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D'Angelo, Giangiacomo <1978>. "Gli effetti temporali delle sentenze interpretative della Corte di Giustizia in materia fiscale." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2008. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/1191/1/DAngelo_XIX_ciclo_TESI.pdf.
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D'Angelo, Giangiacomo <1978>. "Gli effetti temporali delle sentenze interpretative della Corte di Giustizia in materia fiscale." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2008. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/1191/.
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BIELLA, DANIELA. "Manipolazione e interpretazione della Corte costituzionale in due settori emblematici del diritto penale: la giustizia minorile e la giustizia militare." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/44435.
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La Corte costituzionale, sin dall’inizio della sua attività, ha ricoperto un ruolo molto significativo nei confronti del diritto penale. Principi fondamentali, quali quelli di legalità e di colpevolezza, attraverso l’apporto della giurisprudenza costituzionale, hanno acquisito nuovi contenuti, e lo stesso sistema sanzionatorio è stato sotto più profili coinvolto nell’opera di riconduzione della legislazione penale ai principi sanciti dalla Costituzione.
La prospettiva che si intende adottare per l’analisi delle più importanti pronunce costituzionali è quella delle tecniche decisorie di cui il Giudice delle leggi si è servito, in oltre cinquant’anni, per svolgere il proprio controllo di legittimità sulle norme penali indiziate di porsi in contrasto con il sistema dei principi e delle regole contenute nella nostra Carta fondamentale.
Anche nella materia penale, lo strumentario a disposizione dei giudici delle leggi si presenta quanto mai eterogeneo ed articolato, e le controverse formule espressive per contrassegnare le diverse decisioni della Consulta ne sono una prova. Le molteplici tipologie di pronunce elaborate dalla giurisprudenza costituzionale sono da anni oggetto di un’attenta analisi da parte della dottrina soprattutto costituzionalistica, da sempre alla ricerca di una (almeno percentualmente elevata) regolarità nelle scelte del tipo di pronuncia adottato dalla Consulta, sul presupposto che la individuazione di tipologie attraverso il consueto metodo della astrazione generalizzante possa assumere una vincolatività dogmatica.
Ai nostri fini la ricerca ha lo scopo di individuare le tecniche maggiormente impiegate dalla Consulta, quando oggetto del suo sindacato sono le norme penali e in particolare quelle relative alla giustizia penale minorile e militare, settori particolarmente emblematici del ruolo di adeguamento ai principi costituzionali svolto dalla Corte costituzionale.
La nostra attenzione riguarderà dunque quelle sentenze che, entrando nel merito della questione di costituzionalità di una norma, non si sono limitate a dichiararla infondata o ad accoglierla, ma si sono spinte sino al punto di dare della norma una interpretazione diversa da quella fatta propria dal giudice a quo, o sono intervenute direttamente sulla disposizione manipolandone, sempre in via interpretativa, il contenuto. Di qui i problemi circa l’ammissibilità di queste “invasioni” da parte della Corte costituzionale; “invasioni” che nella materia penale destano maggiori dubbi rispetto agli altri settori dell’ordinamento.
Sarà altrettanto interessante approfondire quelle pronunce di natura processuale, di (manifesta) inammissibilità o infondatezza, che, pur non entrando nel merito dell’eccezione di legittimità costituzionale, aprono o, meglio, tentano di aprire, a seconda dei casi, un dialogo con i giudici comuni o con il legislatore.
Proprio i rapporti del Giudice delle leggi con il potere giudiziario e con il potere legislativo saranno oggetto di alcune, seppur brevi, considerazioni. Da un lato, infatti, non si possono trascurare gli effetti delle pronunce costituzionali sull’operato della magistratura ordinaria, soprattutto laddove la Corte costituzionale li induce a dare, da soli, interpretazioni conformi a Costituzione. Dall’altro, non può negarsi importanza a tutti quei moniti, troppo spesso trascurati (o ignorati?), rivolti direttamente al legislatore perché metta mano a riforme più o meno sistematiche del diritto penale.
L’analisi preliminare dei diversi strumenti adottati dalla Consulta, con il conseguente richiamo delle più rilevanti pronunce intervenute sul nostro codice penale, consente poi di approfondire il ruolo della giurisprudenza costituzionale nei due ambiti del diritto penale al centro della presente indagine: quello della giustizia minorile e quello della giustizia militare. La scelta di indagare il ruolo delle sentenze della Corte costituzionale in questi due settori nasce anzitutto dal notevole interesse che la Corte ha ad essi riservato. Nei riguardi del sistema penale minorile, come si vedrà, la Consulta è spesso intervenuta per supplire all’inerzia del legislatore ordinario che, nonostante i continui solleciti, non si è mai occupato di predisporre per il minore autore di reato una normativa organica e profondamente differenziata rispetto a quella prevista per l’adulto. Sul diritto penale militare, invece, l’opera della Corte si è rivelata pressoché l’esatto contrario: è infatti intervenuta su un ordinamento autonomo per denunciarne l’obsolescenza e per ricondurlo ai principi propri del diritto penale – per così dire – “comune”.
In entrambi i settori, la maggior parte delle sentenze manipolative che vanno ad incidere direttamente sul testo legislativo, e che per questo segnano indelebilmente il sistema normativo, concernono la previsione delle sanzioni penali e la loro esecuzione. Come si avrà modo di precisare, i parametri alla luce dei quali il Giudice delle leggi interviene su queste materie, talvolta sino al punto di sostituire la cornice edittale stabilita dal legislatore, sono soprattutto il principio di eguaglianza di cui all’art. 3 Cost. ed il principio di rieducazione della pena di cui all’art. 27, comma 3, Cost.
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Ward, Peter Maurice. "The time course of sentence interpretation." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2008. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/56/.
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The investigation of Shallow Processing, also known as Underspecification, and ‘Good Enough’ processing, is a relatively new branch of psycholinguistics. A growing body of evidence within this field indicates that, in some cases, the comprehension system will fail to build or retain a fully specified representation for linguistic input. As a result, the construction of underspecified representations may lead to erroneous interpretations, and the phenomenon of Pragmatic Normalisation is a central instance of this: comprehenders sometimes construct interpretations that reflect pragmatic knowledge rather than the grammatically licensed meaning of the input. Some researchers have suggested that shallow processing can be explained in terms of the comprehension system using reliable – but essentially statistical – heuristic interpretation processes. This heuristic style of interpretation is in contrast with interpretative processes that construct meaning based on the syntactic structure of a string, and one outstanding question is how these different interpretation processes operate in real time. In a series of eight experiments this thesis investigated the time course of sentence interpretation via a study of pragmatic normalisation. Experiments 1-6 probed interpretations of syntactically unambiguous, implausible sentences, replicating some earlier studies and reporting surprisingly high levels of unlicensed interpretations. Experiments 2-8 used a variety of implausible constructions to investigate the temporal relation of syntax-based interpretation to heuristics-based interpretation. Both self-paced reading and eyetracking data are supportive of a processing model in which syntax informs the interpretation process first, but is later overruled by pragmatic constraints. Investigations into the conditions for shallow processing indicate a role for memory and syntactic complexity, and the opportunity to reread implausible material. An investigation into the impact of reading skill on the tendency to normalise implausible sentences yielded inconsistent results, and there is apparently little difference in the processing styles of skilled and less-skilled readers when reading implausible material. The thesis concludes with suggestions for future work to further elucidate the time course of syntactic vs. heuristic interpretation.
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Demiral, Şükrü Barış. "Incremental argument interpretation in Turkish sentence comprehension." Leipzig : MPI for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 2007. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=016482720&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Hartshorne, Joshua. "Pronoun Interpretation in Explanatory Sentences." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10239.
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While the referent of a non-reflexive pronoun clearly depends on context, the nature of these contextual restrictions is controversial. The present study seeks to characterize one representation that guides pronoun resolution. In causal dependant clauses, the preferred referent of a pronoun varies systematically with the verb in the main clause (contrast Sally frightened Mary because she... with Sally feared Mary because she...), a phenomenon known as "implicit causality". A number of researchers have tried to explain and predict such biases with reference to semantic classes of verbs and linguistic structure. However, the classes and representations invoked have been partly ad hoc and fitted to the phenomenon itself. In this dissertation, evidence is presented that an independently-motivated semantic theory accounts for many known and new phenomena in implicit causality. In the first study, it is shown that verbs within syntactically-defined classes show similar implicit causality biases. In the second study, it is shown that information about the participants in an event (such as their relative social status) do not affect pronoun biases, even when they do affect event representations. In the third study, it is shown that two syntactically-defined verb classes show the same pronoun biases in eight different languages. In combination, these results suggest that implicit causality biases derive primarily from the same underlying semantic representations that determine syntactic behavior and not from general, non-linguistic event representations.Psychology
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Mollá-Aliod, Diego. "Aspectual composition and sentence interpretation : a formal approach." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22501.
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This thesis is principally concerned with aspectual composition. Although there have been some recent studies on this topic, none has succeeded in explaining all the different aspectual interactions existing between a verb and its arguments. This thesis explores the interpretation of sentences containing transitive or intransitive verbs and their arguments. It is found that sentence interpretation (in terms of distributive and collective readings) together with a speaker's linguistic knowledge of the world plays a decisive role in determining the aspectual interaction between a verb and its arguments. An important part in this thesis is the study of predicate properties. The parallelism between the domain of objects and that of events is stressed by defining a set of properties which may apply to predicates over both domains, namely quantisation and homogeneity. The analysis is formalised by means of lattices which represent our linguistic knowledge of the structure of the world. Objects and events are categorised by means of predicates, according to the standard (extensional) definition of a predicate in Predicate Logic. Quantisation and homogeneity are defined as properties of first-order predicates, allowing the use of classical deduction procedures to prove the different aspectual interactions. These aspectual interactions are possible thanks to the link which exists between objects and events, which always appears in the semantics of a sentence. These links are interpreted as thematic roles, although in this thesis we take a look not at the thematic roles in themselves but at those properties which license one or another aspectual interaction. The properties of the thematic roles which are studied here and which are therefore relevant for the several types of aspectual interactions are very closely related to the readings of the sentence in the sense of distributivity and collectivity. There are three types of properties: those involved in a distributive reading; those involved in a collective reading; and those involved in a gradual reading (which here is treated as a special reading which shares properties from both the distributive and the collective readings). Again, as is the case with predicate properties, the link properties are formally defined by means of expressions in first-order predicate logic, and the possible aspectual interactions are demonstrated by applying classical deduction procedures.
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Gervas, Gomez-Navarro Pablo. "Logical considerations in the interpretation of presuppositional sentences." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244767.
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Kotsifas, Dimitrios. "Intonation and sentence type interpretation in Greek : A production and perception approach." Thesis, University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-2960.
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This thesis examines the intonation patterns of Modern Greek with regard to different interpretations of the sentence types (declarative, interrogative, imperative).
14 utterances are produced by Greek native speakers (2 men and 2 women) so as to express various speech acts: STATEMENT, QUESTION, COMMAND and REQUEST.
The acquisition of the F0 curve for each utterance by means of the Wavesurfer tool leads to an analysis of the pitch movements and their alignments.
After the F0 curves are analyzed and illustrated using the Excel program we are able to compare and group them. Thus, we come up with 5 different intonation patterns. After a second-level comparison based on the fact that some of the F0 curves were similar but they differed only as far as the final pitch movement is concerned, we ended up with 3 fundamental categories of intonation patterns: Category I whose main feature is the rising pitch movement aligned to the onset of the stressed syllables. This category includes only sentences that denote Statement so we can call it the STATEMENT category. Category II’s main characteristic is a dipping pitch movement aligned to the head of the utterance that is the stress of the verb or a particle that signifies negation (/min/, /den/). Sentences meaning Command or Request belong to this category. Lastly, Category III’s intonation pattern consists of peaking pitch movements aligned to the initial and final stressed syllables. Interrogative sentences belong to this category no matter their interpretation.
A secondary goal of the thesis is to examine to which extent intonation can be a safe criterion for the “correct” interpretation of a sentence. A de facto presumption that since the ratio between the number of utterances (14) and the different intonation patterns (5) is not 1:1 there can always be misunderstandings among speakers, is basically verified by the results of our perception test conducted to Greek native speakers: Greek native speakers were able to identify most of the speech acts that were expressed by the most common (default) sentence type (i.e. imperative sentence for COMMAND and interrogative for QUESTION) however there were combinations that they had difficulties to identify, such as interrogative sentences that were denoting other than QUESTION, e.g. REQUEST or STATEMENT.Ending, a perception test conducted to Flemish speakers (subjects that were native speakers of another language than Greek) showed that they were more successful in sentences that meant STATEMENT and QUESTION but they could hardly identify an interrogative sentence that meant other than QUESTION and they also confused between COMMAND and REQUEST. This implies that the intonation used to convey different interpretations is basically language-dependent.
Concluding, this study offers a description of the intonation patterns (based on pitch movements) regarding the 3 sentence types with 4 different interpretations. Our findings prove that the intonation for some cases (i.e. for sentences that express COMMAND or STATEMENT) seems to be structure-independent and for others structure-dependent (cf. the interrogative sentences). Additionally, the fact that the negation can play an important role for the choice of intonation pattern (as shown for the case of COMMAND and STATEMENT) could be considered as a structure-dependent feature of intonation. This approach contrasts the approach used for many years in the traditional Grammar according to which the structure alone (sentence type) defines the meaning that is to be conveyed.
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Reichardt, Renate. "Valency sentence patterns and meaning interpretation : case study of the verb 'consider'." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4645/.
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This thesis explores the interrelationship of local grammar, meaning, and translation equivalence, using a case study of the English verb CONSIDER, compared in a monolingual study with its near-synonyms BELIEVE, FEEL and THINK, and in a contrastive analysis with their German translation equivalents. The methodology fuses corpus linguistics and valency grammar, analysing and comparing monolingual and parallel corpora. Corpus investigation is found to be a reliable tool in identifying key translation equivalents and in verifying sentence patterns. Valency theory is argued to be more successful than related approaches in distinguishing between different levels of language analysis. Its flexibility regarding complement categorisation types make it possible to define categories that can be applied to both German and English appropriately in a contrastive study, in spite of the surface differences between the two languages. The findings highlight the problems of investigating the interplay of lexis and grammar in a contrastive context, and indicate that from the perspective of translation, language is much less rule-based and less phraseological than is often assumed. Applications of the research to the field of bilingual lexicography are discussed. Based on the corpus analysis and the valency analysis some sample dictionary entries are proposed.
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Sripadham, Shankar B. "Semantic Decomposition By Covering." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34335.
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This thesis describes the implementation of a covering algorithm for semantic decomposition of sentences of technical patents. This research complements the ASPIN project that has a long term goal of providing an automated system for digital system synthesis from patents.
In order to develop a prototype of the system explained in a patent, a natural language processor (sentence-interpreter) is required. These systems typically attempt to interpret a sentence by syntactic analysis (parsing) followed by semantic analysis. Quite often, the technical narrative contains grammatical errors, incomplete sentences, anaphoric references and typological errors that can cause the grammatical parse to fail. In such situations, an alternate method that uses a repository of pre-compiled, simple sentences (called frames) to analyze the sentences of the patent can be a useful back up. By semantically decomposing the sentences of patents to a set of frames whose meanings are fully understood, the meaning of the patent sentences can be interpreted.
This thesis deals with the semantic decomposition of sentences using a branch and bound covering algorithm. The algorithm is implemented in C++. A number of experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of this algorithm. The covering algorithm uses a standard branch and bound algorithm to semantically decompose sentences. The algorithm is fast, flexible and can provide good (100 % coverage for some sentences) coverage results. The system covered 67.68 % of the sentence tokens using 3459 frames in the repository. 54.25% of the frames identified by the system in covers for sentences, were found to be semantically correct. The experiments suggest that the performance of the system can be improved by increasing the number of frames in the repository.Master of Science
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Yeung, Pui-sze, and 揚佩詩. "An investigation of the sentence interpretation strategies among Chinese-English bilinguals in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31225445.
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Yeung, Pui-sze. "An investigation of the sentence interpretation strategies among Chinese-English bilinguals in Hong Kong." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B23001045.
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Hinterwimmer, Stefan. "The interpretation of Universally Quantified DPs and singular definites in adverbially quantified sentences." Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1940/.
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This paper deals with the conditions under which singular definites, on the one hand, and universally quantified DPs, on the other hand, receive interpretations according to which the sets denoted by the NP-complements of the respective determiner vary with the situations quantified over by a Q-adverb. I show that in both cases such interpretations depend on the availability of situation predicates that are compatible with the presuppositions associated with the respective determiner, as co-variation in both cases comes about via the binding
of a covert situation variable that is contained within the NP-complement of the respective determiner. Secondly, I offer an account for the observation that the availability of a co-varying interpretation is more constrained in the case of universally quantified DPs than in the case of singular definites, as far as word order is concerned. This is shown to follow from the fact that co-varying
definites in contrast to universally quantified DPs are inherently focus-marked.
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松原, 茂樹, Shigeki Matsubara, 善之 渡邊, Yoshiyuki Watanabe, 勝彦 外山, Katsuhiko Toyama, 康善 稲垣, and Yasuyoshi Inagaki. "英日話し言葉翻訳のための漸進的文生成手法." 情報処理学会, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/6674.
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Callahan, Sarah M. "A multi-methodological investigation of the processing and interpretation of coordinate sentences involving verb phrase anaphors." Diss., [La Jolla, Calif.] : University of California, San Diego, 2009. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3344675.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2009.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed March 19, 2009). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Neville, Laura. "A preliminary legislative evaluation of the conditional sentence of imprisonment, the case of Ontario, 1996-1997." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ38758.pdf.
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Gontijo, Conrado Almeida Corrêa. "O crime de corrupção no setor privado: estudo de direito comparado e a necessidade de tipificação do delito no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2136/tde-09112015-142533/.
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A presente dissertação de mestrado versa sobre o fenômeno da corrupção no setor privado e sobre a necessidade de sua tipificação no ordenamento jurídico do Brasil, país em que a celebração de pactos sceleris é recorrente, seja na esfera pública, seja no âmbito das relações entre particulares. Inicia-se o trabalho acadêmico com a análise das características elementares do fenômeno da corrupção, que em sua conformação tradicional apenas é sancionado pelo Direito Penal nas hipóteses em que agente vinculado ao setor público integre o acordo delitivo. Nos últimos anos, todavia, nota-se que também atos de corrupção perpetrados na esfera privada têm recebido disciplina jurídico-penal, circunstância justificada pela hodierna conjuntura socioeconômica. Em seguida, é abordado o tratamento dispensado à corrupção privada pelos organismos supranacionais e internacionais de criação de Direito, com enfoque para o Conselho da União Europeia, o Conselho da Europa, a Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) e a Organização dos Estados Africanos, que já criaram diplomas normativos voltados ao tratamento do fenômeno. Analisam-se, posteriormente, sob um viés comparado, os ordenamentos jurídicos da Inglaterra, da Alemanha, da França, da Itália e da Espanha, que dispõem de preceitos legais incriminadores para coibir os acordos corruptivos firmados entre particulares. A seguir, considerada a heterogeneidade das soluções tocantes ao assunto oferecidas pelas entidades mencionadas e pelo Direito alienígena, desenvolve-se sugestão de modelo político-criminal a ser acolhido pelo legislador brasileiro, com a identificação de bem jurídico que deve ser contemplado no momento de definição dos comportamentos caracterizadores da corrupção no setor privado. Por fim, direcionando cuidados à observância dos princípios fundamentais da ultima ratio, da subsidiariedade, da fragmentariedade e da legalidade estrita, faz-se proposta de tipificação penal do fenômeno, com a definição das condutas de corrupção privada que julgamos devam ser sancionadas na ordem jurídica brasileira.The present masters degree dissertation speaks of the phenomenon of corruption in the private sector and of the need for its classification within the Brazilian legal system, a country where pactos sceleris agreements happen quite often, whether in the public sector or in relations between individuals. The academic work begins with the analysis of the elemental features of the corruption phenomenon, which, in its traditional conformation, is only sanctioned by criminal law in cases where the agent linked to the public sector integrates the offense agreement. In recent years, however, it is noticed that acts of corruption committed in the private sphere have also received legal and penal discipline, a circumstance justified by contemporary socioeconomic factors. After that, it addresses the treatment meted out to private corruption by supranational and international bodies of Law creation, focusing on the European Union Council, the Europe Council, the United Nations (UN) and the Organization of African States, which have already created regulatory instruments aimed at addressing such phenomenon. It then analyses, under a compared bias, the legal systems of England, Germany, France, Italy and Spain, which have incriminating legal provisions to restrain corruptive agreements between private individuals. Then, considering the heterogeneity of solutions regarding the subject offered by the aforementioned entities and by the Alien law, a suggestion of politicalcriminal model to be accepted by the Brazilian legislature is developed, with the identification of legal content that must be considered when setting behaviours featured as corruption in the private sector. Finally, carefully complying with the fundamental principles of ultima ratio, as well as subsidiarity, fragmentary and strict legality, a penal classification of the phenomenon is proposed, with the definition of private corruption conducts we believe should be sanctioned in the Brazilian Law.
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Modarresi, Fereshteh. "Bare Nouns in Persian: Interpretation, Grammar, and Prosody." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31168.
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This thesis explores the variable behavior of bare nouns in Persian. Bare singular nouns realize different grammatical functions, including subject, object and indirect object. They receive different interpretations, including generic, definite and existential readings. However, the task of understanding the reasons for, and limits on, this variation cannot be achieved without understanding a number of pivotal features of Persian sentential architecture, including Information Structure, prosody, word order, and the functions of various morphological markers in Persian.
After a brief introduction, chapters 2-3 deal with bare noun objects, firstly comparing them with nominals marked with indefinite morpheme -i suffixed to the noun, and the determiner yek. A bare noun object differs from morphologically marked nominals as it shows properties associated with noun incorporation in the literature (chapter 2). Of particular interest are the discourse properties of these ‘quasi-incorporated’ nominals. With respect to the discourse transparency of Incorporated Nominals, Persian belongs to the class of discourse opaque languages within Mithun’s classification (1984). However, under certain circumstances, Persian bare nouns show discourse transparency. These circumstances are examined in chapter 3, and it is proposed that bare nouns do introduce a number neutral discourse referent. There are no overt anaphoric expressions that could match such number-neutral antecedents in Persian. But covert anaphora lack number features, and hence can serve as means to pick up a number-neutral discourse referent. Also, in case world knowledge tells us that the number-neutral discourse referent is anchored to an atomic entity or to a collection, then an overt singular pronoun or an overt plural pronoun might fit the combined linguistic and conceptual requirements, and may be used to pick up the number-neutral discourse referent. This proposal is phrased within Discourse Representation Theory.
In the second half of the dissertation, the interpretation of bare nouns in different positions and with different grammatical functions are discussed. Under the independently supported hypothesis of position>interpretation mapping developed by Diesing (1992), we will see the role of the suffix -ra in indicating that an object has been moved out of VP. Following Diesing, I assume that VP-internal variables are subject to an operation of Existential Closure. In many cases, VP-external –ra-marked objects have a different interpretation to their VP-internal, non-ra-marked, counterparts, because of escaping Existential Closure. For subjects, there is no morphological marking corresponding to –ra on objects, and we have to rely on prosody and word order to determine how a VP is interpreted using theories of the interaction of accent and syntactic structure. We assume that VP-internal subjects exist, under two independent but converging assumptions. The first is prosodic in nature: Subjects can be accented without being narrowly focused; theories of Persian prosody predict then that there is a maximal constituent that contains both the subject and the verb as its head. The second is semantic in nature: Bare nouns require an external existential closure operation to be interpreted existentially, and we have to assume existential closure over the VP for our analysis of the interpretation of objects. So, this existential closure would provide the necessary quantificational force for bare noun subjects as well. It is proposed that both subject and object originate within the VP, and can move out to the VP-external domain. The motivation for these movements are informational-structural in nature, relating in particular to the distinctions between given and new information, and default and non-default information structure.
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Toole, Janine. "The semantic interpretation of definite noun phrases, uniqueness intuitions, telescope anaphora, and strong and weak readings in donkey sentences." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq24358.pdf.
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Guerra, Ernesto [Verfasser]. "Non-referential visual contexts effects on incremental semantic interpretation of abstract sentences : an eye-tracking reading study / Ernesto Guerra." Bielefeld : Universitätsbibliothek Bielefeld, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1050025334/34.
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Pinero, Veronica B. "Transformations in the Canadian Youth Justice System. Creation of Statutes and the Judicial Waiver in Quebec." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/24065.
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The objectives of this thesis were to observe how the Canadian youth justice system has dealt with the regulation of the transfer of young offenders to the adult court and how the Canadian statutes have regulated the imposition of adult offences for young offenders.
For this, I drew a distinction between two levels of observation: first, I observed the process of "creation of statutes" by the political system. Second, I observed the process of "understanding and interpretation of statutes" by the judicial system. The notion of "political system" includes the legislation enacted by Parliament, parliamentary debates, and reports published by the Government of Canada. The notion of "judicial system" includes the decisions of the Montreal Youth Court.
For the first level of observation ("creation of statutes"), I observed and analyzed the work of the political system for the period 1842 to 2012. Starting in 1857, many statutes regulated different aspects of the criminal law system as it applied to young people. The first statute to deal with youth offenders comprehensively and different from adult offenders was the Juvenile Delinquents Act (1908); this statute was replaced by the Young Offenders Act (1982). The current statute is the Youth Criminal Justice Act (2002).
With regard to the Juvenile Delinquents Act (1908) and the Young Offenders Act (1982), I observed how the political system regulated the mechanism of transferring a young person to the adult court. This mechanism allowed the youth court to decide a question of jurisdiction: whether the young person would be processed and sentenced within the youth justice system, or whether the young person would be sent to the adult court for him to be dealt with and sentenced therein. With regard to the Youth Criminal Justice Act (2002), I observed how the political system has regulated the imposition of adult sentences by the youth court. This statute replaced the mechanism of transfer under the two previous statutes by the imposition of adult sentences within the youth justice system.
For the second level of observation ("the understanding and interpretation of statutes"), I observed how the Montreal Youth Court had understood and interpreted the statutory provision that allowed the youth court to transfer a young person to the adult court for the young person to be dealt with and sentenced therein. My period of observation is from 1911 to 1995.
I argue that both the political and the judicial systems have been strongly influenced by the theories of deterrence, denunciation, retribution, and rehabilitation. The influence that each theory has exercised on each system varies. The political system, originally focused on the rehabilitation of young people, has been slowly “contaminated” by the most punitive theories, such as deterrence and denunciation. This shift started in the 70’s and slowly increased over the years. Conversely, while the judicial system does not seem to have been originally influenced by the theories of rehabilitation, its focus has slowly shifted towards this objective as the primary goal of their intervention towards young offenders since the 70’s. However, the “successful rehabilitation” of a young person has become a goal in itself, where “unsuccessful offenders” have been transferred to the adult court and dealt with the adult punitive justice system.
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Palvadeau, Émmanuelle. "Le contrat en droit pénal." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR40048/document.
Full textAbstract:
En tant que « pilier de l’ordre juridique », le contrat n’est pas ignoré du droit pénal. Incontestablement présent dans d’innombrables incriminations, le contrat fait toutefois l’objet de conceptions particulières que la doctrine relève ponctuellement comme autant de marques d’autonomie de la matière. Mais la présentation du contrat en droit pénal par le simple constat de solutions autonomes ne peut suffire, qui ne permet pas de déterminer, de manière positive et rationnelle, ce en quoi le contrat consiste en droit pénal.En refusant de lui transposer l’ensemble du régime contractuel, le droit positif semble pourtant formuler le principe d’une sélection que la finalité du droit pénal peut éclairer de manière décisive. Le contrat en droit pénal apparaît alors, qui résulte ainsi d’une sélection fonctionnelle des dispositions du régime contractuel : seules celles assurant la finalité du droit pénal doivent être caractériséesAs a « bedrock of the legal order », the contract is not ignored by criminal law. Unquestionably present in many offences, the contract is the object of specific conceptions that the doctrine find here and there as signs of the autonomy of criminal law.However, the presentation of the contract in criminal law through the statement of fact that autonomous solutions exist, is not sufficient. It doesn’t allow establishment in a positive and rational way, the real definition of the contract in criminal law.By refusing transposition of the entire contractual settlement, current law expresses the principle of a selection and that the purpose of criminal law may clarify it in a decisive way.Then, the contract in criminal law appears, resulting of a functional selection from the dispositions of contractual settlement: only the ones which maintain the aim of criminal law must be distinguished
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葉舒白. "An Error Analysis of Sentence by Sentence Interpretation." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32529274730703373623.
Full textAbstract:
博士國立臺灣師範大學
翻譯研究所
100
In line with steps suggested by Corder (1974a), this study aimed to develop procedures tailored to the analysis of interpretation errors, and conducted an Error Analysis of English to Chinese sentence-by-sentence interpretation. An experiment consisting of word recognition, sentence comprehension and sentence interpretation tasks was carried out to collect target outputs from 30 bilingual college graduates with dominance in Mandarin Chinese. Both the source inputs and target outputs were transcribed and deconstructed into propositions. To facilitate the identification and classification of errors, reference interpretations and guidelines were established to govern the comparison and alignment of source and target propositions. To explain and evaluate errors, correlation analysis by task and by performance was applied to investigate the connections within and between error type, sentence length and sentence speed. The major findings of this study are listed as follows: 1. The reference interpretations, and comparison and alignment guidelines seemed to effectively limit subjectivity, ensuring more consistency in error recognition and classification, and allowing monolinguals to participate as raters. 2. In addition to omissions, substitutions and meaning-altering additions, entailing and presupposing propositions were also classified as errors. Meaning-altering additions were the largest error type of the target sentence, while omissions the largest of the source sentence. The speed and length, especially duration, of a target sentence seemed to be reliable indicators of quality and performance. 3. Compared with comprehension rate, recognition rate seemed to correlate better with how much a source sentence was correctly interpreted. Length was a more reliable difficulty indicator of recognition and comprehension than speed. This seemed to imply that the longer the source sentence, the more likely that: (a) it was recognized but only partially comprehended, thus its interpretation was characterized by meaning-altering additions composed of fragmented meaning units; and (b) its target sentence was lengthier, thus omissions occurred due to the decay and interference in memory 4. On average, more than 50% of a source and target sentence were errors, indicating a generally poor quality. Meaning-altering additions and omissions seemed to co-occur, thus were considered grave errors.
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Davis, Christopher. "Constraining interpretation: Sentence final particles in Japanese." 2011. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3465192.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation is concerned with how pragmatic particles interact with sentential force and with general pragmatic constraints to derive optimal dynamic interpretations. The primary empirical focus of the dissertation is the Japanese sentence final particle yo and its intonational associates. These right-peripheral elements are argued to interact semantically with sentential force in specifying the set of contextual transitions compatible with an utterance. In this way, they semantically constrain the pragmatic interpretation of the utterances in which they occur. These conventional constraints on interpretation are wedded with general pragmatic constraints which provide a further filter on the road to optimal interpretation.
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Davis, Christopher M. "Constraining Interpretation: Sentence Final Particles in Japanese." 2011. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/open_access_dissertations/397.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation is concerned with how pragmatic particles interact with sentential force and with general pragmatic constraints to derive optimal dynamic interpretations. The primary empirical focus of the dissertation is the Japanese sentence final particle yo and its intonational associates. These right-peripheral elements are argued to interact semantically with sentential force in specifying the set of contextual transitions compatible with an utterance. In this way, they semantically constrain the pragmatic interpretation of the utterances in which they occur. These conventional constraints on interpretation are wedded with general pragmatic constraints which provide a further filter on the road to optimal interpretation.
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HUNG, SHUN YU, and 洪順玉. "Research on Narrow Interpretation of Concurrent Sentences." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/48201253143569163440.
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YANG, XIN-MIN, and 楊新民. "Unification-based semantic interpretation of chinese sentences." Thesis, 1991. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/08497090598296030219.
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LI, JUN-XIAO, and 李俊曉. "Interpretation of Chinese sentences based on situation semantics." Thesis, 1989. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52654924490483985854.
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Lai, Jr-Wei, and 賴志偉. "Temporal Interpretation of Epistemic Modal Sentences in Mandarin Chinese." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/71980852709664244878.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立嘉義大學
外國語言學系研究所
99
Modality in the literature has been discussed from many different perspectives including the temporal interpretations. Some of the studies focus on the temporal reference in general in Mandarin Chinese, e.g. Lin (2006), Smith and Erbaugh (2005). However, little, if any, attention has been paid to explore the temporal interpretation of epistemic modal sentences in Mandarin Chinese. Accordingly, this thesis aims to give an account of temporal interpretation of modals with a special focus on two epistemic modals in Chinese: hui ‘will’, yao ‘must. In this study, we would like to discuss when and why epistemic modals hui and yao become compatible with past or completed/terminated situations. This study argues that epistemic modals can be rendered compatible with past situations, present situations, or completed/teminated situations: epistemic modals can be used to make ‘prediction’ about past situations if benlai ‘originally’ is inserted, and jiu can make epistemic modals compatible with perfective le and guo. We also argue that benlai provides a function that the time at which the prediction is made is shifted from the speech time to a past time. Besides, since jiu provides the ‘future relevance’, it enables hui/yao to denote a future perfect reading, so that they can be used to make ‘predictions’ about future perfect situations. Consequently, we find that hui/yao have a unified temporal semantics, i.e. they are used to predict that a situation will be realized in the future, either a relative future or an absolute future.
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CHEN, XIN-XI, and 陳信希. "On the analysis and interpretation of Chinese sentences in logic programming." Thesis, 1988. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/01310231161180600768.
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Chang, Jui-Chun, and 張睿君. "A Study of How Oral Sentence Making Affects the Fluency of Chinese to English Interpretation." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/80150270559030014381.
Full textAbstract:
碩士淡江大學
英文學系碩士班
101
The present study aimed to examine the effect and efficiency of oral immediate sentence making on the speech fluency in Chinese-English simultaneous interpretation. It is well established that many interpreting trainees encounter a great bottleneck in delivery speed, which may surely influence the effectiveness of their oral interpreting. To determine the possible pedagogical implications for proper delivery, data were collected from 9 graduate participants of Tamkang University in Taiwan. They were 5 females and 4 males between the ages of 25 and 28 years who spoke Chinese as their first language. The results of the study confirmed the beneficial effects of oral immediate sentence-making on subjects’ overall speech fluency in Chinese-English simultaneous interpretation, due to the 30 minutes instruction every week during the eight weeks training session. The findings also indicated that the application of this oral immediate sentence-making had a great effect on novice interpreters’ improvements in many aspects of language such as: (a) pronunciation, (b) vocabulary, (c) grammar, (d) syntactic structure, and (e) content. In particular, this treatment promotes the subjects’ vocabulary fluency and syntactic maturity the best. Accordingly, oral immediate sentence-making proved to be an effective pedagogical method to increase speech fluency in Chinese-English simultaneous interpretation.
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Kang, Yu-min, and 康郁敏. "TAIWANESE TEENAGERS’ INTERPRETATION OF FOCUS ASSOCIATES IN TRIADIC SENTENCES WITH FOCUS PARTICLE ‘ZHI’ (ONLY)." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/j7k588.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中山大學
外國語文學系研究所
96
In the research of focus on intonation languages, it is generally assumed that the stress not only signals the focus but also contributes to the different truth condition in sentences containing focus particle only. This phenomenon is known as ‘association with focus’ (Jackendoff, 1972; Rooth, 1985, 1992, among others). However, this phenomenon has not been comprehensively studied in tonal languages such as Chinese. To further investigate whether the stress signals the focus in triadic sentences with zhi ‘only’ and whether there is a preferred default focus interpretation, the study probes into the issue with respect to younger participants, i.e., teenagers in junior high schools. The study contains triadic sentences such as dative construction, double object construction and ba construction. Participants were asked to choose the focus which zhi ‘only’ is associated with in a multiple choice questionnaire after the stories and test sentences were shown by a powerpoint file in the computer. There were three experiments in this study. In Experiment 1, 116 participants in the regular classes judged a contrastive stress awareness task and a modified Truth Value Judgment (TVJ) Task. Experiment 2 (TVJ task only) followed Experiment 1 except for using unfamiliar Cartoon figures. Experiment 3 (the contrastive stress awareness task and the TVJ task) reduplicated Experiment 2 in English. The participants in Experiment 2 and 3 were the same 30 participants in the gifted class. The results, first, further confirmed that even though Chinese teenagers were aware of the contrastive stress, they did not use it for disambiguating sentences with zhi ‘only’ in both Chinese and English. Second, the participants tended not to choose the default wide VP focus but narrow focus. However, contrary to the default narrow DO focus that Chinese adult speakers preferred, the teenager participants favored the narrow focus which usually falls on the neutral stress (sentence-final) position. The phenomenon is even more salient in ba construction. Third, in English, contrastive stress was not used for disambiguation although they were aware of the stress. The interpretation of English focus particle only was similar to that of Chinese, so it was ascribed to L1 transfer.
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Chen, Shu-hui Eileen. "Pragmatic comprehension : a developmental study of Mandarin-speaking children's strategies for interpretation of given and new information." Thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/9955.
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Marenco, Sonia Eyleen Oliveira. "Parâmetros dogmáticos das sentenças interpretativas constitucionais na jurisdição constitucional brasileira." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/11676.
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O presente estudo tem por objeto as sentenças interpretativas condicionais proferidas pelo STF em controle abstrato e busca estabelecer parâmetros dogmáticos para a utilização dessa via „atípica‟ de controle de normas, bem como descortinar os respectivos padrões de eficácia, a fim de que possam ter um manejo adequado, que mantenha a atividade criativa-conformadora do Tribunal dentro dos lindes do Estado de Direito. Para tanto, fixam-se premissas metodológicas para o emprego da interpretação conforme na Justiça Constitucional e estabelece-se uma tipologia do ponto de vista do resultado teleológico do juízo de controle, vincando-se os contornos de cada uma das espécies, para, ao final, estabelecer argumentos a favor de uma preferência constitucional pela emissão das sentenças interpretativas de inconstitucionalidade parcial sem redução de texto e, via de conseqüência, pressupostos para a emissão legítima das sentenças declaratórias de uma interpretação conforme, que criam uma „norma jurisprudencial‟, com grave risco de operar uma „blindagem interpretativa‟ e abalo à segurança jurídica. No decorrer do trabalho, entretanto, tenta-se desconstruir, criticamente, alguns „dogmas‟ construídos em torno das decisões interpretativas condicionais, que tornam opaca a sua compreensão e alcance, prejudicando a sua operatividade no plano prático. Nesse diapasão, reequacionam-se e desmistificam-se os fundamentos que subjazem o fenômeno; estabelecem-se pressupostos de admissibilidade de uma atividade conformadora pelo Tribunal; define-se o domínio de cogência da interpretação conforme, como alternativa teoricamente justificável e dogmaticamente viável para a incidência do efeito vinculante; analisa-se a eficácia do juízo de inconstitucionalidade que lhe é implícito; a par de vincarem-se os contornos das categorias eficaciais típicas das decisões constitucionais, comprova-se a inoperatividade da coisa julgada na jurisdição constitucional e constata-se que a eficácia erga omnes tem incidência funcional apenas com relação às decisões de inconstitucionalidade parcial sem redução de texto ou de invalidade condicionada, ao passo que o efeito vinculante é predicável apenas das sentenças que positivam um sentido constitucional, conformando o sentido normativo do preceito inquinado (sentenças interpretativas de validade condicionada). Por fim, faz-se uma análise crítica da jurisprudência recente do STF com relação às sentenças interpretativas condicionais, constatando-se que a falta de uniformidade técnica e o uso voluntarioso do instituto prejudica não apenas a eficácia das próprias decisões e a alardeada coerência do ordenamento, como termina por colocar em risco o próprio Estado de Direito.The subject of this study is the conditional interpretative sentences rendered by the STF (Federal Supreme Court) in abstract control, seeking to lay down dogmatic parameters for the use of this “atypical” route of controlling rules, while also revealing the respective standards of effectiveness, to enable proper handling that maintains the creative-molding activity of the Court within the boundaries of the State of Law. To this end, methodological premises are set for the use of interpretation according to Constitutional Justice, establishing a typology from the standpoint of the teleological outcome of the control judgment, adapting the outlines of each one of the kinds, to in the end establish arguments in favor of a constitutional preference for the rendering of sentences interpreting partial unconstitutionality with no reduction of text and, as a consequence, premises for the rightful rendering of declaratory sentences of a conformant interpretation, which set up a “case law standard”, with a serious risk of operating an “interpretative shielding” and undermining legal security. As the work proceeds, though, it seeks to critically deconstruct certain “dogmas” built up around conditional interpretative decisions, which make their interpretation and scope opaque, hindering their operative reach on a practical level. This line re-equates and demystifies the foundations that underlie the phenomenon. Premises of admissibility of a conformant activity by the Court are set; the domain of cogence of the conformant interpretation is defined, as an alternative theoretically justifiable and dogmatically feasible for incidence of the binding effect; an analysis is made of the effectiveness of the judgment of unconstitutionality inherent to it, while adapting the outlines of the categories of effectiveness typical of constitutional decisions, the inoperative nature of the rem judicatum in constitutional jurisdiction is proven, finding that effectiveness erga omnes enjoys functional incidence only in relation to decisions of partial unconstitutionality with no reduction of text or conditional invalidity, whereas the binding effect can be predicated only from those sentences that materialize a constitutional meaning, shaping the normative sense of the precept contaminated (interpretative sentences of conditional validity). Lastly, the work makes a critical analysis of recent case law at the STF in relation to conditional interpretative sentences, finding that the lack of technical uniformity and arbitrary use of the mechanism harms not only the effectiveness of the decisions themselves and the much-vaunted coherence of the system, but also jeopardizes the State of Law itself.
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Su, Yi-Hua, and 蘇怡樺. "Sentence Interpretation of VP Ellipsis Construction and Null Object Construction in Mandarin Chinese: A Comparison between Children and Adults." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47485329996709895645.
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碩士國立清華大學
語言學研究所
99
The purpose of this study is to investigate the performances of children between four to six years old in the acquisition of VP ellipsis constructions and null object constructions (NOC) in Mandarin Chinese. Four comprehension experiments are conducted to explore the children's performance of VP ellipsis constructions and null object constructions. This study also compares children's performance with adults' performance to further explore how children acquire these two constructions. In the four experiments, reflexives and pronouns are examined in these two constructions, respectively. Our results show: (1) Four-year-old children have already had the linguistic knowledge of VP ellipsis constructions and null object constructions. (2) Children differentiated these two constructions in interpreting reflexives, while in interpreting pronouns, they did not. (3) Adults' performance was inconsistent with syntactic theories; adults' interpretation of the reflexives in null object constructions (Experiment Ⅱ) shows only the sloppy interpretation is acceptable in Chinese adult grammar. (4) Children in Experiment Ⅱ accepted the strict interpretation 33% of the time, and the performance between children and adults is significant. Concerning the significant difference between children and adults, this study interprets from the previous studies of "scalar implicature." As for adults, a pragmatic principle- Cooperative Principle entreats them to be as informative as possible. Adults rejected the target sentences in Experiment Ⅱ because they were under-informative. Children's performance can be attributed to a lack of pragmatic competence. Once children acquire the pragmatic principles or their processing capacity reaches adult-like levels, they perform as adults do.
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Moreira, Patrícia Sanches. "Interpretação de sujeitos nulos e realizados por aprendentes de PLE, italianos e franceses." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/56234.
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Dissertação de mestrado de Português Língua Não Materna - Português Língua Estrangeira (PLE) e Língua Segunda (L2)Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o comportamento de aprendentes de português língua estrangeira na interpretação de sujeitos nulos e plenos em estruturas inter- e intrafrásicas, em contextos anafóricos e catafóricos quando há dois potenciais antecedentes. Analisando dois grupos de aprendentes com línguas maternas distintas, que apresentam diferenças substanciais relativamente ao parâmetro do sujeito nulo, o italiano e o francês, tentou-se compreender qual o papel da língua materna na aquisição deste parâmetro na língua estrangeira. O italiano, tal como o português, é uma língua de sujeito nulo, que permite a omissão do sujeito em orações finitas. O francês, por sua vez, é uma língua de sujeito obrigatório, ou seja, não permite a omissão fonética do sujeito. A ausência fonética do sujeito numa oração finita origina uma frase agramatical. Os resultados de uma Tarefa de Interpretação, aplicada em modo offline, mostram que o grupo de controlo, falantes adultos do português europeu, se comporta como esperado, distinguindo sujeitos nulos de sujeitos plenos. Os resultados do grupo italófono aproximam-se dos do grupo de controlo, enquanto o grupo francófono se distancia dos do grupo de controlo. Neste último grupo nota-se que não é clara a distribuição de tarefas existente entre sujeitos nulos e sujeitos plenos, pois o grupo interpreta tanto pronomes nulos como pronomes plenos como correferentes do sujeito da oração matriz. Todos os informantes mostraram-se sensíveis às condições anafóricas e catafóricas, assim como às estruturas interfrásicas e intrafrásicas. Os resultados mostram que as propriedades da língua materna podem ser facilitadoras na interpretação de sujeitos pronominais. Os dados revelam ainda que a interpretação de sujeitos nulos é mais estável e precoce do que a interpretação de sujeitos plenos.
This paper has the objective of investigating the behavior of learners of Portuguese foreign language in the interpretation of overt and null subjects in inter and intra-sentence structures, and in contexts anaphoric and cataphoric when there are two potential antecedents. Analyzing two groups of learners with distinct mother language, that demonstrate substantial differences relating to the parameter of the null subject, the Italian and the French, tried to understand the role of the mother language in acquiring this parameter in foreign language. The Italian language, like the Portuguese, is a language of null subject, it allows the lexicalized omission of the subject in finite prayers. The French, on the other hand, is a compulsory subject language, i.e. it does not allow the subject phonetic omission. The phonetic absence of the subject in a finite prayer leads to an ungrammatical sentence. The results of an offline sentence interpretation task show that the control group of the European Portuguese adult speakers, behave as expected, distinguishing null subjects from overt subjects. The results of the italophone group are close to those of the control group, while the francophone group is rather distanced from those of the control group. In this last group it is noted that it is not clear the distribution of tasks existing between null subjects and overt subjects, the group interprets both null pronouns as overt pronouns as related to the subject of the prayer matrix. All the informants showed themselves sensitive to the anaphorical and cataphoric conditions, as well as to the intersentence and intra-sentence structures. The results show that the properties of the mother tongue can facilitate the interpretation of pronominal subjects. The data also show that the interpretation of null subjects is more stable and precocious.
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Roy-Desrosiers, Stéphane. "Friedrich Nietzsche. Metteur en scène de la forme aphoristique." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9752.
Full textAbstract:
Les écrits aphoristiques de Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) posent une évidente
difficulté. Cette difficulté n’a pas échappé à l’auteur qui a recommandé à ses lecteurs, en 1887 dans sa préface à Zur Genealogie der Moral, qu’ils pratiquent en lisant ses aphorismes un « art de l’interprétation [Kunst der Auslegung] » [KSA, V, p. 255, § 8.]. Malheureusement, Nietzsche ne dit pas précisément en quoi consiste une telle lecture. Comment le lecteur doit-il
alors interpréter les écrits aphoristiques de Friedrich Nietzsche? Pour répondre à cette question herméneutique nous nous servirons de la « métaphore du théâtre », présente en filigrane dans l’œuvre du philosophe.
Notre mémoire se propose d’abord d’examiner ce que Nietzsche a lui-même dit au sujet
des « formes brèves » (la maxime, la sentence, mais surtout l’aphorisme), et en même temps ce qu’il attend plus particulièrement d’un lecteur de ces formes d’expression. Cette analyse philologique du corpus nietzschéen se fera aussi à la lumière des commentaires que Peter
Sloterdijk (1947-) et Sarah Kofman (1934-1994) ont proposés de la philosophie nietzschéenne.
Après avoir nous-mêmes analysé les propos de Nietzsche portant sur ce qu’il estime être un lecteur à la hauteur de ses écrits, il sera dès lors possible de porter un jugement critique sur la pertinence et la portée des études de Sloterdijk et Kofman qui abordent eux-mêmes la mise en scène de la pensée nietzschéenne au moyen de la métaphore du théâtre. Une part importante de notre critique portera notamment sur la nature synthétique de leurs interprétations
philosophiques, menées dans une perspective thématico-synthétique et trans-aphoristique, qui marginalisent à bien des égards la particularité et l’autonomie des formes d’expression au moyen desquelles Friedrich Nietzsche s’exprime.Reading Friedrich Nietzsche’s (1844-1900) aphoristic works poses an evident difficulty for any reader. This difficulty was not lost on the author of Menschliches, Allzumenschliches (1878), Morgenröthe (1881), Die Fröhliche Wissenschaft (1882) and explains why he recommended to his readers, subsequently in 1887 in his preface to Zur Genealogie der Moral, that they read him by means of a “art of exegesis [Kunst der Auslegung]” [KSA, V, p. 255, § 8.]. Unfortunately, Nietzsche remains ambiguous with regards to what such an art of reading involves. The present dissertation will nevertheless employ the ‘theatre metaphor’ recurrent throughout Nietzsche’s works in the aim of shedding light on this fundamental (hermeneutical) question: How can we, as readers of Friedrich Nietzsche’s aphoristic writings, correctly interpret our role? The first part of the present dissertation examines what Nietzsche has himself said on the subject of “short expressions” in his work (the maxim, the adage, and especially the aphorism), along with the expectations he has of a reader of such forms of expression. This philological analysis of Nietzsche’s writings will also be followed by the commentaries of his philosophy offered by Peter Sloterdijk (1947-) and Sarah Kofman (1934-1994). I will then conduct my own analysis of Nietzsche’s expectations regarding his readership, on the basis of which I will mount a critique of Sloterdijk and Kofman’s readings, both of whom also employ the ‘theatre metaphor’ in order to show how Nietzsche stages his thought. The brunt of this critique will be directed towards the synthetic nature of their philosophical interpretations. Sloterdijk and Kofman construct their readings thematically and trans-aphoristically and in so doing neglect the distinctiveness and autonomy of the individual aphorisms through which Friedrich Nietzsche expresses himself.
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Santos, Camila Miliza Pereira. "Liberdade Condicional em caso de Execução Sucessiva de Penas." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/92749.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito apresentada à Faculdade de DireitoThis dissertation explores the theme of Revocation of Parole in case of multiple sentences running consecutively. This investigation aims to provide an answer to the controversial legal treatment that should be given to the remainder of the sentence arising from the revocation, when the convict has multiple and autonomous sentences to serve, analytically exposing patented solutions in the jurisprudential acquis and presented by the most relevant doctrinal opinion. Focusing our attention on the position upheld by the Supreme Court of Justice in this quarrel and thereby filtering the interpretative thesis that underlies it, in light of the legal-constitutional principles informing Criminal Law.This dissertation explores the theme of Revocation of Parole in case of multiple sentences running consecutively. This investigation aims to provide an answer to the controversial legal treatment that should be given to the remainder of the sentence arising from the revocation, when the convict has multiple and autonomous sentences to serve, analytically exposing patented solutions in the jurisprudential acquis and presented by the most relevant doctrinal opinion. Focusing our attention on the position upheld by the Supreme Court of Justice in this quarrel and thereby filtering the interpretative thesis that underlies it, in light of the legal-constitutional principles informing Criminal Law.This dissertation explores the theme of Revocation of Parole in case of multiple sentences running consecutively. This investigation aims to provide an answer to the controversial legal treatment that should be given to the remainder of the sentence arising from the revocation, when the convict has multiple and autonomous sentences to serve, analytically exposing patented solutions in the jurisprudential acquis and presented by the most relevant doctrinal opinion. Focusing our attention on the position upheld by the Supreme Court of Justice in this quarrel and thereby filtering the interpretative thesis that underlies it, in light of the legal-constitutional principles informing Criminal Law.
A presente dissertação explora a temática da Revogação da Liberdade Condicional em caso de execução sucessiva de penas. Com esta investigação pretendemos avançar uma resposta ao controverso tratamento jurídico a dar à pena remanescente emergente da Revogação quando o condenado tem uma pluralidade de penas autónomas para cumprir, expondo analiticamente as soluções patenteadas no acervo jurisprudencial e apresentadas pela mais relevante opinião doutrinária. Atentamos, com especial relevância, na posição acolhida pelo Supremo Tribunal de Justiça nesta querela, fazendo perpassar a tese interpretativa que lhe subjaz pelo crivo dos princípios jurídico-constitucionais informadores do Direito Penal.A presente dissertação explora a temática da Revogação da Liberdade Condicional em caso de execução sucessiva de penas. Com esta investigação pretendemos avançar uma resposta ao controverso tratamento jurídico a dar à pena remanescente emergente da Revogação quando o condenado tem uma pluralidade de penas autónomas para cumprir, expondo analiticamente as soluções patenteadas no acervo jurisprudencial e apresentadas pela mais relevante opinião doutrinária. Atentamos, com especial relevância, na posição acolhida pelo Supremo Tribunal de Justiça nesta querela, fazendo perpassar a tese interpretativa que lhe subjaz pelo crivo dos princípios jurídico-constitucionais informadores do Direito Penal.A presente dissertação explora a temática da Revogação da Liberdade Condicional em caso de execução sucessiva de penas. Com esta investigação pretendemos avançar uma resposta ao controverso tratamento jurídico a dar à pena remanescente emergente da Revogação quando o condenado tem uma pluralidade de penas autónomas para cumprir, expondo analiticamente as soluções patenteadas no acervo jurisprudencial e apresentadas pela mais relevante opinião doutrinária. Atentamos, com especial relevância, na posição acolhida pelo Supremo Tribunal de Justiça nesta querela, fazendo perpassar a tese interpretativa que lhe subjaz pelo crivo dos princípios jurídico-constitucionais informadores do Direito Penal.
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Mabuza, James Khuthala Ntele. "Stylistic techniques in the short stories of D.B.Z. Ntuli." Thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/17279.
Full textAbstract:
This is a semantic study, dealing with style and technique in the short stories of D. B. Z. Ntuli.
The study as a whole analyses Ntuli' s first six volumes of short stories.
The first chapter is an introduction, dealing with the aim of the study. The second sub-section
after aim is Ntuli's biographical notes. Full details of this author from high school attendance to
his contribution during his working experience are given. Ntuli's biography is followed by the
scope of study. Under this sub-heading, short story volumes to be analysed are clearly stated.
The fourth sub-heading is the method of approach and a conclusion.
Chapter two deals with various types of repetition, a literary technique. It analyses Ntuli's use of
language, and repetition of sentences approaching it from different angles.
Chapter three and four deal with choice of words. The former chapter handles the various types
of language elements semantically and the latter deals specifically with the ideophone. The
ideophone is sub-divided into two sub-sections: classification and usage.
Chapter five deals with proverbial expressions and these are sub-divided into two sections:
idioms and proverbs. The usage of idiomatic expressions is discussed under: verbs, nouns and
qualificatives, while the proverbs are analysed under classification and syntax.
Imagery is dealt with in chapter six. Imagery is further sub-divided into four categories:
metaphor, simile, personification and symbolism. Style and structure are discussed in chapter
seven. In this chapter various elements of language forms are handled: types of sentenceidiophonic;
negative forms of the ideophone, with conjunctives; sentences with adverbs; the
demonstratives; titles of short story volumes and naming of characters.
Chapter eight is the general conclusion, reflecting on Ntuli's style and technique with special
emphasis on his unique use of the language. Reference is made to discoveries regarding the
author's use of vocabulary, and his techniques in using repetition as well as avoiding it, which is
part of his style. His choice of words and how he arranges them on paper is also discussed.
Ntuli's choice of titles in naming his short story volumes is summed up showing that these have
been influenced by his background. The study concludes by suggesting areas that still require
further analysis in Ntuli 's short stories.African Languages
D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)
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SBARBATI, Claudia. "LE STRAGI E LO STATO. NARRAZIONI SU CARTA DELLO STRAGISMO ITALIANO:CRONACA, MEMORIA E STORIA." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11393/251127.
Full textAbstract:
Oggetto del presente studio è la narrazione pubblica delle stragi degli anni Settanta, realizzata attraverso il filtro della carta stampata di ieri e di oggi. In particolare, le stragi delle quali è stato ricostruito il pubblico racconto sono quelle di Milano (12 dicembre 1969), di Brescia (28 maggio 1974) e di Bologna (2 agosto 1980).
L’interesse di ricerca è nato dalla percezione di un vuoto storiografico rispetto all’“impressione di realtà” - quindi all’immaginario - che nel corso dei decenni quotidiani e periodici nazionali hanno edificato riguardo allo stragismo neofascista.
In generale, l’eversione di destra – seppur oggetto di preziosi studi - è stata meno analizzata rispetto a quella di sinistra e quello che è divenuto il cosiddetto “caso Moro”, perché sovente stigmatizzata come subalterna allo Stato e quindi priva di una sua dimensione particolare.
È esattamente in questo spazio che la ricerca s’inserisce, guardando alla storia d’Italia attraverso l’interpretazione dello stragismo offerta dall’informazione a stampa.
La scelta della fonte giornalistica come fonte storica per analizzare le categorie interpretative e i quadri di riferimento messi a disposizione dell’opinione pubblica, ha richiesto di tenere in considerazione gli elementi distintivi del giornalismo italiano e i suoi rapporti con il contesto politico nazionale coevo alle stragi, con attenzione anche per i cambiamenti occorsi nel tempo nel mondo dell’informazione e nel panorama internazionale, definendo un arco temporale che dal 1969 giunge sino al 2017. Inoltre, gli scenari politici sovranazionali della Guerra Fredda sono costantemente richiamati in virtù dell’intima connessione fra eversione di destra, forze dell’ordine e servizi di sicurezza italiani da un lato, ed equilibri geopolitici internazionali dall’altro.
Si è scelto di attingere a numerose testate nazionali per dare conto delle diverse linee editoriali, delle molteplici caratterizzazioni politiche delle stesse, dei differenti stili comunicativi e della pluralità di lettori cui ogni quotidiano o periodico è destinato.
Fra gli archivi storici più attenzionati emergono quelli del “Corriere della Sera”, “La Stampa”,“la Repubblica”, “L’Unità”, “Il Giorno”, “La Notte”, “La Nazione”, “L’Avanti!”, “il Manifesto”, “Lotta Continua”, “Umanità Nova”, “Il Popolo”, “il Secolo d’Italia”, “Candido” e “il Borghese”.
A ogni strage è stato dedicato uno specifico capitolo in cui sono introdotti i fatti e gli esiti giudiziari, analizzate le prime reazioni della stampa, ricostruiti gli anni dei processi e la ricezione delle sentenze, sino a riproporre l’eco pubblica delle opere che nel corso dei decenni sono intervenute sul tema.
Gli articoli di cronaca e gli editoriali di approfondimento analizzati permettono di vagliare la riproposizione su carta delle versioni ufficiali delle forze dell’ordine, della magistratura e della politica; le memorie dei protagonisti degli eventi e l’analisi offerta dagli opinion makers che di volta in volta hanno raccontato le stragi dell’Italia repubblicana (giornalisti, storici, magistrati, scienziati sociali).
L’ultimo capitolo è stato invece dedicato al problema della Memoria e dei suoi rapporti con la Storia, analizzando la produzione memorialistica degli ex terroristi, delle vittime di prima, seconda e terza generazione, sino al tema della riconciliazione e della pacificazione.
Si è dunque ricostruito il dibattito sviluppatosi “a caldo” ed “ex post”, nella consapevolezza che l’informazione e la comunicazione pubblica della Storia sono fondamentali per la storicizzazione del passato traumatico della Nazione.