research is to observe the change which takes place in the Kongo’s fatherhood. The life of migrants in France is one of the situations which testify of these fathers’ reality. The sample of population is made of people coming from a mother bared society in Congo Brazzaville. These fathers currently live in a context in which they are confronted to the practice of a second culture, different from the first one. Adjustments prove to be necessary, in particular on the level of the three axes of the fatherhood (exercise, experience and practice). Collecting and analyzing the narratives which show their positioning with their children make it possible to locate the capacities of the fathers to establish bonds with the last subjective experience of their own childhood or other events of their history marked by separations particularly the migratory event. Theoretical approaches turned towards anthropology, interculturaly and psychology adequately back up our study. The clinical, the thematic and the textual analysis of the data collected have enabled us to give an objective validity to our hypotheses
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Gromitsari, Maragianni Paraskevi. "Le droit forestier : étude comparée de la France et de la Grèce." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01D054/document.
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L'objet du présent travail est le droit forestier du point de vue comparé: entre la France et la Grèce. Dans ces deux pays, le droit forestier est très hétérogène, tant au niveau de ses structures qu'au niveau de ses missions. En effet, le droit forestier est un droit fortement centralisé qui doit concilier la valorisation de la ressource forestière et, en même temps, sa protection. En approfondissant ce défi d'harmonisation, plusieurs questions se révèlent. La définition de la forêt, la domanialité adaptée, le rôle de la propriété privée, les interventions réalisées pour la forêt sont des problématiques juridiques, auxquelles le droit forestier doit répondre. En Grèce, la Constitution de 1975 a expressément inscrit la protection de l'environnement dans son article 24 et a consacré un paragraphe à sa protection en posant le principe de non modification de la destination forestière des forêts publiques et des étendues forestières, sauf si cette modification est importante pour l'économie nationale. En France, une étape majeure pour la protection de l’environnement a été la loi constitutionnelle du 1er mars 2005 relative à la Charte de l'environnement qui donne aux principes environnementaux un rang constitutionnel. Les fondements de l'harmonisation souhaitée en matière forestière s'élaborent d'abord au niveau national. Cette harmonisation requiert la prise en compte des particularités de chaque pays, laquelle implique des réponses aux questions du droit forestier. Hormis le niveau national, il est évident que l'Union Européenne est susceptible d'harmoniser les objectifs du droit forestier. Or, pour l'instant il n'y a pas de politique forestière européenne. C'est pourquoi il convient d'examiner l'intérêt que représenterait son adoption à l'avenirThe objective of the present work is forestry law from the point of view of comparative law between France and Greece. In these two countries, the forestry law is very heterogeneous, both in its structures and in terms of its missions. ln fact, forestry law is a highly centralized law and must reconcile the exploitation of forest resources and at the same time, its protection. As we delve deeper into the challenge of harmonization, several questions are revealed. The definition of the forest, the adapted state ownership, the role of private property, the interventions for the forest are legal issues, to which the forestry law should respond. ln Greece, Constitution of 1975 has expressly registered environmental protection in the article 24 and devoted a paragraph to its protection by establishing the principle of not changing forest destination of public forests and forest areas, unless the change is important to the national economy. In France, a major step for the protection of the environment was the Constitutional Law of 1 March 2005 on the Environmental Charter that gives to environmental principles constitutional status. Following the adoption of the Charter of the environment, the forest as part of the environment enjoys constitutional protection. The foundations of the desired harmonization in forestry will first develop nationally. This lignment requires consideration of the peculiarities of each country, which involves responses to forestry law's questions. Apart from the national level, it is obvious that the European Union is liable to harmonize the objectives of forestry law. But for the moment, there is no European forest policy. That is why it is appropriate to consider the interest that would present its adoption in future
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Klinedinst, Derek Bryan. "Structure–Property Relationships Of: 1) Novel Polyurethane and Polyurea Segmented Copolymers and 2) The Influence of Selected Solution Casting Variables on the Solid State Structure of Synthetic Polypeptide Films Based on Glutamate Chemistry." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29527.
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The foundational studies of this dissertation concern the characterization of segmented polyurethanes and polyureas synthesized without the use of chain extendersâ molecules that are typically used to promote a microphase separated morphology that gives these materials their useful characteristics. Polyurethanes in which a single asymmetric diisocyanate comprising the whole of the hard segment were found to display poor microphase separation. Conversely, polyurethanes in which a single symmetric diisocyanate composed the hard segment were found to display good microphase separation. The more efficient packing of the symmetric hard segments also led to an increase in hard segment connectivity and hence higher values of storage moduli in these systems. When hydroxyl-terminated diisocyanates were replaced with amine-terminated diisocyanates, polyureas were formed. Here too, diisocyanate symmetry was found to play a key role with symmetric diisocyanates leading to better microphase separation. In addition, the polyurea materials displayed broader service temperature windows than their polyurethane counterparts as the relatively stronger bidentate hydrogen bonding replaced monodentate hydrogen bonding in these materials. A thread-like, microphase separated morphology was visually confirmed using atomic force microscopy. Other techniques such as ambient temperature tensile testing, and wide and small angle x-ray scattering were employed to confirm the presence of the microphase separated structure.
The investigation into the effects of diisocyanate chemistry and its symmetry was broadened to incorporate non-chain extended polyurethane materials with different soft segment molecular weights, as well as polyurethanes that did contain chain extenders. Once again the effect of using symmetric versus asymmetric diisocyanates was evident in the structureâ property behavior of these systems, with symmetric diisocyanates forming materials that displayed better microphase separation and more connectivity of their hard domains.
Lastly, in a departure from the segmented copolymer area, a study was conducted into the influence of casting variables on the solid-state structure of synthetic polypeptide films based on glutamate chemistry. The effect of solvent evaporation was determined to play a key role in the morphology of these polypeptide films. Measured small angle light scattering patterns were compared to computer calculated patterns to reveal information about the structure, shape, and length scale of the polypeptide structure.Ph. D.
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Osborn, Angela Michelle. "Investigation of Phase Morphology and Blend Stability in Ionomeric Perfluorocyclobutane (PFCB)/Poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF) Copolymer Blend Membranes." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77265.
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This research is focused on the investigation of phase morphology and blend stability within ionomeric perfluorocyclobutane (PFCB)/poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF) copolymer blend membranes. The morphologies of these unique materials, designed as proton exchange membranes (PEMs) for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), have been examined not only in the as-cast/as-received state, but also as a function of exposure to various ex-situ aging environments. The morphological investigations used to probe the response of these ionomer blends have been designed to mimic the environment within a PEMFC and will therefore enhance our understanding of the implications of morphological changes which may occur during fuel cell operation.
Thermal annealing of the membranes has been conducted to determine the materials' morphological response to various temperatures in the absence of hydration. The results of these thermal annealing studies have facilitated the isolation of morphological contributions stemming from thermal exposure. Immersion of the blend membranes in liquid water has allowed for singular identification of the role of hydration in the blend membranes' morphological rearrangement and phase stability. However, as the typical fuel cell environment to which these membranes will be exposed is complicated by the presence of both temperature and humidity, our ex-situ investigations have also included the exposure of PFCB/PVDF copolymer blend membranes to simultaneous thermal annealing and hydration conditions – a treatment we refer to as "hygrothermal aging." This unique procedure serves as a simplified method whereby the complex fuel cell environment may be simulated, and the resultant morphological response researched.
While the work presented herein has enhanced our understanding of the blend stability of the specific membranes investigated, we have also advanced the fundamental knowledge of the role of morphology with respect to the fuel cell performance of blend materials and the corresponding implications of morphological rearrangements. Such an understanding is essential in the development of morphology-property relationships and eventual optimization of membrane materials designed for use in fuel cells.Ph. D.
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Mingou, Christian Nala. "Impôts fonciers locaux et stratégies de développement territorial : le cas du foncier bâti communal en France." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00690391.
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Le système fiscal local direct français a connu, au cours de ces dernières années, des bouleversements notoires. La taxe professionnelle, qui autrefois constituait la principale source de revenus des communes, après avoir été plusieurs fois l'objet de réformes ou de tentatives de réformes, a été finalement supprimée et remplacée (Loi de Finances pour 2010) par de nouvelles impositions (CET, IFER...). Quant à la taxe d'habitation, elle a, depuis 2000, quasiment perdu de sa pertinence et sa crédibilité comme mode d'imposition à l'échelle locale. Aujourd'hui, l'intérêt pour les collectivités locales, en général, et les communes, en particulier semble, sans doute, se porter sur le foncier bâti, qui n'est rien d'autre que la troisième taxe qui complète le tableau des principaux impôts directs locaux français. La taxe foncière sur les propriétés bâties, grâce aux nombreuses qualités (techniques, juridiques, urbanistiques, économico-spatiales) qu'elle présente en matière d'imposition locale, semble offrir plusieurs possibilités de développement aux communes. En effet, la taxe foncière sur les propriétés bâties rentre dans la catégorie des impôts dits " fonciers " qui sont considérés, par plusieurs auteurs (universitaires, élus locaux, élus nationaux, organisations internationales telles que l'OCDE), comme de bons impôts, voire comme des impôts optimaux. Aussi, la taxe foncière sur les propriétés bâties est un impôt qui peut bien prêter, surtout dans le long et le moyen terme, à des politiques de développement local, d'autant que ses bases, touchant à la fois les ménages et les entreprises, semblent être prêtes pour ces enjeux autour desquels se définissent aujourd'hui les stratégies (économiques et spatiales) de développement territorial : politique de logement (ZAC habitat), politique de développement économique (commerces, bureaux, services, activités industrielles ou entreposage, etc.), étalement urbain, densification urbaine
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Deiller, Nicolas. "Le régime juridique des biens cultuels : vers une nouvelle approche du droit des cultes en France ?" Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCF007/document.
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Les biens cultuels, et plus généralement les cultes eux-mêmes, ont connu de nombreuses évolutions de leur régime juridique. S'intéresser au régime juridique des biens cultuels revient nécessairement à étudier le régime des cultes, dans sa globalité. En partant de la gestion des biens matériels des différents cultes, nous proposons une analyse de l'actuel droit des religions. En 1905, la loi sur la séparation des Églises et de l’État est votée. Loi éminemment politique, elle vise à séculariser les institutions publiques et propose une nouvelle organisation matérielle pour les différents cultes présents sur le territoire national. En vue de remplacer les anciens établissements publics du culte concordataires, des associations cultuelles, privées, sont mises en place : elles ont vocation à représenter le culte et à gérer ses biens matériels. La difficulté est apparue avec le refus de l’Église catholique de se constituer en de telles associations, obligeant ainsi le législateur à accompagner cette loi de séparation par un corpus juridique, prémisses des futurs accommodements étatiques en la matière. La loi de 1905 n'a pas été appliquée dans sa globalité dès sa promulgation et le corpus juridique qu'elle a engendré, a entraîné une multitude de compromissions envers deux cultes en particulier : l’Église catholique et l'Islam. Aujourd'hui, ces deux religions ne sont guère soumises aux dispositions de la loi de 1905, d'un point de vue tant matériel et organisationnel que financier. L'absence d'unité du droit des cultes en France (au sein même de la loi de 1905, en Alsace-Moselle et dans les DOM-TOM) n'est pas de nature à répondre aux interrogations que pose la métamorphose religieuse que connaît la France. Il est peut-être venu le temps de faire, à nouveau, évoluer ce régime juridique des cultes, en l'adaptant davantage au contexte religieux actuelCultual goods, and more generally the cults themselves, have undergone many changes in their legal system. To be interested in the legal regime of the cultual goods is necessarily to study the system of cults, as a whole. Starting from the management of the material goods of the different cults, we propose an analysis of the current law of religions. In 1905, the law on the separation of churches and the state was passed. An eminently political law, it aims to secularize public institutions and proposes a new material organization for the different cults present on the national territory. In order to replace the former public establishments of the cult concordats, cult associations, private, are set up: they are intended to represent the cult and to manage its material goods. The difficulty arose with the refusal of the Catholic Church to constitute such associations, forcing the legislator to accompany this law of separation by a body of law, premise of future state accommodations in this area. The law of 1905 was not applied in its entirety since its promulgation and the body of law it engendered resulted in a multitude of compromises to two cults in particular: the Catholic Church and Islam. Today, these two religions are hardly subject to the provisions of the 1905 law, from a material, organizational or financial point of view. The absence of unity of the law of cults in France (even within the law of 1905, in Alsace-Moselle and in the DOM-TOM) is not likely to answer the questions raised by the religious metamorphosis that occurs France. It may have been time to make this juridical regime of cults evolve again, adapting it more to the current religious context
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Qin, Yueren. "Le droit de la famille : étude comparative des droits chinois et français." Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020025/document.
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La famille constitue la cellule d’une société, elle évolue selon plusieurs facteurs. Cette physionomie complexe de la famille conduit directement la loi sur ce sujet à devenir importante et changeant tant en Chine qu’en France. Nous avons réalisé une étude comparative pour analyser les régimes du droit de la famille dans ces deux pays. Parmi de multiples questions au sein du droit de la famille, nous examinons deux points essentiels pour approfondir et comparer : la vie de couple et la filiation. S’agissant de la vie de couple, nous nous interrogeons tant sur la formation des différentes modalités de l’union que sur leur dissolution. Nous nous apercevons que les diverses dispositions sur chaque union ont amené un régime plus complet en France qu’en Chine. Quant à la filiation, nous distinguons notamment la filiation liée par le sang de la filiation adoptive. L’ignorance du mode d’établissement de la filiation devient une grande lacune au sein du droit chinois. Par ailleurs, comment adopter un enfant ? Quelles sont les conditions à respecter et les procédures à achever ? Quels sont les effets issus de l’adoption ? Telles sont des questions à résoudre et à comparer dans cette thèse. À part certains points principaux sur le droit de la famille, nous nous posons des questions sur des problématiques provoquées en vue de connaître l’aptitude des législateurs dans les deux pays comme la maternité pour autrui, les mariages fictifs, etc. Enfin, nous tenterons d’expliquer pourquoi les régimes juridiques diffèrent en France et en Chine concernant les questions traitées dans cette thèseThe concept of “Family” as an integral unit of the society has evolved over the years due to several reasons. This changing and complex face of “family” has had many implications on the laws both in China and in France. Hence, we conduct a comparative study to analyze the system of family laws in both these countries. The various questions we address in order to deepen our understanding of family laws can be broadly classified into: the couple and the filiation. As for the couple, we address many questions related not only to the formation of the various modalities of the union but also about their dissolution. We find that the diverse articles on each union brought a system which is more complete in France than in China. With respect to filiation, we distinguish in particular between the filiation bound by blood and that bound by adoption. The ignorance of the mode of establishment of the filiation results in a big gap in the Chinese law. Besides, the basic question of how to adopt a child, the conditions to be respected and the procedures to be finished, the effects stemming from the adoption are also the questions we explore, compare and attempt to solve in this thesis. Besides the several principal points on the family law, we also try to compare and understand the different views/perspectives of these two countries by looking into some other related issues such as the maternity for others, the fictive marriages, etc., as well as how the two countries deal with such matters. Finally, we try to explain why the legal system differs in France and in China and discuss the directions for future research
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Iriqat, Mohammed. "Les principes de la propriété intellectuelle en droit français et jordanien : un modèle pour un code palestinien." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010278.
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Le but de cette thèse est de faire une comparaison objective entre le droit de la propriété intellectuelle en France et en Jordanie, afin d'en extraire les ressemblances et les différences et d'en tirer un enseignement qui pourra peut-être permettre la conception d'une loi protégeant la propriété intellectuelle dans les pays qui n'en possèdent pas, en particulier la Palestine. C'est pour cette raison que j'ai travaillé sur le droit de la propriété intellectuelle en général sans prendre une branche précise pour mettre en place les principes généraux d'un code de la propriété intellectuelle pour la PalestineThe purpose of this study is to make an objective comparison between the intellectual property right in France and Jordan law in order to extyarct the similarities and differences to establish the basic principles of intellectual property code for Palestine. The reason why I worked on intellectual property law in general without taking a specific branch
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Bzowski, Guillaume. "L'instrumentalisation fiscale du droit de propriété." Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020029/document.
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Le droit de propriété est un pilier sur lequel s’appuie le droit fiscal et autour duquel s’articule la fiscalité patrimoniale. Il apparaît que l’optimisation fiscale n’est que l’amélioration des conséquences fiscales d’une opération juridique se fondant sur l’instrumentalisation du droit de propriété. Les techniques juridiques utilisées pour façonner le droit de propriété influent donc sur le traitement fiscal.Cette instrumentalisation du droit de propriété à des fins fiscales répond-elle cependant à une règle générale ? Cette règle générale permet -elle de classer les éléments d’instrumentalisation fiscale du droit de propriété ? Il apparaît que ces éléments ne constituent que des mécanismes juridiques consistant , soit en une déconstruction du droit lui-même ou de sa valeur, soit en une affectation juridique ou spatio-temporelle du droit de propriétéLegal ownership is one of the main pillars on which tax law is based and around which property taxation revolves. It appears that tax optimisation is merely about improving the tax consequences of a legal operation based on the manipulation of legal ownership. The means used to shape the property rights affect the legal and tax consequences. Is such manipulation of legal ownership for tax purposes subject to a fixed rule? Does this rule allow to draw a categorisation of all instruments used in order to exploit legal ownership for tax purposes? It appears that these instruments are but legal mechanisms. They consist either in a deconstruction of ownership itself or of its value, or in a specific ownership assignment in legal or spatiotemporal terms
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Kwon, Cherry. "La protection du patrimoine culturel : une comparaison entre la France et la Corée." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010321.
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Le patrimoine culturel est par sa nature une exposition de l'identité nationale ainsi qu'un symbole de la souveraineté. L'étude comparée sur cela offre donc la possibilité à des implications au-delà d'une comparaison des institutions concernées. Le système du patrimoine culturel de la France issu de la Révolution est en effet réputé à l'heure actuelle comme étant le plus développé au monde. La Corée, de l'autre côté du globe, ne cesse de poursuivre les mesures de réforme, notamment depuis l'entrée en vigueur de la loi relative à la protection des biens culturels en 1962. L'accent dans le présent travail a été mis sur le patrimoine et la terre, car le lien particulier entre ceux-ci est considéré comme un terrain fertile pour la comparaison. Compte tenu de la prédilection traditionnelle des français sur le terrain, l'analyse du patrimoine immobilier alimenterait de nouvelles perspectives pour la Corée. Il est à noter que si ledit patrimoine est celui « protégé », le patrimoine exclu de la protection, dit patrimoine non protégé, entre dans le champ de cette étude. Certes, la présence du régalien est dominante en la matière par rapport à d'autres domaines culturels. Pour autant, en France a entamé une politique de décentralisation culturelle en 1982 et 1983 ; ce mouvement s'accélérant dans les années 2000. A l'opposé, la politique patrimoniale coréenne se trouve encore dans les mains de l'Etat. Les personnes privées comme les fondations et associations ont adhéré à la démarche du patrimoine culturel et les activités de mécénat et de partenariat public-privé ne sont plus inconnues en la matière. Somme toute, la protection du patrimoine va reposer, en premier lieu sur la conciliation de l'intérêt public et des intérêts privés, en deuxième lieu sur celle de l'intérêt national et de l'intérêt local et, en troisième lieu, sur celle de l'intérêt des générations passées, présentes et futuresCultural heritage is by its own nature an exposition of national identity as well as a symbol of sovereignty. Thus a comparative study on it would give rise to implications beyond the relevant institutions. The cultural heritage system of France, a culmination of the Revolution, has indeed held an enduring reputation as the most sophisticated one in the world. Korea, on the other side of the globe, has been pursuing ambitious reform measures, ever since the enactment on the Protection of Cultural Property in 1962. Emphasis in the present work has been placed on the cultural heritage and the land. The reason is that the unique relationship of the two is believed to be fertile ground for comparison. Traditional attachment in France to the land in case of tangible or material cultural “patrimoine” would very well bring about fresh perspectives to Korea. It is to be noted that those cultural properties, not classified as “protected” ones thus falling out of the umbrella, are also dealt with rather extensively. One may find that state intervention or engagement is much more conspicuous in case of cultural heritage, as compared to other areas of culture. Decentralization epitomizes the administration of cultural “patrimoine” in France since 1980s, whereas role of the central government dominates in Korea, although foundations, associations and MECENATs are on the rise in numbers and activities. Lastly the task of interest-coordinations are highlighted in every facet of the protection : namely public v. private, national v. regional/local, past/present generation v. future generation
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Guimaraes, de Freitas Magali. "Les prix de transfert pratiqués par les entreprises transnationales françaises et brésiliennes de 1994 à 2010 : ‘Cas des droits de la propriété incorporelle’." Thesis, Paris Est, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PEST2004/document.
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Les prix de transfert sont les prix auxquels les services, les biens corporels et les biens incorporels sont échangés entre parties ayant un lien de dépendance dans le cadre d'opérations transfrontalières. Les prix de transfert des transactions avec les droits de la propriété incorporelle adoptés par un groupe de parties ayant un lien de dépendance ont une incidence directe sur les bénéfices déclarés par chacune de ces parties dans leur pays respectif. Les dispositions législatives françaises et brésiliennes incorporent le principe de pleine concurrence, néanmoins de façon implicite. La question de savoir si un contribuable a respecté le principe de pleine concurrence est une question de fait devant être examinée dans chaque casTransfer pricing are the prices to which services, the tangible property and intangibles are exchanged between parties with a link dependency in cross-border operations. The transfer pricing of the transactions with the intangible property rights adopted by a group of parties having a bond of dependence have a direct incidence on the benefit declared by each one as of these parts in their respective country. The French and Brazilian legislative measures incorporate the principle Řarms, however implicitly. The question of whether a taxpayer has respected the principle Řarms, however implicitly is a matter of fact to be examined in each case
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Pejchalová, Grünwaldová Vladimíra. "Property law in Europe : a comparative study of national law and the law of European convention for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAA020.
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La thèse traite de la protection de la propriété privée, d’une part dans le droit et la pratique de la Convention européenne des droits de l’Homme, et d’autre part dans le droit constitutionnel et la pratique des systèmes tchèque et français. Elle fournit une enquête comparative sur la portée des clauses respectives de protection de la propriété et de leur interprétation juridique dans le but de faire ressortir les éléments aussi bien convergents que divergents des approches normatives et jurisprudentielles de la protection de la propriété en tant que droit de l’Homme. L’objectif principal de cette enquête a été d’examiner et de comparer le traitement de la propriété dans la la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme et dans les Constitutions de la France et de la République tchèque. Le sujet de la recherche est traité sous la forme d’une recherche dans plusieurs domaines spécifiques: les fondements théoriques et philosophiques, le sens et la portée des garanties assorties à la propriété et leur interprétation juridique, les limites et les privations de propriété, et les approches constitutionnelles quant à leur mise en oeuvre dans le droit et la pratique de la ConventionThe thesis deals with the protection of private property in the law and practice of the European Convention on Human Rights and in the Czech and French constitutional law and practice. It provides a comparative inquiry into the scope of the respective property protection clauses and their judicial interpretation with a view to extracting convergent and divergent elements of the normative and jurisprudential approaches to the protection of private property as a human right. The main focus of the inquiry is to examine and compare the treatment of property in the European Convention on Human Rights and in constitutional law of France and the Czech Republic. The topic is analysed by virtue of research into several specific areas: the philosophical and theoretical foundations; the meaning and scope of the property guarantees and their judicial interpretation, limitations and deprivations of property; and the constitutional approaches to the implementation of the law and practice of the Convention
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Lamy-Willing, Sébastien. "La constructibilité des propriétés foncières : entre la règle et le contrat." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM1033/document.
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Le droit de l’urbanisme s’articule principalement autour de l’acte de construire. Se pose alors la question fondamentale de la nature juridique du droit de construire. Bien qu’attaché au droit de propriété, celui-ci n’en demeure pas moins défini par des règles d’urbanisme, et s’exerce dans les limites des servitudes administratives et contractuelles. Selon la structure foncière sur lequel est envisagé un projet de construction et le mode opérationnel adopté pour ce faire, le droit de construire, quantifié en surface de plancher, peut être modulé, majoré, ou privatisé. Alors que les pouvoirs publics ont engagé depuis une quinzaine d’années une politique en faveur de la densification, ayant donné lieu à d’importantes réformes du code de l’urbanisme, une réflexion de fond s’impose afin de donner davantage de cohérence et de simplicité à un droit initialement conçu comme une police spéciale de l'occupation et de l'utilisation du sol, et qui ne cesse de se complexifierUrban planning law mainly revolves around the action of building. This leads us to fundamentally question the legal nature/ status of the right to build. Even though the right to build is a property one, it is also defined by urban planning regulations and is subject to administrative and contractual limitations of easements. According to the land property structure, the right to build, quantified in floor area, can be modified, increased or privatized.While public authorities have engaged in the last 15 years into policies favoring densification, that resulted in major reforms of the urban planning code, a more in depth reflection remains necessary to bring more coherence and simplicity to the code, that had been initially conceived as a “special police” for land cover and use, and that is growing to become more and more complex
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Vern, Flora. "Les objets juridiques : recherches en droit des biens." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2018. https://buadistant.univ-angers.fr/login?url=https://bibliotheque.lefebvre-dalloz.fr/secure/isbn/9782247201211.
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Les biens ne semblent exister que pour être classés, distingués et appropriés, mais ne sont guère envisagés indépendamment des droits réels qui s’y rapportent. Or, la multiplication pléthorique des droits réels pourrait bien révéler la diversité des objets possibles du droit réel. Ces objets ne sont pas des choses du monde extérieur, mais une réalité abstraite que le droit construit au terme d’une opération de qualification: ce sont des objets juridiques, parce qu’ils sont déjà envisagés par le droit objectif à l’occasion de l’application d’une règle de droit positif qui impose l’appréciation de certains éléments de fait propres à en révéler l’existence. Le droit objectif construit donc une réalité qui lui est propre, avant même qu’il soit fait référence à un éventuel droit réel. Pour autant, la technique juridique n’est jamais inerte. Il existe des mécanismes permettant à la volonté de modifier la consistance ou l’affectation des objets juridiques et, partant, d’agir sur le régime des biens. Ces opérations sont à la fois caractéristiques et spécifiques de la technique du droit réel, employée pour façonner la réalité que perçoit le droit objectif. Les prétentions subjectives à la jouissance des objets juridiques rejaillissent, cependant, sur la conception que l’on se fait du droit réel, au point d’occulter sa dimension technique derrière les prérogatives qu’il semble conférer aux sujets de droitIn French property law, things only seem to exist in order to be classified or owned. They are scarcely described in themselves, independently from rights in rem. The multiplication of these rights suggests, however, that they only reflect the diversity of underlying property objects. Such objects are not things from the external world, but an abstraction which the legal system constructs upon characterising certain facts and giving them a legal denomination. The application of a legal rule requires the appreciation of factual elements which, in turn, reveal the existence of an object filled with juristic qualities, before a property right even exists. Yet, legal technique is never entirely passive. The law provides certain mechanisms through which it is possible to modify the legal consistency and the purpose served by juristic objects and, therefore, to change the rules applicable to them. These results are both characteristic of and specific to in rem legal techniques. However, when legal subjects assert claims to the possession of an object, their pretensions also transform our understanding of in rem mechanisms, obscuring their technical function beneath the rights and powers which they seem to grant these individuals
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Dubois, François-Ronan. "L'Appropriation de l'œuvre : Instances et visées de l'attribution des œuvres à leur auteur dans la France de l'Ancien Régime (1645-1777)." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAL038/document.
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Le système de la propriété littéraire dans la France de l’Ancien Régime est souvent examiné de manière rétrospective à l’aune du droit d’auteur contemporain : tout se passe comme si la librairie d’Ancien Régime devait être nécessairement le laboratoire d’un dispositif juridique et idéologique en pleine formation, encore mal adapté aux réalités littéraires. Cette thèse propose d’examiner la question de cette propriété à nouveaux frais, en considérant le système de librairie comme un ensemble d’acteurs, de logiques et d’outils opératoire, sur le temps long, des années 1650 jusqu’aux années 1780. À travers l’étude des logiques institutionnelles de la propriété économique et de la responsabilité juridique, des dispositifs bibliographiques des dictionnaires, des journaux et des recueils d’ana et des opérations éditoriales imaginées par les auteurs eux-mêmes, elle met en évidence les rapports de force qui agitent la librairie et le monde littéraire de l’époque. En empruntant à l’histoire littéraire, à l’histoire du droit et à l’histoire du livre, ce travail entreprend de montrer de quelle manière la propriété littéraire se construit à l’encontre des intérêts des auteurs et en faveur de la constitution d’un monde de la librairie où l’État joue de moins en moins son rôle de régulateur des pratiques. À travers le prisme de l’attribution littéraire, la démonstration est menée avec un intérêt particulier pour l’analyse précise des paratextes littérairesLiterary property rights in early modern France are often understood through the prism of the contemporary droit d’auteur. Many studies see the early modern period as a laboratory for an on-going experiment in law and ideology, still ill-fitted to the literary practices of the authors. This thesis offers a fresh start in the examination of the question of literary property, taking the whole library system from the 1650s to the 1780s to be an effective articulation of agents, tools, and discursives practices. Through the study of institutional policies in the domain of literary property as well as judicial responsibility, through a careful reading of the bibliographical discourse with dictionaries, anas, and periodicals, and through the description of editorial endeavors undertaken by authors themselves, it shows the dynamics of the early modern library and literary world. With roots in literary history, history of law, and book history, this dissertation seeks to understand how the concept of literary property is aggregated, against the very interests of the authors, to consolidate a commercial book-trade where the State slowly delegates its regulatory powers. Through the study of literary attribution, this work follows its demonstrations with an acute interest in a close-reading of literary paratexts
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Cazeneuve, Hervé. "L’intérimaire longue-durée : un prisme pour comprendre les transformations de la norme salariale." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO20026.
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Par définition, les intérimaires ne sont liés que par des contrats temporaires et pourtant on constate que 165 000 personnes ont travaillé pendant plus de six mois en intérim chaque année entre 1998 et 2002. L’existence de ces intérimaires longue-durée est ici interrogée en partant de l’hypothèse que leur maintien dans cette forme d’emploi est lié à l’état de la norme salariale qui perd peu à peu sa place de principe organisateur de la société française. Plusieurs éléments permettent de comprendre ce maintien. Le premier est un rapport de confiance activement entretenu entre l’intérimaire et l’agence d’intérim. Deuxièmement, il est nécessaire pour les intérimaires longue-durée, de posséder des attaches familiales ou immobilières. Enfin, au sein des entreprises utilisatrices, les rapports entre intérimaires et embauchés sont facilités par l’affaiblissement du sentiment de sécurité lié au contrat à durée indéterminée.Les bonnes raisons du maintien en intérim sont donc liées à la crainte du chômage mais aussi à l’abandon du compromis entre sphères politiques et économiques de l’Etat assurantiel. La sécurité qu’apporte l’emploi stable est remise en cause alors qu’il est nécessaire pour obtenir les prêts qui mènent à la propriété immobilière. Or, cette dernière semble reprendre sa place de garant et permet à ceux qui y ont accès de sortir du continuum salarial sans subir de sanctions et de participer à son affaiblissementBy definition, temporary workers are only bound by temporary contracts, yet we find that, between 1998 and 2002, 165 000 people have been employed as temporary workers each year for more than six months.In this research, we raise the question of the existence of these long term temporary workers through the presumption that their existence is linked to the state of the wage continuum that is gradually losing its place as the organizing principle of French society. Through a qualitative survey, we highlight the importance of several elements. First, trust is actively maintained between the temporary worker and the agency. Secondly, the long-term temporary workers rely on family or estate to secure their position. In addition to these prerequisites, we find that, when sent on a mission, temporary workers benefit from the weakening of the security feeling that permanent contracts used to provide.Good reasons behind long term-temporary work are related to the fear of unemployment and to the resignation of the trade-off between political and economic spheres that gave birth to the insurance-State. The security of steady employment is now being questioned while it is needed to obtain loans necessary to purchase home ownership. At the same time, the latter seems to take its place as guarantor and allows home owners to deviate from the continuum wage without repercussion while participating in its weakening
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Cortes, Thomas. "La personnalité morale comme technique de droit public." Thesis, Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA020092.
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Souvent présentée non seulement comme une notion fondamentale du droit, mais encore comme une notion fondatrice du droit public moderne, la personnalité morale est une oeuvre collective des juristes. Ce sont eux qui l’ont créée et qui continuent de la façonner. Elle s’impose aussi à eux en les orientant, en leur fournissant une palette de ressources dans lesquelles ils peuvent puiser. Le recours à cette technique d’individualisation d’un collectif est ainsi susceptible d’affecter la structure du droit public. Au travers d’une étude sémantique de la notion de personnalité morale, l’analyse des discours juridiques aura permis de montrer dans quelle mesure la signification retenue par les acteurs juridiques a pu être à l’origine tant de son développement que de sa stérilisation. En effet, plus la doctrine s’efforcera d’établir le sens proprement juridique de la personnalité morale, plus elle la réduira à rien ou presque. En tant que concept, elle est un point d’imputation qui ne fournit aucune indication sur les prérogatives juridiques des collectifs qui bénéficient de cette qualification. Quant à leurs différences de régime juridique, elles sont rattachées à la notion d’organisation. En revanche, en tant que procédé rhétorique, elle vise à assurer le succès d’une argumentation qu’elle contribue à mettre en forme. Cette métaphore assumerait ainsi une fonction heuristique dans la construction d’un droit des collectifs ou encore une fonction herméneutique dans la définition de leurs prérogatives. En définitive, la personnalité morale est une figure du discours juridique qui contribue à inscrire dans un même dispositif de rationalité les différents phénomènes qu’elle recouvreOften presented not only as a fundamental legal concept, but also as a founding notion of modern public law, corporate personality is the result of the collective work of jurists. They are the ones who created it and continue to shape it. While being bound by it, corporate personality also constitutes a tool which provides them with a range of resources from which they can draw. Defined more precisely as a form of individualization of a group, resort to this technique is likely to affect the structure of public law. Through a semantic study of the notion of corporate personality, an analysis of legal discourse contributes to showing how the meaning determined by legal actors is at the origin of both its development and its sterilization. Indeed, the more legal doctrine endeavors to establish its strictly legal sense, the more it will be reduced to nothing or almost nothing. As a concept, it is a point of imputation which does not provide any indication on the legal prerogatives attached to corporate bodies that benefit from this qualification. As for the differences in their legal status, they are attached to the notion of organization. As a rhetorical device however, corporate personality aims at ensuring the success of an argument which it contributed to shaping. This metaphor would thus assume a heuristic function in the construction of corporation law as well as a hermeneutical function in the definition of their prerogatives. Ultimately, corporate personality is a device of legal discourse that contributes to the inclusion within a single rationality system of the different phenomena which it covers
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Iorio, Chantal. "Le droit au logement des propriétaires occupants." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX32017.
Full textAbstract:
Les trente dernières années ont été marquées en France par de profondes mutations sociales et économiques issues à la fois de crises financières successives et d’un bouleversement des structures familiales qui conjugués à une précarité économique croissante ont conduit à une situation de fragilisation de certaines populations, dont les propriétaires occupants. Jusque dans les années 40, ils étaient relativement « protégés » des aléas économiques grâce au droit détenu sur l’immeuble occupé qui leur offrait à la fois une garantie patrimoniale et un statut social. Aujourd’hui, le contexte socio-économique induit de véritables risques de paupérisation qu’ils proviennent de crise économique, de crise sociétale ou encore qu'ils soient inhérents à la propriété elle-même, auxquels n’échappent pas les propriétaires occupants. La propriété n'apparaît donc plus comme vecteur de stabilité dans le logement, mais au contraire peut constituer un facteur de précarisation. Il convient alors de s'interroger sur les capacités du droit de propriété à protéger le logement d'occupants économiquement fragiles. Les propriétaires n'étant pas bénéficiaires du droit au logement, il était nécessaire de s'intéresser au contenu du droit de propriété et aux garanties inhérentes à ce droit dans la perspective d'une protection du propriétaire occupant fragilisé.Cette analyse critique du droit de propriété dépasse largement la seule dimension historique, en soulignant notamment ses limites en terme de protection du logement, en analysant les mécanismes "palliatifs" mis en œuvre par les politiques sociales en réponse à la précarisation des propriétaires occupants. Elle s'interroge enfin, sur le contenu et la place du droit de propriété dans la société du XXIème siècleThe last thirty years were characterized in France by profound social and economic changes borned of successive financial crises and a upheaval of family structures. Combined with an increasing economic precariousness, the situation has led to the weakening of some populations among which the owners-occupiers. To the forties, they were relatively “protected” from economic hazards because of the owner right on the occupied building which offered them at once, patrimonial guarantee and social status. Today, the socioeconomic context leads to real risks of impoverishment resulting from societal and economic crisis or even inherent in the very property, the owner occupiers cannot escape from. Thus property does not appear as a vector of stability in the housing any more but, inversely can constitute a factor of casualization.We should therefore wonder about the ability of property right to protect the housing of economically fragile occupants. Because the owners are not beneficiaries of the right for the housing, the contents of property right and its guarantees should be examined in the prospect of the protection of weakened owner occupiers.Beyond historical dimension, the critical study will underline the limits of the protection of the housing, analyze the “palliative” mechanisms implemented by social policies responding to the casualization of the owner-occupiers. It will finally examine the contents and the place given to property right in the society of the 21st century
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LEREBOURS, PIGEONNIERE BRIGITTE. "Phototransfert d'electron en micelles directes : polymerisation de tensioactifs, carcterisation de vesicules mixtes." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066490.
Full textAbstract:
Cette etude traite des relations entre structure et reactivite de differents agregats solubles dans l'eau. Les principaux themes abordes sont: -la separation de charges photoinduites en milieu aqueux, micellaire et en presence de micelles a contreions polymerises. -la distribution des tensioactifs mixtes composant une vesicules mixte et son aptitude a favoriser la formation de petits semi conducteurs