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Smyth, Davida S., Patrick J. Hartigan, William J. Meaney, J. Ross Fitzgerald, Claudia F. Deobald, Gregory A. Bohach, and Cyril J. Smyth. "Superantigen genes encoded by the egc cluster and SaPIbov are predominant among Staphylococcus aureus isolates from cows, goats, sheep, rabbits and poultry." Journal of Medical Microbiology 54, no. 4 (April 1, 2005): 401–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.45863-0.
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In recent years several new staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) have been described, which currently have largely unknown frequencies of occurrence and roles in human or animal disease. One hundred and ninety-one Staphylococcus aureus isolates from cows (99), goats (39), sheep (23), rabbits (15), chickens (15) and a cat (1) were screened for SE genes sea–see, seg–seo and seq and for the tst gene encoding staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 using multiplex PCRs and individual PCRs for the seb and sek genes. One hundred and ten isolates tested positive for at least one of these 16 superantigen (SAg)-encoding genes. There were statistically significant differences in the frequencies of some of these SAg genes between isolates from different animals. No strain possessed either the sea or see gene. The sec gene was present in 51 isolates, the sed gene in eight and the seb gene in one. The seh gene was found in four strains and the sek and seq genes together in one isolate. The most common combinations of genes were the egc cluster, bearing the seg, sei, sem, sen and seo genes, in 47 isolates, the sec, sel and tst gene combination typical of the SaPIbov pathogenicity island in 44 isolates, the egc cluster lacking the seg gene in 11 isolates, the sed and sej genes in nine isolates, and the sec and tst genes without the sel gene in seven isolates. The higher frequencies of the sec and tst genes together and the lower frequencies of the egc gene cluster among the SAg gene-positive sheep or goat isolates compared to bovine isolates were statistically significant. Of 36 bovine isolates that were mitogenic for human T lymphocytes, four were negative for the 16 SAg genes tested for, while a further 14 gave borderline results in the mitogenicity assay, 12 of which were SAg gene-negative. Twenty-nine strains lacking all the SAg genes did not induce T-cell proliferation. This survey indicates that novel SE genes seg, sei, sel, sem, sen and seo along with the sec and tst genes predominate in S. aureus from animal hosts. The mitogenicity assays indicate that further uncharacterized SAgs may be present in bovine isolates.
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Cebeci, Tugba, Barış Otlu, and Elif Seren Tanrıverdi. "Staphylococcus aureus in animal-derived food products: the prevalence, virulence, enterotoxin-encoding genes, antibiotic resistance and PFGE profiles in northern Turkey." Veterinarski arhiv 94, no. 2 (March 21, 2024): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24099/vet.arhiv.2174.
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The aim of this research was to investigate the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in raw milk, Tulum cheese, and ground beef samples, and to determine their virulence, enterotoxins, antibiotic resistance, and genetic relatedness. A total of 300 food samples were purchased from public markets within different districts of Giresun, Turkey. Fifty-two (17.3%) of these food samples tested positive for S. aureus isolation. Fifty-two S. aureus isolates were further analyzed for the presence of virulence genes. The virulence genes detected were icaA (9.6%) and icaD (84.6%). Enterotoxin-encoding genes of the sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, seh, sei, sej, sek, sel, sem, sen, seo, seq, ser, and seu groups were detected individually or in combination. Of the 52 S. aureus isolates, 1 methicillin-resistant S. aureus strain (1.9%) was isolated as having the mecA. The antibiotic susceptibility test of positive isolates showed resistance to cefoxitin (1.92%), tetracycline (11.5%), erythromycin (3.84%), ciprofloxacin (1.92%), gentamicin (1.92%), and fusidic acid (5.76%). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of the 52 isolates revealed 46 PFGE types, with 21 (40.3%) isolates grouped into 7 clusters. Some of the isolates from different districts showed clonal relatedness. The high occurrence of S. aureus strains in these products indicated a potential risk to humans. The results of this study indicated that dairy and meat products could be reservoirs of S. aureus strains that harbor several virulence factors and enterotoxin genes and the presence of these bacteria in foods may be a cause of concern for human health from food poisoning; therefore, hygienic measures and periodic bacteriological controls are necessary in all areas that provide these foods to the public, such as bazaars and butchers, to reduce contamination with foodborne pathogens.
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Hu, Dong-Liang, Katsuhiko Omoe, Yu Shimoda, Akio Nakane, and Kunihiro Shinagawa. "Induction of Emetic Response to Staphylococcal Enterotoxins in the House Musk Shrew (Suncus murinus)." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 1 (January 2003): 567–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.1.567-570.2003.
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ABSTRACT The emetic responses induced by staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), SEB, SEC2, SED, SEE, SEG, SEH, and SEI in the house musk shrew (Suncus murinus) were investigated. SEA, SEE, and SEI showed higher emetic activity in the house musk shrew than the other SEs. SEB, SEC2, SED, SEG, and SEH also induced emetic responses in this animal model but relatively high doses were required. The house musk shrew appears to be a valuable model for studying the mechanisms of emetic reactions caused by SEs.
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Hait, Jennifer M., Angela T. Nguyen, and Sandra M. Tallent. "Analysis of the VIDAS® Staph Enterotoxin III (SET3) for Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins G, H, and I in Foods." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 101, no. 5 (September 1, 2018): 1482–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.17-0501.
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Abstract Background: Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) frequently causes illnesses worldwide. SFP occurs from the ingestion of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) preformed in foods by enterotoxigenic strains of Staphylococcus species, primarily S. aureus. SEG, SEH, and SEI induce emesis and have been implicated in outbreaks. Immunological-based methods are deemed the most practical methods for the routine analysis of SEs in foods given their ease of use, sensitivity, specificity, and commercial availability. These kits are routinely used to test for SEA-SEE. However, only recently has a kit been developed to detect SEG, SEH, and SEI. Objective: Our research examined the performance of the novel VIDAS® Staph Enterotoxin III (SET3) for the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins SEG, SEH, and SEI in foods. Methods: Here we assess the sensitivity and specificity of SET3 using duplicate test portions of six foods at varying concentrations of inclusivity and exclusivity inocula: pure SEG, SEH, SEI, S. aureus strain extracts positive for seg, seh, and sei, as well as SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, and SEE. Results: The overall detection limit was less than 2.09 ng/mL for foods inoculated with SEG, SEH, and SEI, with no cross reactivity observed. Highlights: Integrating concurrent testing to detect the presence of SEA–SEE and SEG–SEI utilizing the SET3 along with the VIDAS SET2, Ridascreen® SET total, or other comparable kits will be instrumental for the future food assessments in our laboratory and may become the new standard for SE analysis of foods.
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Ayeni, Funmilola A., Werner Ruppitsch, and Franz Allerberger. "Molecular characterization of clonal lineage and staphylococcal toxin genes fromS. aureusin Southern Nigeria." PeerJ 6 (July 9, 2018): e5204. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5204.
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BackgroundStaphylococcus aureusis a human colonizer with high potential for virulence, and the spread of the virulent strains from the colonized hosts to non-carriers in the community is on the increase. However, there are few reports on comprehensive analysis of staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes with clonal lineage inS. aureusin Africa. This is essential because of diversity of cultures and habits of the people. This study analyzed spa types and enterotoxin genes inS. aureusstrains previously isolated from the human nostrils, poultry and clinical samples in Southern Nigeria.MethodsForty-sevenS. aureusisolates were obtained from humans nostrils (n = 13), clinical strains (n = 21) and poultry (n = 13) from previous studies in Southern Nigeria. The strains were analyzed formecAgene, selected toxins genes (sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, seh, sei, sej, sek, sel, sem, sen, seo, sep, seq, ser, seu)and Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) gene(lukS-PV/lukF-PV)by PCR. Population structures of the strains were detected by Staphylococcal protein A (spa) typing.ResultsTwenty different spa types were obtained with the highest percentages, 17% observed inspatype t091 from clinical, nasal and poultry samples while t069 was the most prevalent spa type in poultry. Two MRSA were only detected in human strains. The poultry strains had the highest occurrence of SE genes (18%) followed by nasal strains (15%) and clinical strains (10%). Eighty-nine percent of all tested isolates harbored at least one SE gene;seowas the most prevalent (34%) followed byseg(30%) andsea(21%), whilesec, seeandsejwere absent in all strains. Spa type t355 was associated withlukS-PV/lukF-PVgene and complete absence of all studied SE.Sea, seq, seb, sekwere associated with spa type t069;seawas associated with t127 whilesepwas associated with spa type t091. There were coexistences ofseo/segandsei/seg.ConclusionsThe higher carriage of staphylococci enterotoxin genes by the nasal and poultryS. aureusstrains suggests a high potential of spread of staphylococcal food poisoning through poultry and healthy carriers in the community. This is the first report of high occurrence of staphylococcal enterotoxins genes in poultry from Nigeria.
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Sura I. A. Jabuk and Eman M. Jarallah. "Molecular screening of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins associated with samples of meat / Iraq." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 4 (November 17, 2020): 6685–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3590.
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Staphylococcus aureus secreted many types of toxins accompanying Intestinal poisoning resulting from eating food contaminated with bacteria or their toxins. Five hundred meat samples were collected from local markets, including fresh, frozen, canned, sausage and hamburger to investigate their contamination with S.aureus and then determined their ability of these isolates to secrete enterotoxins by using polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that the ratio of isolated S.aureus is 30 (6%) and the percentage of encoding genes for toxins is 30(100%), 0(0%), 3(10), 0(0%),0(0%),3(10), 2(6.7), 1(3.3), 0(0%) and 3(10) to sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, see, sei, sej and sel respectively.The result shows the S.aureus isolated from contamination meat able to produce different type to enterotoxins sea, sec, seg, see, sei, and sel and present the sea toxin is the most prevalence type of staphylococcus enterotoxins.
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Sauer, P., J. Síla, T. Štosová, R. Večeřová, P. Hejnar, I. Vágnerová, M. Kolář, et al. "Prevalence of genes encoding extracellular virulence factors among meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from the University Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic." Journal of Medical Microbiology 57, no. 4 (April 1, 2008): 403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.47413-0.
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A rather fast and complicated progression of an infection caused by some strains of Staphylococcus aureus could be associated with the expression and co-action of virulence factor complexes in these strains. This study screened the antibiotic susceptibility and prevalence of virulence markers in isolates of meticillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) obtained from patients hospitalized at the University Hospital in Olomouc, Czech Republic. A total of 100 isolates was screened for 13 genes encoding extracellular virulence determinants (tst, pvl, eta, etb, sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, seh, sei and sej) and for their distribution in sample types. Eighty-nine isolates were positive for at least one of the genes. Genes for etb, pvl, see and seh were not detected in any of the MRSA isolates. No statistically significant differences in the occurrence of the determinants studied among sample types were found.
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Ferreira, Daneelly H., Maria das Graças X. Carvalho, Maria J. Nardelli, Francisca G. C. Sousa, and Celso J. B. Oliveira. "Occurrence of enterotoxin-encoding genes in Staphylococcus aureus causing mastitis in lactating goats." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 34, no. 7 (July 2014): 633–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2014000700004.
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Staphylococcal enterotoxins are the leading cause of human food poisoning worldwide. Staphylococcus spp. are the main mastitis-causing agents in goats and frequently found in high counts in goat milk. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of enterotoxin-encoding genes in Staphylococcus aureus associated with mastitis in lactating goats in Paraiba State, Brazil. Milk samples (n=2024) were collected from 393 farms. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in 55 milk samples. Classical (sea, seb, sec, sed, see) and novel (seg, seh, sei) enterotoxin-encoding genes were investigated by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). From thirty-six tested isolates, enterotoxin-encoding genes were detected in 7 (19.5%) S. aureus. The gene encoding enterotoxin C (seC) was identified in six isolates, while seiwas observed in only one isolate. The genes sea, seb, sed, see, seg and seh were not observed amongst the S. aureus investigated in this study. In summary, S. aureus causing mastitis in goats can harbor enterotoxin-encoding genes and seC was the most frequent gene observed amongst the investigated isolates. This finding is important for surveillance purposes, since enterotoxin C should be investigated in human staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks caused by consumption of goat milk and dairy products.
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Mekhloufi, Omar Amine, Daniele Chieffi, Abdelhamid Hammoudi, Sid Ahmed Bensefia, Francesca Fanelli, and Vincenzina Fusco. "Prevalence, Enterotoxigenic Potential and Antimicrobial Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Isolated from Algerian Ready to Eat Foods." Toxins 13, no. 12 (November 24, 2021): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13120835.
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Staphylococcus aureus causes a foodborne intoxication due to the production of enterotoxins and shows antimicrobial resistance, as in the case of methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA). Herein, we analyzed 207 ready-to-eat foods collected in Algeria, reporting a S. aureus prevalence of 23.2% (48/207) and respective loads of coagulase positive staphylococci (CPS) ranging from 1.00 ± 0.5 to 5.11 ± 0.24 Log CFU/g. The 48 S. aureus isolates were widely characterized by staphylococcal enterotoxin gene (SEg)-typing and 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region (ISR)-PCR, as well as by detecting tst and mecA genes, genetic determinants of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 and methicillin resistance, respectively. We found that the S. aureus isolates belonged to seven different SEg-types harboring the following combinations of genes: (1) selW, selX; (2) egc (seG, seI, seM, seN, seO), selW, selX; (3) seA, seH, seK, seQ, selW, selX; (4) seB, selW, selX; (5) seD, selJ, seR, selW, selX; (6) seH, selW, selX, selY; and (7) seA, egc, selW, selX, while among these, 2.1% and 4.2% were tst- and mecA- (staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec-type IV) positive, respectively. Selected strains belonging to the 12 detected ISR-types were resistant towards antimicrobials including benzylpenicillin, ofloxacin, erythromycin, lincomycin, tetracyclin, kanamycin, oxacillin, and cefoxitin; 8.3% (1/12) were confirmed as MRSA and 16.7% (2/12) were multidrug resistant. The present study shows the heterogeneity of the S. aureus population in Algerian ready-to-eat foods as for their toxigenic potential and antimicrobial resistance, shedding the light on the quality and safety related to the consume of ready-to-eat foods in Algeria.
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CHIANG, YU-CHENG, LI-TUNG CHANG, CHIA-WEI LIN, CHI-YEA YANG, and HAU-YANG TSEN. "PCR Primers for the Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins K, L, and M and Survey of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Types in Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Food Poisoning Cases in Taiwan." Journal of Food Protection 69, no. 5 (May 1, 2006): 1072–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-69.5.1072.
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Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) are important causative agents in gastroenteritidis and food poisoning cases. They are serologically grouped into five major classical types, i.e., SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, and SEE. In addition, new SEs, such as SEG through SEM, have recently been identified and characterized. In an attempt to survey the distribution of classical and new SEs in organisms responsible for staphylococcal infections in Taiwan, we developed PCR primers for the genes that define the SEK, SEL, and SEM types. Bacterial strains other than sek, sel, and sem Staphylococcus aureus, including strains of other Staphylococcus species, did not generate any false-positive results when examined with these primers. The expression potential for the sek, sel, and sem types were also determined by reverse transcription–PCR. Together with the PCR primers specific for the classical SEs and other new SEs, including SEG, SEH, SEI, and SEJ, we surveyed the SE genes in S. aureus strains isolated from food poisoning cases. For 147 S. aureus isolates originating from food poisoning cases, 109 (74.1%) were positive for one or more SE genes. Of them, the major classical enterotoxin type was sea (28.6%), followed by seb (20.4%), sec (8.2%), and sed (2.0%). For the new SE types, sei (30.6%) was detected the most often, followed by sek (18.4%), sem (12.9%), and sel (8.2%). Also, 64 (43.5%) of the total bacterial strains had more than one enterotoxin gene.
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Wu, Dejing, Xiangmei Li, Yonghong Yang, Yaojie Zheng, Chuanqing Wang, Li Deng, Lan Liu, et al. "Superantigen gene profiles and presence of exfoliative toxin genes in community-acquired meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Chinese children." Journal of Medical Microbiology 60, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.023465-0.
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This study aimed to evaluate the distribution of superantigen gene profiles and the presence of exfoliative toxin genes in community-acquired meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) isolated from Chinese children, and simultaneously to assess virulence gene profiles and genetic background. Of the CA-MRSA isolates, 88.9 % (88/99) harboured toxin genes, with sek as the most frequent toxin gene (62.6 %), followed by seq (61.6 %), seb (60.6 %) and sea (35.4 %). The eta gene was detected only in one ST398-IVa-spa t034 strain. The sed and etd genes were not found in any of the isolates tested. A total of 38 virulence genotypes were observed, of which the genotype seb-sek-seq (27.3 %, 24/88) comprised the majority, followed by sea-seb-sek-seq (18.2 %, 16/88). The enterotoxin gene cluster including seg-sei-sem-sen-seo-seu predominated at a rate of 15.1 %. The relationship among toxin genotypes, toxin genes encoding profiles of mobile genetic elements and genetic background was analysed. Among 66 clonal complex (CC) 59 isolates, 87.9 % (58/66) were positive for toxin genes, and 75.8 % (50/66) harboured the toxin gene combination seb-sek-seq. Among seb-sek-seq-positive CC59 strains, 42.0 % (21/50) also carried the sea gene. CC59 corresponded exclusively to accessory gene regulator 1 (agr-1). The data presented here enhance our current knowledge on the virulence determinants of CA-MRSA.
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Fanelli, Francesca, Daniele Chieffi, Gyu-Sung Cho, Justyna Schubert, Omar Amine Mekhloufi, Jacek Bania, Charles M. A. P. Franz, and Vincenzina Fusco. "First Genome-Based Characterisation and Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Production Ability of Methicillin-Susceptible and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Ready-to-Eat Foods in Algiers (Algeria)." Toxins 14, no. 11 (October 25, 2022): 731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14110731.
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Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogenic microorganism of humans and animals, able to cause foodborne intoxication due to the production of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) and to resist antibiotic treatment as in the case of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). In this study, we performed a genomic characterisation of 12 genetically diverse S. aureus strains isolated from ready-to-eat foods in Algiers (Algeria). Moreover, their ability to produce some classical and new staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) was investigated. The 12 S. aureus strains resulted to belong to nine known sequence types (STs) and to the novel ST7199 and ST7200. Furthermore, S. aureus SA46 was assigned to the European clone MRSA-ST80-SCCmec-IV. The 12 strains showed a wide endowment of se and sel (staphylococcal enterotoxin-like toxin) genes (sea, seb, sed, seg, seh, sei, selj, sek, sem, sen, seo, seq, ser, selu2, selw, selx, sey, sel30; ψent1-ψent2), including variants and pseudogenes, and harboured the enterotoxin gene cluster (egc) types 1 and 5. Additionally, they produced various amounts of SEA (64.54–345.02 ng/mL), SEB (2871.28–14739.17 ng/mL), SED (322.70–398.94 ng/mL), SEH (not detectable–239.48 ng/mL), and SER (36720.10–63176.06 ng/mL) depending on their genotypes. The genetic determinants related to their phenotypic resistance to β-lactams (blaZ, mecA), ofloxacin (gyrA-S84L), erythromycin (ermB), lincomycin (lmrS), kanamycin (aph(3′)-III, ant(6)-I), and tetracyclin (tet(L), tet(38)) were also detected. A plethora of virulence-related genes, including major virulence genes such as the tst gene, determinant for the toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, and the lukF-PV and lukS-PV genes, encoding the panton-valentine leukocidin (PVL), were present in the S. aureus strains, highlighting their pathogenic potential. Furthermore, a phylogenomic reconstruction including worldwide foodborne S. aureus showed a clear clustering based on ST and geographical origin rather than the source of isolation.
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Ohkura, Teruko, Keiko Yamada, Akira Okamoto, Hisashi Baba, Yasuyoshi Ike, Yoshichika Arakawa, Tadao Hasegawa, and Michio Ohta. "Nationwide epidemiological study revealed the dissemination of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying a specific set of virulence-associated genes in Japanese hospitals." Journal of Medical Microbiology 58, no. 10 (October 1, 2009): 1329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.010173-0.
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To study comprehensive toxin profiles and the chromosomal diversity of current Japanese hospital-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA) strains, we conducted PCR-based identification of 28 toxin genes, and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing and PFGE analysis of 208 MRSA strains isolated from 100 hospitals throughout Japan. Of the tested HA-MRSA strains, 80.3 % were tst-positive. The most frequent toxin gene profile was characterized by the carriage of 13 genes, tst, sec, seg, sei, sel, sem, sen, seo, lukED, hla, hlb, hld and hlg-2. Ninety of the 208 strains had this profile, which was named pattern A. Among the 118 non-pattern A strains, 100 had similar toxin gene profiles, the concordance rates to pattern A of which were more than 80 %. Consequently, 91.3 % of the examined HA-MRSA strains carried similar toxin profiles, although PFGE patterns showed a wide variation. These strains belonged to SCCmec type II, agr II and coagulase type II. We concluded that, unlike MRSA from many other countries, most of the Japanese HA-MRSA strains belonged to, or were related to, a specific group carrying the set of 13 toxin genes, irrespective of chromosomal diversity. In addition, among the 13 toxin genes, the coexistence rates of tst, sec and sel, and those of seg, sei, sem, sen and seo, were higher than for the other toxin genes. High coexistence rates of tst, sec and sel genes suggested the presence of the pathogenicity island SaPIn1 in these strains.
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McLAUCHLIN, J., G. L. NARAYANAN, V. MITHANI, and G. O'NEILL. "The Detection of Enterotoxins and Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin Genes in Staphylococcus aureus by Polymerase Chain Reaction." Journal of Food Protection 63, no. 4 (April 1, 2000): 479–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-63.4.479.
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A simple polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based procedure was developed for the detection of fragments of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, SEE, SEG, SEH, and SEI together with the toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1) genes of Staphylococcus aureus. One hundred and twenty-nine cultures of S. aureus were selected, 39 of which were recovered from 38 suspected staphylococcal food-poisoning incidents. The method was reproducible, and 32 different toxin genotypes were recognized. The presence of SE genes was associated with S. aureus strains reacting with phages in group III, and the TSST-1 gene with phages in group I. There was a 96% agreement between the PCR results for detection of SEA–D and TSST-1 as compared with a commercial reverse passive latex agglutination assay for the detection of SEs from cultures grown in vitro. Enterotoxin gene fragments were detected in S. aureus cultures recovered from 32 of the 38 suspected staphylococcal food poisoning incidents, and of these, 17 were associated with SEE, SEG, SEH, and SEI in the absence of SEA–D. Simple PCR procedures were also developed for the detection of SE directly in spiked food samples, and this was most successfully achieved in mushroom soup and ham. Detection was less successful in three types of cheese and in cream. SEA or SEB were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in three food samples (two of which were associated with food poisoning incidents) naturally heavily contaminated with S. aureus: the appropriate SEA or SEB gene fragments were detected directly in these three foods by PCR.
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Seo, Dong-Chul. "Seo Responds." American Journal of Public Health 106, no. 6 (June 2016): e6-e7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2016.303211.
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Howe, John S., and Shaorong Zhang. "SEO Cycles." Financial Review 45, no. 3 (July 13, 2010): 729–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6288.2010.00268.x.
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Just, Mandy. "SEO - Suchmaschinenoptimierung." Ernährung & Medizin 28, no. 01 (March 11, 2013): 30–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1331086.
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Kim, Yong Hyeon, and Sun Choi. "Relative Risk of SEO Versus Non-SEO Firms." Productivity Review 34, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 65–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15843/kpapr.34.4.2020.12.65.
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Allaion, Josisleine Recalde, Karina Ghougassian Barrionuevo, Maria Jose Grande Burgos, Antonio Gálvez, and Bernadette Dora Gombossy de Melo Franco. "Staphylococcus aureus from Minas Artisanal Cheeses: Biocide Tolerance, Antibiotic Resistance and Enterotoxin Genes." Applied Sciences 12, no. 3 (January 19, 2022): 1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12031019.
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Staphylococcus aureus is a common contaminant in artisanal raw-milk cheeses. Tolerance of S. aureus to biocides is a threat to disinfection in the cheese production environment, while antibiotic resistance and enterotoxin production are additional health concerns. This study aimed to evaluate the tolerance of S. aureus isolated from Minas artisanal cheeses to the biocides benzalkonium chloride, hexadecylpyridinium chloride, cetrimide, triclosan, hexachlorophene, and chlorhexidine, and the simultaneous occurrence of genes coding for antibiotic resistance (mecA, aacA-aphD, and tetK), efflux pumps [qacA/B and smr (qacC/D)], and enterotoxins (sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, seh, sei, and sej). Among the tested isolates, 38.2% were resistant to at least one biocide, and 73.1% were positive for one or more antibiotic resistance gene. Most of the biocide-tolerant and antibiotic-resistant isolates harbored efflux pump genes, and were positive for at least one staphylococcal enterotoxin gene. The study highlights the need for correct hygiene monitoring programs to ensure the safety of these products.
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Naradoviy, Bohdan. "Strategic environmental assessment in spatial planning." Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics and Technology 7, no. 4 (December 26, 2022): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2022-4-11.
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The prerequisite for the development of a strategic environmental assessment (SEA) is the problem of accumulation related to the environment. From this point of view, the measures and methods of countering threats of a planetary scale are analyzed: global warming and climate change; water pollution and ocean acidification; loss of biodiversity. SEA is considered as a tool for balanced development of the territory, as a tool for verifying management and planning decisions, with the help of which it is possible to reveal risks and alternatives in the process of their implementation, to convey conflict situations regarding the use of the territory. The development of the SEA is interpreted as one of the key tools for the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine. The conditions for developing and ensuring the transparency of the SEO of urban planning documentation in spatial planning, it’s content, legislative support for this process and the degree of its European integration are highlighted. The purpose of the study is to show how the procedure of strategic environmental assessment allows optimizing management and planning decisions regarding the development of territories of territorial communities in the process of spatial planning. The legal aspects of SEA regarding general plans of settlements, complex plans for the development of the territory, zoning plans and detailed plans, stages of integration of SEA in urban planning documentation are analyzed. It is proposed to highlight individual stages of the SEO development process. For this, a graphic research method is used. The expediency of implementing into domestic practice the positive foreign experience of implementing SEO, in particular, regarding: construction projects, for example the formulation of projects and evaluation of green construction, sanitary and other facilities, determination of the ecological life cycle of construction products; determining the effectiveness of SEO by whether its benefits are worth it, presenting it through the prism of knowledge and learning, as well as contextual, pluralistic, substantive, normative, and trans active dimensions; delivery of online registers of all SEO documents; promoting an open and proactive attitude to SEO among planners through the SEO Forum. The proposal to include indicators of the ecological capacity of the territory in the SEO (in the existing state and according to the project): coefficients of ecological stability, ecological danger and anthropogenic load are argued. For this, the tabular and normative method of calculation is used. The scientific and practical significance of the article lies in the introduction of the basic indicators of the ecological capacity of the territory (before and after the project of the Comprehensive Development Plan of the territory of the territorial community) into the SEO, which allows to compare the existing and project state of the territory and the environment in terms of the coefficients of ecological stability, ecological danger and anthropogenic load. The ability of the SEO to comprehensively analyze the possible impact of the planned activity on the environment is demonstrated. Keywords: SEO, spatial planning, urban planning documentation, report, territorial community, public discussion, ecological capacity of the territory.
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Munson, Sibyl H., Mary T. Tremaine, Marsha J. Betley, and Rodney A. Welch. "Identification and Characterization of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Types G and I fromStaphylococcus aureus." Infection and Immunity 66, no. 7 (July 1, 1998): 3337–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.66.7.3337-3348.1998.
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ABSTRACT Staphylococcal enterotoxins are exotoxins produced byStaphylococcus aureus that possess emetic and superantigenic properties. Prior to this research there were six characterized enterotoxins, staphylococcal enterotoxin types A to E and H (referred to as SEA to SEE and SEH). Two new staphylococcal enterotoxin genes have been identified and designated segand sei (staphylococcal enterotoxin types G and I, respectively). seg and sei consist of 777 and 729 nucleotides, respectively, encoding precursor proteins of 258 (SEG) and 242 (SEI) deduced amino acids. SEG and SEI have typical bacterial signal sequences that are cleaved to form toxins with 233 (SEG) and 218 (SEI, predicted) amino acids, corresponding to mature proteins of 27,043 Da (SEG) and 24,928 Da (SEI). Biological activities for SEG and SEI were determined with recombinant S. aureus strains. SEG and SEI elicited emetic responses in rhesus monkeys upon nasogastric administration and stimulated murine T-cell proliferation with the concomitant production of interleukin 2 (IL-2) and gamma interferon (IFN-γ), as measured by cytokine enzyme-linked immunoassays. SEG and SEI are related to other enterotoxins of S. aureus and to streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A (SpeA) and streptococcal superantigen (SSA) of Streptococcus pyogenes. Phylogenetic analysis and comparisons of amino acid and nucleotide sequence identities were performed on related staphylococcal and streptococcal protein toxins to group SEG and SEI among the characterized toxins. SEG is most similar to SpeA, SEB, SEC, and SSA (38 to 42% amino acid identity), while SEI is most similar to SEA, SEE, and SED (26 to 28% amino acid identity). Polyclonal antiserum was generated against purified histidine-tagged SEG and SEI (HisSEG and HisSEI). Immunoblot analysis of the enterotoxins, toxic-shock syndrome toxin 1, and SpeA with antiserum prepared against HisSEG and HisSEI revealed that SEG shares some epitopes with SEC1 while SEI does not.
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LI, SUIXIA, PANPAN WANG, JIALIN ZHAO, LUHONG ZHOU, PENGFEI ZHANG, CHENGYU FU, JIANGHONG MENG, and XIN WANG. "Characterization of Toxin Genes and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus from Retail Raw Chicken Meat." Journal of Food Protection 81, no. 4 (March 7, 2018): 528–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-309.
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ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to investigate the toxin gene profile and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from raw chicken in the People's Republic of China. In total, 289 S. aureus isolates were characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and genes encoding enterotoxins, exfoliative toxins, Panton-Valentine leukocidin, and toxic shock syndrome toxin were revealed by PCR. Overall, 46.0% of the isolates were positive for one or more toxin genes. A high proportion of toxin genes were pvl (26.6%), followed by sej (12.5%), sea (9.0%), seh (8.3%), seb (6.9%), sec (6.9%), sed (4.8%), sei (3.1%), and see (2.4%). None of the isolates harbored seg, tsst-1, or exfoliative toxin genes. In total, 29 toxin gene profiles were obtained, and pvl (10.7%) was the most frequent genotype, followed by sea (5.9%), seb (4.8%), and sej (4.2%). Furthermore, 99.7% of the strains were resistant to at least one of the tested antimicrobial agents, and 87.2% of them displayed multidrug resistance. Resistance was most frequently observed to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and erythromycin (86.2% for each), followed by tetracycline (69.9%), amoxicillin–clavulanic acid (45.0%), and ampicillin (42.6%). None of the strains were resistant to vancomycin. This study indicates that S. aureus isolates from raw chicken harbored multiple toxin genes and exhibited multiple antimicrobial resistance, which represents a potential health hazard for consumers.
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Moura, Emmanuella O., Adriano H. N. Rangel, Cláudia S. Macêdo, Stela A. Urbano, Luciano P. Novaes, and Dorgival M. Lima Júnior. "Enterotoxin-encoding genes in Staphylococcus aureus from buffalo milk." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 39, no. 8 (August 2019): 587–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6011.
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ABSTRACT: This paper investigated the occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus and the detection of enterotoxin-encoding genes of these strains in milk collected from 30 Murrah buffaloes used to produce dairy products in Brazil. A total of 68 strains of Staphylococcus aureus were found as identified by conventional laboratory tests, and thus screened for sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, seh and sei enterotoxin-encoding genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Twelve strains containing enterotoxin-amplified genes were found, with higher expression for the sei and seh genes. These results can be attributed to animal health and inadequate cleaning of the equipment, indicating the need for better quality control in animal production and health lines. The results of this study with the presence of pathogens and their enterotoxigenic potential indicate a source of food poisoning, as well as being a pioneering study in the detection of new enterotoxins for buffalo milk.
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Lopezosa, Carlos, Lluís Codina, Javier Díaz-Noci, and José-Antonio Ontalba. "SEO and the digital news media: From the workplace to the classroom." Comunicar 28, no. 63 (April 1, 2020): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3916/c63-2020-06.
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The constant struggle to attract new readers has led the digital news media to adopt search engine positioning strategies within their newsrooms. Given that readers are increasingly opting to consume their news via search engines, such as Google or Bing, this study explores perceptions and applications of search engine optimization (SEO) in the online news media and identifies the future training needs of journalists in this sector. To do so, 33 semi-structured interviews were conducted with individuals representative of three professional profiles: professional journalists, SEO consultants, and academics. Based on the data collected, we created five semantic categories – with 25 subcategories – and we correlated the perceptions of the SEO experts employed by the news media with those of the academics. The results highlight varying degrees of convergence and divergence in perceptions across these three professional profiles. Similarly, the results confirm the sector’s pressing need to attract readers by implementing search engine positioning techniques and, hence, its need to ensure future journalists are well trained in technical SEO, on-page SEO, off-page SEO, in the use of SEO analytics and audit tools, and in the ability to identify search trends so that they have the necessary skills to win the struggle for more readers. La lucha de los cibermedios para atraer nuevos lectores ha motivado el uso de estrategias de posicionamiento en buscadores en el seno de las redacciones periodísticas. Dado el consumo, cada vez más frecuente, de noticias a través de buscadores como Google o Bing, este trabajo explora la percepción y la aplicación de la optimización en buscadores (SEO) en los medios de comunicación online y determina las diferentes necesidades formativas de los futuros periodistas que quieran trabajar en este campo. Para ello, se realizaron 33 entrevistas semi-estructuradas a personas que representan tres perfiles profesionales diferentes: periodistas profesionales, consultores de SEO y profesores universitarios. A través de los datos recogidos, creamos cinco categorías semánticas –con 25 subcategorías– y correlacionamos las percepciones de los expertos en SEO que trabajan en empresas periodísticas con las percepciones de los profesores en el contexto académico. Los resultados confirman los diferentes grados de convergencia y divergencia entre estos tres perfiles profesionales. Asimismo, se reafirma la creciente necesidad de atraer lectores a través de técnicas de posicionamiento en buscadores, por lo que señalamos la necesidad de formar a los futuros periodistas en SEO técnico; en SEO On Page; en SEO Off Page; en herramienta analítica; en auditoría SEO; y en la capacidad de identificar tendencias de búsqueda para que estén cualificados con las competencias necesarias para afrontar la lucha por los públicos.
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BERNINI, VALENTINA, ELISA SGARBI, CLAUDIO GIORGIO BOVE, MONICA GATTI, and ERASMO NEVIANI. "A Polyphasic Approach To Detect Enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus and Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in Raw Milk Italian Cheeses by Multiplex PCR." Journal of Food Protection 73, no. 12 (December 1, 2010): 2281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-73.12.2281.
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A polyphasic approach was evaluated for the detection of eight staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE)–encoding genes (sea, sec, sed, seg, seh, sei, sej, sel) and the Escherichia coli genes most commonly associated with virulence factors (eae, elt, ipaH, stx) in traditional soft cheeses, manufactured artisanally from whole raw milk in the Lombardy region (northern Italy). To determine the presence of the target genes, two multiplex PCRs were performed on DNA extracted both directly from cheese samples (culture-independent approach) and from whole cultivable cells, formed by harvesting colonies from the first serial dilution agar plates of selective media, as representative of cultivable community (“bulk”). Genes associated with enteroinvasive E. coli, ipaH, and Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, stx, were detected in two of the bulk samples analyzed; no virulence genes were found by amplifying DNA directly extracted from cheeses. SE-encoding genes were found in three cheeses (sea in all three samples, associated with sed and sej in two of these). More SE-encoding genes were detected by amplifying DNA obtained from bulk samples: sea, sed, sej, sec, seg, sel, and sei. No samples harbored the gene encoding for SE type H. The polyphasic approach followed has been useful in enhancing detection of target genes. Our results indicate that some of the artisanal cheeses examined may constitute a potential hazard for consumer health.
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Violetta, Vinny, and Jenjang Sri Lestari. "PENGARUH KONSERVATISME AKUNTANSI TERHADAP ABNORMAL RETURN SAHAM PADA SAAT PENGUMUMAN SEASONED EQUITY OFFERINGS." MODUS 27, no. 1 (March 20, 2016): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24002/modus.v27i1.570.
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This study aims to determine the efect of conservatism against abnormal stock returns during the announcement of Seasoned Equity Oferings (SEO) companies listed on the Stock Exchange. Tis study was conducted to see the efect of accounting conservatism towards abnormal return during the announcement of SEO. Tis study also uses the control variables of size and leverage. The sample in this company using the 39 companies listed on the Stock Exchange and ofering additional shares during 2011-2013. Results from the study showed that conservatism has a signifcant positive efect on abnormal stock returns during the announcement of SEO. Control variables leverage signifcant negative efect on abnormal stock returns during the announcement of SEO. While size has no efect on abnormal stock returns during the announcement of SEO.Keywords: abnormal return, conservatism, leverage, seasoned equity ofering
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DRULĂ, Georgeta. "The Impact of SEO on News Websites. Understanding Audience Traffic and Engagement." Journal of Media Research 16, no. 3 (47) (November 30, 2023): 5–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/jmr.47.1.
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Search engine optimization (SEO) can enhance an article’s visibility on Google search, increase a news site’s search ranking, and drive audience traffic. Journalists are expected to possess SEO as a vital skill, even though each publication might have its unique approach. It is challenging to see what aspects of SEO are interesting for news sites and which aspects of it should be prioritized in content creation. This study explores the potential of SEO algorithms to increase traffic to news sites and analyze the relationship between Google’s algorithmic prioritization of content and audience engagement, as well as their impact on audience behavior towards specific content. This research shows how search-engine-optimized content drives significant audience traffic and presents the correlations between optimization solutions, audience traffic metrics, and audience engagement factors in sports news sites from Romania. The study focuses on sports news sites as content-specific sites and employs content optimization factors for Google as analysis criteria. In conclusion, this study indicates that optimizing content for search engines does not always result in significant traffic for sports news sites. The findings indicate that sports news sites prioritize off-page SEO and their profile of links over on-page or technical SEO.
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Brún, Fionntán de, and Gréagóir Ó. Dúill. "Seo mar atá?" Comhar 56, no. 7 (1997): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25573348.
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Carlson, Murray, Adlai Fisher, and Ron Giammarino. "SEO Risk Dynamics." Review of Financial Studies 23, no. 11 (October 6, 2010): 4026–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhq083.
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Кавгић, Александар Петар. "USE AND TEACHING OF SEO, VOICE AND TONE GUIEDLIENES:." Годишњак Филозофског факултета у Новом Саду 48, no. 1-2 (January 24, 2024): 45–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.19090/gff.v48i1-2.2381.
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This qualitative, case-study research analyses workplace English (WE) to determine how the interplay of voice and tone guidelines and search engine optimizations (SEO) guidelines shapes the use of English in marketing content of an IT companies, as well as how much English teaching at the IT company caters to the needs of WE users in that respect. The research is based on two main resources: 1) a corpus of approximately 40 blogs and 100 website news articles which were compiled into a corpus in their draft, reviewed and post-SEO versions and 2) learning materials used in English classes for, allegedly, improving WE, including voice, style and SEO skills. The research was conducted in two phases. First, the revisions and edits in the corpus were identified and mapped to voice, tone, style and SEO guidelines, in order to see if edits do indeed target these aspects of WE use. Secondly, the teaching materials were analyzed to identify how they were crafted to address the main issues identified in the use of WE in respect of tone, voice and, in particular, SEO. This approach is based on the rules of qualitative research in public relations and marketing communication (Daymon & Holloway, 2010). The research shows that, in addition to struggling with voice and tone guidelines, employees also have trouble meeting the SEO guidelines, which may all be due to suboptimal WE teaching and learning materials which put too much emphasis on fine details of English usage, but not on the specialized requirements of IT companies in terms of voice, tone, style and SEO. The research also provides guidelines for improving WE teaching practice in terms of style, voice and, crucially, SEO requirements.
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SONG, JAE WON, SOO JIN YANG, SOOK SHIN, KEUN SEOK SEO, YONG HO PARK, and KUN TAEK PARK. "Genotypic and Phenotypic Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Bovine Mastitic Milk in Korea." Journal of Food Protection 79, no. 10 (October 1, 2016): 1725–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-067.
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ABSTRACT Staphylococcus aureus is a major etiological pathogen for bovine mastitis, foodborne illness, and various clinical infections. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has been isolated from bovine mastitic milk, and the presence of MRSA in milk is a major public health concern. We investigated the frequency of MRSA isolation from mastitic raw milk in Korea and characterized the patterns of antimicrobial resistance, virulence, and genotypes of the MRSA isolates. A total of 1,222 raw milk samples were collected from 47 dairy farms in Gyeonggi province from 2011 to 2012. Of these samples, 649 were considered mastitic milk based on somatic cell counts of more than 200,000 cells per ml, and 165 S. aureus isolates (from 25.4% of samples) were obtained from these samples. Of these isolates, 23 (13.9%) collected from five farms were confirmed as MRSA by detection of the mecA gene. Disk diffusion and MIC tests for antibiotic resistance revealed that all MRSA isolates were resistant to four or more antimicrobial agents. All MRSA isolates had staphylococcal enterotoxin genes, and two clusters of these genes were identified: seg-sei-sek-sem-sen-seo (20 isolates, 87%) and sed-seg-sei-sej-sem-sen-seo (3 isolates, 13%). Each MRSA-positive farm had only one spa-SCCmec type. Nine MRSA isolates (39.1%) with the t324-IVa genotype, which is related to community-acquired MRSA infection, were isolated from three dairy farms. Additional genotypes of t148-IVa and t002-II were detected and related to human MRSA strains. Most MRSA isolates had distinct pulsed-field gel electrophoresis subtypes, indicating they were not the same clones. Only two isolates collected from the same farm during different years had an identical electrophoresis type, indicating persistence of the clone at this farm. Taken together, these findings may indicate an increased virulence and risk of MRSA strains on dairy farms. Therefore, an efficient surveillance and control program is needed to prevent the transmission of MRSA from animals to humans.
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Hoo, Wong Chee, Chong Kim Loy, Aw Yoke Cheng, Donna Tunong Sigar, Zamzul Khairi Bin Zulkifli, and Joannie Jomitol. "Impact of Search Engine Optimization Dimensions on SME Companies using Online Promotion in Malaysia." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS 20 (May 15, 2023): 998–1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23207.2023.20.92.
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This study aims to investigate the influence of Search Engine Optimization (SEO) aspects on Online Promotion among Malaysian SME companies. The literature identifies four SEO dimensions that influence Online Promotion: SEO Connectivity, SEO Competitiveness, SEO Experience, and SEO Techniques. The online survey received 153 responses from Malaysian SME service providers. In addition to descriptive statistics, the data were subjected to Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) analysis. The proposed framework builds a strong relationship between SEO Dimensions and Online Promotion for Malaysian SME businesses. According to the analysis findings, there is a significant relationship between SEO Competitiveness and Online Promotion for Malaysian SME businesses. In addition, the data found a significant relationship between SEO Experience and Online Promotion. The value of SEO Competitiveness and SEO Experience, as well as the responses to the study, show that these tactics are frequently used in Online Promotion for SME companies in Malaysia. The findings will help company decision-makers enhance their internet presence and reach. It may result in decreased marketing expenses and a rise in new clients, consequently boosting the company's sales revenue.
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Kurniawan, Heni, and Ch Rusiti. "ANALISIS KINERJA PERUSAHAAN PRE-SEASONED EQUITY OFFERINGS." KINERJA 8, no. 2 (January 25, 2017): 174–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24002/kinerja.v8i2.895.
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The aim of this research is to prove whether earnings management persists in prior to Seasoned Equity Offerings (SEO) at the Jakarta Stock Exchange. This research is conducted by comparing financial performances during periods before SEO of companies which execute seasoned equity offerings to those which did not. Samples for this research are companies listed in the Jakarta Stock Exchange during 1997 –2002. The hypothesis for this research is that the financial performances of companies executing SEO is higher than those companies not executing SEO. Proxy for SEO is the event of right issue. Current Ratio (CR), Debt Equity Ratio (DER), Return On Investment (ROI) ratio, Net Profit Margin (NPM) ratio, and Operating Profit Margin (OPM) ratio are used to assess financial performance. 47 companies make thesample of companies executing SEO during 1997 – 2002. For comparison, non-SEO companies are chosen from companies of similar industries and size as those of SEO companies.This research provides evidence that, on average, performances of companies executing SEO are higher than those companies not executing SEO, even though the difference is statistically insignificant. The conclusion for this research is that there are no significant financial performance differences between SEO companies and non SEO companies in the period prior to SEO. The indications of earnings management inthe event of SEO is found in a small numbers of companies.Keywords: Seasoned Equity Offerings, Right Issue, Earnings Management, and Jakarta Stock Exchange
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Liu, Xin-Sheng, Bo Gao, Xin-Lu Li, Wan-Nan Li, Zi-An Qiao, and Lu Han. "Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Essential Oil of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Receptacle." Molecules 25, no. 22 (November 11, 2020): 5244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225244.
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Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) contains active ingredients, such as flavonoids, alkaloids and tannins. Nevertheless, few studies have focused on essential oil from the receptacle of sunflower (SEO). In this work, we investigated the chemical composition and antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of SEO. The yield of SEO was about 0.42% (v/w) by hydrodistillation. A total of 68 volatile components of SEO were putatively identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The main constituents of SEO were α-pinene (26.00%), verbenone (7.40%), terpinolene (1.69%) and α-terpineol (1.27%). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of SEO against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus was 0.2 mg/mL. The MIC of SEO against S. cerevisiae was 3.2 mg/mL. The MIC of SEO against E. coli and Candida albicans was 6.4 mg/mL. The results showed that SEO had high antibacterial and antifungal activities. Three different analytical assays (DPPH, ABTS and iron ion reducing ability) were used to determine the antioxidant activities. The results showed that SEO had antioxidant activities. To summarize, the results in this study demonstrate the possibility for the development and application of SEO in potential natural preservatives and medicines due to its excellent antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.
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Pechová, A., B. Janštová, L. Mišurová, M. Dračková, L. Vorlová, and L. Pavlata. "Impact of Supplementation of Various Selenium Forms in Goats on Quality and Composition of Milk, Cheese and Yoghurt." Acta Veterinaria Brno 77, no. 3 (2008): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb200877030407.
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The objective of this experiment was to monitor the possibility of influencing the composition of milk and milk products by supplementing the feed of lactating goats with selenium in various forms (natrium selenite, selenium proteinate). The trial was carried out in 30 goats, divided into 3 groups: Group C (n = 10) was a control group, SeI group (n = 10) received selenium in the form of natrium selenite and SeO group (n = 10) in the form of lactate-protein complex produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus. Diverse selenium supplementations were carried out from 3.5–4 months before the date of delivery until the 2nd month of lactation. In the time span of 2 weeks, milk from individual goats was taken six times and cheeses and yoghurts were made from the mixed milk from individual groups. During the period of milking and making milk products, the goats in experimental groups received added 565 μg Se per animal and day in relevant forms. Long-term selenium supplementation in the form of natrium selenite/proteinate had no significant effect on the Se concentration in milk. Se concentration in milk of individual groups was as follows: C: 13.14 ± 4.21 μg l-1, SeI: 12.50 ± 5.59 μg l-1, SeO: 12.47 ± 3.71 μg l-1. Similarly, no significant differences in the selenium concentration were determined in yoghurts (C: 17.13 ± 5.40 μg kg-1, SeI: 18.12 ± 5.49 μg kg-1, SeO: 19.69 ± 6.48 μg kg-1) and cheeses (C: 68.79 ± 7.14 μg kg-1, SeI: 70.41 ± 6.22 μg kg-1, SeO: 69.66 ± 12.68 μg kg-1) made from milk of individual goats groups. Apart from selenium concentration in milk and milk products, we also monitored other quality indicators that might have been influenced by selenium supplementation in the goats' feed. Among qualitative milk indicators, we found significantly lower titration acidity and significantly higher rennetability in SeI group. We also determined a significantly higher fat concentration in milk of SeO group compared to the other two groups. Indicators monitored during production of yoghurts and cheeses were not influenced significantly, only fat concentration in yoghurts was higher in SeO group compared to SeI group. Supplementation of selenium in the form of natrium selenite and selenium proteinate exceeding the physiological needs of goats had no significant effect on the Se concentration in milk and milk products.
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Миндубаев, Рамазан. "SEO-продвижение сайтов на зарубежные рынки." Интернет-маркетинг 4 (2022): 316–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.36627/2619-1369-2022-4-4-316-334.
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Huang, Han-Ching, and Hsiu-Hsin Chiu. "Insider Trading and the Classification of Seasoned Equity Offerings: Evidence from Taiwan." International Journal of Economics and Finance 9, no. 5 (April 15, 2017): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v9n5p58.
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This paper investigates whether insider purchasing or selling before Season equity offerings (SEO) announcement have the impact on the cumulative abnormal returns (CAR) around SEO announcement in Taiwan. We find that there are negative announcement effects around the SEO announcement, which is not consistent with the argument that there are usually positive announcement effects around the SEO announcement in Taiwan. Moreover, long-run abnormal returns following SEOs are negative. Therefore, the motivation of SEO has changed from investment to overvaluation.. Although there is net buying prior to SEO announcement, the outside investors still regard SEO announcement as a signal of overvaluation instead of growth potential.
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Bella Sri Lestari, Ni Komang, and Dewa Gede Wirama. "Perbandingan Reaksi Pasar atas Seasoned Equity Offering dengan Tujuan Investasi dan Membayar Utang." E-Jurnal Akuntansi 30, no. 10 (October 27, 2020): 2629. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/eja.2020.v30.i10.p15.
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This research compares market reaction to seasoned equity offering (SEO) with investment purpose and debt repayment purpose. The research was triggered by pecking order theory’s. The sample of this research is 62 Indonesian public companies that carried out SEO during the 2013 to 2019 period. The SEO announcement date is used as event date. The event window is five days around the event date. Abnormal return is measured by market-adjusted model. The result of independent sample t-test shows that market reaction to SEO with investment purpose is better than market reaction to SEO with debt repayment purpose. Average cumulative abnormal return (CAR) of SEO with investment purpose is 0.038 and for SEO with debt repayment purpose is minus 0.006. The difference is statistically significant (p-value=0.011). Therefore, it is concluded that markets response to additional equity offering, in this case using SEO, depends on the purpose of the SEO.
Keywords: Seasoned Equity Offering; Market Reaction; Abnormal Return; Market-Adjusted Model.
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Hariguna, Taqwa. "Implementation of Search Engine Optimization (SEO) in e-Commerce Website Using on Page SEO and off Page SEO." International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering 9, no. 4 (August 25, 2020): 5481–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.30534/ijatcse/2020/189942020.
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Woo, Yeon-hwa. "A Study on the Gwanguk theory of [Japyeongsam myeongtongbyeonyeonwon]: focused on a comparison with [Myeongtongbu]." Barun Academy of History 18 (February 29, 2024): 227–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.55793/jkhc.2024.18.227.
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This study examines how Seo Ja-pyeong's Gwangyeok theory(官格論) was inherited and changed to Seo Da-seung. Jeonggwangyeok(正官格) emphasized the strength of Ilgan(日干) and Jeonggwan(正官) together. In addition, not to be destroyed by Hyeongchungpahae(刑沖破害), not to see Sanggwan(傷官). Pyeongwangyeok(偏官格) emphasized the strength of Ilgan(日干) and Pyeongwan(偏官) together and It emphasized the use of changing Pyeongwan(偏官). If Jeonggwan(正官) and Pyeongwan(偏官) are together, It should leave only one. Japgijaegwangyeok(雜氣財官格) is when Wolji(月支) is Japgi(雜氣), If Gwan(官) from Jijanggan(支藏干) becomes Tugan(透干), think Gyeok(格). Seo Dae-seung inherited most of the conditions and characteristics of Jeonggwangyeok(正官格) and characteristics of the establishment and Pyeongwangyeok(偏官格) focused more on the ominousness of Pyeongwan(偏官), which could not be corrected and replaced, and spoke of Pyeongwan(偏官) in relation to poverty. Seo Ja-pyeong only hinted at the existence of Jijanggan(支藏干) and Tugan(透干) but Seo Dae-seung formally adopted Japgijaegwangyeok(雜氣財官格) considering Tugan(透干).
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Sheffield, Jenna Pack. "Search Engine Optimization and Business Communication Instruction: Interviews With Experts." Business and Professional Communication Quarterly 83, no. 2 (January 13, 2020): 153–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2329490619890335.
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Search engine optimization (SEO), or the set of practices involved in attaining a high ranking in search engine results, is a web writing skill that requires more attention in business communication pedagogy, because SEO helps businesses attract customers. This article presents the results of interviews with seven SEO experts on SEO best practices and describes how to integrate SEO into business communication courses.
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Bolanle-Ojo, O. I., and M. K. C. Sridhar. "Survival and phyto-extraction of heavy metals by Nauclea diderrichii (De Wild. & T. Durand) Merr. plantlets in spent engine oil medium." Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and the Social Sciences 19, no. 1 (December 13, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/joafss.v19i1.1.
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Investigation was carried out on the phyto-extraction potentials of Nauclea diderrichii grown in tissue culture medium contaminated with spent engine oil with a view to determining the suitability of this tree species to remediate polluted soils for reclamation. This experiment was carried out in the Biotechnology Research Center, Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan, Oyo State. The experimental design used for this study was Completely Randomized Design with 9 treatments replicated 5 times. Concentrations 0 (control), 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 0.4 ml of spent engine oil (SEO) from diesel and petrol engines were applied to the medium of the plantlets. The survival of the plantlets was monitored while amount of heavy metals (Lead and Cadmium) present in the plantlets were assessed after 2 months. Data collected were subjected to descriptive analysis. After 2 months, results showed that 100 % of the plantlets without the application of SEO (control) survived, 60% of the plantlets subjected to 0.1 ml of SEO from diesel engine (D) and 0.1 ml of SEO from petrol engine (P) survived. Forty percent (40 %) of the plantlets subjected to 0.2 ml SEO from D and 0.2 ml SEO from P survived, 20 % of the plantlets subjected to 0.3 ml SEO from D and 0.3 ml SEO from P survived while plantlets subjected to 0.4 ml SEO from D and 0.4 ml SEO from P did not survive. There was difference in the amount of lead and cadmium of N. diderrichii plantlets subjected to different SEO from diesel and petrol engines. The Pb and Cd content in the tissue of plantlets subjected to SEO from petrol engine was higher than that of plantlets subjected to SEO from diesel engine. This might be due to the viscousity of the different SEO. The study revealed that contamination of the culture medium with SEO from both diesel and petrol engines can lead to a gradual accumulation of heavy metals showing the phytoremediation potentials of N. diderrichii. This study has been able to show that tissue cultured plantlets of N. diderrichii have the ability/potential to phyto-extract heavy metals from SEO contaminated medium.
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OBAIDAT, MOHAMMAD M., ALAA E. BANI SALMAN, and SHAWKAT Q. LAFI. "Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in Imported Fish and Correlations between Antibiotic Resistance and Enterotoxigenicity." Journal of Food Protection 78, no. 11 (November 1, 2015): 1999–2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-104.
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A total of 156 Staphylococcus aureus isolates were obtained from 330 imported fresh fish samples from three countries. Selective media were used for the isolation of S. aureus, and the isolates were confirmed by PCR. The isolates were tested for mecA gene, antibiotic resistance, and enterotoxin genes (sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, seh, and sei). Most isolates carried sea, seg, and sei genes, and seg-sei was the most frequent enterotoxin profile. About 88.5% of the S. aureus exhibited resistance to at least one antibiotic. High resistance to penicillin and ampicillin; low resistance to tetracycline, erythromycin, rifampin, and clindamycin; and very low resistance to cefotaxime, amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin were exhibited by S. aureus from the three countries. In addition, some antibiotic resistance exhibited a strong correlation (P ≤ 0.01) with enterotoxigenicity in S. aureus. The study concluded that the large amount of globally traded fish increases the possibility of intercontinental transmission of enterotoxigenic and multidrug-resistant S. aureus through fish and highlights the potential influence of local fish handling and processing on consumer health worldwide. The introduction of periodic training in food safety and hygiene is essential to increase fish handlers' awareness of good hygienic practices in handling fish. These findings also enrich the ongoing debate about the risk of methicillin- and multidrug-resistant S. aureus as a foodborne pathogen compared with drug-susceptible S. aureus.
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Roumeliotis, Konstantinos I., and Nikolaos D. Tselikas. "A Machine Learning Python-Based Search Engine Optimization Audit Software." Informatics 10, no. 3 (August 25, 2023): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/informatics10030068.
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In the present-day digital landscape, websites have increasingly relied on digital marketing practices, notably search engine optimization (SEO), as a vital component in promoting sustainable growth. The traffic a website receives directly determines its development and success. As such, website owners frequently engage the services of SEO experts to enhance their website’s visibility and increase traffic. These specialists employ premium SEO audit tools that crawl the website’s source code to identify structural changes necessary to comply with specific ranking criteria, commonly called SEO factors. Working collaboratively with developers, SEO specialists implement technical changes to the source code and await the results. The cost of purchasing premium SEO audit tools or hiring an SEO specialist typically ranges in the thousands of dollars per year. Against this backdrop, this research endeavors to provide an open-source Python-based Machine Learning SEO software tool to the general public, catering to the needs of both website owners and SEO specialists. The tool analyzes the top-ranking websites for a given search term, assessing their on-page and off-page SEO strategies, and provides recommendations to enhance a website’s performance to surpass its competition. The tool yields remarkable results, boosting average daily organic traffic from 10 to 143 visitors.
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Bello, Rotimi-Williams, and Firstman Noah Otobo. "Conversion of Website Users to Customers-The Black Hat SEO Technique." International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 8, no. 6 (June 29, 2018): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.23956/ijarcsse.v8i6.714.
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Search Engine Optimization (SEO) is a technique which helps search engines to find and rank one site over another in response to a search query. SEO thus helps site owners to get traffic from search engines. Although the basic principle of operation of all search engines is the same, the minor differences between them lead to major changes in results relevancy. Choosing the right keywords to optimize for is thus the first and most crucial step to a successful SEO campaign. In the context of SEO, keyword density can be used as a factor in determining whether a webpage is relevant to a specified keyword or keyword phrase. SEO is known for its contribution as a process that affects the online visibility of a website or a webpage in a web search engine's results. In general, the earlier (or higher ranked on the search results page), and more frequently a website appears in the search results list, the more visitors it will receive from the search engine's users; these visitors can then be converted into customers. It is the objective of this paper to re-present black hat SEO technique as an unprofessional but profitable method of converting website users to customers. Having studied and understood white hat SEO, black hat SEO, gray hat SEO, crawling, indexing, processing and retrieving methods used by search engines as a web software program or web based script to search for documents and files for keywords over the internet to return the list of results containing those keywords; it would be seen that proper application of SEO gives website a better user experience, SEO helps build brand awareness through high rankings, SEO helps circumvent competition, and SEO gives room for high increased return on investment.
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Maitra, Subhradeep, Laxminarayan Sahoo, Supriyan Sen, and Kalishankar Tiwary. "Comparison of Websites Employing Search Engine Optimization and Live Data." Journal of Computer Science Research 5, no. 2 (April 17, 2023): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/jcsr.v5i2.5536.
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This study compares websites that take live data into account using search engine optimization (SEO). A series of steps called search engine optimization can help a website rank highly in search engine results. Static websites and dynamic websites are two different types of websites. Static websites must have the necessary expertise in programming compatible with SEO. Whereas in dynamic websites, one can utilize readily available plugins/modules. The fundamental issue of all website holders is the lower level of page rank, congestion, utilization, and exposure of the website on the search engine. Here, the authors have studied the live data of four websites as the real-time data would indicate how the SEO strategy may be applied to website page rank, page difficulty removal, and brand query, etc. It is also necessary to choose relevant keywords on any website. The right keyword might assist to increase the brand query while also lowering the page difficulty both on and off the page. In order to calculate Off-page SEO, On-page SEO, and SEO Difficulty, the authors examined live data in this study and chose four well-known Indian university and institute websites for this study: www.caluniv.ac.in, www.jnu.ac.in, www.iima.ac.in, and www.iitb.ac.in. Using live data and SEO, the authors estimated the Off-page SEO, On-page SEO, and SEO Difficulty. It has been shown that the Off-page SEO of www.caluniv.ac.in is lower than that of www.jnu.ac.in, www.iima.ac.in, and www.iitb.ac.in by 9%, 7%, and 7%, respectively. On-page SEO is, in comparison, 4%, 1%, and 1% more. Every university has continued to keep up its own brand query. Additionally, www.caluniv.ac.in has slightly less SEO Difficulty compared to other websites. The final computed results have been displayed and compared.
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Dissanayake, Kasun, Mohamed Rifky, Mohamed Jesfar, Jasur Makhmayorov, Shokir Rakhimkulov, and Bakhodir Abdullayev. "Technology Development to Measure Chemical and Oxidative Stability of Edible Oils Using Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1275, no. 1 (November 1, 2023): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1275/1/012007.
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Abstract Polyunsaturated fatty acids are considered a benefit for human consumption because they are available in edible oils and enhance their susceptibility to oxidation. The Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) method was applied to evaluate the oxidation in edible oils and the chemical changes. The oxidation could be accelerated by the application of heat with air. Therefore, five types of oils, soybean oil (SBO), sunflower oil (SFO), sesame oil (SEO), corn oil (CRO), and palm oil (PAO), were taken and heated at the temperature of 85±2°C with aeration at the rate of 5 L/sec for 55 hours continuously. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were determined to compare the results. Comparing the spectra of exposed and unexposed oils, PAO and CRO have undergone fewer changes than other oils, whereas more changes have occurred in SFO than other oils. Between the other two oils, SEO showed the highest level of oxidation, followed by SBO. Results obtained in this study indicate that FT-IR is a proper rapid technique for measuring oxidation in edible oil.
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Bregadioli, G. C., F. C. Pinto, J. M. Curti, S. L. O. Camilo, K. K. M. C. Flaiban, and J. A. N. Lisbôa. "Impacto de diferentes soluções eletrolíticas orais sobre a glicemia e os equilíbrios hídrico, eletrolítico e ácido-base de bezerros neonatos sadios." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 70, no. 5 (October 2018): 1433–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-10211.
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RESUMO Este trabalho objetivou estudar os efeitos de quatro soluções eletrolíticas orais (SEO) comerciais, de uma SEO não comercial (SEO UEL) e da solução de ringer com lactato (SRL), sobre a glicemia e os equilíbrios hídrico, eletrolítico e ácido-base de bezerros neonatos sadios. Utilizaram-se seis bezerros, os quais receberam todas as seis SEO, uma por vez, e cada tratamento foi realizado no período de um dia. Amostras de sangue venoso foram coletadas, em diferentes momentos do dia de tratamento, para a determinação da proteína plasmática total, glicemia e hemogasometria. Valores de SID3 e variação do volume plasmático foram calculados. A análise de variância de medidas repetidas foi empregada para comparação entre os momentos e as soluções. As SEO não provocaram alterações de magnitude alta ou prolongadas nos equilíbrios hídrico, eletrolítico e ácido-base dos bezerros. Pode-se concluir que todas as SEO, à exceção da SEO A, originaram expansão da volemia. As SEO B e C originaram efeito alcalinizante, enquanto a D afetou a glicemia, e a SRL aumentou a cloremia. A SEO UEL não produziu nenhum efeito marcante além da expansão do volume plasmático.
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Woen, Angela, Chatrine Sylvia, and Fandi Halim. "Penerapan Teknik SEO Untuk Peningkatan Potensi Pemasaran Peralatan Pemadam Kebakaran." Jurdimas (Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat) Royal 5, no. 2 (May 17, 2022): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33330/jurdimas.v5i2.1315.
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Abstract: Sinar Jaya store is a store that sells fire extinguishers in Medan city. In majority, this store still serves transactions by accepting customer to the store directly. Since the COVID-19 pandemic has lasted for so long, this store has begun to explore technology by utilizing Instagram as social media and having a website which can be accessed via www.sinarjayamedan.com as a medium to introduce the store, market the products digitally and increase business legitimacy. However, existing web pages must be optimized further to improve the ability of Toko Sinar Jaya in response to marketing needs. The measurement results using 2 (two) Search Engine Optimization (SEO) measurement websites show an average score of 61,5 out of a scale of 100. Thus, this community service activity is aimed at increasing this SEO score. SEO activities are carried out by using the on-page SEO method on existing web pages and continued with Content Management training for off-page SEO implementation. On-page SEO is carried out with activities including the installation of the Yoast SEO plugin, keyword research, visibility and permalink settings, Google Search Console, Google Analytics, sitemap generator and schema markup. The SEO score then increased significantly from 61,5 to 74,5. Keywords: inbound marketing; micro, small and medium enterprise; search engine optimization (SEO) Abstrak: Toko Sinar Jaya merupakan toko yang menjual alat-alat pemadam kebakaran di kota Medan. Secara mayoritas, toko ini masih melayani transaksi langsung dengan menerima kedatangan pelanggan ke toko. Sejak pandemi COVID-19 yang berlangsung telah begitu lama, toko ini mulai mengeksplorasi teknologi dengan memanfaatkan media sosial Instagram dan memiliki website yang bisa diakses lewat www.sinarjayamedan.com sebagai media untuk memperkenalkan toko, memasarkan produk secara digital dan meningkatkan legitimasi bisnis. Namun demikian, laman web yang ada harus dioptimalkan lagi untuk lebih meningkatkan kemampuan Toko Sinar Jaya dalam menjawab kebutuhan pemasaran. Hasil pengukuran menggunakan 2 (dua) website pengukuran Search Engine Optimization (SEO) masih menunjukkan rata-rata skor 61,5 dari skala 100. Kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini ditujukan untuk meningkatkan skor SEO ini. Kegiatan SEO dilakukan secara on-page terhadap laman web dan dilanjutkan dengan pelatihan Content Management untuk implementasi SEO secara off-page. SEO on-page dilakukan dengan kegiatan meliputi Instalasi plugin Yoast SEO, keyword research, visibility and permalink setting, Google Search Console, Google Analytics, sitemap generator dan schema markup. Skor SEO kemudian meningkat dengan cukup signifikan dari angka 61,5 menjadi 74,5. Kata kunci: inbound marketing; search engine optimization (SEO); usaha mikro, kecil dan menengah (UMKM)
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Calvin Kosno, Philips, Ahyar Muawwal, and Arfan Yunus. "IMPLEMENTASI SEARCH ENGINE OPTIMIZATION PADA WEBSITE LELANGYUK UNTUK MENINGKATKAN RANKING SEARCH ENGINE RESULT PAGE (SERP)." JTRISTE 9, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 56–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.55645/jtriste.v9i1.364.
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Website Lelangyuk adalah platform lelang berbasis website yang menyediakan tempat untuk bertransaksi secara online. Namun pengunjung pada website Lelangyuk masih sangat kurang sehingga perlu melakukan peningkatan ranking SERP pada website Lelangyuk. Implementasi search engine optimization (SEO) dilakukan untuk meningkatkan ranking SERP website Lelangyuk dengan menggunakan kata kunci yang telah ditentukan. Search engine optimization (SEO) yang digunakan adalah metode SEO On Page, dimana pengumpulan data diperoleh dengan melakukan pengamatan pada website Lelangyuk menggunakan bantuan beberapa tools seperti Google Analytics, SEO Site Checkup, dan SERPROBOT untuk mengukur hasil sebelum dan sesudah implementasi. Setelah melakukan implementasi SEO website mengalami peningkatan nilai SEO dari 67/100 menjadi 79/100, namun masih belum terjadi peningkatan ranking SERP pada website berdasarkan kata kunci tertentu. Kesimpulan pada penelitian ini adalah implementasi metode search engine optimization (SEO) On Page pada website Lelangyuk tidak optimal untuk meningkatkan ranking SERP.