Journal articles on the topic 'Sentenze interpretative'
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Kozbagarov, Olzhas, Rustam Mussabayev, and Nenad Mladenovic. "A New Sentence-Based Interpretative Topic Modeling and Automatic Topic Labeling." Symmetry 13, no. 5 (May 10, 2021): 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13050837.
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This article presents a new conceptual approach for the interpretative topic modeling problem. It uses sentences as basic units of analysis, instead of words or n-grams, which are commonly used in the standard approaches.The proposed approach’s specifics are using sentence probability evaluations within the text corpus and clustering of sentence embeddings. The topic model estimates discrete distributions of sentence occurrences within topics and discrete distributions of topic occurrence within the text. Our approach provides the possibility of explicit interpretation of topics since sentences, unlike words, are more informative and have complete grammatical and semantic constructions inside. The method for automatic topic labeling is also provided. Contextual embeddings based on the BERT model are used to obtain corresponding sentence embeddings for their subsequent analysis. Moreover, our approach allows big data processing and shows the possibility of utilizing the combination of internal and external knowledge sources in the process of topic modeling. The internal knowledge source is represented by the text corpus itself and often it is a single knowledge source in the traditional topic modeling approaches. The external knowledge source is represented by the BERT, a machine learning model which was preliminarily trained on a huge amount of textual data and is used for generating the context-dependent sentence embeddings.
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Takahashi, Satomi, and Herbert L. Roitblat. "Comprehension process of second language indirect requests." Applied Psycholinguistics 15, no. 4 (October 1994): 475–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400006883.
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ABSTRACTThis study examined the comprehension of English conventional indirect requests by native English speakers and Japanese learners of English. Subjects read stories inducing either a conventional or a literal interpretation of a priming sentence. Reading speeds did not vary as a function of the interpretation. Subsequent target sentences that paraphrased either the literal or the conventional interpretation of the prime sentence were read more quickly when they paraphrased a conventional interpretation of the sentence than when they paraphrased a literal interpretation. Target sentences were also read more quickly if they paraphrased the interpretation induced by the context than if they did not match. The results suggest that both native and nonnative speakers process both meanings of an ambiguous conventional request.
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Polyakov, O. M. "Linguistic Data Model for Natural Languages and Artificial Intelligence. Part 6. The Еxternal Logic." Discourse 7, no. 2 (April 29, 2021): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32603/2412-8562-2021-7-2-127-134.
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Introduction. The article continues a series of publications on the linguistics of the relationship (hereafter R-linguistics) and is concerned with the semantic interpretation in terms of the linguistic model that is the initial stage to consider the logic of natural language (external logic).Methodology and sources. The results obtained in the previous parts of the series are used as research tools. In particular, the verbal categorization method is used to represent concepts and verbs. To develop the necessary mathematical representations in the field of logic and semantics of natural language, the previously formulated concept of the interpretation operator is used. The interpretation operator maps the sentences of the language into the model, taking into account the previously interpreted sentences.Results and discussion. The problems that arise during the operation of the natural language interpretation operator are analyzed using examples of text translation and utterance algebra. The source of problems is the dependence of the interpretation of sentences on the already accumulated results of interpretation. The features of the interpretation of negation and double negation in the language are analyzed. In particular, the negation of a sentence affects the interpretation of previous sentences, and double negation usually denotes a single negation with an indication of its scope. It is shown that even from the point of view of classical logic, linguistic negation is not unconditional, and the operation of concatenation is not commutative and associative. General rules of text interpretation in the form of step-by-step mapping of sentence elements into a linguistic model are formulated.Conlcusion. From the considered examples of the implementation of the interpretation operator, it follows that the negation of a sentence requires a change in the meaning of the operation of attributing sentences in the text. For this reason, the negative particle ”not” in the language is actually a label for changing the interpretation rule. The double negation rule in sentence logic does not hold, so sentences containing double negations are likely to contain information about the scope of the sentence negation in the text. Based on the analysis, the contours of the interpretation operator for the linguistic model are indicated.
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Gass, Susan M. "Sentence matching: a re-examination." Second Language Research 17, no. 4 (October 2001): 421–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026765830101700407.
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This article examines sentence matching, a methodology frequently used in the second language (L2) literature to determine notions of grammaticality of nonnative speakers (NNS). Native speakers (NS) of French and L2 learners of French performed a sentence-matching task focusing on three areas of French grammar: adverb placement, subject-verb agreement and clitic-pronoun placement. In sentence-matching tasks participants respond to two sentences on a computer screen indicating whether the two sentences are identical or not. In general, grammatical sentences are responded to faster than ungrammatical sentences and have been used in the L2 literature as a way of determining grammatical knowledge. The results from the NSs of French show that when there is a high degree of difficulty in interpretation of ungrammatical sentences, sentence matching is a useful tool for determining grammaticality. For NNSs there is little evidence that sentence matching predicts grammaticality. A traditional acceptability judgement task was administered to NNSs. Sentence-matching did not correlate with NNS’s individual notions of grammaticality. Issues of proficiency level and the nature of ungrammatical sentences are important determinants when considering the validity of sentence-matching as a research tool.
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YOSHIMURA, YUKI, and BRIAN MacWHINNEY. "The use of pronominal case in English sentence interpretation." Applied Psycholinguistics 31, no. 4 (August 27, 2010): 619–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716410000160.
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ABSTRACTThis study examined adult English native speakers' processing of sentences in which pronominal case marking conflicts with word order. Previous research has shown that English speakers rely heavily on word order for assigning case roles during sentence interpretation. However, in terms of cue reliability measures, we should expect English pronominal case to be nearly as strong a cue as word order. The current study examined this issue by asking subjects to interpret grammatical and ungrammatical sentences in which case competes with word order. The results indicated that word order remains the strongest cue in English, even when the case-marking cue is available. However, for noncanonical word orders, the case-marking cue had a strong effect on sentence interpretation.
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Irmen, Lisa, and Nadja Roßberg. "How Formal Versus Semantic Gender Influences the Interpretation of Person Denotations." Swiss Journal of Psychology 65, no. 3 (September 2006): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185.65.3.157.
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Two studies assessed how gender-marked person denotations in German are interpreted in contrast to their unmarked counterparts in English. Participants read sentences about national groups denoted by nouns of masculine gender in German (Experiment 1) and by gender-unmarked nouns in English (Experiment 2). These statements were followed by a sentence that contained a reference to the subject of the first sentence and expressed either stereotypically feminine, stereotypically masculine, or gender-neutral content. Reading times for the second sentences indicate the ease of reference resolution which depends on the fit between the first sentence’s subject and the gender relatedness of the second sentence. Results show that grammatical gender in German slowed down the reading of information that was mismatched as to gender. No effect occurred in the English study. Results are discussed in terms of the theoretical framework of scenario mapping and focus ( Sanford & Garrod, 1981 , 1998 ).
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Bill, Cory, Elena Pagliarini, Jacopo Romoli, Lyn Tieu, and Stephen Crain. "Children’s Interpretation of Sentences Containing Multiple Scalar Terms." Journal of Semantics 38, no. 4 (November 2021): 601–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jos/ffab016.
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Abstract Sentences containing the scalar term “some”, such as “The pig carried some of his rocks”, are usually interpreted as conveying the scalar inference that the pig did not carry all of his rocks. Previous research has reported that when interpreting such sentences, children tend to derive fewer of these scalar inferences than adults ( Noveck (2001); Papafragou & Musolino (2003); Guasti et al. (2005), among others). One approach to explaining these results contends that children have difficulties accessing the alternative sentences involved in the derivation of such scalar inferences. This ‘Alternatives-based’ approach raises the possibility that children’s performance may improve if certain scalar terms are presented together in the same sentence, for example, if a sentence contains both an existential quantifier and a universal quantifier, as in “Every pig carried some of his rocks”. Such ‘EverySome’ sentences have been associated with the inference that not every pig carried all of his rocks, as well as the stronger inference that none of the pigs carried all of his rocks (see Chemla & Spector (2011), among others). We present two experiments that explore the possibility that children might more readily derive scalar inferences from sentences containing such a combination of scalar terms. Experiment 1 investigates children’s interpretation of sentences containing only the quantifier some and replicates the previously established finding of fewer inference-based interpretations by children compared to adults. Experiment 2 explores children’s interpretation of sentences in which “some” is embedded under “every”, and reveals that adults and children access inference-based interpretations of such sentences at similar rates. Moreover, adults and children appear to differ with regards to which of the two possible inferences their interpretations are based on. We discuss the implications of the experimental results for our understanding of children’s acquisition of scalar inferences and for proposals that attempt to capture differences between adults’ and children’s interpretive preferences.
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NOTLEY, ANNA, PENG ZHOU, BRITTA JENSEN, and STEPHEN CRAIN. "Children's interpretation of disjunction in the scope of ‘before’: a comparison of English and Mandarin." Journal of Child Language 39, no. 3 (July 27, 2011): 482–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000911000092.
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ABSTRACTThis study investigates three- to five-year-old children's interpretation of disjunction in sentences like ‘The dog reached the finish line before the turtle or the bunny’. English disjunction has a conjunctive interpretation in such sentences (‘The dog reached the finish line before the turtle and before the bunny’). This interpretation conforms with classical logic. Mandarin disjunction (‘huozhe’) can take scope over ‘before’ (‘zai … zhiqian’), so the same sentence can mean ‘The dog reached the finish line before the turtle or before the bunny (I don't know which)’. If children are guided by adult input in the acquisition of sentence meanings, English- and Mandarin-speaking children should assign different interpretations to such sentences. If children are guided by logical principles, then children acquiring either language should initially assign the conjunctive interpretation of disjunction. A truth-value judgment task was used to test this prediction and English- and Mandarin-speaking children were found to behave similarly.
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Lee, Tae-Hyung. "Ear Voice Span in English into Korean Simultaneous Interpretation." Meta 47, no. 4 (August 30, 2004): 596–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/008039ar.
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Abstract A computer-aided analysis of some 800 sentences taken from English into Korean simultaneous interpretation(SI) revealed that the average ear-voice-span (EVS) is 3 seconds. Statistical analysis showed that speaker variables, including the length of original English sentence, wpm, and pauses affected the length of EVS, and the EVS, in turn, affected the interpreter variables. When the EVS is lengthened, Korean interpreters increased the speed of their target language (TL) delivery to catch up with the speaker. Long EVS had a negative effect, not only on the quality of the sentence being processed, but also on the processing of the following sentence.
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EISENBERG, SARITA. "Interpretation of relative clauses by young children: another look." Journal of Child Language 29, no. 1 (February 2002): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000901004986.
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Interpretation of relative clauses sentences was investigated by having sixteen children between the ages of 3;5 and 4;6 act out sentences within four conditions that varied the number of potential referents for each noun within the sentence. No difference in interpretation accuracy was found between felicitous and infelicitous conditions or between biased and neutral conditions. This result raises problems for the view that children of this age know the pragmatic principles for interpreting relative clauses.
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Humaira, Humaira. "DIFFERENT INTERPRETATION OF AMBIGUITIES SENTENCES (A Study of Class C the Second Semester Postgraduate Students Majoring English of State University of Semarang)." Paedagoria | FKIP UMMat 6, no. 2 (February 4, 2018): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31764/paedagoria.v6i2.169.
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Ambiguityis strictly speaking, used to describe aword, phrase, or sentence when it has more thanone interpretation.Sometimes we found many ambiguities sentences when we are reading or listen to the English sentences. Multiinterpretations not only happen from the English language learners, but also in native speakers themselves. Thisstudy investigated about is there any different interpretation of ambiguities sentences made by students of class c,second semester students of PPs Unnes?, and what types of ambiguous sentence majority missing in theirtranslating. The objectives of study were to know that the students of PPs Unnes have different interpretations whenthey are translating the ambiguities sentences and to identifying the types of ambiguities. This study used descriptivequalitative approach; ten postgraduate students from Class C PPs Unnes participated in this study as respondents.All were university students majoring in English. They were given 5 ambiguous sentences. Sentences includedifferent sources of ambiguity such as, structural ambiguity, and lexical ambiguity. The subjects were asked totranslate the sentences into Indonesian language. The result of study presented that participants who are not nativespeakers of English exhibited the different interpretations in translate both the given types of ambiguous sentences.Almost all of ten respondents have different interpretations in each ambiguous sentence. Most respondents showdifferent translating majority in lexical ambiguous sentences.
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Nagata, Hiroshi. "Reflexive Resolution in Nonlogophoric Garden Path Sentences in Japanese." Perceptual and Motor Skills 82, no. 2 (April 1996): 563–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1996.82.2.563.
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This study was done to establish a garden path effect Japanese speakers might experience when resolving the reflexive, jibun, involved in biased (as opposed to unbiased) nonlogophoric sentences. The reflexive in the biased sentences was manipulated to be bound to a subject of a subordinate sentence (subordinate-subject) despite its being ordinarily associated with a subject of a matrix sentence (matrix-subject). Such manipulation was not performed for the unbiased sentences. Thus the speakers given the former sentences were expected to be garden-pathed. 56 students identified quickly and accurately, when given a marker, the antecedent of the reflexive with the marker given to them either immediately after a subordinate verb phrase or immediately after the end of a sentence following a matrix verb. Findings showed a clear interaction between sentence type and marker position. The rate of subordinate-subject as the judged antecedent of the reflexive remained low (19.1% on average) across the two marker positions for the speakers given the unbiased sentences, whereas for those given the biased sentences it increased from 16.7% to 40.5%. This indicates that the speakers actually go down a garden path and need a certain length of time to attain the ultimate interpretation of the sentences.
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MONTGOMERY, JAMES W., JULIA L. EVANS, RONALD B. GILLAM, ALEXANDER V. SERGEEV, and MIANISHA C. FINNEY. "“Whatdunit?” Developmental changes in children's syntactically based sentence interpretation abilities and sensitivity to word order." Applied Psycholinguistics 37, no. 6 (November 25, 2015): 1281–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716415000570.
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ABSTRACTAim 1 of this study was to examine the developmental changes in typically developing English-speaking children's syntactically based sentence interpretation abilities and sensitivity to word order. Aim 2 was to determine the psychometric standing of the novel sentence interpretation task developed for this study, because we wish to use it later with children with specific language impairment. Children listened to semantically implausible sentences in which noun animacy and the natural affordance between the nouns were removed, thus controlling for event probability. Using this novel “whatdunit?” agent selection task, 256 children 7–11 years old listened to two structures with canonical word order and two with noncanonical word order. After each sentence, children selected as quickly as possible the picture of the noun they believed was “doing the action.” Children interpreted sentences with canonical word order with greater accuracy and speed than those with noncanonical word order. Older children (mean age = 10 years, 8 months) were more accurate and faster than younger children (mean age = 8 years, 1 month) across all sentence forms. Both older and younger children demonstrated similar error patterns across sentence type. The “whatdunit?” task also proved to have strong validity and reliability, making it suitable for studies with children with specific language impairment.
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Nakajima, Heizo. "Transportability, scope ambiguity of adverbials and the Generalized Binding theory." Journal of Linguistics 27, no. 2 (September 1991): 337–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700012718.
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There has been much discussion, mainly by Montague grammarians, of the fact that ‘transportation’ of adverbials affects use or semantic interpretation of perfect sentences. Consider, for example, the following perfect sentences: (1) with a durational PP in sentence-final position; (2) with a durational PP in sentence-initial position; and (3) with a durational wh-phrase in sentence-initial position:(1) John has been in Tucson for two years.(2) For two years, John has been in Tucson.(3) How long has John been in Tucson?(4) (a) John has been in Tucson for two years up to now.(b) John was in Tucson for two years in the past.
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Lee, Taehyung. "A Comparison of Simultaneous Interpretation and Delayed Simultaneous Interpretation from English into Korean*." Meta 51, no. 2 (August 14, 2006): 202–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/013251ar.
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Abstract This article examines real-time simultaneous interpretation (SI) and delayed SI, recorded speeches broadcast on TV through SI. The results showed that interpreters’ factors in two modes of SI had a high correlation thus showing that interpreters use a similar strategy when the speakers’ variables are identical. As expected, the quality of delayed SI was higher than that of live SI due to longer pauses, EVS and Korean sentences in live SI than those of delayed SI. Thus it was found that the quality of incoming sentences deteriorates when interpreters spend more time than allowed on a sentence. Interpreters in delayed SI, thanks to their strong sense of anticipation, produced a high quality SI by following the proper strategy. This implies that securing scripts in advance or obtaining a detailed outline by the interpreter is key to ensuring a quality SI.
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Nagata, Hlroshi. "Reflexive Resolution in Parsing Japanese Logophoric and Nonlogophoric Sentences." Perceptual and Motor Skills 80, no. 3 (June 1995): 943–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1995.80.3.943.
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This study addresses online resolution of the Japanese reflexive, jibun, for logophoric and nonlogophoric sentences in which the reflexive was manipulated to relate more often with a subject of a subordinate sentence (subordinate-subject) than with that of a matrix sentence (matrix-subject). 48 students were administered an antecedent identification task on which they were required to identify quickly and accurately the antecedent of the reflexive with a marker given to them either immediately after the end of a sentence following a matrix-verb or 4 sec. later. Despite the manipulation, the matrix-subject was predominantly judged to be the antecedent of the reflexive regardless of the sentence type. However, the subordinate-subject as the judged antecedent of the reflexive increased on the average from around 30.6% immediately after the end of the sentence to 50.1% 4 sec. later. Findings indicate that Japanese speakers are insensitive to the logophoricity involved in the reflexive sentences and a certain length of time is needed for the final interpretation of the sentences to be well established.
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Shevel, Sviatoslav. "Sentence Typology: Communicative Purpose Approach. Tradition and Novelties." Ukrainian Linguistics, no. 50 (2020): 42–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/um/50(2020).42-75.
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The paper offers the analytical review of the author’s typologies of sentences based upon the purpose of their expression and presented in the East Slavic grammars from the early XIX century to the present day. The main focus falls on the systematization of the parameters of the author’s classifications, which enabled distinguishing among the main approaches to the typology of sentences based upon the communicative purposes: the content – based approach with the analysis of the sentence expression; a formal-semantic one, which is based upon the formal means of representation of the speaker’s purpose, in particular the order of words in the sentence, the form of the members of the sentence, as well as the methodological semantics of verb forms; an approach that presupposes the analysis of the intentions and ties of speakers and subjective components of speech; intonation-punctuation approach; in particular a modal approach based on the concept of “syntactic modality”; modal-intentional approach, which is dominated by the communicative intention of the speaker and discursive-pragmatic approach to the interpretation of communicative types of sentences, which takes into account the most hefty aspects of the speech acts theory. Such a classification, as well as a detailed review of the author’s typologies proved correct to divide the sentences according to expression purpose into three main types: sentence-information (informative); motivating sentences (directives); sentence-question (quisitive). Sentences of desire (optatives) are more appropriately included in the inter-category modifications of sentences-information and prompting sentences. We also proved that among all it is important to single out the content of the sentence-statement, syntactic models of representation of this content, communicative intentions and purpose of the speaker as well as the cognitive environment of sentences-statements.
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Demorest, Marilyn E., and Lynne E. Bernstein. "Sources of Variability in Speechreading Sentences." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 35, no. 4 (August 1992): 876–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3504.876.
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Generalizability theory (Cronbach, Gleser, Nanda, & Rajaratnam, 1972) was used to estimate the percentage of variance explained by three sources of variability in speechreading sentences: the subject, the talker, and the sentence materials. Videodisc recordings of the 100 CID Everyday Sentences (Davis & Silverman, 1970), spoken by a male and a female talker, were presented to 104 subjects with normal hearing. For performance on individual sentences (total number of words correct), the most important systematic sources of variability were the sentence (26.3%), the speechreader (10.5%), the talker (4.9%), and the interaction of talker and sentence (5.1%). Residual error accounted for 51.2% of the variance. Generalizability functions are presented, as a function of test length, for five models of test administration and interpretation. For 10-, 50-, and 100-item lists, generalizability is predicted to be .70, .92, and .96, respectively, for a single talker. Psychometric characteristics of these recordings of the CID sentences are also presented.
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Chatain, Keny. "Gaps in the interpretation of pronouns." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 28 (October 15, 2018): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v28i0.4405.
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Donkey sentences receive either existential or universal truth-conditions. This paper presents two new data points going against standard dynamic approaches to this ambiguity: first, I show that the ambiguity extends beyond quantified environments, to cross-clausal anaphora. Second, I show that donkey sentences can give rise to narrow pseudo-scope readings, where the pronoun's implicit quantification takes scope below some operator in the sentence. Neither of these facts is predicted by standard dynamic accounts. Together, they suggest a different analysis in which the ambiguity arises when the pronoun has multiple referents to pick from. Inspired by Champollion (2017), I propose that when such circumstances arise, the pronoun receives vague reference. Using standard rules of projection is then sufficient to derive the existential/universal ambiguity as well as the two problematic data points.
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Vercesi, Lorenzo, Prerana Sabnis, Chiara Finocchiaro, Luigi Cattaneo, Elena Tonolli, and Gabriele Miceli. "The role of the l-IPS in the comprehension of reversible and irreversible sentences: an rTMS study." Brain Structure and Function 225, no. 8 (August 25, 2020): 2403–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-020-02130-6.
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Abstract Thematic roles can be seen as semantic labels assigned to who/what is taking part in the event denoted by a verb. Encoding thematic relations is crucial for sentence interpretation since it relies on both syntactic and semantic aspects. In previous studies, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the left inferior intraparietal sulcus (l-IPS) selectively influenced performance accuracy on reversible passive (but not active) sentences. The effect was attributed to the fact that in these sentences the assignment of the agent and theme roles requires re-analysis of the first-pass sentence parsing. To evaluate the role of reversibility and non-canonical word order (passive voice) on the effect, rTMS was applied over l-IPS during a sentence comprehension task that included reversible and irreversible, active and passive sentences. Participants were asked to identify who/what was performing the action or who/what the action was being performed on. Stimulation of the l-IPS increased response time on reversible passive sentences but not on reversible active sentences. Importantly, no effect was found on irreversible sentences, irrespective of sentence diathesis. Results suggest that neither reversibility nor sentence diathesis alone are responsible for the effect and that the effect is likely to be triggered/constrained by a combination of semantic reversibility and non-canonical word order. Combined with the results of previous studies, and irrespective of the specific role of each feature, these findings support the view that the l-IPS is critically involved in the assignment of thematic roles in reversible sentences.
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PHAM, GIANG, and KATHRYN KOHNERT. "Sentence interpretation by typically developing Vietnamese–English bilingual children." Applied Psycholinguistics 31, no. 3 (June 4, 2010): 507–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716410000093.
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ABSTRACTWe examined developing bilinguals' use of animacy and word order cues during sentence interpretation tasks administered in each of their languages. Participants were 6- to 8-year-old children who learned Vietnamese as a first language and English as a second language (n = 23). Participants listened to simple sentences and identified the agent or “doer” of the action. English-only peers (n = 23) served as a comparison group. Results indicated that the bilingual group relied more on animacy than the English-only group when interpreting sentences in English and that the bilingual group used a blending or “amalgamation” of cues to interpret English and Vietnamese sentences. Significant within-group variation in cue preference was investigated as a function of age and proficiency in the first language and second language.
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BERENT, GERALD P., RONALD R. KELLY, and TANYA SCHUELER-CHOUKAIRI. "Economy in the acquisition of English universal quantifier sentences: The interpretations of deaf and hearing students and second language learners at the college level." Applied Psycholinguistics 30, no. 2 (April 2009): 251–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716409090110.
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ABSTRACTEnglish sentences containing the universal quantifiers each, every, and all are highly complex structures in view of the subtleties of their scope properties and resulting ambiguities. This study explored the acquisition of universal quantifier sentences as reflected in the performance of three diverse college-level student groups on a multipicture sentence interpretation task. The participant groups (hearing native speakers, deaf students, and second language learners of English) all exhibited fundamental knowledge of universal lexical, semantic, and syntactic properties that contribute to quantifier sentence interpretation. The native speakers outperformed the deaf and second language groups, whose performance was strikingly parallel. Performance patterns are explained in terms of the influences of derivational economy, including the option to restrict in situ indefinite noun phrases to singleton indefinites. The symmetry effect observed in child language studies was also observed among the college-aged participants in this study. It is explained in terms of a pragmatic challenge in managing contextual information that invokes an unexpected singleton indefinite interpretation. The results contribute to the understanding of sentence comprehension under conditions of restricted learner access to target language input and underscore the value of seeking correlates of theory-internal derivational economy in language acquisition and use.
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CROOT, KAREN, JOHN R. HODGES, and KARALYN PATTERSON. "Evidence for impaired sentence comprehension in early Alzheimer's disease." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 5, no. 5 (July 1999): 393–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617799555021.
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We investigated sentence comprehension in 46 patients with probable minimal (very mild), mild, or moderate dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT), comparing their performance on the Test for the Reception of Grammar (TROG), with that of 20 age- and education-matched controls. Performance on the TROG was generally related to dementia severity, independent of lexicosemantic and working memory (digit span) impairments, but related to at least 1 measure of attention. Some patients in the minimal group showed sentence comprehension deficits while others in the moderate group did not, indicating that DAT may impair sentence comprehension at the very earliest stages of disease, but that its effects are heterogeneous. Patients were most impaired on sentences with 2 propositions and noncanonical word order, suggesting difficulties with both interpretative and postinterpretative stages of sentence processing. Further investigation is needed into the relationship between attentional processes, interpretative and postinterpretative stages of syntactic processing in DAT. (JINS, 1999, 5, 393–404.)
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Majidi, Setareh. "Discourse Analysis: Contextualism and Reductionism." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN LINGUISTICS 4, no. 3 (September 14, 2014): 440–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jal.v4i3.2151.
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For the past twenty to thirty years, a good part of the domain of linguistics has been occupied by what has been called discourse analysis. Whereas syntax and semantics are concerned by the sentence and the units from which the sentence is built, discourse analysis claims that interpretation cannot accounted for at the level of the sentence and that a bigger unit, such as discourse should be used to account for language interpretation. We want to show here that discourse is not, in any sense, a well defined object and that, though it is certainly necessary to analyze how a given sequence of sentences is processed and understood, the notion of discourse, A and related notions such as coherence does not have much to say about it. We rely on epistemological considerations about the necessity of a moderate reductionism and sketch on account of linguistic interpretation which accounts for contextual factors in linguistic interpretation through the notion of utterance (vs. sentence) and a development of Sperber & Wilsons Relevance Theory.
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Gibson, Edward, and Rose Roberts. "Interpretative and post-interpretative processes in sentence comprehension." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, no. 1 (February 1999): 100–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x99281782.
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Shatravka, Anna V., and Kseniya K. Bornyakova. "THE MAIN WAYS OF TRANSLATING EMBEDDED SENTENCES FROM CHINESE TO RUSSIAN." Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, no. 3 (2017): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2410-7190_2016_2_4_85_92.
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Translation is interpretation of the meaning of the original text and creation of the equivalent text. Each language has its own grammar, lexical and stylistic features. Embedded sentence are the unique phenomenon of the Chinese language, therefore the translation of this type of sentences from Chinese to Russian causes certain difficulties. The article presents an attempt to define the notion of “embedded sentences” and consider the main ways to translate embedded sentences from Chinese to Russian.
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Birkenbeuel, Jack, Helen Joyce, Ronald Sahyouni, Dillon Cheung, Marlon Maducdoc, Navid Mostaghni, Sammy Sahyouni, Hamid Djalilian, Jefferson Chen, and Harrison Lin. "Google translate in healthcare: preliminary evaluation of transcription, translation and speech synthesis accuracy." BMJ Innovations 7, no. 2 (March 2, 2021): 422–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjinnov-2019-000347.
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ObjectiveTo assess the ability of Google Translate (GT) to accurately interpret single sentences and series of sentences commonly used in healthcare encounters from English to Spanish.DesignEnglish-speaking volunteers used GT to interpret a list of 83 commonly used sentences and series of sentences of different lengths containing both medical and non-medical terminology. A certified medical interpreter evaluated whether the meaning of these sentences was preserved.ParticipantsEighteen English-speaking subjects (nine males and nine females), with a mean age of 36 years, volunteered for this study to read sentences.Main outcome measuresThe accuracy of GTs (1) real-time voice recognition (ie, transcription) of English sentences, (2) real-time translation of these transcribed English sentences to Spanish, and (3) GTs speech synthesis ability to preserve the meaning of spoken English sentences after translation to Spanish.ResultsSpeech synthesis accuracy, with preservation of the original English-spoken sentence(s), was 89.4% for single sentences with ≤8 words; 90.6% for single sentences with >8 words; 52.2% for two sentences and 26.6% for three sentences. Furthermore, the number of transcription and translation errors per sentence(s) significantly increased with the number of sentences (p<0.05).ConclusionsDespite the fact that GTs accuracy was widely variable and dependent on the length of the spoken sentence(s), GT is readily accessible, has no associated monetary costs, and offers nearly immediate interpretation services. As such, it has the potential to routinely facilitate effective one-way oral communication between English-speaking physicians and Spanish-speaking patients with limited English proficiency.
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Sharpe, Victoria, Daniel Fogerty, and Dirk-Bart den Ouden. "The Role of Fundamental Frequency and Temporal Envelope in Processing Sentences with Temporary Syntactic Ambiguities." Language and Speech 60, no. 3 (June 8, 2016): 399–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023830916652649.
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Previous experiments have demonstrated the impact of speech prosody on syntactic processing. The present study was designed to examine how listeners use specific acoustic properties of prosody for grammatical interpretation. We investigated the independent contributions of two acoustic properties associated with the pitch and rhythmic properties of speech; the fundamental frequency and temporal envelope, respectively. The effect of degrading these prosodic components was examined by testing listeners’ ability to parse early-closure garden-path sentences. A second aim was to investigate how effects of prosody interact with semantic effects of sentence plausibility. Using a task that required both a comprehension and a production response, we were able to determine that degradation of the speech envelope more consistently affects syntactic processing than degradation of the fundamental frequency. These effects are exacerbated in sentences with plausible misinterpretations, showing that prosodic degradation interacts with contextual cues to sentence interpretation.
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SU, I.-RU. "The effects of discourse processing with regard to syntactic and semantic cues: A competition model study." Applied Psycholinguistics 25, no. 4 (October 2004): 587–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716404001286.
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Based on Bates and MacWhinney's competition model, the present study aims to examine the effects of discourse context on sentence interpretation. In my previous study it was found that both Chinese and English monolinguals paid less attention to context than to intrasentential cues that have been identified as the determinants for Chinese and English sentence processing. The conclusions obtained in that study have to be considered tentative because the contextual sentences were short and might not have been sufficiently biasing toward the intended interpretation. Hence, the present study was undertaken to further examine the context effects by elaborating the contents of the contextual sentences. The results show that English native speakers rely on discourse context in interpreting their native language to a greater extent than the previous research has suggested and that Chinese native speakers make use of context information to a greater degree than do their English counterparts.
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SYRETT, KRISTEN, GEORGIA SIMON, and KIRSTEN NISULA. "Prosodic disambiguation of scopally ambiguous quantificational sentences in a discourse context." Journal of Linguistics 50, no. 2 (February 14, 2014): 453–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226714000012.
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Researchers have long sought to determine the strength of the relation between prosody and the interpretation of scopally ambiguous sentences in English involving quantification and negation (e.g. All the men didn't go). While Jackendoff (1972) proposed a one-to-one mapping between sentence-final contour and the scope of negation (falling contour: narrow scope, fall-rise contour: wide scope), in subsequent work, researchers (e.g. Ladd 1980; Ward & Hirschberg 1985; Kadmon & Roberts 1986) disentangled the link between prosody and scope. Even though these pragmatic accounts predict variability in production, they still allow for some correlation between scope and prosody. To date, we lack systematic evidence to bear on this discussion. Here, we present findings from two perception experiments aimed at investigating whether prosodic information – including, but not limited to, sentence-final contour – can successfully disambiguate such sentences. We show that when speakers provide consistent auditory cues to sentential interpretation, hearers can successfully recruit these cues to arrive at the correct interpretation as intended by the speaker. In light of these results, we argue that psycholinguistic studies (including language acquisition studies) investigating participants’ ability to access multiple interpretations of scopally ambiguous sentences – quantificational and otherwise – should carefully control for prosody.
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Liu, Chin-Ting Jimbo, and Li-mei Chen. "Processing conjunctive entailment of disjunction." Language and Linguistics / 語言暨語言學 18, no. 2 (April 7, 2017): 269–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lali.18.2.05liu.
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Abstract In a sentence where the disjunction huo ‘or’ appears under the negation mei ‘no’ (e.g.: Ta mei chi qingjiao huo qiezi. ‘He did not eat green peppers or eggplants.’), the sentence is globally ambiguous between the conjunctive interpretation and the disjunctive interpretation. The primary goal of this study is to investigate if there is a default meaning for simple negative statements containing huo ‘or’. Data collected from the self-paced region-by-region reading experiment indicated that the participants consistently preferred the conjunctive interpretation. Additionally, in the conjunction-biased condition where the sentences turned out to favor the disjunctive interpretations at the end, there was reading time penalty at the last region of the sentences and participants spent significantly longer time judging the appropriateness of those sentences. Contrary to Jing’s (2008) assertion that both disjunction and conjunction readings are equally prominent in an out-of-the-blue context, the results from the quantitative data revealed that the conjunction reading is the default meaning for simple negative statements containing huo ‘or’. The findings of the current experiment provide essential implications to the study of child language acquisition. Specifically, we argue that understanding the adults’ linguistic patterns is a prerequisite to the study of children’s language acquisition patterns.
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BLANCHETTE, FRANCES, and CYNTHIA LUKYANENKO. "Unacceptable grammars? an eye-tracking study of English negative concord." Language and Cognition 11, no. 1 (March 2019): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2019.4.
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abstractThis paper uses eye-tracking while reading to examine Standard English speakers’ processing of sentences with two syntactic negations: a negative auxiliary and either a negative subject (e.g., Nothing didn’t fall from the shelf) or a negative object (e.g., She didn’t answer nothing in that interview). Sentences were read in Double Negation (DN; the ‘she answered something’ reading of she didn’t answer nothing) and Negative Concord (NC; the ‘she answered nothing’ reading of she didn’t answer nothing) biasing contexts. Despite the social stigma associated with NC, and linguistic assumptions that Standard English has a DN grammar, in which each syntactic negation necessarily contributes a semantic negation, our results show that Standard English speakers generate both NC and DN interpretations, and that their interpretation is affected by the syntactic structure of the negative sentence. Participants spent more time reading the critical sentence and rereading the context sentence when negative object sentences were paired with DN-biasing contexts and when negative subject sentences were paired with NC-biasing contexts. This suggests that, despite not producing NC, they find NC interpretations of negative object sentences easier to generate than DN interpretations. The results illustrate the utility of online measures when investigating socially stigmatized construction types.
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Desalli, Abhay, R. Anirudh, N. Prajwal Pai, S. B. Rajeshwari, and Jagadish S. Kallimani. "Rectifying Incorrectly Part of Speech-Tagged Polysemy Words in Kannada Language for Machine Translation." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 9 (July 1, 2020): 4255–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.9057.
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Polysemy words refer to the same word, but have different context, when used in a single sentence, resulting in variant Part of Speech (POS). Occurrence of these Polysemy words, more than once, in a Kannada sentences, leads to ambiguity and is often cumbersome to translate it to English, due to incorrect interpretation of the sentence. The algorithm proposed is, concentrated on a few examples, which can identify the wrong POS-tagged word in a sentence. The POS tagged sentence is obtained as an input through Shallow parser, and then, by owing to the structure of Kannada language, the algorithm identifies the incorrectly tagged word.
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Terblanche, Stephan S. "The Child Justice Act: Procedural Sentencing Issues." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 16, no. 1 (April 26, 2017): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2013/v16i1a2314.
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In this contribution a number of procedural issues related to the sentencing of child offenders and emanating from the Child Justice Act 75 of 2008 are considered in some detail. As a general rule, the Act requires pre-sentence reports to be obtained from probation officers before sentencing any child offender, with only a limited number of exceptions. The article argues that the peremptory nature of the Act means that a probation report is always required, even if reports by other experts are also available. The exceptions are limited to instances other than those where the child offender is sentenced to any form of imprisonment or to residence in a care centre. The article addresses the question of whether or not the reference to imprisonment includes alternative imprisonment which is imposed only as an alternative to a fine. It suggests that alternative imprisonment should, generally, not be imposed on child offenders. When an exception is not prevented because of the sentence, a pre-sentence report may be dispensed with only when the offence is a schedule-1 offence (the least serious class of offences) or when obtaining a report would prejudice the child. It is argued that these exceptions are likely to occur rather rarely. A final aspect of the Act’s provisions on pre-sentence reports is the requirement that reasons be given for a departure from the recommendations in a pre-sentence report. This requirement merely confirms the status quo. The Act permits the prosecutor to provide the court with a victim impact statement. Such a statement is defined in the Act. It is a sworn statement by a victim or someone authorised by the victim explaining the consequences to the victim of the commission of the crime. The article also addresses the issue of whether or not the child justice court might mero motu obtain a victim impact statement when the prosecution does not do so. Finally, the article addresses appeals against and reviews of the trial courts’ sentences. It notes that appeal by the child offender is made somewhat easier, as some child offenders need not obtain leave to appeal. These include children under the age of 16, or older children sentenced to imprisonment. Again, the meaning of “imprisonment” is at least somewhat ambiguous. The provisions on automatic review have attracted considerable judicial attention already. The majority of these judgments confirmed the apparently clear wording of the Act, in terms of which the cases of all child offenders under the age of 16 should be reviewed regardless of whether they were legally represented or of the sentence imposed. In the case of child offenders aged 16 or 17, only custodial sentences are reviewable. The judgments which found this to be an incorrect interpretation are dealt with in some detail, with the conclusion that they were incorrectly decided.
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Klecha, Peter. "formal pragmatic account of Double Access." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 61 (January 1, 2018): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.61.2018.482.
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This paper argues that Double Access sentences in English (Smith, 1978) are akind of loose talk. When the meaning of a Double Access sentence is computed literally, theresult is infelicity. Double Access sentences can be used meaningfully only when rescued bypragmatics which intervenes to interpret the embedded clause loosely. A formal model forloose interpretation, building on Klecha (2018), is provided.Keywords: tense, embedding, Double Access, imprecision, defaults, embedded implicature.
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Charina, Intan Nur. "LEXICAL AND SYNTACTIC AMBIGUITY IN HUMOR." International Journal of Humanity Studies (IJHS) 1, no. 1 (September 14, 2017): 120–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/ijhs.v1i1.681.
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Ambiguity occurs when a sentence has more than one meaning. Ambiguity can be caused by the ambiguous lexicon in which one word has more than one meaning and it can also be caused because of the way the sentence is structure (syntactic). The context also determines whether the sentence can be interpreted differently and become ambiguous. Ambiguity often causes confusion, and has become one of the phenomena in language studies, especially semantics. This study investigates ambiguity in creating humors. The data were taken from electronic sources in forms of newspaper headlines, jokes, riddles and anecdotes. The number of the data collection includes 25 cases of ambiguity. 12 sentences were lexically ambiguous, while the other 13 sentences were syntactically ambiguous. The results showed that lexical ambiguity and syntactic ambiguity were the language devices used to create puns in humor. The results also suggested that the ambiguity could be an effective source of humor when it particularly involves dual interpretations in which one interpretation gives a serious meaning and tone, whereas the other interpretation gives a humorous meaning which is not likely to occur in normal contexts.DOI: https://doi.org/10.24071/ijhs.2017.010113
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KIDD, EVAN, and EDITH L. BAVIN. "Lexical and referential cues to sentence interpretation: an investigation of children's interpretations of ambiguous sentences." Journal of Child Language 32, no. 4 (November 2005): 855–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000905007051.
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This paper reports on an investigation of children's (aged 3;5–9;8) comprehension of sentences containing ambiguity of prepositional phrase (PP) attachment. Results from a picture selection study (N=90) showed that children use verb semantics and preposition type to resolve the ambiguity, with older children also showing sensitivity to the definiteness of the object NP as a cue to interpretation. Study 2 investigated three- and five-year-old children's (N=47) ability to override an instrumental interpretation of ambiguous PPs in order to process attributes of the referential scene. The results showed that while five-year-olds are capable of incorporating aspects of the referential scene into their interpretations, three-year-olds are not as successful. Overall, the results suggest that children are attuned very early to the lexico-semantic co-occurrences that have been shown to aid ambiguity resolution in adults, but that more diffuse cues to interpretation are used only later in development.
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Hamzah, Imaduddin. "SELF ACCEPTANCE AND SIGNIFICANT OTHER AS PSYCHOSOSIAL RESOURCES FOR FEMALE NARRANT RESILIENCE WITH LIFETIME PENALTIES." Journal of Correctional Issues 1, no. 2 (May 10, 2018): 90–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.52472/jci.v1i2.13.
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Punishment while in prison places individuals in a limited environment and experiences pressure. Conditions of pressure can be felt even higher when inmates experience a life sentence. This study aims to explore the factors of resilience of female prisoners with life sentences. Research using semi-structured interviews of five female inmates at the Women Correctional Institution, Malang punished with life imprisonment. Data were analyzed with a qualitative interpretative phenomenological analysis approach. The results of the study conclude that the factors that make female prisoners resilient to life sentences are self acceptance and significant other.
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Fischel de Andrade, José H. "The Battisti Case: A Legal-Historical Reconstruction." Refugee Survey Quarterly 41, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 108–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdab020.
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Abstract The Battisti Case constitutes a rare high-profile case of decision-making and judicial ruling on the (hardly ever explored) interpretation and implementation of refugee law by political, technical, and judicial actors in Latin America. It concerns an Italian citizen, Cesare Battisti, sentenced twice to life imprisonment who, after escaping from prison, fled to Mexico, France, Brazil, and Bolivia. Even though Italy had twice attempted to have Mr Battisti extradited from both France (1991 and 2003) and Brazil (2007 and 2017), his extradition has never been materialised. In 2019 he was removed from Bolivia to Italy, where he has been serving his sentences. This study analyses the facts prior to the 2007 Italian extradition request, Mr Battisti’s application for refugee status, the Brazilian Supreme Court’s main extradition ruling, the presidential decision on his non-extradition, Mr Battisti’s last years in Brazil and removal from Bolivia, and his confession and the execution of his prison sentence. This piece analyses a case where several parties seem to be in the wrong: the prosecuted criminal and former protecting States have misused the asylum regime, and the country where the prisoner is serving his sentence is seemingly aggravating his situation as a result of his “personal condition”.
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Gass, Susan M. "An Interactionist Approach to L2 Sentence Interpretation." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 8, no. 1 (February 1986): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100005817.
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Knowledge of a second language includes knowledge of syntax, phonology, lexicon, and so forth. While there is no a priori reason to assume that abilities in these areas develop independently of one another, most studies dealing with the acquisition of L2 grammars treat each of these components singly. In fact, Long and Sato (1984) call for more studies investigating the ways in which grammatical components interact in the acquisition of a second language. This paper deals with the complex issue of sentence processing in an L2, showing how L2 learners resolve the problem of competing factors of syntax, semantics, and pragmatics in the processing of L2 utterances. We present the results of a study involving sentence interpretation of compex sentences by 111 L2 learners of English and suggest that the acquisition of syntax, semantics, and pragmatics is an interactive phenomenon. It is further suggested that part of learning the syntax of a language is not only learning the word-order configurations of the language, but also learning the importance of word order in a given language in relation to semantic and pragmatic factors.
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WALTZMAN, DAVA E., and HELEN S. CAIRNS. "Grammatical knowledge of third grade good and poor readers." Applied Psycholinguistics 21, no. 2 (June 2000): 263–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014271640000206x.
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The relationship between grammatical knowledge and reading ability in third grade good and poor readers was investigated. Two aspects of grammar – binding and control – were assessed to determine whether poor readers had syntactic deficits. These principles both relate to the interpretation of pronominal elements. Interpretations were assessed through a sentence–picture matching task in which picture depictions of all the possible interpretations of pronominal elements in verbally presented sentences were included. The only sentence type that differentiated the two reading groups was performance on sentences related to one of the binding principles, Principle B. Since obedience to Principle B probably involves pragmatic as well as syntactic principles, this finding suggests another way that good readers may differ from poor readers.
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Steksova, Tatiana I., and Tatyana V. Shmeleva. "Russian explanatory sentence as a semantic type." Sibirskiy filologicheskiy zhurnal, no. 3 (2021): 272–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18137083/76/20.
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The paper interprets the Russian explanatory sentence as a semantic type. It is noted that descriptions of the semantic types of monopropositional sentences have already been carried out in the linguistic literature. For the first time, it is proposed to consider polypropositional semantic structures as a semantic type. The semantic nature of an explanatory sentence is defined as an expression of reflection on the events and phenomena of reality, with the position of the object-event accompanied by an indication of the reflection nature expressed by the governing predicate. General characteristics of this semantic type are given, as well as a number of semantic features serving as the basis for revealing the patterns of compatibility of various types of modus and dictum and the ways of their connection. It is proved that the previously existing qualification of relevance/factuality is based on overestimating the role of the brace and underestimating the predicative expression of deliberative. Several techniques are proposed to distinguish between thematic and factual utterances. Among sentence elements, the concept of the subject is the most significant for the typology of explanatory sentences, proposed to be divided into mono-subject and poly-subject ones. We note the poly-paradigmatic nature of the explanatory sentence and the presence of a number of its transformations used in the texts. The range of explanatory sentences with such an interpretation expands significantly without taking into account the boundaries of simple and complex sentences and some other constructive differences.
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Fasoli, Fabio, Anne Maass, Rachel Karniol, Raquel Antonio, and Simone Sulpizio. "Voice Changes Meaning: The Role of Gay- Versus Straight-Sounding Voices in Sentence Interpretation." Journal of Language and Social Psychology 39, no. 5-6 (November 8, 2019): 653–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261927x19886625.
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Utterances reveal not only semantic information but also information about the speaker’s social category membership, including sexual orientation. In four studies ( N = 345), we investigated how the meaning of what is being said changes as a function of the speaker’s voice. In Studies 1a/1b, gay- and straight-sounding voices uttered the same sentences. Listeners indicated the likelihood that the speaker was referring to one among two target objects varying along gender-stereotypical characteristics. Listeners envisaged a more “feminine” object when the sentence was uttered by a gay-sounding speaker, and a more “masculine” object when the speaker sounded heterosexual. In Studies 2a/2b, listeners were asked to disambiguate sentences that involved a stereotypical behavior and were open to different interpretations. Listeners disambiguated the sentences by interpreting the action in relation to sexual-orientation information conveyed by voice. Results show that the speaker’s voice changes the subjective meaning of sentences, aligning it to gender-stereotypical expectations.
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Zelena, Iuliia. "Marked and Non-Marked Attribute Structures within a Secondary Predicate in the French Language." PROBLEMS OF SEMANTICS, PRAGMATICS AND COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS, no. 37 (2020): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2663-6530.2020.37.10.
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The article is devoted to the study of marked and unmarked attributive constructions, considering the influence of semantic transfer mechanisms, taking into account their productive potential. Structuraland semantic characterization of types of attributive constructions is performed in light of two initial theories –in view ofreferentstatusand actual sentence fragmentation. An independent research of relationsbetween predication manifestations and the semanticand syntactic structure of a sentence has been performed by determining the valence properties of attributive verbs. The distinctionbetween different types of constructionswith the attribute complement isdescribed and it is specifiedthat there is a direct correlation between the type of attributive sentences and the emergence of predicative relation.The article is dedicated to the analysis of modification of the information structure and the status of the referent in sentences containing attributive object. Given the types of interpretation of attributive sentences and, based on the results of contextual analysis, it became possible to prove that change of argumentative structure in verbal group gives a reason to treat attributive verb with elements SN2 and X as a predicative focus of the sentence and permit to consider it as the complex secondary predicate.
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Conti, Andrea. "L'applicazione automatica della pena accessoria della sospensione dall'esercizio della responsabilità genitoriale: illegittimità costituzionale e profili interpretativi." MINORIGIUSTIZIA, no. 4 (June 2021): 234–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/mg2020-004023.
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L'Autore prenderà in esame la sentenza della Corte Costituzionale che ha dichiarato costituzionalmente illegittima l'automatica applicazione della pena accessoria della sospensione dall'esercizio della responsabilità genitoriale a seguito della condanna per il reato di sottrazione e trattenimento di minore all'estero. In particolare, verrà analizzato il quadro interpretativo di riferimento, l'ordinanza di rimessione, la sentenza della Corte Costituzionale e i problemi interpretativi ancora aperti, con specifico riferimento alla durata della pena accessoria e al ruolo dell'Autorità Giudiziaria penale.
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Herlina, Herlina, Hamzah A. Machmoed, and Sukmawaty. "The Analysis of Sentence Construction and Meaning Interpretation of English Break Verbs and their Verbs Equivalence in Buginese Language." EDUVELOP 5, no. 2 (March 30, 2022): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31605/eduvelop.v5i2.1346.
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The purpose of this research is to compare the sentence form and meaning interpretation of 'Break' Verbs in English and Buginese. The sentence construction and the meaning interpretation of verbs confined to Break Verb from English and Buginese language were compared with regards to Dixon’s Affect Verbs Construction and Halliday’s Functional Grammar Construction. The data of this research were collected from two sources. The English data were collected from British National Corpus (BNC) while the Buginese Data was collected from field observation and interview on Soppeng Buginese speaking community. The data were collected and analyzed using Descriptive Qualitative Methods. According to the findings of this study, it was found eighteen Break Verbs in the English language and nineteen in the Buginese language; 2) The ‘Break’ Verbs in both languages are realized into sentences through a number of selections of constructions set up in the two theories that were examined in this research and some additional constructions where each construction plays some contribution to the meaning interpretation; 3) The Break Verbs found in both languages have some similarities and differences regarding their sentence construction and meaning interpretation.
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Brehm, Laurel, Carrie N. Jackson, and Karen L. Miller. "Speaker-specific processing of anomalous utterances." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 4 (March 30, 2018): 764–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021818765547.
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Existing work shows that readers often interpret grammatical errors (e.g., The key to the cabinets *were shiny) and sentence-level blends (“without-blend”: Claudia left without her headphones *off) in a non-literal fashion, inferring that a more frequent or more canonical utterance was intended instead. This work examines how interlocutor identity affects the processing and interpretation of anomalous sentences. We presented anomalies in the context of “emails” attributed to various writers in a self-paced reading paradigm and used comprehension questions to probe how sentence interpretation changed based upon properties of the item and properties of the “speaker.” Experiment 1 compared standardised American English speakers to L2 English speakers; Experiment 2 compared the same standardised English speakers to speakers of a non-Standardised American English dialect. Agreement errors and without-blends both led to more non-literal responses than comparable canonical items. For agreement errors, more non-literal interpretations also occurred when sentences were attributed to speakers of Standardised American English than either non-Standardised group. These data suggest that understanding sentences relies on expectations and heuristics about which utterances are likely. These are based upon experience with language, with speaker-specific differences, and upon more general cognitive biases.
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Cristante, Valentina, and Sarah Schimke. "The processing of passive sentences in German." Language, Interaction and Acquisition 11, no. 2 (November 25, 2020): 163–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lia.19013.cri.
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Abstract This study examines the processing and interpretation of passive sentences in German-speaking seven-year-olds, ten-year-olds, and adults. This structure is often assumed to be particularly difficult to understand, and not yet fully mastered in primary school (Kemp, Bredel, & Reich, 2008), i.e. in children aged between six and eleven. Few studies provide empirical data concerning this age range; it is therefore unknown whether this assumption is warranted. Against this background, we tested whether the three age groups differed in their off-line comprehension of passive sentences. In addition, we employed Visual World eye-tracking to measure processing difficulties that may differ between age groups and may not be reflected in the final interpretations. Previous studies on adult language processing in German and English have documented a preference to interpret sentences according to an agent-first strategy. Our results show that all three groups make use of this strategy, and that all of them are able to revise this interpretation once the first cue indicating a passive sentence is encountered (the auxiliary verb form wurde). We conclude that at least from age seven on, children have the linguistic and cognitive prerequisites to process the passive morphosyntax of German and to revise initial sentence misinterpretations.
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NEVIAROUSKAYA, ALENA, HELMUT PRENDINGER, and MITSURU ISHIZUKA. "Affect Analysis Model: novel rule-based approach to affect sensing from text." Natural Language Engineering 17, no. 1 (September 16, 2010): 95–135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324910000239.
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AbstractIn this paper, we address the tasks of recognition and interpretation of affect communicated through text messaging in online communication environments. Specifically, we focus on Instant Messaging (IM) or blogs, where people use an informal or garbled style of writing. We introduced a novel rule-based linguistic approach for affect recognition from text. Our Affect Analysis Model (AAM) was designed to deal with not only grammatically and syntactically correct textual input, but also informal messages written in an abbreviated or expressive manner. The proposed rule-based approach processes each sentence in stages, including symbolic cue processing, detection and transformation of abbreviations, sentence parsing and word/phrase/sentence-level analyses. Our method is capable of processing sentences of different complexity, including simple, compound, complex (with complement and relative clauses) and complex–compound sentences. Affect in text is classified into nine emotion categories (or neutral). The strength of the resulting emotional state depends on vectors of emotional words, relations among them, tense of the analysed sentence and availability of first person pronouns. The evaluation of the Affect Analysis Model algorithm showed promising results regarding its capability to accurately recognize fine-grained emotions reflected in sentences from diary-like blog posts (averaged accuracy is up to 77 per cent), fairy tales (averaged accuracy is up to 70.2 per cent) and news headlines (our algorithm outperformed eight other systems on several measures).
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Salomon, Meghan, and Gregory Ward. "Semantic/pragmatic factors affecting the salience of transfer verb arguments." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 2 (June 12, 2017): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v2i0.4042.
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Rohde et al. (2006) showed that, for transfer verbs, the salience of the recipient argument is a function of the particular coherence relation posited by participants. Using a priming paradigm with transfer verbs and occupation-denoting NPs in isolated sentences, we find that participants are sensitive to the lexical properties of the transfer verb itself as measured by the relative salience of the associated transfer verb arguments. Alternatively, using a sentence completion paradigm—a more strategic task in which participants are guided by discourse-level features—we find participants are sensitive instead to the coherence relations of the relevant event, replicating Rohde et al. (2006). Our findings support the notion that coherence relations drive the interpretation of multi-sentence discourses while sentences considered in isolation are guided by particular features of the linguistic context.