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1
Tasca, Melinda, Ahram Cho, Cassia Spohn, and Nancy Rodriguez. "The Role of Parental Status and Involvement in Sentence Length Decisions: A Comparison of Men and Women Sentenced to Prison." Crime & Delinquency 65, no. 14 (November 28, 2018): 1899–924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128718811929.
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Drawing upon familial paternalism theory, this study explores the effects of parental status and involvement on prison sentence length among men and women. To carry out this research, we relied on a combination of official and self-report data on 919 offenders sentenced to prison in Arizona. Results revealed that parents were not sentenced significantly differently from offenders without children; although women and mothers were punished more severely than their male counterparts. In addition, mothers who lived with their children before arrest received shorter prison terms than mothers who were uninvolved in their lives. Parental involvement was not a significant predictor of fathers’ prison sentences, however. This study illuminates the complex interplay between parenthood, gender, and sentencing.
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Setyono, Winkie, Donni Richasdy, and Mahendra Dwifebri Purbolaksono. "POS Tagger Improvisation with the Addition of Foreign Word Labels on Telkom University News." Building of Informatics, Technology and Science (BITS) 4, no. 2 (September 22, 2022): 588–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.47065/bits.v4i2.1983.
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News is a medium of daily information usually obtained by the public. The news consists of a lot of information in it and is composed of sentence structures. Each language is unique with its own sentence structure, like Indonesian and other foreign languages. But nowadays, many media mix Indonesian with foreign languages, making the sentence structure different from Bahasa Indonesia. To classify these words, Part Of Speech Tagging needed to determine the class of words composed of sentences by learning from the Corpus of each language. With the new sentence structure, POS Tagger requires a larger Corpus to learn. The language structure can determine the results of tagging from the POS Tagger. If there are words that are not in the Corpus, it can reduce the accuracy of the POS Tagger. We conducted to enhance the research results by adding data with a different sentence structure from the Indonesian Language Corpus using sentences from online media. Added about 242 sentences with 7,043 tokens on Corpus focused on Foreign Word tags, which total 3819 tags. After doing some testing and scenarios, the results of the accuracy of POS Tagger show an accuracy of 94.7% using the Hidden Markov Model method with the F1-Score tag FW 78%.
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Sy, Evha Nazalatus Sa'adiyah, Devie Reztia A, and Devie Reztia A. "A SYNTACTICAL ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SENTENCES IN KEMBHANG BABUR." Premise: Journal of English Education 8, no. 2 (October 20, 2019): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.24127/pj.v8i2.2112.
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Syntax is the study of the principles and processes by which sentence that it is constructed in particular language. Whereas that every language in the world certainly has different structure. This research aim to answer: (1) What are kinds of simple sentence found in Kembhang Babur books? (2) What are the differences between English and Madurese in simple sentences? This research is a descriptive qualitative research, descriptively describing the syntactic structures of simple sentences in Kembhang Babur book. The writer followed the rule of the qualitative which the data describe in words as the basis of interpreting data. Words are of utmost importance to qualitative researchers. There are three kinds of simple sentences found in Kembhang Babur book could be classified into: (a) Affirmative sentences, (b) Negative sentences (c) Interrogative sentences. The differences in English sentence is; if this affirmative sentence Aux there is after NP, but in the interrogative sentence Aux there is before NP and there is auxiliary “do/does” as interrogative verb. In Madurese sentence is marked by the addition of the word “apah” which is put before NP. “Apah” is as question word in Madurese, not as an auxiliary.
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Stepashin, V. M. "Addition of punishments." Law Enforcement Review 6, no. 3 (September 18, 2022): 186–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.52468/2542-1514.2022.6(3).186-198.
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Introduction. They complete and specify the rules for assigning the final penalty for both single crimes and for the totality of crimes and sentences of the prescriptions of Articles 71-72.1 of the Criminal Code, the content of the provisions of which is much broader than the names of the articles themselves. The logical sequence of the presentation of regulatory requirements in these articles is flawed.The method and the basic algorithm for determining the final penalty when adding punishments. The final punishment for two types of plurality - the totality of crimes and sentences – is determined by the rules of Articles 69-72 of the Criminal Code, which establishes: (a) a method for determining the final punishment (absorption, full or partial addition); (b) a basic algorithm for determining the final penalty when adding punishments imposed for individual crimes; (c) differentiated limits of the final punishment.Rules for adding punishments. Article 71 of the Criminal Code details the rules for adding individual punishments, different in appearance: (a) by transferring to a single more severe type of punishment; (b) by their independent execution (thereby - only a complete addition).The proportions by which the replacement is made are chosen arbitrarily, and in some cases, contrary to the intention of the legislator, it is even possible to mitigate the punishment instead of tightening it. There is an obvious need for scientific substantiation of such coefficients, taking into account, at least, the political and social significance of deprivation and restrictions that determine the qualitative indicator of the repressiveness of punishment, their consequences (primarily legal and economic) both for the convict himself and for society, which is the subject of independent research. The legislator has not strictly observed the principle of the arrangement of types of punishments depending on their severity and severity. The problem lies in the fact that all the rules for the application of punishment (sentencing, replacement of punishment with a stricter one, release from serving a sentence) proceed from the presumption of an indisputable and accurate classification of punishments according to their severity. The above fully applies to the provisions of Articles 69-72 of the Criminal Code. Part 2 of Article 71 excludes the first stage of the addition of individual punishments, different in type, namely their transfer (recalculation) to another type of punishment. In such cases, independent execution of the relevant measures is provided. The legislator has avoided developing a set of rules defining the independent execution of punishments imposed by the court without bringing them to a single form. In fact, Part 2 of Article 71 of the Criminal Code presents only some special cases of this type of addition of punishments, but even they suffer from incompleteness.Addition of punishments with their independent execution. It would be preferable to reflect in Part 2 of Article 72 of the Criminal Code all the existing rules for the addition of individual punishments involving the independent execution of the measures-components: (1) additional punishments of different types; (2) basic and additional punishments of different types; (3) basic and additional punishments of the same type; (4) real for the execution of punishment and suspended sentence; real for the execution of punishment and punishment, the execution of which is postponed; two or more sentences with a suspended sentence; sentences with a suspended sentence and with a suspended sentence; (5) basic or additional punishments of the same type, if the characteristics of the repressiveness of the penalties determined by the court are fundamentally different, in particular, the consequences of evasion from serving the sentence.Conclusions. The current rules for adding and determining the final terms (sizes) of punishment are desystematized, fragmentary and do not always correspond to the elementary canons of legislative technique, their very presentation in the Criminal Code is rather chaotic. They do not fully take into account the peculiarities of the construction of the punishment system and its shortcomings, general and special rules for the appointment of punishments and other measures of criminal responsibility.
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SEON, CHOONG-NYOUNG, HARKSOO KIM, and JUNGYUN SEO. "TRANSLATION ASSISTANCE SYSTEM BASED ON SELECTIVE WEIGHTING AND CLUSTER-BASED SEARCHING METHODS." International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 21, no. 06 (December 2012): 1250028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218213012500285.
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Visiting a foreign country is now much easier than it was in the past. This has led to a consequent increase in the need for translation services during these visits. To satisfy this need, a reliable translation assistance system based on sentence retrieval techniques is proposed. When a user inputs a sentence in his/her native language, the proposed system retrieves sentences similar to the input sentence from a pre-constructed bilingual corpus and returns pairs of sentences in the native and foreign languages. To reduce the lexical disagreement problems that inevitably occur in this sentence retrieval application, the proposed system uses multi-level linguistic information (i.e., keywords, sentence types, and concepts) with different weights as indexing terms. In addition, the proposed system uses clustering information from sentences with similar meanings to smooth the retrieval target sentences. In an experiment, the proposed system outperformed traditional IR systems. Based on various experiments, it was found that multi-level information was effective at alleviating critical lexical disagreement problems in sentence retrieval. It was also found that the proposed system was suitable for sentence retrieval applications such as translation assistance systems.
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Atygaev, Bakyt Isaevich. "ОКУМУШТУУ М.МУРАТАЛИЕВ ЖАНА КЫРГЫЗ ТИЛ ИЛИМИНИН СИНТАКСИС МАСЕЛЕЛЕРИ." Alatoo Academic Studies 8, no. 6 (June 30, 2021): 198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.17015/aas.2021.212.22.
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The problems of studying complex sentences, considered in the field of traditional syntax of Kyrgyz linguistics, are studied from different points of view and are not fully scientifically justified, which can be traced in general textbooks, scientific and theoretical works. Therefore, the relevance of the article is due to the need to study the issues of complex sentences in the framework of the syntax of the Kyrgyz language. In addition, some scientists note that the issue we are considering is still controversial among scientists. For example, the scientist M. V. Muratalieva, in her scientific work on “Complex Sentences in the Kyrgyz language”, published in the 1980s, identifies the main types of complex sentences and examines the differences between them. The paper describes the relationship between equal simple sentences that have independent semantic meanings as part of a compound sentence, and also considers the relationship between the main sentence and one or more subordinate clauses. The author sets the main goal of the study to study the possibility of using a simple sentence as part of a complex sentence separately, the presence of simple sentences in their structure and structure of features that distinguish them from complex sentences, and as a result, comes to the conclusion that it is unacceptable to separate individual parts of a complex sentence, thereby excluding the possibility of using and considering them outside of complex sentences. Thus, simple sentences in a compound sentence are closely interrelated with each other, forming a unity not only in semantic terms, but also in structural terms.
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Kim, Natalya, and Dilshoda Rakhmonova. "The Question of a Reasonable Sentence Statement in Communication." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 8, no. 10 (October 2, 2021): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v8i10.3070.
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In Korean, sentence syntax is an important subject of research. It is often noted that sentences, depending on the purpose of the statement, can be in a narrative, interrogative and motivating exclamation form. The Korean sentence is characterized by grammatical constructions. This article discusses constructs that convey a cause. In addition, one of the most striking features of the intonation of a complex sentence in Korean is the presence of sharp distinctive endings of sentences and grammatical structures that form different meanings.
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Muzakki, Kholid Akhmad, Ahmad Rizza Firdaus, and Annisa’ Fatmayanti. "Tindak Tutur Tak Langsung Dalam Surat Al-Kahfi (Kajian Analisis Pragmatik)." Nazhruna: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam 1, no. 1 (August 16, 2018): 96–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.31538/nzh.v1i1.44.
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Sentences by mode can be divided into three: sentence (declarative), interrogative, and command (imperative) sentences. Conventionally, declarative sentences are used if the speaker wants to declare or convey information to his or her opponent. Interrogative sentence is the sentence used if the speaker wants to get the information, the reaction or the expected answer. As for the imperative sentence, is if the speaker wants to enjoin or forbid his opponent to do something. But in pragmatic studies, there are times when the sentence is used non-conventionally. Declarative sentences, in addition to functioning to deliver the news, also enabled to ask; interrogative sentences other than enabled to ask is also enabled for the request or command. Meanwhile, the command line can only be used conventionally, and can not be used non-conventionally. When all three sentences are conventionally functioned, the speech is called direct speech act, whereas when used in a non-conventional way, it is called indirect speech act. The use of sentences indirectly has a purpose, among others, in order to maintain politeness. A command that explanation by using the sentence news or sentence, will be felt by the opponent said lighter, even for the opponent said the command on him is not perceived as a command. In the Qur'an there are many unusually functional sentences, indicating that the Qur'an is a holy book that strongly upholds language-based pride. One of them is Surah Al-Kahfi. In the Surah Al-Kahfi, found some verses which are indirect speech. In Surah Al-Kahfi, the forms of indirect speech are as follows. First, Declarative texts mean imperative is found in verse 16, 45, 52, 60 and 78. Second, Interrogative texts mean imperative is found in verse 6, 9 and 50. Third, Interrogative texts mean declarative is found in verses 15, 37, 57, 68, 75, 102 and 103.
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Djatmika, Djatmika, Ahfi Hikmawati, and Sumarlam Sumarlam. "Mental Intelligence and the Complexity of Sentence Structures in the Interaction between Teachers and Children with Autism." IJELTAL (Indonesian Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics) 5, no. 2 (May 19, 2021): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.21093/ijeltal.v5i2.641.
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This article discusses the relationship between the mental intelligence of children with autism and their capability in understanding the complexity of sentence structure represented in utterances performed by their teachers. In addition, this study also explains the complexity of the sentence structure produced by the autistic children in interacting with the teachers. The data of this research are in the form of sentence structures used in the class interaction between teachers and students with autism. The collected data were then analyzed by classifying the sentences used by the teachers and the sentences produced by children with autism. The results showed that children with high mental intelligence were able to understand the complex sentence structures used by the teachers and were able to respond and speak utterances in the form of complex sentences. This shows that children with high mental intelligence understand and can produce sentences in a complex structure better than those with a low mental one.
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Hunter, Cynthia R. "Dual-Task Accuracy and Response Time Index Effects of Spoken Sentence Predictability and Cognitive Load on Listening Effort." Trends in Hearing 25 (January 2021): 233121652110180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23312165211018092.
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A sequential dual-task design was used to assess the impacts of spoken sentence context and cognitive load on listening effort. Young adults with normal hearing listened to sentences masked by multitalker babble in which sentence-final words were either predictable or unpredictable. Each trial began with visual presentation of a short (low-load) or long (high-load) sequence of to-be-remembered digits. Words were identified more quickly and accurately in predictable than unpredictable sentence contexts. In addition, digits were recalled more quickly and accurately on trials on which the sentence was predictable, indicating reduced listening effort for predictable compared to unpredictable sentences. For word and digit recall response time but not for digit recall accuracy, the effect of predictability remained significant after exclusion of trials with incorrect word responses and was thus independent of speech intelligibility. In addition, under high cognitive load, words were identified more slowly and digits were recalled more slowly and less accurately than under low load. Participants’ working memory and vocabulary were not correlated with the sentence context benefit in either word recognition or digit recall. Results indicate that listening effort is reduced when sentences are predictable and that cognitive load affects the processing of spoken words in sentence contexts.
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Miao, Ning, Hao Zhou, Lili Mou, Rui Yan, and Lei Li. "CGMH: Constrained Sentence Generation by Metropolis-Hastings Sampling." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 6834–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33016834.
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In real-world applications of natural language generation, there are often constraints on the target sentences in addition to fluency and naturalness requirements. Existing language generation techniques are usually based on recurrent neural networks (RNNs). However, it is non-trivial to impose constraints on RNNs while maintaining generation quality, since RNNs generate sentences sequentially (or with beam search) from the first word to the last. In this paper, we propose CGMH, a novel approach using Metropolis-Hastings sampling for constrained sentence generation. CGMH allows complicated constraints such as the occurrence of multiple keywords in the target sentences, which cannot be handled in traditional RNN-based approaches. Moreover, CGMH works in the inference stage, and does not require parallel corpora for training. We evaluate our method on a variety of tasks, including keywords-to-sentence generation, unsupervised sentence paraphrasing, and unsupervised sentence error correction. CGMH achieves high performance compared with previous supervised methods for sentence generation. Our code is released at https://github.com/NingMiao/CGMH
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Rimikis, Stacey, Rajka Smiljanic, and Lauren Calandruccio. "Nonnative English Speaker Performance on the Basic English Lexicon (BEL) Sentences." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 56, no. 3 (June 2013): 792–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2012/12-0178).
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Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine sentence-recognition performance for a large, diverse group of nonnative speakers of English on the recently developed Basic English Lexicon (BEL) sentence materials and to determine whether BEL sentence lists are equated in difficulty for this population. Method The BEL sentences were presented to 102 nonnative speakers of English with normal hearing and varied linguistic and cultural backgrounds. Five hundred sentences were presented mixed with noise spectrally matched to the target sentences. Subjects completed an online questionnaire providing detailed demographic and linguistic information. Listeners' spoken English proficiency was also assessed using the Versant English Test (Pearson Education, 2010). Results Nonnative listeners showed equal word-recognition performance for 3 groups of BEL sentence lists, each group containing sentence lists that had equivalent difficulty. In addition, spoken language proficiency and several demographic and linguistic factors were significantly correlated with BEL performance. Conclusion The BEL sentence materials have been tested on a large cohort of nonnative speakers of English and have been found to be appropriate for use in speech-perception testing with this population.
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Savage, Heidi. "The Truth and Nothing but the Truth." Southwest Philosophy Review 36, no. 2 (2020): 63–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/swphilreview202036239.
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Many, if not most philosophers, deny that a sentence like ‘Sherlock Holmes smokes’ is true. However, this attitude confl icts with speakers’ assignment of the value true to this sentence. Furthermore, making these assignments seem in no way distinct from the process that leads speakers to assign true to other sentences, sentences like ‘Bertrand Russell smokes.’ I will explore the idea that when speakers assign the value true to the first sentence, they are not making any kind of confused mistake — that we ought to take these assignments at face value. I show how the alternative view is inadequate for explaining various examples of fi ctional discourse. In addition, evidence that these truth value assignments to sentences are tracking semantic content, rather than pragmatic effects, is offered.
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Sugiarto, Asep, and Andi Muhammad Irawan. "The Analysis of Ellipsis Found in Gary Dauberman’s Annabelle Comes Home." English Language and Literature 11, no. 1 (October 7, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/ell.v11i1.116303.
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Communication is an activity that is always carried out by humans. In communicating, many people use ellipsis, where they omit part of the sentences they use. This research aims (1) to reveal the types of ellipsis found in Gary Dauberman's Annabelle Comes Home and (2) to reveal the classifications of sentences containing ellipsis in Gary Dauberman's Annabelle Comes Home. The research method used by researchers in this study was a qualitative method. The data source of this research is the Annabelle Comes Home movie. The research was conducted using the ellipsis theory proposed by Halliday and Hasan (1976) and the sentence classification theory by Frank (1972). The results showed that there were 81 uses of ellipsis, which included 7 nominal ellipsis, 12 verbal ellipsis and 62 clause ellipsis. The ellipsis were found in four sentence classifications. 56 uses of ellipsis were found in declarative sentences. In addition, in the interrogative sentence, 19 uses of ellipsis were found. Not only that, 5 uses of ellipsis were found in imperative sentences. Finally, in the exclamative sentence, only 1 use of ellipsis was found.
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Muzakki, Kholid Akhmad. "(كلام غير مباشر في سورة الكهف (دراسة تحليلية تداولية Tindak Tutur Tidak Langsung Dalam Surat Al-Kahfi (Kajian Analisis Pragmatik)." Nazhruna: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam 1, no. 1 (July 22, 2018): 80–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31538/nazhruna.v1i1.125.
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Sentences by mode can be divided into three: sentence (declarative), interrogative, and command (imperative) sentences. Conventionally, declarative sentences are used if the speaker wants to declare or convey information to his or her opponent. Interrogative sentence is the sentence used if the speaker wants to get the information, the reaction or the expected answer. As for the imperative sentence, is if the speaker wants to enjoin or forbid his opponent to do something. But in pragmatic studies, there are times when the sentence is used non-conventionally. Declarative sentences, in addition to functioning to deliver the news, also enabled to ask; interrogative sentences other than enabled to ask is also enabled for the request or command. Meanwhile, the command line can only be used conventionally, and can not be used non-conventionally. When all three sentences are conventionally functioned, the speech is called direct speech act, whereas when used in a non-conventional way, it is called indirect speech act.
The use of sentences indirectly has a purpose, among others, in order to maintain politeness. A command that explanation by using the sentence news or sentence, will be felt by the opponent said lighter, even for the opponent said the command on him is not perceived as a command. In the Qur'an there are many unusually functional sentences, indicating that the Qur'an is a holy book that strongly upholds language-based pride. One of them is surah Al-Kahfi. In the surah Al-Kahfi, found some verses which are indirect speech. In Surah Al-Kahfi, the forms of indirect speech are as follows. First, Declarative texts mean imperative is found in the verse 16, 45, 52, 60 and 78. Second, Interrogative texts mean imperative is found in the verse 6, 9 and 50. Third, Interrogative texts mean declarative is found in the verses 15, 37, 57, 68, 75, 102 and 103.
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Baalous, Rawan, and Ronald Poet. "Utilizing Sentence Embedding for Dangerous Permissions Detection in Android Apps' Privacy Policies." International Journal of Information Security and Privacy 15, no. 1 (January 2021): 173–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijisp.2021010109.
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Privacy policies analysis relies on understanding sentences meaning in order to identify sentences of interest to privacy related applications. In this paper, the authors investigate the strengths and limitations of sentence embeddings to detect dangerous permissions in Android apps privacy policies. Sent2Vec sentence embedding model was utilized and trained on 130,000 Android apps privacy policies. The terminology extracted by the sentence embedding model was then compared with the gold standard on a dataset of 564 privacy policies. This work seeks to provide answers to researchers and developers interested in extracting privacy related information from privacy policies using sentence embedding models. In addition, it may help regulators interested in deploying sentence embedding models to check for privacy policies' compliance with the government regulations and to identify points of inconsistencies or violations.
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Zhang, Kun, Guangyi Lv, Linyuan Wang, Le Wu, Enhong Chen, Fangzhao Wu, and Xing Xie. "DRr-Net: Dynamic Re-Read Network for Sentence Semantic Matching." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 7442–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33017442.
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Sentence semantic matching requires an agent to determine the semantic relation between two sentences, which is widely used in various natural language tasks such as Natural Language Inference (NLI) and Paraphrase Identification (PI). Among all matching methods, attention mechanism plays an important role in capturing the semantic relations and properly aligning the elements of two sentences. Previous methods utilized attention mechanism to select important parts of sentences at one time. However, the important parts of the sentence during semantic matching are dynamically changing with the degree of sentence understanding. Selecting the important parts at one time may be insufficient for semantic understanding. To this end, we propose a Dynamic Re-read Network (DRr-Net) approach for sentence semantic matching, which is able to pay close attention to a small region of sentences at each step and re-read the important words for better sentence semantic understanding. To be specific, we first employ Attention Stack-GRU (ASG) unit to model the original sentence repeatedly and preserve all the information from bottom-most word embedding input to up-most recurrent output. Second, we utilize Dynamic Re-read (DRr) unit to pay close attention to one important word at one time with the consideration of learned information and re-read the important words for better sentence semantic understanding. Extensive experiments on three sentence matching benchmark datasets demonstrate that DRr-Net has the ability to model sentence semantic more precisely and significantly improve the performance of sentence semantic matching. In addition, it is very interesting that some of finding in our experiments are consistent with the findings of psychological research.
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Luana Ardalia, Lintang, and Mimas Ardhianti. "PEMEROLEHAN KALIMAT BAHASA INDONESIA PADA ANAK USIA 3 TAHUN DI KB YAA BUNAYYA SURABAYA." Buana Bastra 6, no. 1 (May 5, 2021): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.36456/bastra.vol6.no1.a3597.
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The acquisition of Indonesian sentence on 3 years old children tend to be very simplethat describes the mindset, behavior, and personality to tell the events that happened thoughsometimes still not right and not yet become a complete sentence. The purpose of this study isto know and describe the acquisition of sentences in children aged 3 years in KB YaaBunayya Surabaya. In the form of declarative sentences, interrogative imperatives, andsentence solicitation. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative researchmethod. technique of data collection using conversation involve gathering technique,recording technique, and record technique. The analytical techniques used are transcript thedata, recording, classifying, and retell. The result of this research is the acquisition ofdeclarative sentence of 3 years old child there are four kinds. In addition to the declarativesentence, there are also 3 interrogative sentences that are interrogative sentences thatrequire the recognition of "yes" or "no" answers, about a thing. Both types of interrogativesentences that ask for answers are 'reasons', and the third Sentence type that asks forinformation. Found 2 more sentences namely sentence invitation and imperative sentence.Conclusions and suggestions are given so that this research is useful for the readers,especially for the development and improvement of the development of learning methods forchild 3 years old for more re-interaction and productive in the use of good and correctIndonesian.
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Mao, Ningyi, Wenti Huang, and Hai Zhong. "KGGCN: Knowledge-Guided Graph Convolutional Networks for Distantly Supervised Relation Extraction." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (August 22, 2021): 7734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167734.
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Distantly supervised relation extraction is the most popular technique for identifying semantic relation between two entities. Most prior models only focus on the supervision information present in training sentences. In addition to training sentences, external lexical resource and knowledge graphs often contain other relevant prior knowledge. However, relation extraction models usually ignore such readily available information. Moreover, previous works only utilize a selective attention mechanism over sentences to alleviate the impact of noise, they lack the consideration of the implicit interaction between sentences with relation facts. In this paper, (1) a knowledge-guided graph convolutional network is proposed based on the word-level attention mechanism to encode the sentences. It can capture the key words and cue phrases to generate expressive sentence-level features by attending to the relation indicators obtained from the external lexical resource. (2) A knowledge-guided sentence selector is proposed, which explores the semantic and structural information of triples from knowledge graph as sentence-level knowledge attention to distinguish the importance of each individual sentence. Experimental results on two widely used datasets, NYT-FB and GDS, show that our approach is able to efficiently use the prior knowledge from the external lexical resource and knowledge graph to enhance the performance of distantly supervised relation extraction.
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Kurniasih, Euis. "AN ERROR ANALYSIS IN GENERATING COMPOUND COMPLEX SENTENCE ON STUDENTS’ WRITING." Journal of English Language Teaching and Literature (JELTL) 5, no. 2 (August 10, 2022): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.47080/jeltl.v5i2.2131.
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Since compound-complex sentences combine two distinct sentences, many students face difficulties to generate the type of sentence. This research aims to analyze the students’ errors in writing compound-complex sentences. The research applied the descriptive qualitative research design. The participants of the research are English education department students taking basic writing course. The data was taken from student’s writing task and analyzed classifying them into different types of sentence errors based on Hacker and Sommers (2011). The result shows that the error made by students are fused sentence 35.6 %, missing verb 28%, missing subject 20%, comma splices 13,3% and missing subject and verb 2,2%. It is advised that the lecturers in writing classes provide more tasks in addition to demonstrating more frequent errors and examples of compound-compound complex phrases taken from real-world texts.
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Fadhl, Adnan Khalid, and Najeb Wahab Hassan. "Characteristics of The Sentence in The Qur’anic Story." Journal of AlMaarif University College 32, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 78–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.51345/.v32i2.409.g217.
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The holy Qur’an has adopted many methods in conveying its message to people, and among these methods is the style of the story that it has paid special attention to, form and content. The Quranic story has occupied a wide area in the Quranic context, and has actively contributed to its statement, rhetoric, miraculousness and verdicts, in addition to the entertainment it contains for the Messenger (may God bless him and grant him peace). From this standpoint, we will focus our research on the characteristics of the sentence in the context of the Qur’anic story, especially the stylistic characteristics. And what it achieves in terms of statement, significance and influence on the recipient's soul, in addition to achieving the mystery of the Quranic miracles, which is one of its goals for which it was revealed. We have examined these distinct characteristics of the sentence in the Qur’anic story through three axes or demands, namely: First: Verbal and semantic consistency. The second: the combination of compound and simple sentences. Third: the stylistic diversity between the nominative and the actual. This brief research discusses the most important advantages of the sentence in the context of the Quranic story. As a major unit in textual analysis, especially the sentences mentioned in the context of the Makkah story; Because of their importance and distinctive characteristics in the overall analysis of those stories, while not forgetting the civil story and indicating the semantic differences between them. The research reached many results, including that the Qur’an story in the Makkah surahs relied remarkably on the narration of events on short sentences. While the story in the Madinah surahs leaned towards long sentences, including that the Qur’an story relied on simple sentences, especially in dialogue stories, rather than on compound sentences, and also that the expression in actual sentences was overwhelming in the narrative use over nominal sentences what fits the actual sentence in its connotation of renewal, occurrence and movement, unlike the nominal one that denotes permanence and continuity.
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Rana, Febriansi Novari, Dahlia D. Moelier, and Andi Tenri Abeng. "Interrogative Sentences Between East Manggarai Language And English." Humaniora: Journal of Linguistics, Literature, and Education 1, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.56326/jlle.v1i2.1352.
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This research aims to describe the structure of interrogative sentences between East Manggarai Language And English also to find the contrast of interrogative sentences between East Manggarai Language And English.This research is a descriptive qualitative research with the sample of native speakers of East Manggarai language in Satar Punda Village, East Manggarai language, NTT. The method used is contrastive method purposed by Tarigan and using sentence function theory from Hariyono & Rahman for analyzed the Interrogative sentence in the form of Yes/No question. Then used the theory purposed by Azar to find the sentence function and the sentence pattern in the form of Wh-Question and also Question Tag.The results of this research indicated that there was a dominant difference in language use between East Manggarai and English, namely in terms of sentence structure where the placement of the interrogative words used has a very significant difference. One of the data found in the interrogative sentence in East Manggarai language is a Yes/No Question sentence, which generally has a predicate and also subject at the beginning of the sentence and ends with the Question word (koh, teh, teh gah, neh, etc). Meanwhile, in English the interrogative sentences structure is generally preceded by a Question word (Am, Is, Are, and Do, Does, Did, etc). In addition, the verb in the East Manggarai language also can not undergo changes and get modification because they were not influenced by adverbs. While, the verb in English can undergo changes depending on the word convention and also the context in the sentence.
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Clifton, Charles, Gisbert Fanselow, and Lyn Frazier. "Amnestying Superiority Violations: Processing Multiple Questions." Linguistic Inquiry 37, no. 1 (January 2006): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002438906775321139.
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Two experiments investigated the acceptability of multiple questions. As expected, sentences violating the Superiority Condition were accepted less often than sentences obeying it.The status of the Superiority violations was not improved by the addition of a third wh, regardless of whether the third wh was an adjunct or an argument, though it was improved by the addition of a second question (e.g., and when).Further, in a small pilot study directly comparing a sentence with adjacent final wh-phrases that may induce a stress clash (I'd like to know who hid it where when) with a sentence violating Superiority but avoiding the final adjacent wh-phrases (I'd like to know where who hid it when), half the participants indicated that the Superiority violation sentence sounded better.This suggests that the status of some additional-whsentences may appear to improve simply because the comparison sentence with adjacent final wh-phrases is degraded.Overall, the results of the studies suggest that there is no need to complicate syntactic theory to account for the additional-wh effect, because there is no general additional-wh effect.
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BERGER, FRAUKE, and BARBARA HÖHLE. "Restrictions on addition: children's interpretation of the focus particles auch ‘also’ and nur ‘only’ in German." Journal of Child Language 39, no. 2 (July 27, 2011): 383–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000911000122.
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ABSTRACTChildren up to school age have been reported to perform poorly when interpreting sentences containing restrictive and additive focus particles by treating sentences with a focus particle in the same way as sentences without it. Careful comparisons between results of previous studies indicate that this phenomenon is less pronounced for restrictive than for additive particles. We argue that this asymmetry is an effect of the presuppositional status of the proposition triggered by the additive particle. We tested this in two experiments with German-learning three- and four-year-olds using a method that made the exploitation of the information provided by the particles highly relevant for completing the task. Three-year-olds already performed remarkably well with sentences both with auch ‘also’ and with nur ‘only’. Thus, children can consider the presuppositional contribution of the additive particle in their sentence interpretation and can exploit the restrictive particle as a marker of exhaustivity.
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Plojović, Albina, Edin Nezirović, Elma Redžović, and Samir Smailović. "Sentence supplement in the form of dependent sentences and infinitive constructions." Univerzitetska misao - casopis za nauku, kulturu i umjetnost, Novi Pazar, no. 20 (2021): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/univmis2120066p.
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Syntax, as an important part of grammar, deals with the analysis of sentences and their elements. Many grammarians have paid great attention to sentence complements which, according to the dependent model of grammar, represent a very important part of a sentence. The structure or syntax of a sentence in German is probably the most complex topic in German grammar. One of the grammarians who devoted himself to this field of grammar was Ulrich Engel. Using the dependent model of grammar, Engel managed to bring the syntax of the German language closer to many Germanists in a simple way, and not only in the Germanspeaking area. Infinitive construction and dependent sentences are forms with the help of which certain sentence additions can be realized. Using the model of dependent grammar, this paper explains the process of realization of sentence addition, using examples from a specialized corpus, i.e., the first two chapters of the work Tin Drum (Die Blechtrommel) by Günther Grass, and the analysis of the content led to key answers.
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Fauzi, Muhammad Ivan, Deli Nirmala, and Agus Subiyanto. "ADVERB OF TIME IN ARABIC SIMPLE SENTENCE." Language Literacy: Journal of Linguistics, Literature, and Language Teaching 4, no. 2 (December 28, 2020): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.30743/ll.v4i2.3116.
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This research aims to describe the pattern of Arabic simple sentences attached by adverb of time and the distribution of the adverb of time in Arabic simple sentences. The research data are in the form of a simple sentence, which contains adverb of time from a paper in the book Al-Arabiyah Baina Yadaik Volume 4a by Al-Fauzan, et al. (2014). The data collection was carried out using the observation method. The analysis of adverb of time in Arabic simple sentence was done by a tree diagram with the guidelines proposed by Chomsky (2002). The results showed that the adverb of time is inherent in verbs and was only found in the original verb and not a derivational verb. In addition, the sentence patterns of Arabic simple sentence attached by adverb of time consist of PS, SP, SPO, and PSO. The researchers also found the distribution of adverbs of time inside the predicate, behind the object, in front of the predicate, and behind the subject.
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Hanifah, Nada, Ismah Rahayu, and Dona Aji Karunia Putra. "Gangguan Aspek Morfologis dan Sintaksis pada Penderita Disleksia Usia 13 Tahun." Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya 6, no. 1 (February 8, 2023): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v6i1.571.
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This study aims to describe the form of language disorders in morphological and syntactic aspects in dyslexic patients aged 13 years. This research is qualitative descriptive research. The subject of this research is a 13-year-old dyslexic with the initials SR, a junior high school student. Data collection techniques with test techniques with written tests to the subject, including a random sentence compilation test and a picture-telling test. The first test amounted to 10 items whose sentence content adjusted Indonesian language learning at the subject's school level. The results of this study show that two aspects of language are disrupted in dyslexic children, namely morphological and syntactic aspects. Morphological aspects include letter addition, letter removal, letter writing errors, letter replacement, letter placement in reverse, removal-replacement, and removal-addition. One of the effects of dyslexia on morphological ability is that SR cannot write words well. On the other hand, syntactic aspect errors include function structure in compound sentences, imperative sentence structure errors, structure errors in procedure sentences, and omission of predicates. From the errors made by SR, it can be proven that SR tends to reverse the sentence structure due to the difficulty in stringing words together.
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VALIAN, VIRGINIA, and STEPHANIE AUBRY. "When opportunity knocks twice: two-year-olds' repetition of sentence subjects." Journal of Child Language 32, no. 3 (August 2005): 617–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000905006987.
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Why are young children's utterances short? This elicited imitation study used a new task – double imitation – to investigate the factors that contribute to children's failure to lexicalize sentence subjects. Two-year-olds heard a triad of sentences singly and attempted to imitate each; they then again heard the same triad singly and again attempted to imitate each. Comparisons between the two attempts showed that children's second passes were more accurate than their first. In addition, independent of sentence length, children increased their inclusion of pronominal and expletive but not lexical subjects. Children included verbs more often from sentences with pronominal than lexical subjects, suggesting a trade-off. Children included subjects more often in short sentences than long ones, and increased subject inclusion only in short sentences. The results suggest that children's language production is similar to adults': a complex interaction of syntactic knowledge, limited cognitive resources, communicative goals, and conversational structure.
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Wang, Shuheng, Heyan Huang, and Shumin Shi. "Improving Non-Autoregressive Machine Translation Using Sentence-Level Semantic Agreement." Applied Sciences 12, no. 10 (May 16, 2022): 5003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12105003.
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Theinference stage can be accelerated significantly using a Non-Autoregressive Transformer (NAT). However, the training objective used in the NAT model also aims to minimize the loss between the generated words and the golden words in the reference. Since the dependencies between the target words are lacking, this training objective computed at word level can easily cause semantic inconsistency between the generated and source sentences. To alleviate this issue, we propose a new method, Sentence-Level Semantic Agreement (SLSA), to obtain consistency between the source and generated sentences. Specifically, we utilize contrastive learning to pull the sentence representations of the source and generated sentences closer together. In addition, to strengthen the capability of the encoder, we also integrate an agreement module into the encoder to obtain a better representation of the source sentence. The experiments are conducted on three translation datasets: the WMT 2014 EN → DE task, the WMT 2016 EN → RO task, and the IWSLT 2014 DE → DE task, and the improvement in the NAT model’s performance shows the effect of our proposed method.
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Zhetigenova, Kunduz. "On the issue of early parole from serving a sentence in the Kyrgyz Republic." International penitentiary journal 2, no. 3 (December 30, 2020): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33463/2712-7737.2020.02(1-3).3.176-181.
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The article is devoted to the grounds and conditions for parole from serving a criminal sentence. The article considers the legislative and law enforcement problems that arise when applying the rules governing the procedure for evaluating the behavior of a convicted person during the period of serving a sentence. On January 1, 2019, the new legislation of the Kyrgyz Republic of the criminal law block came into force, which significantly changed the procedure for parole from criminal punishment. At present, it is only possible in relation to persons sentenced to punishments related to isolation from society. In addition, the provision on parole application in relation to additional punishment is excluded from the criminal law. However, the new law eased the situation of a convict for damages compensation, extended the circle of persons entitled to apply for considering the case on parole (abolished in accordance with the rules of parole was possible only after full compensation of the material damage caused by the crime). The legislator also reduced the number of circumstances prohibiting the use of parole from serving a sentence, and showed humanity in relation to certain categories of convicts (the norm on the application of p from serving a sentence in relation to persons sentenced to life imprisonment). The issue of creating a specialized authorized state body that carries out the execution of criminal penalties that are not related to isolation from society, compulsory measures of criminal legal influence, supervision of persons released on parole from correctional institutions, with the performance of social and legal functions of the probation body, was resolved. However, despite all the positive changes, the study allowed the author to conclude that there are actual problems of legal regulation and practical application of the provisions on the conditions and grounds for parole. In particular, the law does not reflect who exactly should act as a person who compensates for damages. In practice, there are often cases when the convicted person did not work, and the damage was paid by relatives. At the same time, the court has no grounds for refusing to apply for parole. In such circumstances, it is doubtful that the goals of the convicted person’s correction have been achieved. In addition, currently the law stipulates the same rules for the application of parole for persons who have committed crimes for the first time, as well as for persons convicted for a set of crimes and a set of sentences.
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Castro, Sofía, and Pedro Macizo. "All roads lead to Rome: Semantic priming between language and arithmetic." Journal of Numerical Cognition 7, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 42–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jnc.6167.
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This study evaluated the existence of universal principles of cognition, common to language and arithmetic. Specifically, we analysed cross-domain semantic priming between affirmative sentences and additions, and between negative sentences and subtractions. To this end, we developed and tested a new priming procedure composed of prime sentences and target arithmetic operations. On each trial, participants had to read an affirmative or negative sentence (e.g., “The circle is red”, “The square is not yellow”) and select, between two images, the one that matched the meaning of the sentence. Afterwards, participants had to solve a one-digit addition or subtraction (e.g., 7 + 4, 6 – 3), either by selecting the correct result between two possible alternatives (Experiment 1), or by verbalizing the result of the operation (Experiment 2). We manipulated the task difficulty of both the sentences and the operations by varying the similarity between the response options for the sentence (Experiment 1 and 2), and the numerical distance between the possible results for the operation (Experiment 1). We found semantic priming for subtractions, so that participants solved subtractions faster after negative versus affirmative sentences, and this effect was modulated by the difficulty of the operation. This is the first study reporting semantic priming effects between language and arithmetic. The outcomes of this work seem to suggest a shared semantic system between both cognitive domains.
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Andrushko, A. V. "Practice of application of punishment for trafficking in human beings." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 3 (February 20, 2022): 148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2021.03.28.
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The article established the peculiarities of the application of punishment for trafficking in human beings based on the analysis of 300 convictions passed for the period from 2010 to 2019, which came into force. To this end, it summarizes data on 430 convicts for this crime.
The article clarifies the peculiarities of the consideration of the guilty person by courts, elaborates on the circumstances that mitigate and aggravate the punishment and draws attention to the main mistakes that occur during this process.
It establishes that 98,8% of persons convicted of trafficking in human beings were sentenced to imprisonment. Exercising the right to impose a milder punishment than provided by law, courts sentenced 1,2% of convicts to others, alternative to imprisonment, punishments: restraint of liberty (one person) and a fine (four persons).
The article finds that the range of sentences imposed by courts for trafficking in human beings is extremely wide – from 1 to 10 years in prison. At the same time, in a significant number (21%) of cases, the courts imposed this sentence for a lower term than the one defined as the minimum in Part 1 of Art. 149 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine (three years). It also draws attention to the fact that the courts have never (!) sentenced convicts to more than 10 years of imprisonment, although the sanction of Part 3 of Art. 149 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine provides for this act up to 15 years in prison. In addition, it was noted that only 14,6% of convicted traffickers were sentenced to more than 5 years in prison.
The article concludes that there are no grounds for reviewing the existing sanctions under Art. 149 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, as the penalties provided for in them generally correspond to the real public danger of this encroachment and to the foreign experience in penalizing trafficking in human beings that was considered in the article.
The article also shows data illustrating the practice of sentencing convicts depending on the purpose of exploitation, which they pursued by committing this act.
It was found that the courts sentenced 29,5% of convicts for trafficking in human beings to less severe punishment than provided by law.
The article establishes that 41,4% of persons who committed human trafficking were sentenced to the actual serving of punishment, while 58,6% of persons were released from punishment and serving it. Among these persons, 96,4% were released from serving a probation sentence, 2,4% were pregnant women and women with children under the age of seven released from serving a probation sentence (Article 79 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), 1,2% – released from punishment in connection with the expiration of the statute of limitations (Part 5 of Article 74 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine).
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Chen, Yuan. "Is Cantonese lexical tone information important for sentence recognition accuracy in quiet and in noise?" PLOS ONE 17, no. 10 (October 25, 2022): e0276254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276254.
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In Chinese languages, tones are used to express the lexical meaning of words. It is therefore important to analyze the role of lexical tone in Chinese sentence recognition accuracy. There is a lack of research on the role of Cantonese lexical tones in sentence recognition accuracy. Therefore, this study examined the contribution of lexical tone information to Cantonese sentence recognition accuracy and its cognitive correlates in adults with normal hearing (NH). A text-to-speech synthesis engine was used to synthesize Cantonese daily-use sentences with each word carrying an original or a flat lexical tone, which were then presented to 97 participants in quiet, in speech-shaped noise (SSN), and in two-talker babble (TTB) noise conditions. Both target sentences and noises were presented at 65 dB binaurally via insert headphones. It was found that listeners with NH can almost perfectly recognize a daily-use Cantonese sentence with mismatched lexical tone information in quiet, while their sentence recognition decreases substantially in noise. The same finding was reported for Mandarin, which has a relatively simple tonal system, suggesting that the current results may be applicable to other tonal languages. In addition, working memory (WM) was significantly related to decline in sentence recognition score in the TTB but not in the SSN, when the lexical tones were mismatched. This finding can be explained using the Ease of Language Understanding model and suggests that those with higher WM are less likely to be affected by the degraded lexical information for perceiving daily-use sentences in the TTB.
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Shorehdeli, Aliyari Mahboubeh, Mohammad Reza Mohammadi, and Reyhane Shojaee. "RUSSIAN DETACHED COORDINATED ATTRIBUTES IN THE MIRROR OF THE PERSIAN LANGUAGE." Philology at MGIMO 19, no. 3 (October 3, 2019): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2410-2423-2019-3-19-118-124.
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This article is focused on a comparative analysis of sentences with detached coordinated attributes in the Russian and Persian languages. Detachment is one of the most common ways of complicating simple sentences in the Russian language. Detachment in the Russian language is realized by a change of a rhythmic structure and intonation of the secondary member of the sentence in order to give them a semantic and syntactic independence in the sentence. The conditions and ways of detaching the secondary members of the sentence in the Russian language, differentiation of simple sentences with detached members from complex ones, as well as translation of these sentences always cause difficulties for Iranian students. It is therefore necessary to conduct contrastive-comparative studies in this field. The novelty of the research is determined by the fact that for the first time the question of detached coordinated attributes has been considered in a comparative Russian-Persian study by drawing on translation of literary texts. The analysis is carried out on the basis of 70 examples, collected from various Russian literary works that have been translated into Persian. Our analysis shows that the use of the conjunction [ke] and the addition [ye / i] to the defined word in Persian are the most matching Russian detached coordinated attributes.
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Qin, Peng, Weiming Tan, Jingzhi Guo, Bingqing Shen, and Qian Tang. "Achieving Semantic Consistency for Multilingual Sentence Representation Using an Explainable Machine Natural Language Parser (MParser)." Applied Sciences 11, no. 24 (December 9, 2021): 11699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112411699.
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In multilingual semantic representation, the interaction between humans and computers faces the challenge of understanding meaning or semantics, which causes ambiguity and inconsistency in heterogeneous information. This paper proposes a Machine Natural Language Parser (MParser) to address the semantic interoperability problem between users and computers. By leveraging a semantic input method for sharing common atomic concepts, MParser represents any simple English sentence as a bag of unique and universal concepts via case grammar of an explainable machine natural language. In addition, it provides a human and computer-readable and -understandable interaction concept to resolve the semantic shift problems and guarantees consistent information understanding among heterogeneous sentence-level contexts. To evaluate the annotator agreement of MParser outputs that generates a list of English sentences under a common multilingual word sense, three expert participants manually and semantically annotated 75 sentences (505 words in total) in English. In addition, 154 non-expert participants evaluated the sentences’ semantic expressiveness. The evaluation results demonstrate that the proposed MParser shows higher compatibility with human intuitions.
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Labrador, Belén. "Translating additive connectors from English into Spanish and vice versa." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 67, no. 2 (June 9, 2021): 140–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.00211.lab.
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Abstract This contrastive study aims to analyze and compare the usages of one type of sentence connectors, reinforcing additive connectors, in English and in Spanish through a corpus-based approach, which relies on bidirectional translation data. The analysis includes behavioral profiles of each of the list of connectors in each language, comparisons among them, comparisons between original texts and translated texts in both directions, cross-register differences, translational options, and the connectors’ mutual correspondence, which shows the degree of equivalence of each pair of connectors based on how often they are translated into each other. The results show important differences in the use of reinforcing additive connectors, mainly connected with (a) the more even distribution in English as compared with the great predominance of one connector in Spanish, además; (b) a more marked tendency for explicitation in Spanish and for the use of zero translation in English; (c) generally low mutual correspondence values, which seem to reflect high language variation, richness, and complex mapping of resources utilized to connect sentences.
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Iskandar, Mizaj, Azhari Yahya, Abdul Jalil Salam, and Junaidi. "From the Public Space to the Prison Space: Regulation Polemic and the Implementation of Caning Law in Aceh." AL-IHKAM: Jurnal Hukum & Pranata Sosial 17, no. 1 (July 12, 2022): 216–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.19105/al-lhkam.v17i1.5646.
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The implementation of caning law in Aceh Province is still sporadic due to a lack of coordination among the government institutions involved in caning law. Then, the prison infrastructure to impose the canning law is also not ade-quate, and socialization has also not been fully carried out. Besides, in deter-mining the location of the caning, Islamic law requires the fulfillment of two principles namely “open space” and “visible” to the public. Furthermore, the law that guides the implementation of sharia in Aceh does not regulate detail of where the caning can be executed. Hence, the issues that need to be scruti-nized in this study are about shifting the norm from “open space" to “prison space” and why there is a disparity in determining the place of caning sentenc-es. This study uses a normative legal method by relying on secondary data. All collected data were analyzed by using qualitative analysis. The results show that there has been a shifting norm from "open space" to “prison space” in the application of the caning sentences in Aceh. This shift starts from the open area in the courtyard of the mosque to the prison area as a place to execute a caning sentence. This shifting also allows the people who meet certain criteria to wit-ness the execution of a caning sentence. In addition, there is also a disparity among the sharia courts due to the lack of facilities available in certain the sha-ria courts in Aceh. Hence, the Aceh government needs to improve the facilities of the sharia courts to be able to execute caning sentences.
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Zarei Mahmood Abadi, Manijeh, Talieh Zarifian, and Robab Teymouri. "Survey Development of Compound Sentences and Mean Length of Utterance a Persian-speaking Child From 15 to 34 Months: a Longitudinal Case Report." Journal of Arak University Medical Sciences 24, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 582–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jams.24.4.6374.1.
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Background and Aim: Acquisition skill in sentence producing is one of the criteria for speech development. By developing and increasing the age, we are witnessing the emergence of compound sentences in speech. Clinical treatments for language disorders in Iran are mostly based on the experiences of Speech Language Therapists or in accordance with English language norms. We need to examine how the length of utterance and compound sentences develop in Persian. The study aimed to report the development of compound sentences and Mean Length of Utterance (MLU) for a Persian-speaking child from 15 to 34 months. Methods & Materials: In this longitudinal case report, based on Developmental-Descriptive model, MLU and emergence of simple compound sentences of a Persian speaking girl sampled and described from 15 to 34 months by daily scripting. R software version 4.0.2 was used for data analysis. Correlation of age with linguistic variables through Pearson correlation coefficient was evaluated. Ethical Considerations: In this paper, the principles of publication ethics were considered. Results: At the age of 21 months and 13 days, the child uttered her first simple two-word sentence, and at the age of 26 months and 29 days, she used a four-word compound sentence. With the emergence of compound sentences, the increase in the MLU has gained considerable speed. In a few days, we see the addition of a unit to the length of the sentence (word). There was a significant relationship between the MLU and age (r=0.925, P=0.001), Mean length of sentence and number of words in Persian speaking child (r=0.910, P=0.002) and total number of words and age (r=0.928, P<0.001). Conclusion: Although several longitudinal studies have been conducted on the development of MLU and number of words in other languages, similar studies are rare in Persian. It is important to conduct studies of this type in order to make cross-linguistic comparisons and to study the linguistic universality and language specificity. By increasing age, we see an increase in the number of words in a child's vocabulary, the emergence of compound sentences, and an increase MLU. At 27 to 28 months, there is a dramatic change in the development expressive language as the compound sentences appear. It seems that emergence of compound sentences in the language output, also plays a significant role in increasing the MLU and can be considered in clinical language assessments.
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Firdaus, Ahmad Riza. "al-Kalam Ghairu al-Mubasyir fi Surah al-Anbiya’." International Journal of Arabic Language Teaching 1, no. 02 (December 1, 2019): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.32332/ijalt.v1i02.1788.
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Declarative sentences, in addition to being used to convey news, are also functioned to ask questions; Interrogative sentences are not only used for asking questions but also for requests or orders. Meanwhile, the command sentence can only be used conventionally, and cannot be used unconventionally. If the three sentences are used conventionally, the speech is called a direct speech act, whereas if it is used unconventionally, it is called an indirect speech act. The use of indirect sentences has a purpose, among others, in order to maintain politeness. An order that is told by using a news sentence or question sentence will be perceived by the interlocutor as lighter, even for the interlocutor the command to himself is not felt as an order. In the Alquran there are many sentences that are used unconventionally, which shows that the Alquran is a holy book that upholds the politeness of language. One of them is surah al-Anbiya’. In the surah al-Anbiya’, several verses which are indirect speech are found. In the surah al-Anbiya’ the forms of indirect speech are as follows; Four declarative utterances with imperative meanings are in verses 39, 41, 45, and 47. Seventeen interrogative utterances have declarative meaning in verses 3, 6, 10, 21, 24, 30, 34, 36, 42, 43, 44, 50, 52, 55, 59, 66, and 67. Three meaningful interrogative speeches are found in verses 38, 80, and 108.
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Yang, Xuhui, Dan Lv, and Yingbo Li. "Research and analysis on the teaching of ambiguous sentences in Chinese as a second language learner." SHS Web of Conferences 157 (2023): 04015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202315704015.
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Ambiguous sentences as a difficult point in the teaching of Chinese as a foreign language have always affected the two-language acquisition of two-language learners, this paper analyzes based on the bias in the process of two-language acquisition, uses observation method and causal analysis method to analyze the causes of ambiguous sentences as research points, and finds that the classification of traditional ambiguous sentences is mostly carried out at three levels, but the ambiguity of two-language learners in addition to three planes also includes the difference between pronunciation and vocabulary and puts forward the following suggestions from the perspective of Chinese international education: pay attention to the choice of words 3. Pay attention to word order teaching, appropriate use of punctuation, appropriate change of sentence pattern. I hope to contribute to the development of ambiguous sentence teaching in Chinese international education.
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Aravind, Athulya, and Martin Hackl. "Against a unified treatment of obligatory presupposition trigger effects." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 27 (October 23, 2017): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v27i0.4141.
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This paper examines bi-sentential sequences where additive presupposition triggers (e.g. too, again) seem to be obligatory in the second sentence. We present linguistic and experimental evidence against treating these obligatory additivity effects as uniformly following from Maximize Presupposition! (Heim 1991). We propose that the environments giving rise to these effects involve a discourse move that corrects for over-restrictive assumptions about the domain in the immediately preceding move. Crucially, the second move must be compatible with the first. General considerations about how the discourse unfolds, in conjunction with a principle that sentences are interpreted exhaustively by default, make it so that two sentences in such sequences are mutually inconsistent in the absence of the additive.
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Tamuri, Kairi. "Fundamental frequency in Estonian emotional read-out speech." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 6, no. 1 (June 8, 2014): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2015.6.1.01.
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Fundamental frequency (F0, perceived as pitch) is an important prosodic cue of emotion. The aim of the present study was to find out if sentence emotion has any influence detectable in the F0 height and range of Estonian read-out speech. Thus the F0 of each vowel found in Estonian read-out sentences was measured, and its median for three emotions (anger, joy, sadness) and for neutral speech was calculated. In addition, the F0 range was measured for emotional and neutral speech, as well as the height of F0 for sentence-initial and sentence-final positions. The results revealed that in the investigated material, F0 was highest for joy and lowest for anger. The F0 range, however, was widest for anger and narrowest for sadness. The differences in F0 height at the beginning versus the end of sentences were not statistically significant, either for pairs of emotions or for emotions compared with neutral speech.
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Siregar, Rika Yulia, Amelia Qolin Bulolo, and Erikson Saragih. "Grammatical Error Analysis in Translating Conditional Sentences from Indonesia into English." Jurnal Ilmiah Profesi Pendidikan 7, no. 2b (May 14, 2022): 547–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jipp.v7i2b.508.
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Conditional sentences is complex sentences (compound sentences) formed from a subordinate clause that starts with subordinate conjunction if it is in the conditional form (condition) and the main clause is the result. Studies on grammatical errors from student writing have been carried out by many previous researchers; however, research on conditional sentence translation errors is still very rarely conducted. This study aims to find out where students' mistakes in understanding the form of conditional sentence translation from Indonesian to English still often occur and to find the dominant type grammatical error. To achieve these objectives, this study used a qualitative descriptive research method with a research design. Data collection using text containing 30 sentence error types 1, 2, and 3 was conducted online through Google form of multiple-choice, short answers, and long answers. The subjects of this study were 20 7th semester students at the prima Indonesia university. The results found that final result of this study proved that the most common types of errors found in misformation were 241 or 32%, omission 228 or 30,2%, misordering 148 or 19,6%, and addition of 137 zor 18,1%. The results of the study concluded that the dominant errors found are misformation errors, which were the most frequent mistakes made by students. Recommended for students to study and improve their grammar and conditional sentences skills according to predetermined rules.
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Shin, Gyu-Ho, and Hyunwoo Kim. "Roles of verb and construction cues." Review of Cognitive Linguistics 19, no. 2 (October 11, 2021): 332–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00087.shi.
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Abstract This study investigates how speakers of English and Korean, two typologically distinct languages, derive information from a verb and a construction to achieve sentence comprehension. In a sentence-sorting task, we manipulated verb semantics (real versus nonce) in each language. The results showed that participants from both languages were less inclined to sort sentences by a verb cue when the lexical-semantic information about a verb was obscured (i.e., nonce verb). In addition, the Korean-speaking participants were less likely affected by the verb semantics conditions than the English-speaking participants. These findings suggest the role of an argument structure construction in sentence comprehension as a co-contributor of sentence meaning, supporting the constructionist approach. The findings also imply language-specific mechanisms of sentence comprehension, contingent upon the varied impact of a verb on sentence meaning in English and Korean.
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Hodairiyah, Hodairiyah, and Faris Febri Utama. "BENTUK-BENTUK KALIMAT IMPERATIF PERMINTAAN PADA IKLAN ROKOK 'DJARUM 76'." LEKSEMA: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 4, no. 1 (June 20, 2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22515/ljbs.v4i1.1658.
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This study focused on the structures of requesting imperative sentences of Djarum 76 cigarette advertisement. The researchers tried to explain the types, structures, and markers on verbal requests which appear on Djarum 76 advertisements on TV during 2009-2014. This study applied descriptive qualitative method. The data were requesting sentences in the advertisements of Djarum 76 which wre taken from Youtube website. The process of data collection involved watching, listening, and note taking technique. Meanwhile, for data analysis, the researchers applied distributional method. The results of this study show that: (1) not all requesting sentences on Djarum 76 advertisements omitted their subjects which referred to the speakers; (2) the requests could be expressed in different ways, such as by using a minor sentence and not a clause which refer to the previous sentence as well as using nominal phrase (e.g.kuda poni) as what appeared on six advertisements. In addition, requesting sentences on advertisement of Djarum 76 had some different markers for requesting sentences compared to what is stated in the existing theories, such in the use of the words mau, pengin, dan jadikan contrasted to the common term minta.
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CHEN, AOJU. "Tuning information packaging: intonational realization of topic and focus in child Dutch." Journal of Child Language 38, no. 5 (March 4, 2011): 1055–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000910000541.
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ABSTRACTThis study examined how four- to five-year-olds and seven- to eight-year-olds used intonation (accent placement and accent type) to encode topic and focus in Dutch. Naturally spoken declarative sentences with either sentence-initial topic and sentence-final focus or sentence-initial focus and sentence-final topic were elicited via a picture-matching game. Results showed that the four- to five-year-olds were adult-like in topic-marking, but were not yet fully adult-like in focus-marking, in particular, in the use of accent type in sentence-final focus (i.e. showing no preference for H*L). Between age five and seven, the use of accent type was further developed. In contrast to the four- to five-year-olds, the seven- to eight-year-olds showed a preference for H*L in sentence-final focus. Furthermore, they used accent type to distinguish sentence-initial focus from sentence-initial topic in addition to phonetic cues.
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Araujo, Vladimir, Marie-Francine Moens, and Alvaro Soto. "Learning Sentence-Level Representations with Predictive Coding." Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction 5, no. 1 (January 9, 2023): 59–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/make5010005.
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Learning sentence representations is an essential and challenging topic in the deep learning and natural language processing communities. Recent methods pre-train big models on a massive text corpus, focusing mainly on learning the representation of contextualized words. As a result, these models cannot generate informative sentence embeddings since they do not explicitly exploit the structure and discourse relationships existing in contiguous sentences. Drawing inspiration from human language processing, this work explores how to improve sentence-level representations of pre-trained models by borrowing ideas from predictive coding theory. Specifically, we extend BERT-style models with bottom-up and top-down computation to predict future sentences in latent space at each intermediate layer in the networks. We conduct extensive experimentation with various benchmarks for the English and Spanish languages, designed to assess sentence- and discourse-level representations and pragmatics-focused assessments. Our results show that our approach improves sentence representations consistently for both languages. Furthermore, the experiments also indicate that our models capture discourse and pragmatics knowledge. In addition, to validate the proposed method, we carried out an ablation study and a qualitative study with which we verified that the predictive mechanism helps to improve the quality of the representations.
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Wei, Hang, Julie E. Boland, Jonathan Brennan, Fang Yuan, Min Wang, and Chi Zhang. "Lexicalized structural priming in second language online sentence comprehension." Second Language Research 34, no. 3 (August 18, 2017): 395–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658317723684.
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Prior work has shown intriguing differences between first language (L1) and second language (L2) comprehension priming of relative clauses. We investigated English reduced relative clause priming in Chinese adult learners of English. Participants of different education levels read sentences in a self-paced, moving window paradigm. Critical sentences had a temporarily ambiguous reduced relative clause. Across lists, critical sentences were rotated, so that they occurred either as prime or as target, and had either the same or different verb as the critical sentence with which they were paired. Prime/target pairs were separated by several filler sentences, which never contained a relative clause. Mean reading times for the disambiguating region in the target sentences were faster than in the prime sentences, but only in the same-verb condition, not in the different-verb condition. This pattern of results is consistent with L1 comprehension priming research, suggesting that similar lexically specific mechanisms are involved in L1 and L2 comprehension priming of reduced relative clauses. These findings are in line with lexicalist accounts of sentence comprehension (e.g. MacDonald et al., 1994), according to which syntactic information is bound to specific words. In addition, these findings argue against theories that postulate fundamental differences in processing of L1 and L2 (e.g. Clahsen and Felser, 2006a, 2006b).
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Swaab, Tamara, Colin Brown, and Peter Hagoort. "Spoken Sentence Comprehension in Aphasia: Event-related Potential Evidence for a Lexical Integration Deficit." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 9, no. 1 (January 1997): 39–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1997.9.1.39.
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In this study the N400 component of the event-related potential was used to investigate spoken sentence understanding in Broca's and Wernicke's aphasics. The aim of the study was to determine whether spoken sentence comprehension problems in these patients might result from a deficit in the on-line integration of lexical information. Subjects listened to sentences spoken at a normal rate. In half of these sentences, the meaning of the final word of the sentence matched the semantic specifications of the preceding sentence context. In the other half of the sentences, the sentence-final word was anomalous with respect to the preceding sentence context. The N400 was measured to the sentence-final words in both conditions. The results for the aphasic patients (n = 14) were analyzed according to the severity of their comprehension deficit and compared to a group of 12 neurologically unimpaired age-matched controls, as well as a group of 6 nonaphasic patients with a lesion in the right hemisphere. The nonaphasic brain damaged patients and the aphasic patients with a light comprehension deficit (high comprehenders, n = 7) showed an N400 effect that was comparable to that of the neurologically unimpaired subjects. In the aphasic patients with a moderate to severe comprehension deficit (low comprehenders, n = 7), a reduction and delay of the N400 effect was obtained. In addition, the P300 component was measured in a classical oddball paradigm, in which subjects were asked to count infrequent low tones in a random series of high and low tones. No correlation was found between the occurrence of N400 and P300 effects, indicating that changes in the N400 results were related to the patients' language deficit. Overall, the pattern of results was compatible with the idea that aphasic patients with moderate to severe comprehension problems are impaired in the integration of lexical information into a higher order representation of the preceding sentence context.
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Udayana, I. Nyoman. "Effective Sentences in Indonesian." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Culture 2, no. 2 (July 1, 2016): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/ijllc.v2i2.144.
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This paper aims to describe effective sentences in Indonesian. It is shown that (in Indonesian) an effective sentence could be manifested by the addition or subtraction of a sentence element such as the copula adalah ’to be’, the prepositions dari ‘of’, the relative pronoun yang, and clause reduction. Effectiveness tied to a reduced clause only undergoes a subtraction of a sentence element such a nominal predicate and the subject of a dependent clause. Importantly, it is shown that effectiveness can be said to be universal (i.e. the analysis is supplemented by the English data) which automatically corroborate and support the effectiveness phenomena in Indonesian.