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Journal articles on the topic 'Separated regions'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Aharonov, Y., and L. Vaidman. "Sending Signals to Space-Like Separated Regions." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 56, no. 1-2 (February 1, 2001): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2001-0105.

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AbstractTwo recent works suggest a possibility of sending signals to a space-like separated region, contrary to the spirit of special relativity. In the first work (J. Grunhaus, S. Popescu, and D. Rohrlich, Phys. Rev. A 53, 3781 (1996)) it has been shown that sending signals to a particular union of space-like separated regions cannot cause causality paradoxes. Another work (Y. Aharonov and L. Vaidman, Phys. Rev. A 61, 052108 (2000)) showed that the relative phase of the quantum superposition of a particle at two separate locations can be measured locally. Together with the possibility of changing the relative phase in a nonlocal way using the potential effect we, apparently, have a method of sending signals to space-like separated regions. These arguments are critically analyzed in this paper.

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2

Sychev, Victor Vladimirovich. "ON REGIONS OF TURBULENCE IN SEPARATED FLOWS." TsAGI Science Journal 42, no. 5 (2011): 555–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/tsagiscij.2011004313.

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3

Gai, Sudhir L., and Amna Khraibut. "Hypersonic compression corner flow with large separated regions." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 877 (August 27, 2019): 471–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2019.599.

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The structure of large-scale hypersonic boundary layer separation and reattachment is studied numerically using a flat plate/compression corner geometry. Apart from verifying the large scale separation characteristics in hypersonic flow, a detailed discussion of secondary separation and fragmentation into multiple vortices embedded within the main recirculation region is presented. The unique relation between the second minimum in shear stress and the scaled angle is highlighted in the context of the reverse flow singularity of Smith (Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, vol. A420, 1988, pp. 21–52) and it appears that for a small wall temperature ratio, such a singularity is unlikely. It is shown that the size of the separation can be estimated in terms of Burggraf’s expression based on asymptotic theory.

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4

Lipatov, Yuri S. "Interfacial regions in the phase-separated interpenetrating networks." Polymer Bulletin 58, no. 1 (July 24, 2006): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00289-006-0632-1.

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5

MOLINA-VILAPLANA, JAVIER, SOUGATO BOSE, and VLADIMIR E. KOREPIN. "PURE STATE ENTANGLEMENT BETWEEN SEPARATED REGIONS USING IMPENETRABLE BOSONS." International Journal of Quantum Information 06, supp01 (July 2008): 739–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749908004043.

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We study a way of establishing a pure entangled state between two segments of a 1D ring using impenetrable bosons. The two bosons are initially simply placed at two positions on the ring which is an unentangled state. After some time evolution, we project the segments to a pure state through coarse grained measurements which ascertain whether there is a particle present in a given segment without revealing any information about its position within the segment. Subject to finding a particle in each segment, we quantify the entanglement established between the segments through the von Neumann entropy of a subsystem. We also investigate whether this entanglement increases with the number of particles and compare the entanglement in dynamical and ground states.

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6

Gradishar, Thomas L., and A. Safaai-Jazi. "Gratings superposed spatially by writing in laterally separated regions." Optics Express 13, no. 4 (2005): 1161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/opex.13.001161.

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7

Tuytelaars, Tinne, and Luc Van Gool. "Matching Widely Separated Views Based on Affine Invariant Regions." International Journal of Computer Vision 59, no. 1 (August 2004): 61–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:visi.0000020671.28016.e8.

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8

Li, Li, and J. A. Dobrowolski. "Design of optical coatings for two widely separated spectral regions." Applied Optics 32, no. 16 (June 1, 1993): 2969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.32.002969.

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9

Hollands, Stefan, Onirban Islam, and Ko Sanders. "Relative entanglement entropy for widely separated regions in curved spacetime." Journal of Mathematical Physics 59, no. 6 (June 2018): 062301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5017093.

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10

Dobrowolski, J. A., and L. Li. "Design of optical coatings for three or more separated spectral regions." Applied Optics 34, no. 16 (June 1, 1995): 2934. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.34.002934.

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11

Colle, Herbert A., and Gary B. Reid. "The Room Effect: Metric Spatial Knowledge of Local and Separated Regions." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 7, no. 2 (April 1998): 116–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/105474698565622.

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Navigating through real or virtual worlds requires a workable knowledge of the spatial layout. According to the landmark-route-survey model, metric spatial knowledge (survey knowledge) is acquired only following the acquisition of landmark and route knowledge. A dual mode model was proposed that assumes that survey knowledge may be quickly acquired for local regions. Research was conducted to understand how people rapidly acquire survey knowledge. Participants in three experiments briefly navigated on one floor of a virtual building, moving down hallways and performing tasks by using objects in rooms. Participants were later asked to answer from memory about the direction of objects by using pointing and map-drawing measures. A room effect was found for both measures; the angular positions of two objects in the same room were more accurately reported than those in different rooms. Accurate metric spatial information was available for objects in the same room, supporting an early acquisition assumption.

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12

Xie, Junfei, Luis Rodolfo Garcia Carrillo, and Lei Jin. "Path Planning for UAV to Cover Multiple Separated Convex Polygonal Regions." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 51770–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2980203.

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13

Arrighi, Valeria, Paul F. Holmes, Iain J. McEwen, Nicholas J. Terrill, and Hong Qian. "Nanophase-separated regions and side-chain relaxation in dialkyl itaconate copolymers." Journal of Materials Chemistry 14, no. 22 (2004): 3306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b411048j.

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14

VORA, A., D. S. BURKE, and D. A. T. CUMMINGS. "The impact of a physical geographic barrier on the dynamics of measles." Epidemiology and Infection 136, no. 5 (July 30, 2007): 713–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268807009193.

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SUMMARYSpatial–temporal patterns of measles incidence reflect the spatial distribution of human hosts. The heterogeneous spatial distribution of communities has been shown to introduce spatially dependent temporal lags in the timing of measles incidence. Incidence patterns reflect internal dynamics within a community and coupling of communities through the movement of infectious individuals. The central role of human movement in coupling dynamics in separate communities suggests that physical geographic barriers to movement should reduce spatial–temporal correlation. We examine measles dynamics in Maryland and Pennsylvania during the period of 1917–1938. The central feature of interest is the Chesapeake Bay, which separates Maryland into two distinct regions. We find that correlation of measles incidences in communities separated by the bay is reduced compared to communities not separated by the bay, suggesting the bay acted as a barrier to human movement during this time sufficient to decouple measles dynamics in Maryland counties.

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15

Goldberg, U. C. "A Near-Wall Model for Separated Turbulent Flows." Journal of Fluids Engineering 114, no. 4 (December 1, 1992): 694–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910089.

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A near-wall model for separated turbulent flows is presented and evaluated. The model is based on experimental observations, in particular, the wake-like behavior of turbulence away from walls, the influence of walls on this behavior, the diffusion/dissipation energy balance observed in the backflow portion of detached flow regions, and the near-wall behavior of eddy-viscosity. These lead to two analytically solvable ODE’s for the normal-to-wall behavior of turbulence kinetic energy and eddy-viscosity. The model is applied in conjunction with an outer eddy-viscosity model (such as a k–ε model) to predict eddy-viscosity distribution in separated flow regions. Predictions of two flow cases, using this approach, are shown.

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16

Craig, David, Christopher J. Bean, Ivan Lokmer, and Martin Möllhoff. "Correlation of Wavefield‐Separated Ocean‐Generated Microseisms with North Atlantic Source Regions." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 106, no. 3 (May 17, 2016): 1002–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120150181.

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17

Park, Jinhye, D. E. Innes, R. Bucik, and Y. J. Moon. "THE SOURCE REGIONS OF SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLES DETECTED BY WIDELY SEPARATED SPACECRAFT." Astrophysical Journal 779, no. 2 (December 4, 2013): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/779/2/184.

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18

Taylor, R. P., A. S. Sachrajda, J. A. Adams, C. R. Leavens, P. Zawadzki, and P. T. Coleridge. "Experimental investigation of quantum point contacts separated by open and enclosed regions." Superlattices and Microstructures 11, no. 2 (January 1992): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0749-6036(92)90256-5.

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19

Zaulichnyi, E. G., and V. M. Trofimov. "Investigation of heat transfer in separated regions in a supersonic laval nozzle." Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics 27, no. 1 (1986): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00911126.

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20

Lang, Kenneth R., and Robert F. Willson. "Time-correlated bursts from widely separated solar active regions at 91.6 centimeter wavelength." Astrophysical Journal 344 (September 1989): L77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/185535.

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21

Abe, M., S. Taguchi, M. R. Collier, and T. E. Moore. "Two azimuthally separated regions of cusp ion injection observed via energetic neutral atoms." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 116, A10 (October 2011): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011ja016778.

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22

ISHITSU, Kota, Koju HIRAKI, and Masanobu INOUE. "A-31 Effect of separated regions with different seam positions on Gyro-ball." Proceedings of Joint Symposium: Symposium on Sports Engineering, Symposium on Human Dynamics 2009 (2009): 160–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmesports.2009.0_160.

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23

Flint, A., R. Paladini, and D. Koshland. "Autophosphorylation of protein kinase C at three separated regions of its primary sequence." Science 249, no. 4967 (July 27, 1990): 408–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.2377895.

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24

Menéndez, Rosa, and Chris D. Thomas. "Can occupancy patterns be used to predict distributions in widely separated geographic regions?" Oecologia 149, no. 3 (June 14, 2006): 396–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-006-0466-4.

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25

Priebe, Stephan, Jonathan H. Tu, Clarence W. Rowley, and M. Pino Martín. "Low-frequency dynamics in a shock-induced separated flow." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 807 (October 20, 2016): 441–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2016.557.

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The low-frequency unsteadiness in the direct numerical simulation of a Mach 2.9 shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction with mean flow separation is analysed using dynamic mode decomposition (DMD). The analysis is applied both to three-dimensional and spanwise-averaged snapshots of the flow. The observed low-frequency DMD modes all share a common structure, characterized by perturbations along the shock, together with streamwise-elongated regions of low and high momentum that originate at the shock foot and extend into the downstream flow. A linear superposition of these modes, with dynamics governed by their corresponding DMD eigenvalues, accurately captures the unsteadiness of the shock. In addition, DMD analysis shows that the downstream regions of low and high momentum are unsteady and that their unsteadiness is linked to the unsteadiness of the shock. The observed flow structures in the downstream flow are reminiscent of Görtler-like vortices that are present in this type of flow due to an underlying centrifugal instability, suggesting a possible physical mechanism for the low-frequency unsteadiness in shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interactions.

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26

Ota, Terukazu. "A Survey of Heat Transfer in Separated and Reattached Flows." Applied Mechanics Reviews 53, no. 8 (August 1, 2000): 219–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3097351.

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Heat and mass transfer in the separated, reattached, and redeveloping regions of incompressible or compressible flow is very important in relation to many types of heat exchangers. There have been numerous works published describing these flows for a wide variety of geometric configurations, In the present article, a survey is made of published studies of heat transfer in the separated, reattached, and redeveloping regions of incompressible flow around or in a wide variety of flow configurations. Flow configurations cited in the article are the downward facing step, the sudden expansion plane channel, the abrupt expansion tube, the blunt flat plate, the longitudinal blunt circular cylinder, and the surface mounted obstacle. The laminar and turbulent flow cases using both experimental and numerical methodologies are reviewed. This review article includes 268 references.

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27

HARDMAN, J. R., and P. E. HANCOCK. "Moderately three-dimensional separated and reattaching turbulent flow." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 649 (April 13, 2010): 341–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112009993478.

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A fully three-dimensional turbulent separated flow was set up such that it had a systematic link to two-dimensional flow, as a way of investigating the more complicated nature of this flow type. The central region of the flow was fully three-dimensional, but was bounded on its sides by regions of ‘spanwise invariance’ in which the flow was invariant in the lateral direction, or very nearly so. A special case of spanwise invariance, which is statistically two-dimensional, is one in which the streamlines are also coplanar, or at least nominally so in numerous experimental studies. Another aspect of the present arrangement is that the side regions should ideally provide well-defined boundary conditions. The separation was formed downstream of a doubly swept normal flat plate, forming a ‘v’-shaped separation line, mounted on the front of a splitter plate, mounted in the centre of the wind tunnel working section. The predominantly inward flow to the central region implies a negative lateral strain rate (∂W/∂z), but all nine strain rates are non-zero. Measurements were made using pulsed-wire anemometry techniques for mean velocities, Reynolds stresses and wall shear stress. Even though the sweep angle is mild at ±10°, the effect is to increase the bubble height by over 50% in its centre to create a ‘bulge’, symmetrical about the centreline. The degree of three-dimensionality is described as moderate in that the peak inflow velocity from the side regions is less than 0.2 of the free-stream velocity, but comparable with the peak in the reverse-flow velocity. A larger sweep angle would give a larger inflow velocity. A separate study (Cao & Hancock, Eur. J. Mech. B/Fluids, vol. 23, 2004, p. 519) has shown that the bulge persists very far downstream, so that accurate physical modelling of the separated region is likely to be important in modelling the flow well downstream. An intermediate region exists between the invariant side region and the bulge, where all the stress levels are reduced, as would be expected from the effects of streamline convergence. Although overall there is a flow inward to the centre (streamline convergence), part of the overlying shear layer is subjected to diverging flow and an intensification of Reynolds stresses near the centre of the bulge.

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28

Good, Michael D., and Robert H. Gilkey. "Masking between Spatially Separated Sounds." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 36, no. 3 (October 1992): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/107118192786751925.

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The development of optimal three-dimensional auditory displays requires a more complete understanding of the interactions among spatially separated sounds. Free-field masking was investigated as a function of the spatial separation between signal and masker sounds within the horizontal, frontal, and median planes. The detectability of filtered pulse trains in the presence of noise maskers was measured using a cued, two-alternative, forced-choice, adaptive staircase procedure. Signal and masker combinations in low (below 2.3 kHz), middle (1.0–8.5 kHz), and high (above 3.5 kHz) frequency regions were examined. As the sound sources were separated within the horizontal plane, signal detectability increased dramatically. Similar improvement in detectability was observed within the frontal plane. As suggested by traditional binaural models, interaural time cues and interaural intensity cues are likely to play a major role in mediating masking release in both the horizontal and frontal planes. Because no interaural cues exist for stimuli presented within the median plane, traditional models would not predict a release from masking when the stimuli are separated within this plane. However, with high frequency signals, masking release similar to that observed in the horizontal and frontal planes could be observed in the median plane. The current literature suggests that sound localization in the median plane may depend on direction-specific spectral cues that are introduced by the pinna at high frequencies. The masking release observed here may also depend on these “pinna cues.”

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29

Tran, Cynthia Haidee, Cynthia Shannon Weickert, Thomas Wesley Weickert, and Duncan Sinclair. "Early Life Stress Alters Expression of Glucocorticoid Stress Response Genes and Trophic Factor Transcripts in the Rodent Basal Ganglia." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 10 (May 10, 2022): 5333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105333.

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Early life stress shapes the developing brain and increases risk for psychotic disorders. Yet, it is not fully understood how early life stress impacts brain regions in dopaminergic pathways whose dysfunction can contribute to psychosis. Therefore, we investigated gene expression following early life stress in adult brain regions containing dopamine neuron cell bodies (substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area (VTA)) and terminals (dorsal/ventral striatum). Sprague–Dawley rats (14F, 10M) were separated from their mothers from postnatal days (PND) 2–14 for 3 h/day to induce stress, while control rats (12F, 10M) were separated for 15 min/day over the same period. In adulthood (PND98), brain regions were dissected, RNA was isolated and five glucocorticoid signalling-related and six brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) mRNAs were assayed by qPCR in four brain regions. In the VTA, levels of glucocorticoid signalling-related transcripts differed in maternally separated rodents compared to controls, with the Fkbp5 transcript significantly lower and Ptges3 transcript significantly higher in stressed offspring. In the VTA and substantia nigra, maternally separated rodents had significantly higher Bdnf IIA and III mRNA levels than controls. By contrast, in the ventral striatum, maternally separated rodents had significantly lower expression of Bdnf I, IIA, IIC, IV and VI transcripts. Sex differences in Nr3c1, Bag1 and Fkbp5 expression in the VTA and substantia nigra were also detected. Our results suggest that early life stress has long-lasting impacts on brain regions involved in dopamine neurotransmission, changing the trophic environment and potentially altering responsiveness to subsequent stressful events in a sex-specific pattern.

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30

Boujo, E., and F. Gallaire. "Controlled reattachment in separated flows: a variational approach to recirculation length reduction." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 742 (February 24, 2014): 618–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2014.23.

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AbstractA variational technique is used to derive analytical expressions for the sensitivity of recirculation length to steady forcing in separated flows. Linear sensitivity analysis is applied to the two-dimensional steady flow past a circular cylinder for Reynolds numbers $40 \leq Re \leq 120$, in both the subcritical and supercritical regimes. Regions that are the most sensitive to volume forcing and wall blowing/suction are identified. Control configurations that reduce the recirculation length are designed based on the sensitivity information, in particular small cylinders used as control devices in the wake of the main cylinder, and fluid suction at the cylinder wall. Validation against full nonlinear Navier–Stokes calculations shows excellent agreement for small-amplitude control. The linear stability properties of the controlled flow are systematically investigated. At moderate Reynolds numbers, we observe that regions where control reduces the recirculation length correspond to regions where it has a stabilizing effect on the most unstable global mode associated with vortex shedding, while this property no longer holds at larger Reynolds numbers.

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31

Shakya, Ambika, and Amlan Biswas. "Dynamic percolation of ferromagnetic regions in phase separated manganites using non-uniform electric fields." Journal of Applied Physics 127, no. 21 (June 7, 2020): 213902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0004862.

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32

Goldberg, U. C. "A Three-Layer Model for Separated Turbulent Flows." Journal of Fluids Engineering 114, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): 333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910034.

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A model for turbulent backflows is presented and evaluated. The model is based on experimental observations, in particular, the wake-like behavior of the turbulence and the diffusion/dissipation energy balance observed in detached flow regions. These lead to an ODE for the eddy viscosity, based on a reduced form of the turbulence kinetic energy equation. This ODE is solvable analytically. The model is applied as a module within a “host” eddy viscosity model (such as a k–ε model) using a three-layer framework wherein the host model predicts the eddy viscosity distribution in the inner and outer layers, while the backflow model provides the eddy viscosity field in the middle layer. Predictions of several flow cases, using this approach, are shown.

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33

de la Calzada, P., and A. Alonso. "Numerical Investigation of Heat Transfer in Turbine Cascades With Separated Flows." Journal of Turbomachinery 125, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 260–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1556014.

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Modern design of turbine blades usually requires highly loaded, very thin profiles in order to save weight and cost. If local leading edge incidence is kept close to zero, then flow separation might occur on the pressure side. Although it is known that flow separation, flow reattachment, and the associated zones of recirculation have a major impact on the heat transfer to the wall, the turbomachinery community needs an understanding of the heat transfer mechanisms in separated flows as well as models and correlations to predict them. The aim of the present investigation is a detailed study by means of an in-house CFD code, MU2S2T, of the heat transfer mechanisms in separated flows, in particular in separation and reattachment point regions. Furthermore, an attempt is made to identify a limited number of parameters (i.e., Re, M, inlet flow angle, etc.) whose influence on the heat flux would be critical. The identification of these parameters would be the starting point to develop special correlations to estimate the heat transfer in separated flow regions.

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34

Smedby, O¨, L. Fuchs, and N. Tillmark. "Separated Flow Demonstrated by Digitized Cineangiography Compared With LDV." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 113, no. 3 (August 1, 1991): 336–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2894892.

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In order to demonstrate separated flow in vivo, a method for the computerized analysis of cineangiographies has been developed, tested in vitro, and compared with LDV. A pulsatile flow was created in a glass model bifurcation, and velocity profiles were obtained with LDV at several phase angles. The flow was cinefilmed during contrast injection and the images were digitized. The computer then transformed the image sequence into parametric images representing arrival times of the contrast. The separation regions demonstrated with LDV were identified as areas with delayed contrast arrival. A preliminary analysis of a cineangiography in vivo is also included.

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35

Dianat, M., and Ian P. Castro. "Turbulence in a separated boundary layer." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 226 (May 1991): 91–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112091002306.

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This paper presents and discusses the results of an extensive experimental investigation of a flat-plate turbulent boundary subjected to an adverse pressure gradient sufficiently strong to lead to the formation of a large separated region. The pressure gradient was produced by applying strong suction through a porous cylinder fitted with a rear flap and mounted above the boundary layer and with its axis in the spanwise direction. Attention is concentrated on the structure of the turbulent flow within the separated region and it is shown that many features are similar to those that occur in separated regions produced in a very dissimilar manner. These include the fact that structure parameters, like Reynolds stress ratios, respond markedly to the re-entrainment of turbulent fluid transported upstream from the reattachment region, the absence of any logarithmic region in the thin wall boundary layer beneath the recirculation zone and the lack of any effective viscous scaling in this wall region, and the presence of a significant low-frequency motion having timescales much longer than those of the large-eddy structures around reattachment.Similarities with boundary layers separating under the action of much weaker pressure gradients are also found, despite the fact that the nature of the flow around separation is quite different. These similarities and also some noticeable differences are discussed in the paper, which concludes with some inferences concerning the application of turbulence models to separated flows.

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36

Brunetti, Romeo, Klaus Fredenhagen, Paniz Imani, and Katarzyna Rejzner. "The locality axiom in quantum field theory and tensor products of C*-algebras." Reviews in Mathematical Physics 26, no. 06 (July 2014): 1450010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129055x1450010x.

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The prototypes of mutually independent systems are systems which are localized in spacelike separated regions. In the framework of locally covariant quantum field theory, we show that the commutativity of observables in spacelike separated regions can be encoded in the tensorial structure of the functor which associates unital C*-algebras (the local observable algebras) to globally hyperbolic spacetimes. This holds under the assumption that the local algebras satisfy the split property and involves the minimal tensor product of C*-algebras.

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37

Marvel, Kevin B., Mark Claussen, and Alwyn Wootten. "Preliminary observations of water masers associated with IRAS4A and IRAS4B." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 206 (2002): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900222079.

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We present preliminary observations of water masers associated with IRAS4, a pair of young stellar objects in the NGC 1333 star forming region. The masers are quite strong and spatially distinct. Proper motion observations have been obtained from various epochs of observation typically separated by about three weeks. IRAS4A consists of two regions of maser activity separated by about 114 AU along a position angle of 138 degrees. Expansion of about 68 km/s is detected. IRAS4B consists of two linear emission regions separated by about 175 AU on a 150 degree position angle. The linear features are about 15 AU in length and about 2 AU thick. They are expanding away from each other at about 70 km/s.

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38

Wang, Jiacheng, Xiaomeng Li, Yiming Han, Jing Qin, Liansheng Wang, and Zhou Qichao. "Separated Contrastive Learning for Organ-at-Risk and Gross-Tumor-Volume Segmentation with Limited Annotation." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 36, no. 3 (June 28, 2022): 2459–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i3.20146.

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Automatic delineation of organ-at-risk (OAR) and gross-tumor-volume (GTV) is of great significance for radiotherapy planning. However, it is a challenging task to learn powerful representations for accurate delineation under limited pixel (voxel)-wise annotations. Contrastive learning at pixel-level can alleviate the dependency on annotations by learning dense representations from unlabeled data. Recent studies in this direction design various contrastive losses on the feature maps, to yield discriminative features for each pixel in the map. However, pixels in the same map inevitably share semantics to be closer than they actually are, which may affect the discrimination of pixels in the same map and lead to the unfair comparison to pixels in other maps. To address these issues, we propose a separated region-level contrastive learning scheme, namely SepaReg, the core of which is to separate each image into regions and encode each region separately. Specifically, SepaReg comprises two components: a structure-aware image separation (SIS) module and an intra- and inter-organ distillation (IID) module. The SIS is proposed to operate on the image set to rebuild a region set under the guidance of structural information. The inter-organ representation will be learned from this set via typical contrastive losses cross regions. On the other hand, the IID is proposed to tackle the quantity imbalance in the region set as tiny organs may produce fewer regions, by exploiting intra-organ representations. We conducted extensive experiments to evaluate the proposed model on a public dataset and two private datasets. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model, consistently achieving better performance than state-of-the-art approaches. Code is available at https://github.com/jcwang123/Separate_CL.

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Wang, Ru-Yue, Jian-Fu Zhang, Alex Lazarian, Hua-Ping Xiao, and Fu-Yuan Xiang. "Gradient measurement of synchrotron polarization diagnostic: Application to spatially separated emission and Faraday rotation regions." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 505, no. 4 (June 17, 2021): 6206–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab1708.

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ABSTRACT Considering the spatially separated polarization radiation and Faraday rotation regions to simulate complex interstellar media, we study synchrotron polarization gradient techniques’ measurement capabilities. We explore how to trace the direction of projected magnetic field of emitting-source region at the multifrequency bands, using the gradient technique compared with the traditional polarization vector method. Furthermore, we study how Faraday rotation density in the foreground region, i.e. a product of electron number density and parallel component of magnetic fields along the line of sight, affects the measurement of projected magnetic field. Numerical results show that synchrotron polarization gradient technique could successfully trace projected magnetic field within emitting-source region independent of radio frequency. Accordingly, the gradient technique can measure the magnetic field properties for a complex astrophysical environment.

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KAWAMURA, Takao, Masumi ITO, Ikuo MABUCHI, and Masaya KUMADA. "Heat transfer in the separated regions of a backward facing step with "V" shaped notchs." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 52, no. 473 (1986): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.52.102.

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Leviatan, Y. "Electromagnetic coupling between two half-space regions separated by two slot-perforated parallel conducting screens." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 36, no. 1 (1988): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/22.3480.

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Cowie, J. M. G., Guangxian Li, and I. J. McEwen. "Prediction of phase-separated regions in ternary blends composed of three miscible binary copolymer pairs." Polymer 35, no. 25 (January 1994): 5518–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(05)80017-5.

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El-Haji, A., K. Y. Kabalan, and S. Khoury. "Electromagnetic coupling between two half-space regions separated by multiple slot-perforated parallel conducting screens." IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility 37, no. 1 (1995): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/15.350249.

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Acharya, S., S. Dutta, T. A. Myrum, and R. S. Baker. "Turbulent Flow Past a Surface-Mounted Two-Dimensional Rib." Journal of Fluids Engineering 116, no. 2 (June 1, 1994): 238–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910261.

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The ability of the nonlinear k–ε turbulence model to predict the flow in a separated duct flow past a wall-mounted, two-dimensional rib was assessed through comparisons with the standard k–ε model and experimental results. Improved predictions of the streamwise turbulence intensity and the mean streamwise velocities near the high-speed edge of the separated shear layer and in the flow downstream of reattachment were obtained with the nonlinear model. More realistic predictions of the production and dissipation of the turbulent kinetic energy near reattachment were also obtained. Otherwise, the performance of the two models was comparable, with both models performing quite well in the core flow regions and close to reattachment and both models performing poorly in the separated and shear-layer regions close to the rib.

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KRUSIN-ELBAUM, L., T. SHIBAUCHI, and G. BLATTER. "SEPARATED SPIN AND CHARGE DEGREES OF FREEDOM IN HIGH-Tc SUPERCONDUCTORS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 19, no. 01n03 (January 30, 2005): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979205028219.

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Recent Nernst and interlayer transport experiments in Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+y (BSCCO) high temperature superconductors report hugely different limiting magnetic fields. We demonstrate that both fields convert to the same pseudogap energy scale T* upon transformation as orbital and Zeeman critical fields, respectively. We suggest a consistent interpretation of this finding based on separation of spin and charge degrees of freedom residing in different regions of a truncated Fermi surface.

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Xing, Yuanxiu, Dengyi Zhang, Jianhui Zhao, and Aiping Xu. "A Fast and Reliable Corner Detector for Non-Uniform Illumination Mineshaft Images." Journal of Intelligent Systems 22, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 453–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jisys-2013-0043.

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AbstractWe propose a fast and reliable corner detector that can detect corners under non-uniform illumination and fuzzy mineshaft images effectively. First, we presented an inner mask that used only four pixels to determine the flat and corner regions of an image, which could eliminate unnecessary computation of flat regions, thus reducing computing cost. Second, we separated the corner regions into background and foreground and computed the separate corner threshold to settle non-uniform illumination. Third, we proposed a fast corner-detection algorithm to compute the nucleus continuous contributive segment based on the corner state. Finally, we proposed two effective methods to remove the false corners. Experimental results showed that our approach has a better detection quality and is less time consuming than three other algorithms on an artificial image, a noisy image, and non-uniform images and could meet the real-time requirement of mineshaft applications.

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Özkol, Ü., C. Wark, and D. Fabris. "Mean and Fluctuating Velocity Characteristics of a Separated Shear Layer Past a Surface Mounted Block." Journal of Fluids Engineering 129, no. 2 (August 5, 2006): 200–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2409359.

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The mean velocity, Reynolds stress, and mean vorticity regions of a separated shear layer over a surface mounted block are investigated by 2D Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV) for three Reynolds numbers (Rea=500, 1000, and 2500) and two channel-to-block height ratios (H∕a=1.825 and 4.6). The recirculation region’s height and length are determined for the separated shear layer by means of U¯=0 contours. It is observed that the high Reynolds stress regions lay just outside of the U¯=0 contours. The flow visualization and DPIV measurement of vorticity indicate that the differing normalized Reynolds stresses between Rea=500 and 1000 are most probably due to the initiation of the vortex shedding between these two Reynolds numbers while, differences are minimal between Rea=1000 and 2500. A sign change in the Reynolds shear stress distribution of the separated shear layer near the leading edge of the block was recognized for every Reynolds number and channel width.

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Goenka, L. N., R. L. Panton, and D. G. Bogard. "Studies of Flow Patterns in a Diffuser Designed to Generate Longitudinal Vortices." Journal of Fluids Engineering 111, no. 2 (June 1, 1989): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3243610.

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This paper describes flow visualization studies on a three-dimensional diffuser that generates two longitudinal vortices. The premise is that the three-dimensional flow patterns of this diffuser may have attributes that are superior to the two-dimensional flows of conventional diffusers. The diffuser geometry consists of a wide-angle, plane-wall diffuser with a pyramid-shaped insert attached to its expansion wall. The upsweep on the insert upper surface increases the pressure of the incoming flow, which rolls over into the expansion region in the presence of a transverse pressure gradient to form two symmetric, longitudinal vortices. At low Reynolds numbers (below 6000 based on the diffuser inlet height), the flow exhibited three flow patterns with subtle distinctions. The flowfield contained longitudinal vortices that modified and reduced in extent the separated regions that were present along the diffuser expansion wall. At high Reynolds numbers (above 6000), the separated regions along the diffuser expansion wall were replaced by a turbulent vortex. The lack of closed separated regions in the flow implies the absence of low-frequency effects that are characteristic of such regions. In addition, the flowfield exhibited little or no hysteresis with respect to changes in Reynolds number. These flowfield features are desirable in certain applications, such as exhaust diffusers for turbomachinery.

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Thompson, Michael C., Duilio Cascio, and Todd O. Yeates. "Microfocus diffraction from different regions of a protein crystal: structural variations and unit-cell polymorphism." Acta Crystallographica Section D Structural Biology 74, no. 5 (April 24, 2018): 411–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2059798318003479.

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Real macromolecular crystals can be non-ideal in a myriad of ways. This often creates challenges for structure determination, while also offering opportunities for greater insight into the crystalline state and the dynamic behavior of macromolecules. To evaluate whether different parts of a single crystal of a dynamic protein, EutL, might be informative about crystal and protein polymorphism, a microfocus X-ray synchrotron beam was used to collect a series of 18 separate data sets from non-overlapping regions of the same crystal specimen. A principal component analysis (PCA) approach was employed to compare the structure factors and unit cells across the data sets, and it was found that the 18 data sets separated into two distinct groups, with largeRvalues (in the 40% range) and significant unit-cell variations between the members of the two groups. This categorization mapped the different data-set types to distinct regions of the crystal specimen. Atomic models of EutL were then refined against two different data sets obtained by separately merging data from the two distinct groups. A comparison of the two resulting models revealed minor but discernable differences in certain segments of the protein structure, and regions of higher deviation were found to correlate with regions where larger dynamic motions were predicted to occur by normal-mode molecular-dynamics simulations. The findings emphasize that large spatially dependent variations may be present across individual macromolecular crystals. This information can be uncovered by simultaneous analysis of multiple partial data sets and can be exploited to reveal new insights about protein dynamics, while also improving the accuracy of the structure-factor data ultimately obtained in X-ray diffraction experiments.

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Orlando, Gabriele, Daniele Raimondi, Francesco Tabaro, Francesco Codicè, Yves Moreau, and Wim F. Vranken. "Computational identification of prion-like RNA-binding proteins that form liquid phase-separated condensates." Bioinformatics 35, no. 22 (April 17, 2019): 4617–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btz274.

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Abstract Motivation Eukaryotic cells contain different membrane-delimited compartments, which are crucial for the biochemical reactions necessary to sustain cell life. Recent studies showed that cells can also trigger the formation of membraneless organelles composed by phase-separated proteins to respond to various stimuli. These condensates provide new ways to control the reactions and phase-separation proteins (PSPs) are thus revolutionizing how cellular organization is conceived. The small number of experimentally validated proteins, and the difficulty in discovering them, remain bottlenecks in PSPs research. Results Here we present PSPer, the first in-silico screening tool for prion-like RNA-binding PSPs. We show that it can prioritize PSPs among proteins containing similar RNA-binding domains, intrinsically disordered regions and prions. PSPer is thus suitable to screen proteomes, identifying the most likely PSPs for further experimental investigation. Moreover, its predictions are fully interpretable in the sense that it assigns specific functional regions to the predicted proteins, providing valuable information for experimental investigation of targeted mutations on these regions. Finally, we show that it can estimate the ability of artificially designed proteins to form condensates (r=−0.87), thus providing an in-silico screening tool for protein design experiments. Availability and implementation PSPer is available at bio2byte.com/psp. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

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