Academic literature on the topic 'Sentential phase'
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Journal articles on the topic "Sentential phase"
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Takahashi, Keigo, Teruaki Oka, and Mamoru Komachi. "Effectiveness of Pre-Trained Language Models for the Japanese Winograd Schema Challenge." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 27, no. 3 (May 20, 2023): 511–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2023.p0511.
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This paper compares Japanese and multilingual language models (LMs) in a Japanese pronoun reference resolution task to determine the factors of LMs that contribute to Japanese pronoun resolution. Specifically, we tackle the Japanese Winograd schema challenge task (WSC task), which is a well-known pronoun reference resolution task. The Japanese WSC task requires inter-sentential analysis, which is more challenging to solve than intra-sentential analysis. A previous study evaluated pre-trained multilingual LMs in terms of training language on the target WSC task, including Japanese. However, the study did not perform pre-trained LM-wise evaluations, focusing on the training language-wise evaluations with a multilingual WSC task. Furthermore, it did not investigate the effectiveness of factors (e.g., model size, learning settings in the pre-training phase, or multilingualism) to improve the performance. In our study, we compare the performance of inter-sentential analysis on the Japanese WSC task for several pre-trained LMs, including multilingual ones. Our results confirm that XLM, a pre-trained LM on multiple languages, performs the best among all considered LMs, which we attribute to the amount of data in the pre-training phase.
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Dira, Benito, and Paskalina Dwi Intan Bui Lazar. "THE STUDY OF CODE-SWITCHING IN TWIVORTIARE MOVIE." ELTR Journal 3, no. 2 (July 6, 2019): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.37147/eltr.v3i2.75.
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Language plays a critical role in engaging communication against each other in every community as it helps speakers to extend their comprehension and to provide insights, viewpoints, and perspectives in society. Individuals occasionally change from one language to another in bilingual societies around the world to fulfill communication requirements. This is regarded as code-switching. Thus, this current study focuses on the usage of code-switching specifically in an Indonesian film, Twivortiare. The researcher clarifies its investigation by implementing the qualitative descriptive method. The method, therefore, will be used to transcribe the data gathered by the researcher, and afterward, the next phase which is analyzing will begin. Data will be taken from conversations between the characters in the Twivortiare film that has been transcribed. In the analyzing phase, researchers applied a document analysis method which prioritizing on conversation analysis. The findings of the study reveal that the film is utilizing all of the three categories of code-switching: Intra-sentential, Inter-sentential, and Tag Switching. The language which is used is mostly from daily conversation. Some medical and financial terms are also employed because it is intertwined between the character's development and the plot of the story.
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Dira, Benito, and Paskalina Dwi Intan Bui Lazar. "THE STUDY OF CODE-SWITCHING IN TWIVORTIARE MOVIE." ELTR Journal 3, no. 2 (July 6, 2019): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.37147/eltr.v3i2.75.
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Language plays a critical role in engaging communication against each other in every community as it helps speakers to extend their comprehension and to provide insights, viewpoints, and perspectives in society. Individuals occasionally change from one language to another in bilingual societies around the world to fulfill communication requirements. This is regarded as code-switching. Thus, this current study focuses on the usage of code-switching specifically in an Indonesian film, Twivortiare. The researcher clarifies its investigation by implementing the qualitative descriptive method. The method, therefore, will be used to transcribe the data gathered by the researcher, and afterward, the next phase which is analyzing will begin. Data will be taken from conversations between the characters in the Twivortiare film that has been transcribed. In the analyzing phase, researchers applied a document analysis method which prioritizing on conversation analysis. The findings of the study reveal that the film is utilizing all of the three categories of code-switching: Intra-sentential, Inter-sentential, and Tag Switching. The language which is used is mostly from daily conversation. Some medical and financial terms are also employed because it is intertwined between the character's development and the plot of the story.
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Son, Nguyen Van, Le Thanh Huong, and Nguyen Chi Thanh. "A two-phase plagiarism detection system based on multi-layer long short-term memory networks." IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 10, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 636. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v10.i3.pp636-648.
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Finding plagiarism strings between two given documents are the main task of the plagiarism detection problem. Traditional approaches based on string matching are not very useful in cases of similar semantic plagiarism. Deep learning approaches solve this problem by measuring the semantic similarity between pairs of sentences. However, these approaches still face the following challenging points. First, it is impossible to solve cases where only part of a sentence belongs to a plagiarism passage. Second, measuring the sentential similarity without considering the context of surrounding sentences leads to decreasing in accuracy. To solve the above problems, this paper proposes a two-phase plagiarism detection system based on multi-layer long short-term memory network model and feature extraction technique: (i) a passage-phase to recognize plagiarism passages, and (ii) a word-phase to determine the exact plagiarism strings. Our experiment results on PAN 2014 corpus reached 94.26% F-measure, higher than existing research in this field.
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Shi, Ziqiang. "The grammaticalization of the particle le in Mandarin Chinese." Language Variation and Change 1, no. 1 (March 1989): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394500000132.
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ABSTRACTThis article investigates the grammaticalization process of liao as a main verb in 10th-century vernacular texts to le as an aspectual particle in modern Chinese. I propose that two processes are involved. First, with the “resultative construction” coming into existence in the language, some instances of liao were reanalyzed as the phase complement of the new morphological construction. Second, other instances of the verb began to lose their verbness by taking sentential subjects and occurring in temporal clauses only. These processes gave rise to the positional change of liao from after the complement of the verb to before the complement of the verb of le.
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CSUHAJ-VARJÚ, ERZSÉBET, JÜRGEN DASSOW, and GYÖRGY VASZIL. "VARIANTS OF COMPETENCE-BASED DERIVATIONS IN CD GRAMMAR SYSTEMS." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 21, no. 04 (August 2010): 549–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054110007428.
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In this paper we introduce and study some new cooperation protocols for cooperating distributed (CD) grammar systems. These derivation modes depend on the number of different nonterminals present in the sentential form obtained when a component finished a derivation phase. This measure describes the competence of the grammar on the string (the competence is high if the number of the different nonterminals is small). It is also a measure of the efficiency of the grammar on the given string (a component is more efficient than another one if it is able to decrease the number of nonterminals in the string to a greater extent). We prove that if the underlying derivation mode is the t-mode derivation, then some variants of these systems determine the class of random context ET0L languages. If these CD grammar systems use the k step limited derivations as underlying derivation mode, then they are able to generate any recursively enumerable language.
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Crane, Thera Marie, and Bastian Persohn. "Notes on actionality in two Nguni languages of South Africa." Studies in African Linguistics 50, no. 2 (September 18, 2021): 227–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v50i2.123680.
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This paper presents some key findings of studies of actionality and the verbal grammar–lexicon interface in two Nguni Bantu languages of South Africa, Xhosa and Southern Ndebele. We describe interactions between grammatical tense marking (and other sentential bounding elements) and lexical verb types, arguing for the salience of inchoative verbs, which lexically encode a resultant state, and, in particular, a sub-class of inchoative verbs, biphasal verbs, which encode both a resultant state and the “coming-to-be” phase leading up to that state. We further discuss other important features of actional classes in Xhosa and Southern Ndebele, including topics such as the role of participant structure and the relative importance of cross-linguistically prominent distinctions such as that between Vendlerian activities and accomplishments. Although differences between Xhosa and Southern Ndebele are evident both in the behaviour of individual tense-aspect forms and in the interpretive possibilities of specific verbs, the general patterns are quite similar. This similarity suggests that the patterns are likely to extend to other Nguni languages, as well, and that cross-linguistic comparison of particular lexical items across these languages are both feasible and likely to bear fruit.
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Meyer, Patric, Axel Mecklinger, and Angela D. Friederici. "On the Processing of Semantic Aspects of Experience in the Anterior Medial Temporal Lobe: An Event-related fMRI Study." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22, no. 3 (March 2010): 590–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21199.
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Recognition memory based on familiarity judgments is a form of declarative memory that has been repeatedly associated with the anterior medial temporal lobe. It has been argued that this region sustains familiarity-based recognition not only by retrieving item-specific information but also by coding for those semantic aspects of an event that support later familiarity-based recognition. Here, we used event-related fMRI to directly examine whether the contribution of anterior medial temporal lobe to declarative memory indeed results from its role in processing semantic aspects of an event. For this purpose, a sentence comprehension task was employed which varied the demands of semantic and syntactic processing of the sentence-final word. By presenting those sentence-final words together with new words in a subsequent incidental recognition memory test, we were able to determine the mnemonic consequences of presenting words in different sentential contexts. Results showed that enhanced semantic processing during comprehension activates regions in medial temporal lobe cortex and leads to response suppression in partly overlapping regions when the word is successfully retrieved. Data from a behavioral follow-up study support the view that enhanced semantic processing at study enhances familiarity-based remembering in a subsequent test phase.
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Bonhage, Corinna E., Christian J. Fiebach, Jörg Bahlmann, and Jutta L. Mueller. "Brain Signature of Working Memory for Sentence Structure: Enriched Encoding and Facilitated Maintenance." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26, no. 8 (August 2014): 1654–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00566.
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Sentences are easier to memorize than ungrammatical word strings, a phenomenon known as the sentence superiority effect. Yet, it is unclear how higher-order linguistic information facilitates verbal working memory and how this is implemented in the neural system. The goal of the current fMRI study was to specify the brain mechanisms underlying the sentence superiority effect during encoding and during maintenance in working memory by manipulating syntactic structure and working memory load. The encoding of sentence material, as compared with the encoding of ungrammatical word strings, recruited not only inferior frontal (BA 47) and anterior temporal language-related areas but also the medial-temporal lobe, which is not classically reported for language tasks. During maintenance, it was sentence structure as contrasted with ungrammatical word strings that led to activation decrease in Broca's area, SMA, and parietal regions. Furthermore, in Broca's area, an interaction effect revealed a load effect for ungrammatical word strings but not for sentences. The sentence superiority effect, thus, is neurally reflected in a twofold pattern, consisting of increased activation in classical language as well as memory areas during the encoding phase and decreased maintenance-related activation. This pattern reflects how chunking, based on sentential syntactic and semantic information, alleviates rehearsal demands and thus leads to improved working memory performance.
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Majewska, Olga, Diana McCarthy, Jasper J. F. van den Bosch, Nikolaus Kriegeskorte, Ivan Vulić, and Anna Korhonen. "Semantic Data Set Construction from Human Clustering and Spatial Arrangement." Computational Linguistics 47, no. 1 (March 2021): 69–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00396.
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Abstract Research into representation learning models of lexical semantics usually utilizes some form of intrinsic evaluation to ensure that the learned representations reflect human semantic judgments. Lexical semantic similarity estimation is a widely used evaluation method, but efforts have typically focused on pairwise judgments of words in isolation, or are limited to specific contexts and lexical stimuli. There are limitations with these approaches that either do not provide any context for judgments, and thereby ignore ambiguity, or provide very specific sentential contexts that cannot then be used to generate a larger lexical resource. Furthermore, similarity between more than two items is not considered. We provide a full description and analysis of our recently proposed methodology for large-scale data set construction that produces a semantic classification of a large sample of verbs in the first phase, as well as multi-way similarity judgments made within the resultant semantic classes in the second phase. The methodology uses a spatial multi-arrangement approach proposed in the field of cognitive neuroscience for capturing multi-way similarity judgments of visual stimuli. We have adapted this method to handle polysemous linguistic stimuli and much larger samples than previous work. We specifically target verbs, but the method can equally be applied to other parts of speech. We perform cluster analysis on the data from the first phase and demonstrate how this might be useful in the construction of a comprehensive verb resource. We also analyze the semantic information captured by the second phase and discuss the potential of the spatially induced similarity judgments to better reflect human notions of word similarity. We demonstrate how the resultant data set can be used for fine-grained analyses and evaluation of representation learning models on the intrinsic tasks of semantic clustering and semantic similarity. In particular, we find that stronger static word embedding methods still outperform lexical representations emerging from more recent pre-training methods, both on word-level similarity and clustering. Moreover, thanks to the data set’s vast coverage, we are able to compare the benefits of specializing vector representations for a particular type of external knowledge by evaluating FrameNet- and VerbNet-retrofitted models on specific semantic domains such as “Heat” or “Motion.”
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sentential phase"
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Pidoux, Jérémy. "L'accès au juge pénal en phase sentencielle." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UBFCB001.
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La thèse entend analyser de quelle manière l’accès au juge pénal en phase sentencielle a évolué. À partir d’une définition pragmatique de la notion d’« accès au juge », deux mouvements contradictoires ont été identifiés. D’un côté, l’accès formel au juge pénal tend à se renforcer. La saisine et les canaux d’échange permettant aux parties au procès – le mis en cause, la personne lésée et le ministère public – d’arriver devant le juge ont été ouverts. Cette ouverture a été accentuée par le développement d’aides extérieures, intellectuelles et pécuniaires, qui suppriment certains obstacles à la saisine et aux échanges. D’un autre côté, l’accès substantiel au juge pénal tend à s’affaiblir. Le champ matériel de l’accès au juge s’est réduit en raison de la diminution de son office. La qualité des échanges avec le juge s’est dégradée du fait de l’expansion de procédés – la visio-conférence, les box vitrés, la représentation et l’écrit – qui médiatisent lesdits échanges. La discussion ayant lieu devant le juge s’est appauvrie compte tenu du recul ou de l’insuffisance des garanties de l’effectivité du débat se tenant devant lui. L’ambivalence de l’évolution de l’accès au juge pénal démontre donc une profonde transformation de cet accès. L’accès au sens formel est très développé : les parties au procès pénal ont les moyens procéduraux et matériels d’accéder à ce juge. En parallèle, l’accès dont elles bénéficient est la plupart du temps sans substance, il n’est qu’apparent : les parties n’ont pas la faculté, dans de bonnes conditions, de faire trancher certaines questions par le juge pénal. Cette évolution n’est pas en soi critiquable. Il convient seulement de veiller pour chacune des dimensions de l’accès au juge pénal à ce que le renforcement ou l’affaiblissement ne soit pas insuffisant ou trop important. À cet égard, la détermination de l’étendue de la protection du droit d’accès audit juge dans l’ordre conventionnel et l’ordre constitutionnel a permis de proposer différentes améliorationsThe thesis seeks to demonstrate how the access to a criminal judge in the sentencing phase has evolved. From a pragmatic definition of the concept of “access to a judge”, two contradictory movements have been identified. On the one hand, formal access to a criminal judge tends to increase. The referral procedure and different channels for exchanging information allowing the parties – defendant, injured person, Attorney general – to have access to a judge have been opened. They have been improved by the development of external, intellectual and pecuniary assistance; which remove obstacles that could prevent the parties to have access to a criminal judge. On the other hand, substantial access to a criminal judge tends to decline. The material scope of access to a judge has been reduced because of the lessening of his powers. The quality of the communication with the judge has decreased because some methods have been developed – videoconference, glass boxes, representation, and writing – allowing debates to be covered by Medias. The exchanges before the judge have weakened because there are less or not enough guarantees that the debate is efficient. The ambivalent evolution of access to a criminal judge demonstrates the fundamental change of this access. In the formal meaning, the access is well developed: the parties of a criminal trial have the procedural and material means to have access to this judge. Meanwhile, this access is, most of the time, not a real one because the criminal judge cannot make a decision for each criminal matter submitted by the parties. This evolution is not in itself questionable. Nevertheless, we have to make sure that the intensification or the weakening is sufficient but not too important for each aspect of this access. Regarding this, thanks to the determination of the extent of the protection of the right to have access to a judge in conventional and constitutional order, several improvements have been proposed
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Abney, Steven Paul. "The English noun phrase in its sentential aspect." Cambridge, MA : Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology : Distributed by MIT Working Papers in Linguistics, 1987. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/21895060.html.
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Abney, Steven P. "The English noun phrase in its sentential aspect." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/14638.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 1987.Title as it appears in M.I.T. Graduate list, June 1987: The English noun phrase in its sentential aspects.
Bibliography: v. 2, leaves 355-363.
by Steven Paul Abney.
Ph.D.
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Smith, Jennifer M. "Sentential Cycling: Structural Layering in the Baroque Era." Bowling Green, Ohio : Bowling Green State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1213139677.
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Pénault, Anaïg. "Les énoncés non-phrastiques en français oral : une analyse intégrant les niveaux syntaxique, sémantique et interactionnel." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0483.
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Les énoncés non-phrastiques, en tant que phénomènes particuliers de l’oral intéressent l’ensemble des niveaux linguistiques mais leur étude n’avait encore jamais abouti à une classification pour le français. Dans nos analyses syntaxiques, sémantiques et interactionnelles portant sur des données orales semi-spontanées, nous avons eu comme objectif d’établir une classification articulant leurs formes et leurs fonctions. Notre étude de corpus a débuté par l’extraction objective et la sélection des séquences non-phrastiques au sein de trois corpus existants (CID, MapTask-AIX, DVD). Une analyse macrosyntaxique a permis la classification des séquences en catégories syntaxico-discursives. L’examen des indices sémantiques et pragmatiques d’intégration a abouti à l’identification de trois modes sémantiques d’intégration des énoncés non-phrastiques à leur source: la redondance, l’ajout et le remplacement. L’identification et la caractérisation de relations fonctionnelles d’ordre sémantique et interactionnel reliant les énoncés à leur source a permis de constituer un inventaire systématique des fonctions. Enfin, une typologie des énoncés non-phrastiques comportant quatre types a été constitué - les prophrases simples ou à topique contrastif et les fragments à source linguistique ou extralinguistique-, ainsi qu'une classification articulant les modes d’intégration sémantique et les fonctions des énoncés non-phrastiques, un modèle d’interprétation ainsi qu’un modèle d’intégration applicables à tous les types d’énoncés non-phrastiquesNon sentential utterances, as specific oral phenomena, concern all linguistic levels, but their study has never yet resulted in a classification for French. In our syntactic, semantic and interactional analyzes of semi-spontaneous oral data, our goal was to establish a classification articulating their forms and functions. Our corpus study began with objective extractions and a selection of non-sentential sequences within three existing corpora. Macrosyntactic analysis allowed a classification of the sequences into syntactic-discursive categories. The examination of semantic and pragmatic integration indices led to the identification of three semantic modes of integration of non-sentential utterances to their source: redundancy, addition and replacement. The identification and characterization of functional relations of semantic and interactional order between the utterance and its source made it possible to build up a systematic inventory of functions. Finally, a typology of non-sentential utterances comprising four types has been established - simple or contrastive topical prophrases and fragments with a linguistic or extralinguistic source- as well as a classification articulating semantic integration modes and utterance functions, an interpretation model as well as an integration model, applicable to all four types of non-sentential utterances
Books on the topic "Sentential phase"
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Sentential complementation in Spanish: A lexico-grammatical study of three classes of verbs. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins, 1987.
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Dworkin, Steven N. Syntactic features of medieval Hispano-Romance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199687312.003.0004.
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This chapter describes selected issues of noun phrase, verb phrase, and sentential syntax. It emphasizes differences between the selected constructions in Old Spanish and in the modern standard language. Specific issues discussed include the function of determiners, the use of subject pronouns, the preverbal or postverbal placement of clitic object pronouns, direct object marking, and issues involving subject-verb-object and noun-adjective word order. The section on verbal syntax examines the use of the present, imperfect, and preterit tenses in medieval Hispano-Romance, the syntax of analytic or compound tenses, the syntactic differences between the synthetic and analytic futures, the syntax and semantics of the subjunctive, and the syntax of aver/tener and ser/estar.
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Iida, Takashi. Knowledge and Belief Through the Mirror of Japanese. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865085.003.0003.
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The author considers three Japanese verbs that may be the counterparts of the English “know” and “believe.” As verbs of thinking, they typically form mental predicates, which are sensitive to the difference in grammatical person in Japanese. He also shows how difference in person is connected to aspectual properties of these verbs. Some Japanese verbs for mental activities may take two sentential complements, one for their objects and the other for their contents. It is argued that the verb shiru, a counterpart of “know,” is one such two-complement verb. It is suggested that the object complement of shiru must be a definite noun phrase, and it is the source of the factivity of shiru. The two-complement structure of shiru and other Japanese verbs suggests that a mental activity may have its own object, as well as its content, and it is important to consider their relation to each other.
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Danckaert, Lieven. The decline of Latin VOAux. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747307.003.0013.
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This chapter is concerned with the diachrony of the Latin word order pattern ‘verb-object-auxiliary’ (VOAux). In the classical and late classical period (c.100 BC–200 AD), this order is productively available, but it is by and large absent in Late Latin. It is suggested that this change is related to the order VPAux being derived differently in Classical and in Late Latin. More specifically, it is proposed that only Late Latin VPAux-clauses are derived by means of roll-up movement, which gives rise to restrictions on possible word orders inside the verb phrase (Biberauer, Holmberg, and Roberts’s Final-Over-Final Constraint). In addition, it is proposed that this difference between Classical and Late Latin is an indirect result of an independent change, namely, the incorporation of the pre-verbal sentential negator non into the hierarchically highest verb, an evolution which can be considered part of Jespersen’s Cycle.
Book chapters on the topic "Sentential phase"
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Kahnemuyipour, Arsalan. "Sentential stress: a phase‐based account." In The Syntax of Sentential Stress, 66–123. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199219230.003.0004.
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Inaba, Jiro. "Toward a Phase-Based Analysis of Postverbal Sentential Complements in German∗." In InterPhases, 263–82. Oxford University PressOxford, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199541126.003.0010.
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Abstract In this chapter I will discuss the postverbal of sentential complements in German. Specifically I will try to give an answer to the question of why sentential complements appear to the right of the verb (cf. (1)), although German is a verb-final language and other arguments (and adjuncts) accordingly show up to the left (cf. (2)):
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Benmamoun, Elabbas. "Sentential Negation in Modem Arabic Dialects." In The Feature Structure of Functional Categories, 69–94. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195119947.003.0005.
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Abstract In this chapter, I discuss two issues that arise in the context of sentential negation. The first issue is the representation of sentential negation, particularly in dialects where it is realized by two formatives. The second issue is the feature structure of negation. I will argue that sentential negation is specified for the categorial feature [+D], which must be checked by an inherently [+D] head or phrase or by a head that carries agreement features. Arabic dialects diverge with respect to the checking configuration they adopt, resulting in variation in word order and the morphological realizations of sentential negation. In some contexts, the two-part negative is realized as a discontinuous element (one part a proclitic and the other part an enclitic). In other contexts, it is realized as a single complex element augmented with agreement. I will argue that the two realizations of sentential negation (discontinuous and nondiscontinuous morphemes) receive a unified analysis in terms of how categorial features are checked, thus obviating analyses whereby the two realizations instantiate two independent sentential negatives in the modem Arabic dialects. The analysis of how the categorial [+D] feature of negation is checked will further support the analysis provided in chapter 4 where it was argued that a head that carries agreement can check categorial [+D] features. I will demonstrate that the same situation obtains in the context of sentential negation.
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Zanuttini, Raffaella. "On the Relevance of Tense for Sentential Negation." In Parameters And Functional Heads, 181–207. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195087932.003.0006.
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Abstract Much recent work has focused on the issue of which functional categories are present in a sentential structure. Both Moro (1987) and Pollock (1989), independently and on the basis of quite different considerations, suggest that in Romance and in English the Infl node should be split into two components, a Tense Phrase and an Agreement Phrase. Kitagawa (1986, section 2.4.3) argues for the existence of a negative head in Japanese, an idea extended to Romance by Kayne (1989a:242) and to English by Pollock (1989), who suggest that sentential negative markers can be analyzed as belonging to a Negative Phrase. Rivero (1994) proposes the existence of a functional projection of a modal or aspectual nature in the Balkan languages. Shlonsky (1989), based on facts from Semitic languages, suggests that the functional category Agreement Phrase should be further split into three distinct components— PersonP, NumberP and GenderP.
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Spevak, Olga. "Introduction." In Nominalization in Latin, 1–13. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192866011.003.0001.
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Abstract This chapter discusses various approaches to nominalization and defines it as ‘a noun (phrase) which has a systematic correspondence with a clause structure’. Such nouns are called ‘verbal nouns’. Verbal nouns lack sentential properties. They are compared with non-finite verb forms (participles, infinitives, gerunds, and gerundives), which show a lack of sentential properties (desententialization) to various extents. It is argued that verbal nouns retain some verbal properties, especially the requirement of arguments or obligatory constituents and aspectual (lexical) properties of the corresponding verbs. On the basis of their combinability with temporal expressions, four classes of verbal nouns can be distinguished expressing activities, accomplishments, achievements, or states. Many verbal nouns are polysemous: they can be used as verbal nouns with a verbal meaning, or as nouns with a concrete meaning to denote physical entities.
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Kahn, Charles H. "Some Philosophical Uses of ‘To Be’ in Plato*." In Essays on Being, 75–108. Oxford University PressOxford, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199534807.003.0005.
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Abstract Syntactically, the passages in question are a mixed bag. In a few cases we have what I call the veridical construction with a subject of sentential rather than nominal form: the verb is construed absolutely (no further predicate is expressed or understood), and it is syntactically linked to a clause of thinking or saying. In other cases, where the subject (or implied subject) is a noun phrase, an absolute construction of the verb may bear an existential sense.
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Hiscock, Andrew. "Ralegh." In The Oxford History of Poetry in English, 555–68. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830696.003.0031.
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This chapter concentrates on the challenges which Ralegh’s poetry continues to pose for twenty-first-century readers and researchers. The first phase of discussion focuses on the significant difficulties surrounding the undertaking of establishing his poetic corpus, given the problems of misattribution and the possibility of lost works, which continue to beleaguer scholarship in this area. Subsequently, attention is turned to Ralegh’s various formulations of poetic voice and the repertoire of poetic strategies he employs to excite reader attention in both lyric and narrative modes. In the final phase of the discussion, particular emphasis is placed on the varying fortunes that Ralegh’s poetic output has enjoyed at the hands of successive generations of critics and how the gravitational pull in his writing towards sententiae and/or extravagant Petrarchismo has often shaped reader engagement with it in the post-Romantic period.
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Gianollo, Chiara. "Feature reanalysis and the Latin origin of Romance Negative Concord." In Syntactic Features and the Limits of Syntactic Change, 113–38. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198832584.003.0006.
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This chapter investigates the sequence of changes leading from the Latin system of negation to the various Romance outcomes. While Classical Latin is a Double Negation language, the earliest Romance varieties show a Negative Concord grammar. In the proposed analysis, this seemingly paradoxical development is explained by situating the prerequisites for Negative Concord already at the Late Latin stage. In Late Latin, a featural and structural reanalysis of the negative marker entails the activation of a projection in the clause where sentential negation has to be identified. This, in turn, triggers the grammaticalization of new negatively marked indefinites licensed in the scope of negation. These indefinites establish a syntactic relation first with the Focus Phrase (as negation strengtheners) and subsequently with the Negation Phrase, yielding a Negative Concord system. This study highlights the importance of generative research on the nature and format of syntactic features for our understanding of diachrony.
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Chatzopoulou, Katerina. "Developments in Hellenistic-Roman times and the Nonveridicality projection (third century BC to fourth century AD)." In Negation and Nonveridicality in the History of Greek, 99–144. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712404.003.0004.
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This chapter examines sentential negation during the Hellenistic Koine stage of Greek based on non-atticizing texts mainly from the first century BC to the second century AD. Structural developments of the language are presented that support a treatment for nonveridicality as encoded in a syntactic projection, independent from morphological mood and independent from complementizer position. A treatment of the licensing of polarity items is proposed—among which is the Greek NEG2—in terms of syntactic agreement. Nonveridical operators are taken to introduce the Nonveridicality Phrase (NONVERP) in syntax, encoding the observation that nonveridical environments tend to be morphologically marked in ways that can be distinct from mood marking. Furthermore, in the Koine Greek stage, NEG2 gets more specialized in its lexical negation function at the expense of NEG1, while Negative Concord structures get significantly reduced, a change that was linked to Greek word-order particulars.
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Merchant, Jason. "Deletio nata atque mortua." In The Syntax of Silence, 108–58. Oxford University PressOxford, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199243730.003.0005.
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Abstract This chapter reviews representative accounts of extant approaches to sluicing, and shows that each of them fails to deal either with the apparent island- insensitivity of sluicing or with the form-identity facts documented in Chapter 3. This chapter uncovers a richer set of data than the more schematic data presented in the last chapter, and sets the stage for addressing a range of analytic questions that will be taken up in detail in the next chapter. 4. I Ross (1969): Deletion and the Problem of Islands Ross (1969) proposes a simple deletion account, where deletion of the sentential part of an embedded question is licensed by phrase-marker identity with a preceding sentence. The particular formulation he gives will not concern us (even at the time, Ross recognized its shortcomings), but rather its overall approach, translated into our current understanding of PF-deletion.
Conference papers on the topic "Sentential phase"
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Karapetjana, Indra, and Gunta Rozina. "Latvian-English Code-Switching on Social Media." In Language for International Communication. University of Latvia Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/lincs.2023.03.
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People draw on the languages in their linguistic repertoire, depending on the speech participants’ needs and the conversational setting. The English language has gained salience replacing the Russian language as the foreign language most often studied at schools after Latvia regained independence in 1990. Since then, it has been used widely as a lingua franca in various fields, for instance, international diplomacy, science, and education. This has been a fruitful environment for code-switching, as it is claimed that many young people alternate effortlessly between the Latvian language and the English language, which they often use as a means of communication, especially on social media. In order to ascertain the linguistic manifestation of code-switching, a study was conducted by using a qualitative descriptive research design. Extra-sentential, inter-sentential, and intra-sentential code-switching was explored on social media. Extra-sentential switching or inserting tag elements from English into Latvian, inter-sentential switching characterized by a switch from Latvian to English outside the sentence or the clause level, and intra-sentential switching or switching from Latvian to English at the clause, phrase, or word level were observed. It was found out that the most frequent linguistic manifestation of code-switching was the insertion of single words. It may be assumed that code switching between the Latvian language and the English language may point at the social status of English among young people in Latvia.
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Groves, Declan, Mary Hearne, and Andy Way. "Robust sub-sentential alignment of phrase-structure trees." In the 20th international conference. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1220355.1220509.
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Pham, Nghia The, Germán Kruszewski, Angeliki Lazaridou, and Marco Baroni. "Jointly optimizing word representations for lexical and sentential tasks with the C-PHRASE model." In Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers). Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/v1/p15-1094.
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