Academic literature on the topic 'Sentence form'

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Journal articles on the topic "Sentence form"

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Wulandari, Sri. "KALIMAT IMPERATIF DALAM NOVEL SELENA KARYA TERE LIYE (KAJIAN SINTAKSIS)." Jurnal PENEROKA 1, no. 01 (January 4, 2021): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.30739/peneroka.v1i01.748.

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Novel as a form of literary work is expected to produce positive values ​​for readers, so that they can be sensitive to problems related to social life and encourage good behavior. Novels usually tell about the realities of human life with the environment around them. This research focuses on the form and meaning of imperative sentences in Tere Liye's novel Selena. The purpose of this study was to determine the form and meaning of imperative sentences in Tere Liye's Selena novel. This study uses descriptive qualitative data analysis techniques. Data collection was done by observing method through note taking technique. The research results show that there are conclusions in the novel Selena by Tere Liye, namely finding the form of the imperative Intrasitive sentence and found 8 meanings, namely the imperative request sentence, and the imperative request sentence, the imperative expectation sentence, the imperative sentence for prohibition, and the imperative sentence for allowing, the imperative sentence for invitation, From the data and findings, there are 80 imperative sentences. The most common found were imperative sentences of request with as much as 48 data, while the least was the imperative sentences of leaving with 2 data.
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Plojović, Albina, Edin Nezirović, Elma Redžović, and Samir Smailović. "Sentence supplement in the form of dependent sentences and infinitive constructions." Univerzitetska misao - casopis za nauku, kulturu i umjetnost, Novi Pazar, no. 20 (2021): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/univmis2120066p.

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Syntax, as an important part of grammar, deals with the analysis of sentences and their elements. Many grammarians have paid great attention to sentence complements which, according to the dependent model of grammar, represent a very important part of a sentence. The structure or syntax of a sentence in German is probably the most complex topic in German grammar. One of the grammarians who devoted himself to this field of grammar was Ulrich Engel. Using the dependent model of grammar, Engel managed to bring the syntax of the German language closer to many Germanists in a simple way, and not only in the Germanspeaking area. Infinitive construction and dependent sentences are forms with the help of which certain sentence additions can be realized. Using the model of dependent grammar, this paper explains the process of realization of sentence addition, using examples from a specialized corpus, i.e., the first two chapters of the work Tin Drum (Die Blechtrommel) by Günther Grass, and the analysis of the content led to key answers.
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Jazuli, Ahmad. "MODUS KALIMAT PERINTAH DAN LARANGAN DALAM “ASBAB WURUD AL-HADITS” KARYA IMAM SUYUTHI KAJIAN PRAGMATIK." Jurnal CMES 12, no. 1 (October 9, 2019): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/cmes.12.1.34870.

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This article aims to explain the commands and prohibitions of the prophet Muhammad in hadits by using Searle's speech act theory. The purpose of this study focused to describe the commands and prohibitions of the prophet Muhammad in seen from sentence mode. Results of this study indicate that there are several characteristics of the use of the phrase mode commands and prohibitions of the Prophet Muhammad such us declarative sentences mode with verb sentence form and noun sentence form; Imperative sentences mode with fi‘lul-amri form, ismu fi‘lil-amri form, dan la an-nahiyah form; and the interrogative sentences mode with using “َ ”أand “.”
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Sharma, Lok Raj. "Form - Function Relations in English." Global Academic Journal of Linguistics and Literature 4, no. 1 (February 24, 2022): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/gajll.2022.v04i01.002.

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English is an affluent language as it retains the flexibility of forms and the multiplicity of messages conveyed through such forms. Phrases and sentences which are the two forms of linguistic structures can serve a number of grammatical and communicative functions. A grammatical function of language refers to the role of phrasal forms in a sentence as a subject, a predicator, a complement and an adjunct. A communicative function denotes the purpose of using the forms as the sentences. The purposes may be to advise, request, order, invite, greet, warn, thank and so on. A key purpose of this article is to expose form- function relations in English. The article writer mustered some phrases and sentences as the nominal data from the books on communication in English. Phrases and sentences which are considered forms in the study are analyzed from the perspectives of their grammatical and communicative functions respectively. This article winds up with a striking remark that a phrasal form can serve a number of grammatical functions and a sentence form can serve numerous communicative functions and vice versa. Furthermore, there is not always one to one correspondence between a linguistic form and its grammatical or communicative function.
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Fischer, Klaus. "Cleft Sentences: Form, Function, and Translation." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 21, no. 2 (June 2009): 167–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542709000257.

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Although cleft sentences are possible constructions in both English and German, they are far more frequent in English texts. Durrell (2002: 479) observes in his Hammer's German Grammar and Usage that “with the exception of the type Er war es, der mich davon abhielt […], cleft sentence constructions sound unnatural in German and should be avoided.” The article discusses the form and function of cleft sentences in the context of other focusing devices. It shows that, although German and English cleft sentences have the same information structure, their stylistic value is very different. Using a short translation, Durrell's observation is confirmed: in translating cleft sentences into German, semantic equivalence is often sacrificed for stylistic appropriateness. Although structural features of both languages are the ultimate cause of the contrast, they cannot explain choices in each individual case. The article argues that structural typology should be complemented with a typology of parole: the respective frequencies of cleft sentences in both languages reflect neatly into the more verbal style, more hierarchical sentence construction and, in certain respects, greater semantic transparency of English texts (by comparison with their German counterparts).*
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Gong, Shuai, Zhenfang Zhu, Jiangtao Qi, Chunling Tong, Qiang Lu, and Wenqing Wu. "Improving extractive document summarization with sentence centrality." PLOS ONE 17, no. 7 (July 22, 2022): e0268278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268278.

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Extractive document summarization (EDS) is usually seen as a sequence labeling task, which extracts sentences from a document one by one to form a summary. However, extracting sentences separately ignores the relationship between the sentences and documents. One solution is to use sentence position information to enhance sentence representation, but this will cause the sentence-leading bias problem, especially in news datasets. In this paper, we propose a novel sentence centrality for the EDS task to address these two problems. The sentence centrality is based on directed graphs, while reflecting the sentence-document relationship, it also reflects the sentence position information in the document. We implicitly strengthen the relevance of sentences and documents by using sentence centrality to enhance sentence representation. Notably, we replaced the sentence position information with sentence centrality to reduce sentence-leading bias without causing model performance degradation. Experiments on the CNN/Daily Mail dataset showed that EDS models with sentence centrality significantly improved compared with baseline models.
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Meijer, Paul J. A., and Jean E. Fox Tree. "Building Syntactic Structures in Speaking: A Bilingual Exploration." Experimental Psychology 50, no. 3 (January 2003): 184–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1026//1617-3169.50.3.184.

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Abstract. In a series of three experiments we investigated syntactic priming using a sentence recall task. Participants read and memorized a target sentence for later recall. After reading a prime sentence and engaging in a distraction task, they were asked to produce the target sentence aloud. Earlier investigations have shown that this task is sensitive to a syntactic priming effect. That is, the syntactic form of the prime sentence sometimes influences the syntactic form of the recalled target. In this paper we report on a variation on this task, using Spanish-English bilingual participants. In the first two experiments we replicated the prepositional phrase priming effect using English target sentences and Spanish prime sentences. In the final experiment we investigated two additional syntactic forms, using Spanish target sentences and English prime sentences. Implications for models of syntax generation and bilingual speech production are discussed.
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Kim, Natalya, and Dilshoda Rakhmonova. "The Question of a Reasonable Sentence Statement in Communication." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 8, no. 10 (October 2, 2021): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v8i10.3070.

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In Korean, sentence syntax is an important subject of research. It is often noted that sentences, depending on the purpose of the statement, can be in a narrative, interrogative and motivating exclamation form. The Korean sentence is characterized by grammatical constructions. This article discusses constructs that convey a cause. In addition, one of the most striking features of the intonation of a complex sentence in Korean is the presence of sharp distinctive endings of sentences and grammatical structures that form different meanings.
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Liusti, Siti Ainim. "ANALISIS KALIMAT BERDASARKAN POLA KALIMAT DASAR DAN KALKULUS PREDIKAT." Adabiyyāt: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 15, no. 2 (December 25, 2016): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/ajbs.2016.15203.

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This study aims to analyze the sentences based on the basic sentence patterns of Indonesian and predicate calculus. These approaches put the predicate as a core component in the sentence structure. The object of study is focused on declarative sentences of Indonesian. The data analysis consists of several stages. Basic sentence patterns of Indonesian consist of identifying the type of sentences, identifying the elements forming sentences, and putting on elements which are based on basic sentence patterns of Indonesian. Predicate calculus consists of identifying atomic or compound propositions, determining the predicate and other components, defining a form of expression predicate calculus, and making a notation function. The results showed that the basic sentence pattern analysis only identifies the internal elements in a single sentence, while the predicate calculus can as well identifies the internal elements of a single or compound sentence.
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Tursunova, A. "ANALYSIS OF CORE SENTENCES IN KYRGYZ LANGUAGE." Vestnik Bishkek state university af. K. Karasaev 2, no. 61 (November 28, 2022): 56–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.35254/bhu/2022.61.56.

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In the late 1980s, there was an intense interest in model studies in Turkology. Research in this direction was generally aimed at examining simple sentence models in Siberian languages. On the basis of these studies, it has been proven that the central unit of the language system is the 'simple sentence'. Meaningful sentence structure elements form the essence of the sentence and have unlimited possibilities to expand the structural composition of the sentence. In this study, we will try to analyze the model study of core sentences in Kyrgyz language by using simple sentences according to the sentence structure features.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sentence form"

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Bhardwaj, M. R. "The Punjabi sentence as a form-meaning complex." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378028.

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Liang, Yuan, and 梁源. "Dislocation in cantonese: sentence form, information structure, and discourse function." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31244476.

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Ko, Chin-pang. "Form and function of sentence final particles in Cantonese-speaking children." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36207524.

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Thesis (B.Sc)--University of Hong Kong, 2000.
"A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science (Speech and Hearing Sciences), The University of Hong Kong, May 10, 2000." Also available in print.
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Ido, Shinji Ido. "Towards an Alternative Description of Incomplete Sentences in Agglutinative Languages." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/841.

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This thesis analyses 'incomplete sentences' in languages which utilise distinctively agglutinative components in their morphology. In the grammars of the languages dealt with in this thesis, there are certain types of sentences which are variously referred to as 'elliptical sentences' (Turkish eksiltili cümleler), 'incomplete sentences' (Uzbek to'liqsiz gaplar), 'cut-off sentences' (Turkish kesik cümleler), etc., for which the grammarians provide elaborated semantic and syntactic analyses. The current work attempts to present an alternative approach for the analysis of such sentences. The distribution of morphemes in incomplete sentences is examined closely, based on which a system of analysis that can handle a variety of incomplete sentences in an integrated manner is proposed from a morphological point of view. It aims to aid grammarians as well as researchers in area studies by providing a simple description of incomplete sentences in agglutinative languages. The linguistic data are taken from Turkish, Uzbek, and Japanese, with special reference to (Bukharan) Tajik.
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Ido, Shinji Ido. "Towards an Alternative Description of Incomplete Sentences in Agglutinative Languages." University of Sydney. European, Asian and Middle Eastern Languages and Studies, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/841.

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This thesis analyses 'incomplete sentences' in languages which utilise distinctively agglutinative components in their morphology. In the grammars of the languages dealt with in this thesis, there are certain types of sentences which are variously referred to as 'elliptical sentences' (Turkish eksiltili c�mleler), 'incomplete sentences' (Uzbek to'liqsiz gaplar), 'cut-off sentences' (Turkish kesik c�mleler), etc., for which the grammarians provide elaborated semantic and syntactic analyses. The current work attempts to present an alternative approach for the analysis of such sentences. The distribution of morphemes in incomplete sentences is examined closely, based on which a system of analysis that can handle a variety of incomplete sentences in an integrated manner is proposed from a morphological point of view. It aims to aid grammarians as well as researchers in area studies by providing a simple description of incomplete sentences in agglutinative languages. The linguistic data are taken from Turkish, Uzbek, and Japanese, with special reference to (Bukharan) Tajik.
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Smith, Jennifer M. "Sentential Cycling: Structural Layering in the Baroque Era." Bowling Green, Ohio : Bowling Green State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1213139677.

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Yan, Shanshan. "Chinese sentence-final particles and their behaviours in English speakers' L2 Chinese." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/275336.

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This study investigates how seven Chinese sentence-final particles (SFP le, ne1, ma, ne2, ba1, ba2 and a; hereafter SFP) and their features are represented in English speakers’ L2 Chinese. In this research, SFPs are analysed as heads instantiating different positions in the CP domain (Paul 2009, 2014, 2015), which are head-final, and in particular, they are considered to carry semantic, syntactic and discourse features. As there is no SFP in English, the features on Chinese SFPs are realised by a variety of syntactic means. Through a proficiency test and six experimental tasks, data from 76 participants (including 18 Chinese native speakers, 20 low-intermediate learners, 20 high-intermediate learners and 18 advanced learners) were collected. Results show that English-speaking L2 learners can easily establish the basic syntactic structure of Chinese SFPs and successfully acquire the features attached to SFPs ma, ba1 and a. However, they have significant difficulty in acquiring the features attached to SFPs le, ne1, ne2 and ba2. In general, syntactic features on Chinese SFPs are intact in L2 grammars, whereas semantic features (i.e. syntax-semantics interfaces) are very vulnerable. In addition, it is found that not all discourse features (syntax-discourse interfaces) are problematic. Findings indicate that both L1 grammar (i.e. L1 transfer) and L2 input (frequency, saliency and complexity) play important roles in affecting learners’ acquisition of the features attached to Chinese SFPs. In particular, learners seem to transfer all feature sets from their L1 English. Semantic features that have been transferred from their L1 English but that are neither confirmed nor disconfirmed by the Chinese input have become dormant in the L2 Chinese, which complements the Dormant Feature Hypothesis (Yuan 2014). Furthermore, the homomorphous SFPs which exhibit a ‘one-to-many’ form-meaning connection are believed to complicate learners’ recognition and acquisition of relevant features on SFPs. It is also demonstrated that the mapping of a feature across CP domains (i.e. from a two-CP structure to a one-CP structure) can be problematic and difficult. The discourse feature needs to be reassembled in L2 grammars, which advances the arguments of the Feature Reassembly Hypothesis (Lardiere 2008, 2009a,b).
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Laredo, Matthew P. "The Earning Gap of Criminality: Effects of Stigma, Length and Form of Incarceration." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/432.

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This paper shows that criminality causes a significant decrease in the earning potential of individuals. In addition, there is evidence to support that criminality has the same negative effect on earnings regardless of type of sentencing, whether probation or incarceration. Previous studies indicate that ex-convicts do not benefit from in-prison based programs. The purpose of this paper is to identify the short-term earning differentials between offenders and their law-abiding counter parts and offer insight as to how this can affect recidivism. Research shows that recidivists suffer the largest wage differentials, which significantly lowers their employment utility. This reduction of labor market outcomes may conversely promote the utility an individual receives from a life of crime.
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Batziou, Maria. "Measuring short and long-term effects of isolated and combined structured input and structured output on the acquisiton of the English causative form at sentence and discourse level." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2017. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/measuring-short-and-longterm-effects-of-isolated-and-combined-structured-input-and-structured-output-on-the-acquisiton-of-the-english-causative-form-at-sentence-and-discourse-level(d97b8bb1-bd27-4414-91d1-0589283a7a56).html.

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The present study was carried out to investigate the relative effects of structured input and structured output in isolation and in combination on the acquisition of the English causative forms. The effects of these pedagogical interventions were investigated on a processing strategy used by L2 learners when processing syntactic structures. The so-called First Noun Principle. Additionally, there are a number of issues addressed by this study such as measuring discourse-level and long-term effects. To provide answers to the questions formulated in the present study, two classroom studies were carried out: in the first study two parallel classroom experiments were conducted; in the second study one classroom experiment was carried out with a focus on measuring specifically discourse and long-term effects for instruction. The first study consisted of two parallel classroom experiments. In experiment one, the participants were fifty-four Chinese university students. They were randomly assigned to four groups: Structured input group (n=13); Structured Output group (n=15); Structured input and Structured Output group (n=16); Control group (n=10). In experiment two, the participants were thirty young Greek learners (aged 10-12). They were randomly assigned to three groups: Structured input group (n=10); Structured Output group (n=10); Structured input and Structured Output group (n=10). The second study focused on discourse and long-term effects. The participants were sixty-eight young Greek learners (aged 10-12). They randomly assigned to three groups: structured input only group (n=22); structured output only group (n=22); combined structured input and structured output group (n=24). In both classroom studies, only subjects who participated in all phases of all experiments and scored lower than 60% in the pretests were included in the final data collection. Instruction lasted for three hours. The control group (study one) received no instruction on the causative form. One interpretation and one production task were used in a pretest and posttest design. The design included a delayed posttest battery (three weeks after instruction, twenty-four weeks after instruction -study two only). In study one - experiment one, the assessment tasks included an interpretation and production task at sentence-level, and an interpretation task at discourse-level. In the other two experiments, only discourse-level tasks were used (one interpretation and one production). The results indicated that learners who received structured input both in isolation and in combination benefitted more than learners receiving structured output only. These two groups retained the instructional gains in all assessment measures. These specific findings from the present study indicated the following: (a) Structured input practice plays a key role. Structured input alone and/or in combination is an effective pedagogical tool that helps learners of different age (adults and school-age learners) and first language (Greek and Chinese) to interpret and produce English causative forms accurately and appropriately; (b) The effects of structured input practice are measurable in both sentence and discourse-level interpretation and production tasks; (c) The effects structured input practice are retained by learners after three weeks and six months.
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Wells, Beth Sue. "The use of the Haak Sentence Completion Measure and the Child Behavior Checklist/Teacher Report Form by school psychologists in the identification of students with serious emotional disturbance /." Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3004400.

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Books on the topic "Sentence form"

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Thomas, Lillard, and Yarber Robert E, eds. In phase: Sentence, structure, style : form 3. New York, N.Y: Harper & Row, 1986.

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Langan, John. Sentence skills: A workbook for writers : form C. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995.

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John, Langan. Sentence skills: A workbook for writers : form C. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995.

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Langan, John. Sentence skills: A workbook for writers : form a. 9th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2010.

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Sentence skills: A workbook for writers : form A. 6th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1998.

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Langan, John. Sentence skills: A workbook for writers : form C. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1988.

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John, Langan. Sentence skills: A workbook for writers : form B. 8th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2008.

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Sentence skills: A workbook for writers : form B. 7th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1999.

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John, Langan. Sentence skills: A workbook for writers : form B. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1990.

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Langan, John. Sentence skills: A workbook for writers : form B. 8th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sentence form"

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Wang, Li. "Sentence form and predicate form." In Modern Chinese Grammar I, 47–58. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003313557-7.

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Noma, Hideki. "When Words Form Sentences; Linguistic Field Theory." In Corpus-Based Approaches to Sentence Structures, 51–75. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ubli.2.06nom.

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Isham, William P. "Memory for sentence form after simultaneous interpretation." In Benjamins Translation Library, 191. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/btl.3.15ish.

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Ross, Andrew. "The New Sentence and the Commodity Form: Recent American Writing." In Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, 361–80. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19059-1_27.

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Traxler, Matthew J., Martin J. Pickering, Charles Clifton, and Roger van Gompel. "Architectures and Mechanisms for Sentence Processing: Is Syntactic Parsing a Form of Lexical Ambiguity Resolution?" In Cross-Linguistic Perspectives on Language Processing, 149–74. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3949-6_6.

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Mann, Graham, Beena Kishore, and Pyara Dhillon. "A Natural Language Generation Technique for Automated Psychotherapy." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 33–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72308-8_3.

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AbstractThe need for software applications that can assist with mental disorders has never been greater. Individuals suffering from mental illnesses often avoid consultation with a psychotherapist, because they do not realize the need, or because they cannot or will not face the social and economic consequences, which can be severe. Between ideal treatment by a human therapist and self-help websites lies the possibility of a helpful interaction with a language-using computer. A model of empathic response planning for sentence generation in a forthcoming automated psychotherapist is described here. The model combines emotional state tracking, contextual information from the patient’s history and continuously updated therapeutic goals to form suitable conceptual graphs that may then be realized as suitable textual sentences.
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Dolbear, Sam. "Proust List Impulse." In The Case for Reduction, 267–70. Berlin: ICI Berlin Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37050/ci-25_15.

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Lists litter Marcel Proust’s pages of À la recherche du temps perdu (In Search of Lost Time), but also the works about it. This short contribution collects together a number of those lists, and offers some reflection on the list’s place and function within the work, on the level of the sentence and as a form in its own right.
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Takagi, Kristy King, and YihYeh Pan. "Evaluating the Sentence Form Test as a Test of English Writing for Students in Three Japanese Universities." In Pacific Rim Objective Measurement Symposium (PROMS) 2016 Conference Proceedings, 167–82. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8138-5_13.

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Kuroda, S. Y. "Judgment Forms and Sentence Forms." In Japanese Syntax and Semantics, 13–77. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2789-9_2.

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Kaiymova, Parida M., Nurzhamal A. Mapaeva, Uyalkhan N. Kamardinova, Dinara A. Yzabekova, and Kapar Z. Zulpukarov. "Semantic and Structural Peculiarities of Proverbs and Sayings in the Form of a Compound Sentence with a Meaning of Comparisons." In Scientific and Technical Revolution: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow, 969–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47945-9_104.

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Conference papers on the topic "Sentence form"

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Geldof, Sabine. "From context to sentence form." In the first international conference. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1118253.1118285.

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Musa qızı Xanbutayeva, Leyla. "The role of structural ambiguity in sentence comprehension." In V REPUBLICAN CONFERENCE OF SCIENTIFIC SOURCES. https://aem.az/, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/2021/2/5.

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Being a linguistic phenomenon ambiguity has several types which are realized in speech act. Structural or syntactic ambiguity is of particular importance in the understanding of a sentence and arises through prosodic means such as stress, intonation, pause, and syntagm. The different division of the syntagm leads to the interpretation of the sentence in two or more senses. Transformative grammar also contributed to the study of ambiguity in language. The formation of the sentence, its grammatical structure and the meaning it expresses form the basis for the surface structure. Structural ambiguity has always been the focus of psycholinguists which is also called "sytactic parsing". Parsing affects the auxiliary words and various morphemes used in the sentence and at the same time leads to the deceptive syntactic analysis. Since the deep structure has more meanings and the surface structure is conditioned by the sound of the sentence, the surface and deep structure ambiguity is the V Respublika Elmi Qaynaqlar Konfransının Materialları / 02 noyabr 2021 Materials of the V Republican Conference of Scientific Sources / 02 November, 2021 DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/2021/02/05 6 most reliable form of communication between words in a sentence. Both surfices in ambiguous sentences differ mainly in the information given and this happens when a word performs several grammatical functions in a sentence. Key words: syntactic ambiguity, parsing, syntagm, context, prepositional phrases
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Wu, Ning, Yaobo Liang, Houxing Ren, Linjun Shou, Nan Duan, Ming Gong, and Daxin Jiang. "Unsupervised Context Aware Sentence Representation Pretraining for Multi-lingual Dense Retrieval." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/612.

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Recent research demonstrates the effectiveness of using pretrained language models (PLM) to improve dense retrieval and multilingual dense retrieval. In this work, we present a simple but effective monolingual pretraining task called contrastive context prediction (CCP) to learn sentence representation by modeling sentence level contextual relation. By pushing the embedding of sentences in a local context closer and pushing random negative samples away, different languages could form isomorphic structure, then sentence pairs in two different languages will be automatically aligned. Our experiments show that model collapse and information leakage are very easy to happen during contrastive training of language model, but language-specific memory bank and asymmetric batch normalization operation play an essential role in preventing collapsing and information leakage, respectively. Besides, a post-processing for sentence embedding is also very effective to achieve better retrieval performance. On the multilingual sentence retrieval task Tatoeba, our model achieves new SOTA results among methods without using bilingual data. Our model also shows larger gain on Tatoeba when transferring between non-English pairs. On two multi-lingual query-passage retrieval tasks, XOR Retrieve and Mr.TYDI, our model even achieves two SOTA results in both zero-shot and supervised setting among all pretraining models using bilingual data.
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Zhang, Zhu, Zhou Zhao, Zhijie Lin, Baoxing Huai, and Jing Yuan. "Object-Aware Multi-Branch Relation Networks for Spatio-Temporal Video Grounding." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/149.

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Spatio-temporal video grounding aims to retrieve the spatio-temporal tube of a queried object according to the given sentence. Currently, most existing grounding methods are restricted to well-aligned segment-sentence pairs. In this paper, we explore spatio-temporal video grounding on unaligned data and multi-form sentences. This challenging task requires to capture critical object relations to identify the queried target. However, existing approaches cannot distinguish notable objects and remain in ineffective relation modeling between unnecessary objects. Thus, we propose a novel object-aware multi-branch relation network for object-aware relation discovery. Concretely, we first devise multiple branches to develop object-aware region modeling, where each branch focuses on a crucial object mentioned in the sentence. We then propose multi-branch relation reasoning to capture critical object relationships between the main branch and auxiliary branches. Moreover, we apply a diversity loss to make each branch only pay attention to its corresponding object and boost multi-branch learning. The extensive experiments show the effectiveness of our proposed method.
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Tam, Wai Lok, Namgi Han, Juan Ignacio Navarro-Horñiacek, and Yusuke Miyao. "Finding Prototypes of Answers for Improving Answer Sentence Selection." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/573.

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Answer sentence selection has been widely adopted recently for benchmarking techniques in Question Answering. Previous proposals for the task are essentially general solutions taking the form of neural networks that measure semantic similarity. In contrast, the present paper describes a simple technique to take advantage of such general-purpose tools for dealing with questions and answer sentences without changing the base system. The technique involves replacing wh-words in input questions with a word denoting the prototype of all answers. These transformed questions are passed as input to an existing neural network built for measuring semantic similarity. This technique is evaluated on two different neural network architectures over two datasets: TrecQA and WikiQA. Results of our experiments show improvement in overall accuracy across most question types we are interested in: `who', `when' and `where'-type questions.
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van Bremen, Timothy, and Ondrej Kuzelka. "Approximate Weighted First-Order Model Counting: Exploiting Fast Approximate Model Counters and Symmetry." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/587.

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We study the symmetric weighted first-order model counting task and present ApproxWFOMC, a novel anytime method for efficiently bounding the weighted first-order model count of a sentence given an unweighted first-order model counting oracle. The algorithm has applications to inference in a variety of first-order probabilistic representations, such as Markov logic networks and probabilistic logic programs. Crucially for many applications, no assumptions are made on the form of the input sentence. Instead, the algorithm makes use of the symmetry inherent in the problem by imposing cardinality constraints on the number of possible true groundings of a sentence's literals. Realising the first-order model counting oracle in practice using the approximate hashing-based model counter ApproxMC3, we show how our algorithm is competitive with existing approximate and exact techniques for inference in first-order probabilistic models. We additionally provide PAC guarantees on the accuracy of the bounds generated.
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Vyatkina, Svetlana V. "INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE IN A LITERARY TEXT (ON THE LAST FIVE YEARS STORIES MATERIAL)." In 49th International Philological Conference in Memory of Professor Ludmila Verbitskaya (1936–2019). St. Petersburg State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/9785288062353.09.

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The article presents the results of the analysis of the functions of interrogative sentences in modern experimental (fragmented) fiction, that reflects the processes of disintegration, based on the works of small prose (about 5 % of all short story texts) published in the magazines “Znamya”, “Octyabr’” and “Novyj mir” in the last 5 years. The selection of the material is based on the author’s definition of the narrative genre (short story, small prose, other prose, prose), on the formed discreteness of the text (various types of rubrication at the level of macro-syntax, at the level of microsyntax — the dismemberment of the syntagmatic chain of the sentence, the elimination of connectivity indicators, the use of alternative punctuation), on the identification of non-standard metagraphemics as the design piece of art’s means. A comprehensive analysis of the disintegration degree of small volume texts with interrogative sentences (question marks), pragmatics (types of questions), structural features (single questions, chains of interrogative sentences, combination with parcellation), the context of the introduction (position in the structure of the text and the presence/absence of a direct answer in a question-and-answer situation) allows you to determine the following functions of interrogative sentences in the text of experimental prose of small form 1) complication of the subject perspective of the text by removing the traditional punctuation of the parties of speakers in dialogues and including private questions in them; 2) metalanguage narrator’s reflection performing in the text with the help of existential rhetorical questions and unanswered questions; 3) the performance of the text-forming function of interrogative sentences in lyric monologues reflecting auto-communication. The revealed features of questions in modern prose reflect the author’s search for a means of compensation for disintegration, the increasing colloquialism of a literary text and the change in the recipient’s perception of his narrative (the desire to remove distance, modeling online communication), which is predetermined by the orientation to the modern reader, the search for new forms of artistic communication. Refs 18.
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Kong, Li, Chuanyi Li, and Vincent Ng. "Deexaggeration." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/581.

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We introduce a new task in hyperbole processing, deexaggeration, which concerns the recovery of the meaning of what is being exaggerated in a hyperbolic sentence in the form of a structured representation. In this paper, we lay the groundwork for the computational study of understanding hyperbole by (1) defining a structured representation to encode what is being exaggerated in a hyperbole in a non-hyperbolic manner, (2) annotating the hyperbolic sentences in two existing datasets, HYPO and HYPO-cn, using this structured representation, (3) conducting an empirical analysis of our annotated corpora, and (4) presenting preliminary results on the deexaggeration task.
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Nam Min, Seung, Jungnam Im, and Murali Subramaniyam. "Analyzing Korean Reading course and Designing Education -A Focus on learner's eye-tracking analysis-." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002417.

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The purpose of this study is to propose a model for designing reading education that can improve reading ability by identifying and linguistically analyzing how the reading ability required for reading-comprehension is presented at each learner level. In this study, the eye-tracking experiment was conducted with divided into lexical and sentence levels which are the stage of comprehension corresponding to the subelement of the reading-comprehension, and the results are as follows. First, at the lexical level, it was confirmed that cognitive speed differs depending on the degree of preservation of the base form of the conjugations of the predicates with the same base form. Second, at the sentence level, we confirmed that the unstable reading-comprehension process appeared in the complex compared to the short sentence, even if the sentence length, vocabulary level, and vocabulary were similar and in the case of that the sentence has the same meaning. This paper suggests that the spelling, vocabulary, conjugation, grammar knowledge that correspond to the lower level should be included as the elements of education.
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Musa qızı Xanbutayeva, Leyla. "CÜMLƏNİN ANLANMASINDA STRUKTUR AMBİQİTİVLİYİN ROLU." In V REPUBLICAN CONFERENCE OF SCIENTIFIC SOURCES. https://aem.az/, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/2021/02/05/.

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Açar sözlər: sintaktik ambiqitivlik, parsinq, sintaqm, kontekst, sözönülü birləşmələr The role of structural ambiguity in sentence comprehension Summary Being a linguistic phenomenon ambiguity has several types which are realized in speech act. Structural or syntactic ambiguity is of particular importance in the understanding of a sentence and arises through prosodic means such as stress, intonation, pause, and syntagm. The different division of the syntagm leads to the interpretation of the sentence in two or more senses. Transformative grammar also contributed to the study of ambiguity in language. The formation of the sentence, its grammatical structure and the meaning it expresses form the basis for the surface structure
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Reports on the topic "Sentence form"

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Gates, Allison, Michelle Gates, Shannon Sim, Sarah A. Elliott, Jennifer Pillay, and Lisa Hartling. Creating Efficiencies in the Extraction of Data From Randomized Trials: A Prospective Evaluation of a Machine Learning and Text Mining Tool. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepcmethodscreatingefficiencies.

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Background. Machine learning tools that semi-automate data extraction may create efficiencies in systematic review production. We prospectively evaluated an online machine learning and text mining tool’s ability to (a) automatically extract data elements from randomized trials, and (b) save time compared with manual extraction and verification. Methods. For 75 randomized trials published in 2017, we manually extracted and verified data for 21 unique data elements. We uploaded the randomized trials to ExaCT, an online machine learning and text mining tool, and quantified performance by evaluating the tool’s ability to identify the reporting of data elements (reported or not reported), and the relevance of the extracted sentences, fragments, and overall solutions. For each randomized trial, we measured the time to complete manual extraction and verification, and to review and amend the data extracted by ExaCT (simulating semi-automated data extraction). We summarized the relevance of the extractions for each data element using counts and proportions, and calculated the median and interquartile range (IQR) across data elements. We calculated the median (IQR) time for manual and semiautomated data extraction, and overall time savings. Results. The tool identified the reporting (reported or not reported) of data elements with median (IQR) 91 percent (75% to 99%) accuracy. Performance was perfect for four data elements: eligibility criteria, enrolment end date, control arm, and primary outcome(s). Among the top five sentences for each data element at least one sentence was relevant in a median (IQR) 88 percent (83% to 99%) of cases. Performance was perfect for four data elements: funding number, registration number, enrolment start date, and route of administration. Among a median (IQR) 90 percent (86% to 96%) of relevant sentences, pertinent fragments had been highlighted by the system; exact matches were unreliable (median (IQR) 52 percent [32% to 73%]). A median 48 percent of solutions were fully correct, but performance varied greatly across data elements (IQR 21% to 71%). Using ExaCT to assist the first reviewer resulted in a modest time savings compared with manual extraction by a single reviewer (17.9 vs. 21.6 hours total extraction time across 75 randomized trials). Conclusions. Using ExaCT to assist with data extraction resulted in modest gains in efficiency compared with manual extraction. The tool was reliable for identifying the reporting of most data elements. The tool’s ability to identify at least one relevant sentence and highlight pertinent fragments was generally good, but changes to sentence selection and/or highlighting were often required.
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Magimai-Doss, M., D. Hakkani-Tur, O. Cetin, E. Shriberg, J. Fung, and N. Mirghafori. Entropy Based Classifier Combination for Sentence Segmentation. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada463040.

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Buchanan, Ben. The AI Triad and What It Means for National Security Strategy. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, August 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/20200021.

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One sentence summarizes the complexities of modern artificial intelligence: Machine learning systems use computing power to execute algorithms that learn from data. This AI triad of computing power, algorithms, and data offers a framework for decision-making in national security policy.
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Snyder, Emily. A Comparison of Single Word Identification, Connected Speech Samples, and Imitated Sentence Tasks for Assessment of Children with a SSD. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.362.

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Пахомова, О. В. Using Scaffolding Strategy for Teaching Creative Writing. Маріупольський державний університет, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/0564/2145.

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The article deals with scaffolding strategy for teaching creative writing in the English classroom. The importance of using the creative writing technique, which is an effective means of optimization and intensification of the process of foreign language study, for forming students' communicative competence in writing is highlighted. It is supposed that an elaborated scaffolding strategy might help lecturers to organize the educational process with maximum capacity and successful results. A variety of techniques such as intensive usage of graphic organizers ("Plan Think Sheet", "Mind-map", "Concept Map", "Clustering", "Spider Map", "Cycle", "Chain of Events", "Web"), "Teaching by Example", "Sentence Stem Completion" / "Close procedures", “Stream of Consciousness”, Genre scaffolding techniques are recommended to empower learners' creative abilities to write and express themselves on any topic using the wide range of writing techniques with the relevant structure and vocabulary.
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Sumpter, Cameron. Lab-in-Field Experiments for the Reintegration of Violent Extremists: The Promise of Prosocial Evaluation. RESOLVE Network, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/rve2021.3.

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When an inmate leaves prison following a sentence for terrorism offenses, their reintegration will depend on whether they can function as a relatively social member of their community. Obstacles such as stigmatization exist for all former convicts, but among steadfast extremists these barriers will be mutual, if they continue to perceive the ingroup-outgroup dichotomy that fed their extremism in the first place. A simple but effective means for determining the likelihood that returning prisoners will act prosocially towards the ‘other’ could be the use of so-called lab-in-field games, which provide small incentives to learn how individuals behave in a given situation, rather than just eliciting their sentiment. This chapter outlines the potential for such an approach. It draws on field research conducted in Indonesia in 2018, which involved interviews with 28 former convicted terrorists, regarding their practical experiences with reintegration and interactions in the community.
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Tilden-Browning, Stacy. A comparative study of the developmental sentence scoring normative data obtained in Canby, Oregon, and the Midwest, for children between the ages of 6.0 and 6.11 years. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.5402.

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McNutt, Eileen. A comparative study of the developmental sentence scoring normative data obtained in Portland, Oregon, and the Midwest, for children between the ages of 5.0 and 5.11 years. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.5431.

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Бережна, Маргарита Василівна. Psycholinguistic Image of Joy (in the Computer-Animated Film Inside Out). Psycholinguistics in a Modern World, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/5827.

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The paper is focused on the correlation between the psychological archetype of a film character and the linguistic elements composing their speech. The Nurturer archetype is represented in the film Inside Out by the personalized emotion Joy. Joy is depicted as an antropomorphous female character, whose purpose is to keep her host, a young girl Riley, happy. As the Nurturer, Joy is completely focused on Riley’s happiness, which is expressed by lexico-semantic group ‘happy’, positive evaluative tokens, exclamatory sentences, promissive speech acts, and repetitions. She needs the feeling of connectedness with other members of her family, which is revealed by lexico-semantic groups ‘support’ and ‘help’. She is ready to sacrifice everything to save the girl in her care, which is demonstrated by modal verbs, frequent word-combination ‘for Riley’, and directives.
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Chierichetti, Maria, Armin Chierichetti, and Fatemeh Davoudi. Design of an Evaluation Plan for Senate Bill 1046. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2209.

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In an effort to understand and decrease alcohol-impaired driving as a primary collision factor In California, the research team designed an evaluation plan for California Senate Bill 1046 and its focus on ignition interlock devices as a sentence for Driving Under Influence offense. This plan will evaluate whether Senate Bill 1046 affected the Driving Under the Influence crash frequency and severity, and whether sociodemographic and geographic factors influence its effectiveness. This report lays the foundation for the evaluation that will be conducted in 2024. The research team conducted a meta-analysis of the last 12 years of literature and research on ignition interlock programs inside and outside the United States. Based on the findings of this analysis, the recommended evaluation plan of the law revolves around three research questions that focus on the changes in the frequency/severity of DUI-related crashes in California, the impact of the law on recidivism and on interlock installation rates. To respond to these questions, the research team recommends a list of data that should be collected, such as the number of injuries and deaths resulting from alcohol-related motor vehicle accidents, installation rates of ignition interlocks compared to the prior five-year period, the number of individuals who were required to have an ignition interlock device installed who were convicted of an alcohol-related violation, as well as number of lockouts while an interlock is installed. The research team proposed several statistical approaches for the analysis of this data, such as descriptive statistics, time series analysis, analysis of variance, and logistic regression.
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