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1
Pinkster, Harm. The Oxford Latin Syntax. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199230563.001.0001.
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Volume II of the Oxford Latin Syntax deals with the syntax and pragmatics of complex sentences in Latin and other topics that transcend the simple clause (which is the content of Volume I). The volume starts with a chapter on subordination in general, followed by chapters on subordinate clauses that function as argument or as satellite in their sentence. Separate chapters are devoted to subordinate clauses governed by nouns and adjectives and to relative clauses. In addition there are chapters on coordination, comparison, secondary predicates, information structure of clauses and sentences including the use of emphatic particles, word order, and various discourse phenomena such as sentence connection. As in Volume I, the description of the Latin material is based upon texts from roughly 200 BC to AD 450. The Latin texts that are discussed are provided with an English translation. Supplements contain further examples to illustrate the main text. The grammatical framework used is mainly that of Functional Grammar but the description is accessible for readers without a modern linguistic background.
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Albonetti, Celesta A. Sentencing of White-Collar Offenders in U.S. Federal Courts. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935383.013.52.
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This paper begins by discussing variables influencing sentence severity imposed in white-collar cases in federal courts. Sentence outcomes imposed under indeterminate, presumptive, and advisory federal sentencing policies are discussed in terms of the effect of defendant characteristics, legally relevant case characteristics, and process-related variables on the probability of imprisonment, length of imprisonment, and probability of receiving a suspended sentence. Federal sentencing guidelines legalities are presented, with attention to white-collar crimes of larceny, embezzlement, counterfeiting, fraud and deceit, and forgery. Attention shifts to legal issues relevant to the adjudication and sentencing of white-collar offenders. The blurring of criminal and civil law in statutory law governing criminal prosecution and sentencing of white-collar offenders is dicussed. In addition, attention is given to both the offense-specific features of the federal sentencing guidelines, to mechanisms of discretion, and guideline departures, as they apply to sentencing in economic crimes.
3
Fuß, Eric. Introduction to Part III. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813545.003.0011.
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This chapter provides an overview of Part III, which deals with various aspects pertaining to the right sentence periphery in historical stages of German. It outlines a set of issues that figure prominently in relevant current research, including the theoretical analysis of linguistic variation, the impact of information structure on word order (OV versus VO, in particular), and the historical development of verb clusters. In addition, the chapter includes brief summaries of the individual contributions, which focus on word order variation in the lower/right-most part of the middle field (and the post field), and properties of the so-called verbal complex located in the right sentence bracket.
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Murray, Sarah E. The Semantics of Evidentials. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199681570.001.0001.
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This book gives a compositional, truth‐conditional, crosslinguistic semantics for evidentials set in a theory of the semantics for sentential mood. Central to this semantics is a proposal about a distinction between what propositional content is at‐issue, roughly primary or proffered, and what content is not‐at‐issue. Evidentials contribute not‐at‐issue content, more specifically what I will call a not‐at‐issue restriction. In addition, evidentials can affect the level of commitment a sentence makes to the main proposition, contributed by sentential mood. Building on recent work in the formal semantics of evidentials and related phenomena, the proposed semantics does not appeal to separate dimensions of illocutionary meaning. Instead, I argue that all sentences make three contributions: at‐issue content, not‐at‐issue content, and an illocutionary relation. At‐issue content is presented, made available for subsequent anaphora, but is not directly added to the common ground. Not‐at‐issue content directly updates the common ground. The illocutionary relation uses the at‐issue content to impose structure on the common ground, which, depending on the clause type (e.g., declarative, interrogative), can trigger further updates. Empirical support for this proposal comes from Cheyenne (Algonquian, primary data from the author’s fieldwork), English, and a wide variety of languages that have been discussed in the literature on evidentials.
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Murray, Sarah E. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199681570.003.0006.
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Chapter 6 is the conclusion. It gives a summary of the analysis and the empirical coverage, but also discusses extensions of the proposed analysis. The proposed semantics for all sentence types is quite general, though designed for a compositional semantics for evidentials and mood. Many other phenomena may be seen as contributing similar kinds ofmeaning, including appositives, non‐restrictive relative clauses, and (slifting) parentheticals, in addition to other expressions of evidentiality.
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Azzouni, Jody. Transcendence and Immanence. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190622558.003.0001.
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Current metaphysical debates (between, e.g., Hirsch, Sider, Hawthorne, and others) are historically centered in an earlier debate between Carnap and Quine. This was a debate over whether formal languages can function as replacements for natural language or whether instead they offer techniques that can be used to modify natural languages. This debate continues to be relevant to contemporary debates between Hirsch and his opponents. Hirsch presupposes the natural-language-centered Quinean position; many of his opponents take Ontologese to be a cogent alternative for metaphysical discourse. In addition, it’s shown that Hirsch’s attempts to demarcate substantial from purely verbal debates derail because of the technical failure to show that finitely specified sentence-to-sentence mappings between disputant claims are available. It’s shown further that quantifier-variant views make no sense of ontological debate. Participants in ontological debate need to share an existence concept if they are to argue successfully with one another.
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Press, Wildflower. Handwriting : Printing Vintage Inspired Farm Addition Grades P-K-1: Upper, Lowercase, Words and Sentences. Includes Coloring Page with Each Letter. Independently Published, 2019.
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School Zone - Second Grade Scholar Workbook - 32 Pages, Ages 6+, 2nd Grade, Telling Time, Sentence Structure, Parts of Speech, Addition, Subtraction, Fractions, and More. School Zone Publishing, 2013.
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9
Jackendoff, Ray. Representations and Rules in Language. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199367511.003.0007.
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In both traditional grammar and cognitive science, the standard view of language distinguishes sharply between words (lexicon) and rules (grammar). Here I undermine this distinction, presenting a continuum of phenomena that lie between undisputed words like cat and undisputed “rules” such as the pattern for transitive verb phrases. Mainstream linguistics makes a further distinction between productive rules “in the grammar,” such as the regular English past tense, and partially productive rules “in the lexicon,” such as forming a noun like construction by affixing –tion to a verb. I show that this distinction too has been misconceived: productive rules have all the properties of partially productive rules, but have in addition “gone viral.” These phenomena argue that rules of grammar are declarative schemas for licensing well-formed sentences, rather than either procedures for assembling sentences, as in mainstream generative grammar, or simple association and analogy, as in connectionist and exemplar-based approaches.
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Demleitner, Nora V. Collateral Sanctions and American Exceptionalism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190203542.003.0012.
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This chapter presents a comparative analysis of collateral sanctions, which encompass a broad array of restrictions that befall offenders in addition to their sentence during the time they are under a criminal justice sanction and often well beyond. Differences between European countries and the United States with respect to the imposition, the number, the types, and the length of collateral sanctions reflect strikingly dissimilar philosophies about how to treat those with a criminal record. The European model prioritizes reintegration and rehabilitation while the United States continues to exclude and penalize those who ran afoul of the law. On both sides of the Atlantic, however, offenders considered at a high risk of reoffending have increasingly been subjected to collateral sanctions.
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hobaizi, mohamed. Cursive Handwriting Workbook for Kids: Learn, and Practice the Alphabet , Numbers , Words ,Sentence and Tracing with Coloring Plus in Addition to Knowing the Names of Animals 109 Pages. Independently Published, 2021.
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12
Hoskins, Zachary. Beyond Punishment? Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199389230.001.0001.
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People convicted of crimes are subject to a criminal sentence, but they are also subject to a host of other legal measures: Some are denied access to jobs, housing, welfare, the vote, or other goods. Some may be deported. Others are subject to continued detention. Many have their criminal records made publicly accessible. These measures are often more burdensome than an offender’s formal sentence. This is the first book-length philosophical examination of these burdensome legal measures, called collateral legal consequences (CLCs). The book draws on resources in moral, legal, and political philosophy to shed light on whether these measures are ever morally justified. It analyzes the various kinds of CLCs imposed in different legal systems and the important moral challenges they raise, and it makes the case that these challenges have been largely overlooked by philosophers. The book examines whether CLCs can ever be justified as forms of criminal punishment—whether they are consistent with the values and principles that we believe should govern punishment. Then it considers whether CLCs are ever justifiable as civil measures, and specifically what could justify the state in imposing additional burdensome measures on offenders in addition to their punishment. Whether CLCs function as forms of punishment or as civil measures, the book contends that they are justifiable in a far narrower range of cases than we find in current legal practice.
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Pournelle, Jerry. 1001 Computer Words You Need to Know. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195167757.001.0001.
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1001 Computer Words You Need to Know explains and illuminates the essential vocabulary of computers and the Internet. This comprehensive, but never condescending guide to the language of the electronic age carefully defines and explains every term with a sample sentence, and many entries have supplementary notes. In addition, the book includes a number of quick miniguides to managing your online life - dealing with Windows and Macs (and sometimes *nix), burning CDs and downloading files, word processing, spread-sheeting, connecting to the Internet (dialup, cable, DSL, wireless) surfing, IMing and emailing, taking digital photos, coping with networks, memory, and drives, and just plain coping with your computer. The backmatter contains an extensive list of helpful websites and an essay about online language and etiquette.
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Petrova, Svetlana. Introduction to Part I. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813545.003.0002.
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This chapter provides an overview of the diachronic development of the left periphery in German. It introduces the OV/V2 asymmetry as a basic property of continental West Germanic syntax, as well as the components of the verb-second rule. On this basis, it surveys the rise of verb-second, elaborating on state-of-the-art in the beginning of the attestation, on the relation between V2 and the emergence of complementizers in Germanic, as well as on the role of Germanic sentence particles in the left periphery of the clause. In addition, orders challenging the validity V2 in German—such as verb-first, verb-third, and verb-final orders—are discussed. The chapter also discusses the role of information structure in movement to the left periphery, as well as the emergence of a special class of adverbial connectives, which develop from low adverbs and acquire a special status with respect to the left periphery.
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O'Donnell, Ian. Juries and Judges. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798477.003.0004.
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This chapter explores the role of the jury, including how long it deliberated before arriving at a decision that could result in an execution. It analyses any subsequent actions that attempted to soften a guilty verdict’s impact, such as the addition of a rider recommending mercy. The judge could steer the jury in a particular direction through his conduct of the trial, his attitude to counsel, the tenor and frequency of his interventions, and his summing up, but once a verdict of guilty to murder was returned, his only option was to impose a death sentence. Judges had an opportunity to influence the government’s decision by communicating a written view when invited to do so. The contents of these missives, supplemented with contemporary newspaper accounts, inform the analysis. Whether there were any ‘hanging judges’ is reviewed, along with the extent to which female murderers benefited from a mixture of squeamishness, chivalry, paternalism, and precedent.
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Turner, Susan. The Multiple Faces of Reentry. Edited by John Wooldredge and Paula Smith. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199948154.013.23.
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In recent years, prisoner reentry programs have been developed to promote the successful reintegration of offenders back into communities upon release from prison and jail. Specifically, these programs often involve a comprehensive case management approach to assist offenders in the acquisition of prosocial life skills. A variety of programs are currently used to facilitate the reentry process, including prerelease programs, drug rehabilitation, vocational training, and work programs. In addition, reentry courts have been established in several jurisdictions in an attempt to offer a more focused approach to community reintegration. This essay reviews the challenges associated with postrelease supervision and service delivery, including the potentially deleterious effects of long prison sentences and certain prison environments, as well as the development, implementation, and evaluation of prisoner reentry programs.
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Harris, Lyndon. Achieving Consistency in Sentencing. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192859266.001.0001.
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Abstract Consistency in sentencing is widely considered to be an essential component of a fair sentencing system; but what is consistency? This work argues that it incorporates both procedural and substantive elements, focusing upon the proper application of principle. In doing so, the notion of comparing ‘like’ cases is rejected as simplistic, impractical, and unprincipled. It is argued that a more principled approach reconciles the tension between consistency and individualized justice which has been argued to exist. In the face of clear and consistent empirical evidence—from multiple jurisdictions—of inconsistency in the face of an absence of structure, it is vital that discretion at sentencing is structured in a way which encourages sentences to be imposed in accordance with the principles underpinning the scheme while maintaining the ability to individualize sentences. It seeks to analyse various methods of structuring discretion and in doing so, uses England and Wales as a ‘case study’. England and Wales has a developed system of appellate guidance at sentencing in addition to a narrative guidelines system which is now two decades old. As such, there is much to analyse and many lessons to be learned, for England and Wales and other jurisdictions. The latter part of this work therefore examines the tripartite relationship between the primary givers of guidance: Parliament, the Court of Appeal (Criminal Division), and the Sentencing Council, and draws conclusions (good and bad) as to way in which consistency can be achieved.
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Cappelen, Herman, and Torfinn Thomesen Huvenes. Relative Truth. Edited by Michael Glanzberg. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199557929.013.19.
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The word “relativism” has been applied to many different positions in philosophy. This chapter focuses on a contemporary version of relativism. According to this version of relativism, truth is relative, and not just in the familiar sense that sentences that contain indexicals can have different truth-values relative to different contexts. The chapter describes some ways in which this idea has been developed. For instance, it matters what the relevant bearers of truth are and what truth is taken to be relative to. It also compares this version of relativism with other views that have been labeled “relativist.” Contemporary relativism has generally been developed in order to make sense of particular areas of discourse, such as discourse about matters of taste. In addition to describing some of the proposed applications, the chapter describes some of the motivations and problems for the view. Considerations involving disagreement play an important role here.
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Mitschang, Stephan, ed. Klimaschutz und Klimaanpassung in der Regional- und Bauleitplanung. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748924180.
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The volume presents a summary of the latest scientific conference on urban and regional planning which took place at the Technical University Berlin. The conference addressed current demands in regional and urban land use planning with regard to ‘Climate protection and climate adaptation’. The addition of the "climate protection clause" to the overall objectives of urban land use planning in section 1 (5) sentence 2 BauGB in the 2011 amendment to the Climate Protection Act has contributed to a clear programmatic upgrading of the concerns of climate protection and adaptation to climate change in urban land use planning. This direct approach to the objectives of urban land use planning not only emphasised the urban development dimension of climate protection and adaptation to climate change, but also gave a first noticeable impetus to the preparation, amendment and supplementation of urban development plans. With contributions by Dr. Stephan Wagner, Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Stephan Mitschang, Mareike Schnorr, Christine Schimpfermann, Dr.-Ing. Tim Schwarz, Dr. Petra Overwien, Michael Bongartz, Martin Orth, Prof. Dr. Olaf Reidt, Dr. Jörg Beckmann, Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Söfker, Prof. Dr. jur. Christian-W. Otto, Prof. Dr. Alexander Schink and Dr. Andreas Decker.
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Belohlavek, Radim, Joseph W. Dauben, and George J. Klir. Fuzzy Logic and Mathematics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190200015.001.0001.
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The term “fuzzy logic” (FL) is a generic one, which stands for a broad variety of logical systems. Their common ground is the rejection of the most fundamental principle of classical logic—the principle of bivalence—according to which each declarative sentence has exactly two possible truth values—true and false. Each logical system subsumed under FL allows for additional, intermediary truth values, which are interpreted as degrees of truth. These systems are distinguished from one another by the set of truth degrees employed, its algebraic structure, truth functions chosen for logical connectives, and other properties. The book examines from the historical perspective two areas of research on fuzzy logic known as fuzzy logic in the narrow sense (FLN) and fuzzy logic in the broad sense (FLB), which have distinct research agendas. The agenda of FLN is the development of propositional, predicate, and other fuzzy logic calculi. The agenda of FLB is to emulate commonsense human reasoning in natural language and other unique capabilities of human beings. In addition to FL, the book also examines mathematics based on FL. One chapter in the book is devoted to overviewing successful applications of FL and the associated mathematics in various areas of human affairs. The principal aim of the book is to assess the significance of FL and especially its significance for mathematics. For this purpose, the notions of paradigms and paradigm shifts in science, mathematics, and other areas are introduced and employed as useful metaphors.