Academic literature on the topic 'Sentence final forms'
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Journal articles on the topic "Sentence final forms"
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Terao, Rumi, and Erica Zimmerman. "Converging toward the interlocutor: Sentence-final forms in Japanese conversations." WORD 51, no. 1 (April 2000): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00437956.2000.11432498.
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Hwang, Young Hee. "Normative Forms and Integrated Structure of Japanese in Incubation Period." Acta Linguistica Asiatica 10, no. 2 (July 30, 2020): 105–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.10.2.105-125.
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In this paper, I examine the change mechanism of Japanese sentence-final forms (SFF) maintained by two Korean returnee sisters for over 10 years after the cessation of L2 contact, and focus on the negative formal style of verb sentences and its deviation from the actual use of norms (analysis form) and non-norms (synthetic form). Findings are based on a comparison of two Korean sisters’ Japanese with that of thirteen Korean adults’ colonial Japanese maintained for over 60 years, which is also in the incubation phase. In the sisters’ Japanese sentence-final forms that were incubating as their L2, they rarely used the non-norms, while the norms were stably maintained, and the retention of the synthetic structure of their returnee Japanese correlated with the duration of the language acquisition period and with the elapsed time of contact cessation. That is, the sisters used more of the norms in the Korean colonial Japanese SFF than they did in their Japanese; I attribute this to the sisters’ 10-year incubation period. Specifically, the Korean returnee sisters’ speech included interventions of the explanatory [N] in the past affirmation of -ta desu, heavy use of non-norms in adjective and noun sentences, and connecting sentence-final particles to further grammatical structures. However, there were fixed and conventional Norms in the Korean returnee sisters’ Japanese, and once these are acquired, masu forms are retained for long periods in mirror image, especially on elder A. To summarize, in terms of the format of the returnee Japanese SFF, the two Korean returnee sisters were slower to shift from norms (masu) to non-norms (desu) than were adult Korean speakers of colonial Japanese. The same shift is observed with synthetic structure even after cessation of the language contact.
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Meijer, Paul J. A., and Jean E. Fox Tree. "Building Syntactic Structures in Speaking: A Bilingual Exploration." Experimental Psychology 50, no. 3 (January 2003): 184–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1026//1617-3169.50.3.184.
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Abstract. In a series of three experiments we investigated syntactic priming using a sentence recall task. Participants read and memorized a target sentence for later recall. After reading a prime sentence and engaging in a distraction task, they were asked to produce the target sentence aloud. Earlier investigations have shown that this task is sensitive to a syntactic priming effect. That is, the syntactic form of the prime sentence sometimes influences the syntactic form of the recalled target. In this paper we report on a variation on this task, using Spanish-English bilingual participants. In the first two experiments we replicated the prepositional phrase priming effect using English target sentences and Spanish prime sentences. In the final experiment we investigated two additional syntactic forms, using Spanish target sentences and English prime sentences. Implications for models of syntax generation and bilingual speech production are discussed.
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Asada, Hirofumi, and Michael Harrington. "Knowledge of gendered sentence-final forms in Japanese as a second language." Issues in the Teaching and Learning of Japanese 15 (January 1, 1998): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aralss.15.02asa.
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Abstract This study examines the use of gendered sentence-final forms by learners of Japanese as a second language (JSL). Sentence-final forms (SFF) like wa, zo, kashira, etc., are pervasive in Japanese speech, and serve to signal agreement or empathy with the interlocutor and to maintain the ongoing discourse. Although these forms carry no syntactic or semantic meaning, they serve a range of pragmatic functions, including that of marking gender, which is an important distinction in Japanese. In this study the receptive and productive knowledge of gendered forms by advanced JSL learners is examined. Results from a recognition test and an analysis of oral speech samples produced by JSL learners are compared with those of a control group of native Japanese speakers. Three findings emerged. 1) The advanced JSL learners consistently used the same sentence-final forms, which were far fewer in number than those used native speaker counterparts. 2) No clear-cut male-female differences emerged in either language group for most of the forms studied. 3) The productive and receptive responses for both groups differed from traditional classifications of the forms. The implications of the results for JSL pedagogy are discussed.
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Nivison, David S. "The “Question” Question*." Early China 14 (1989): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0362502800002613.
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When we read Shang oracle-bone inscriptions, we should distinguish between what the diviner is saying (in the “charge,” mingci) and what he is doing in the whole divination rite. What he is doing is not always seeking information; and even when he is doing this, what he says is usually not a question. This paper offers various arguments and examples to show this. For example, Li Xueqin's research proves that the oracle language possessed grammatical forms, such as final particles and final negatives, for marking a sentence as a question. Therefore, the first assumption should be that when a diviner does not use these forms, he does not intend a sentence to be understood as a question. And when two sentences in the same inscription — e.g., the charge and the prognostication — are alike in form (both of them being without final negatives or interrogative particles), it is a mistake to construe one of them as a question and the other as a statement.
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Диваев, Александр Борисович. "Execution of sentences, definitions and decisions - the final stage of criminal proceedings." Vestnik Kuzbasskogo instituta, no. 1(42) (March 20, 2020): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.53993/2078-3914/2020/1(42)/149-159.
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Представленная статья посвящена природе такого вида процессуальной деятельности, как обращение приговоров, определений и постановлений по уголовным делам. Традиционно в теории уголовного процесса она рассматривается как элемент стадии исполнения приговора, наряду с деятельностью по рассмотрению вопросов, связанных с его исполнением. Такой подход подвергнут критике. В исследовании приведены аргументы в обоснование того, что содержание стадии исполнения приговора составляет исключительно деятельность по обращению приговора к исполнению, сущность которой значительно отличается от деятельности по разрешению вопросов, связанных с его исполнением, образующей отдельное дополнительное уголовно-процессуальное производство. The article is devoted to the nature of this type of procedural activity as the execution of sentences, definitions and decisions in criminal cases. Traditionally, in the theory of criminal procedure, it is considered as an element of the stage of execution of a sentence, along with the activity of considering issues related to its execution. This approach has been criticized. The study provides arguments in support of the fact that the content of the stage of execution of the sentence is exclusively the activity of applying the sentence to execution, the essence of which is significantly different from the activity of resolving issues related to its execution, which forms a separate additional criminal procedure proceedings.
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Cooke, Martin, Odette Scharenborg, and Bernd T. Meyer. "The time course of adaptation to distorted speech." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 4 (April 2022): 2636–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0010235.
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When confronted with unfamiliar or novel forms of speech, listeners' word recognition performance is known to improve with exposure, but data are lacking on the fine-grained time course of adaptation. The current study aims to fill this gap by investigating the time course of adaptation to several different types of distorted speech. Keyword scores as a function of sentence position in a block of 30 sentences were measured in response to eight forms of distorted speech. Listeners recognised twice as many words in the final sentence compared to the initial sentence with around half of the gain appearing in the first three sentences, followed by gradual gains over the rest of the block. Rapid adaptation was apparent for most of the eight distortion types tested with differences mainly in the gradual phase. Adaptation to sine-wave speech improved if listeners had heard other types of distortion prior to exposure, but no similar facilitation occurred for the other types of distortion. Rapid adaptation is unlikely to be due to procedural learning since listeners had been familiarised with the task and sentence format through exposure to undistorted speech. The mechanisms that underlie rapid adaptation are currently unclear.
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Nivison, David S. "13. The “Question” Question." Early China 9, S1 (1986): 30–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s036250280000300x.
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ABSTRACTThis paper takes issue with the widely prevailing assumption that the “charge” (ming ci) in a Shang oracle inscription must always be understood as a question. I hold that we must distinguish between what the diviner is saying in the charge, and what he is doing in the whole divination rite. What he is doing is not always seeking information; and even when he is doing this, what he says is usually not a question. I present various arguments and examples to show this, e.g.:(1) Li Hsüeh-ch'in's research proves that the oracle language possessed grammatical forms, such as final particles and final negatives, for marking a sentence as a question. Therefore, I hold, our first assumption should be that when a diviner does not use these forms, he does not intend his sentence to be understood as a question.(2) When two sentences in the same inscription -- e.g., charge and prognostication -- are alike in form (both of them being without final negatives or particles), it is a mistake to construe one of them as a question and the other as a statement. But a prognostication must be a statement.
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Umberfield, Elizabeth E., Yun Jiang, Susan H. Fenton, Cooper Stansbury, Kathleen Ford, Kaycee Crist, Sharon L. R. Kardia, Andrea K. Thomer, and Marcelline R. Harris. "Lessons Learned for Identifying and Annotating Permissions in Clinical Consent Forms." Applied Clinical Informatics 12, no. 03 (May 2021): 429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1730032.
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Abstract Background The lack of machine-interpretable representations of consent permissions precludes development of tools that act upon permissions across information ecosystems, at scale. Objectives To report the process, results, and lessons learned while annotating permissions in clinical consent forms. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of clinical consent forms. We developed an annotation scheme following the MAMA (Model-Annotate-Model-Annotate) cycle and evaluated interannotator agreement (IAA) using observed agreement (A o), weighted kappa (κw ), and Krippendorff's α. Results The final dataset included 6,399 sentences from 134 clinical consent forms. Complete agreement was achieved for 5,871 sentences, including 211 positively identified and 5,660 negatively identified as permission-sentences across all three annotators (A o = 0.944, Krippendorff's α = 0.599). These values reflect moderate to substantial IAA. Although permission-sentences contain a set of common words and structure, disagreements between annotators are largely explained by lexical variability and ambiguity in sentence meaning. Conclusion Our findings point to the complexity of identifying permission-sentences within the clinical consent forms. We present our results in light of lessons learned, which may serve as a launching point for developing tools for automated permission extraction.
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Lee, EunMi, and DaHae Kim. "The use of sentence-final forms in cosmetic advertising in Korean and Japanese magazines." Center for Japanese Studies Chung-ang University 42 (August 31, 2016): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.20404/jscau.2016.08.42.139.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Sentence final forms"
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Ko, Chin-pang. "Form and function of sentence final particles in Cantonese-speaking children." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36207524.
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Thesis (B.Sc)--University of Hong Kong, 2000."A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science (Speech and Hearing Sciences), The University of Hong Kong, May 10, 2000." Also available in print.
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Payle, Kenneth David. "Final sentences in biblical Hebrew narrative prose form Genesis to 2 Kings." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51762.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Final sentences are a neglected area of research in Biblical Hebrew. Apart from an investigation by Mitchell (1879) in the previous century, and a more recent article by Muraoka (1997), this is certainly an area of Biblical Hebrew grammar in need of research. Biblical Hebrew grammars propound a variety of ways final constructions can supposedly be expressed. The main thesis of this study is that the diversity of final constructions in Biblical Hebrew is not merely different syntactic realizations of the same semantic meaning, but that each syntactic construction carries definite semantic nuances. Traditional grammars, because they are sentence-based, present some shortcomings in the description of final sentences. I will briefly expose some of the linguistic presuppositions of traditional grammars, and their inherent limitations with respect to the study of final constructions. Recent developments in general linguistics, especially the variety of approaches subsumed under the broad classification textlinguistics, create new opportunities to address Biblical Hebrew grammar. I will explore this relatively recent developments to the study of language, in order to determine whether insights from studies conducted in terms of this paradigm can be used to describe final constructions more adequately. A number of theses are presented in Chapters 2 and 3, which are evaluated in Chapters 4 to 6. The findings are presented in a summary of at the end of each chapter. The final results of this investigation are summarized in Chapter 7.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Finaalsinne het tot dusver min aandag geniet in Bybelse Hebreeuse navorsing. Afgesien van 'n ondersoek deur Mitchell (1879) in die vorige eeu, en 'n onlangse artikel deur Muraoka (1997), is hierdie 'n navorsingsgebied wat vra om nadere ondersoek. Volgens Bybelse Hebreeuse grammatikas kan finaalsinne op verskeie wyses uitgedruk word. Die hooftese van hierdie studie is dat die verskeidenheid van finaalkonstruksies in Bybelse Hebreeus nie bloot verskillende sintaktiese opsies is om dieselfde semantiese betekenis te realiseer nie, maar dat elke onderskeie sintaktiese konstruksie 'n besondere semantiese nuanse weergee. Omdat hulle eng op die beskrywing van die sin gebaseer is, hou traditionele grammatikas tekortkominge in vir die beskrywing van finaalsinne. In hierdie studie wys ek kortliks op die linguistiese voorveronderstellings van die tradisionele benadering, en op die inherente tekortkominge van so 'n benadering ten opsigte van die ondersoek van finaalsinne. Onlangse ontwikkelinge in die algemene linguistiek, veral die verskeidenheid benaderings saamgevat onder die begrip tekslinguistiek, bied nuwe moontlikhede vir die beskrywing van Bybelse Hebreeus. Ek sal hierdie nuwe benadering tot taalstudie ondersoek om vas te stel of dit aangewend kan word om finaalsinne beter te beskryf. Verskeie tesisse word in Hoofstukke 2 en 3 geformuleer en dan in Hoofstukke 4 tot 6 geëvalueer. Die resultate word aan die einde van elke hoofstuk saamgevat. Die uiteindelike konklusies van hierdie studie word in Hoofstuk 7 saamgevat.
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Yan, Shanshan. "Chinese sentence-final particles and their behaviours in English speakers' L2 Chinese." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/275336.
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This study investigates how seven Chinese sentence-final particles (SFP le, ne1, ma, ne2, ba1, ba2 and a; hereafter SFP) and their features are represented in English speakers’ L2 Chinese. In this research, SFPs are analysed as heads instantiating different positions in the CP domain (Paul 2009, 2014, 2015), which are head-final, and in particular, they are considered to carry semantic, syntactic and discourse features. As there is no SFP in English, the features on Chinese SFPs are realised by a variety of syntactic means. Through a proficiency test and six experimental tasks, data from 76 participants (including 18 Chinese native speakers, 20 low-intermediate learners, 20 high-intermediate learners and 18 advanced learners) were collected. Results show that English-speaking L2 learners can easily establish the basic syntactic structure of Chinese SFPs and successfully acquire the features attached to SFPs ma, ba1 and a. However, they have significant difficulty in acquiring the features attached to SFPs le, ne1, ne2 and ba2. In general, syntactic features on Chinese SFPs are intact in L2 grammars, whereas semantic features (i.e. syntax-semantics interfaces) are very vulnerable. In addition, it is found that not all discourse features (syntax-discourse interfaces) are problematic. Findings indicate that both L1 grammar (i.e. L1 transfer) and L2 input (frequency, saliency and complexity) play important roles in affecting learners’ acquisition of the features attached to Chinese SFPs. In particular, learners seem to transfer all feature sets from their L1 English. Semantic features that have been transferred from their L1 English but that are neither confirmed nor disconfirmed by the Chinese input have become dormant in the L2 Chinese, which complements the Dormant Feature Hypothesis (Yuan 2014). Furthermore, the homomorphous SFPs which exhibit a ‘one-to-many’ form-meaning connection are believed to complicate learners’ recognition and acquisition of relevant features on SFPs. It is also demonstrated that the mapping of a feature across CP domains (i.e. from a two-CP structure to a one-CP structure) can be problematic and difficult. The discourse feature needs to be reassembled in L2 grammars, which advances the arguments of the Feature Reassembly Hypothesis (Lardiere 2008, 2009a,b).
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Iida, Akemi, and 飯田明美. "Text analysis from the point of view and the final sentence form." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/35583360779725459468.
Full textBooks on the topic "Sentence final forms"
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Enfield, N. J. Linguistic expression of commands in Lao. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803225.003.0009.
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This chapter undertakes a survey of commands and similar speech acts in Lao, the national language of Laos. The survey draws upon a corpus of naturally occurring speech in narratives and conversations recorded in Laos. An important linguistic resource for expressing commands is a system of sentence-final particles. The particles convey subtle distinctions in meaning of commands, including matters of politeness, urgency, entitlement, and expectation. These distinctions are illustrated with examples. Forms of person reference such as names and pronouns also play a role in the formulation of commands, particularly in so far as they relate to a cultural system in which social hierarchy is strongly valued. Various other linguistic issues related to commands are examined, including negative imperatives, complementation, indirect strategies for expressing commands, and serial verb constructions.
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van Craenenbroeck, Jeroen, and Tanja Temmerman, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Ellipsis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198712398.001.0001.
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This handbook is the first volume to provide a comprehensive, in-depth, and balanced discussion of ellipsis phenomena, whereby a perceived interpretation is fuller than would be expected based solely on the presence of linguistic forms. Natural language abounds in these apparently incomplete expressions, such as I laughed but Ed didn’t, in which the final portion of the sentence, the verb ‘laugh’, remains unpronounced but is still understood. The range of phenomena involved raise general and fundamental questions about the workings of grammar, but also constitute a treasure trove of fine-grained points of inter- and intralinguistic variation. The volume is divided into four parts. In the first, the authors examine the role that ellipsis plays and how it is analyzed in different theoretical frameworks and linguistic subdisciplines, such as HPSG, construction grammar, inquisitive semantics, and computational linguistics. Chapters in the second part highlight the usefulness of ellipsis as a diagnostic tool for other linguistic phenomena including movement and islands and codeswitching, while Part III focuses instead on the types of elliptical constructions found in natural language, such as sluicing, gapping, and null complement anaphora. Finally, the last part of the book contains case studies that investigate elliptical phenomena in a wide variety of languages, including Dutch, Japanese, Persian, and Finnish Sign Language.
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Butt, Simon, and Tim Lindsey. Criminal Procedure. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199677740.003.0012.
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This chapter deals with Indonesia’s criminal process from trial to sentencing and release. It is intended to be read alongside Chapter 11, which covers pre-trial procedure. This chapter covers extradition, the rules of evidence, the presumption of innocence, and the appeal process from the district court to the high court to the Supreme Court (including the ‘PK’ reconsideration, a form of final appeal). This chapter also explains punishment options, including imprisonment and death sentences, and parole, remissions, and clemency. The chapter then summarises proposals for reform of the Criminal Code (KUHAP), and concludes with a study of the high-profile case of an Australian narcotics offender, Schapelle Corby, which demonstrates how the system can work in practice.
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Paul, David C. Songs of Our Fathers. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037498.003.0003.
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This chapter focuses on Henry Cowell's advocacy of Charles E. Ives and his music between the years 1927 and 1947. Cowell's ideas about Ives can be grouped into two periods: those produced prior to the sentence he served at San Quentin State Prison for a 1936 conviction on a morals charge, and those produced after his release in 1940. This chapter first considers Cowell's portrait of Ives as a New England musical ethnographer before discussing the views of anthropologists, folklorists, and musical modernists about folk music. It then examines how Cowell became interested in folk music, along with his influence on Ives. It also looks at the notion of a usable past, advanced by Van Wyck Brooks in his essay “On Creating a Usable Past,” in which he called for a rewriting of the history of American literature. The chapter concludes with an assessment of Ives's “Concord” Sonata and Ives's commitment to freedom (in the sense of refusing to impose a fixed final form on his works).
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Predelli, Stefano. Fictional Discourse. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198854128.001.0001.
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This book defends a Radical Fictionalist Semantics for fictional discourse. Focusing on proper names as prototypical devices of reference, it argues that fictional names are only fictionally proper names, and that, as a result, fictional sentences do not encode propositions. According to Radical Fictionalism, the contentful outcomes achieved by fiction are derived from the outcomes of so-called impartation, that is, from the effects achieved by the use of language. As a result, Radical Fictionalism pays special attention to fictional telling and to related themes in narrative fiction. In particular, the book proposes a Radical Fictionalist approach to the distinction between homodiegetic and heterodiegetic fiction, and to the divide between storyworlds and narrative peripheries. These ideas are then applied to the discussion of classic themes in the philosophy of fiction, including narrative time, literary translation, storyworld importation, fictional languages, inconsistent fictions, nested narratives, and narrative closure. Particular attention is also given to the commitments of Radical Fictionalism when it comes to discourse about fiction, as in prefixed sentences of the form ‘according to fiction F, … ’. In its final two chapters, the book extends Radical Fictionalism to critical discourse. In Chapter 7 it introduces the ideas of critical and biased retelling, and in Chapter 8 it pauses on the relationships between Radical Fictionalism and talk about literary characters.
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Butz, Martin V., and Esther F. Kutter. Language, Concepts, and Abstract Thought. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198739692.003.0013.
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Language is probably the most complex form of universal communication. A finite set of words enables us to express a mere infinite number of thoughts and ideas, which we set together by obeying grammatical rules and compositional, semantic knowledge. This chapter addresses how human language abilities have evolved and how they develop. A short introduction to linguistics covers the most important conceptualized aspects, including language production, phonology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. The brain considers these linguistic aspects seemingly in parallel when producing and comprehending sentences. The brain develops some dedicated language modules, which strongly interact with other modules. Evolution appears to have recruited prelinguistic developmental neural structures and modified them into maximally language-suitable structures. Moreover, evolution has most likely evolved language to further facilitate social cooperation and coordination, including the further development of theories of the minds of others. Language develops in a human child building on prelinguistic concepts, which are based on motor control-oriented structures detailed in the previous chapter. A final look at actual linguistic communication emphasizes that an imaginary common ground and individual private grounds unfold between speaker and listener, characterizing what is actually commonly and privately communicated and understood.
Book chapters on the topic "Sentence final forms"
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van Schaaik, Gerjan. "Postpositional complements." In The Oxford Turkish Grammar, 376–86. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0028.
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Postpositions can be classified according to several criteria, one of which is the type of complement one of them can take. In this chapter person-bound complements are distinguished from temporal phrases and from purpose phrases. The reason is that person-bound complements all contain a nominalized verb plus a personal (possessive) ending, whereas the other two types have other verbal forms. Temporal phrases have a deverbal suffix, and purpose phrases are all based on an infinitival verb form. A type of complement which typically occurs with the instrumental and case-marker annex postposition is phrases specifying circumstance or detail. This specification is based on a kind of sentence, a “small clause,” which always contains a locative phrase, including an element reminiscent of the anticipatory possessive. The final section discusses the properties of postpositions in predicate and attributive position.
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Ishihara, Noriko, and Yumi Takamiya. "Pragmatic Development Through Blogs." In Computer-Assisted Language Learning, 829–54. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7663-1.ch039.
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In the acquisition of pragmatic competence, technology-mediated telecollaboration can be a crucial advantage as learners can be socialized into the pragmatic strategies of expert language users in a dynamic interactive context. This chapter focuses on the pragmatic development of three foreign language learners of Japanese over 16-21 months as they blogged with Japanese learners of English in Japan before and after studying in Japan. The blog-mediated learning was provided in conjunction with face-to-face instruction, and the learners' sense of community expanded through the study abroad experience as well as the blog-based telecollaboration. The learners' pragmatic development observable in their blog posts included their use of address terms, gendered sentence-final particles, a regional dialect, emoticons, and style shifting between the clause-final desu/masu and plain forms. The findings indicate that learners' pragmatic language choices can be interpreted in relation to their language socialization and agentive negotiation of emerging multiple identities.
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Miller, D. Gary. "Linearization and typology." In The Oxford Gothic Grammar, 497–522. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813590.003.0011.
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This chapter focuses on the linear order of phrasal constituents. Subject pronouns preferentially precede the verb directly. Object pronouns generally follow the verb. Reflexives with few exceptions follow the verb and precede non-reflexives. D-words generally precede nouns and adjectives. Only prepositional phrases occur, from which non-deictic Ds are excluded. Attributive and possessive adjectives tend to follow the noun, quantifiers to precede. The default position for genitives is postnominal. Partitive genitives are nearly always postposed. Discourse particles belong to the left periphery. Some force their host to sentence-initial, especially V1, position. In native Gothic, verbs follow predicate adjectives and auxiliaries follow verbs, as is typical of verb-final languages. Imperatives raise to the left periphery. The negator ni forms a tight constituent with the verb. The chapter closes with a brief overview of Gothic in the context of Germanic word order typology.
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van Schaaik, Gerjan. "Simple sentences." In The Oxford Turkish Grammar, 255–70. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0023.
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Embroidering the distinction made in the chapter (18) on negation, this chapter discusses the full spectrum of simple sentences with a nominal predicate based on a noun, genitive-possessive construction, question-word, pronoun, demonstrative, and copular forms. Furthermore, negated and question forms, as well as combinations thereof, are discussed for these types of predicate. Besides a preliminary account of ordering principles for the noun phrase, special attention is given to copular forms of possessive nouns and inflected pronouns. Existential predicatesare: var ‘there is’ and its negational counterpart yok. Such structures are essential when it comes to expressing availability or possession. The final section is on verbal predicates, showing that there are two ordering patterns for the relative positions of the question particle and personal endings.
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van Schaaik, Gerjan. "Verbal complexes *." In The Oxford Turkish Grammar, 686–722. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0037.
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There are many combinations of tense forms which are not transparent with respect to their overall meaning. That makes such forms complex. Another factor is the fact that some verbs can be used independently and as an auxiliary. Both functions of the verb olmak are extensively discussed in the first section, immediately followed by the aspectual properties of a tensed verb plus a form of olmak. Another type of aspect is expressed with a verbal suffix composed of a linking vowel and a second verb stem. Although it has been advanced that a classification in terms of nominal, existential, and verbal sentences is motivated by the type of negation each class requires, the verbal system is the one that deviates from this partition because of double negation. This is explained in the final two sections.
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van Schaaik, Gerjan. "Ordering patterns." In The Oxford Turkish Grammar, 387–94. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0029.
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After an extensive account of the basics of Turkish grammar, this chapter offers nothing but ordering principles: the first two sections are about the morphotactics of nouns and verbs, and noun phrase structure. All this is represented in tabular form. The ordering principles for noun phrases (including adverbial and postpositional phrases) in a clause is dealt with next, and thus, constituent order in nominal, existential, and verbal sentences is discussed in the third section. Dependent clauses are the topic of the fourth section, which also gives an overview of verbal linking suffixes to form such clauses. The final section shows that constituent ordering in verbal sentences can better be understood in terms of the pragmatic notions Topic and Focus than in terms of traditional distribution of Subject and Objects (SOV).
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van Schaaik, Gerjan. "Subordination and embedding." In The Oxford Turkish Grammar, 553–644. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0033.
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As an introduction to subordination the various functions of the particle ki are presented. The central question is how sentences are used as subject, object, and predicate. First, predicates and subjects are discussed, followed by a thorough treatment of direct and indirect speech. This includes certain colloquialisms based on the optative. After this intermezzo the discussion is resumed for direct objects based on both infinitival as well as on finite forms. The choice between these depends on the semantics of the verb involved. Next, the relation between secondary predicates (small clauses) and raising phenomena is explained, which all form peculiar types of embedding. Furthermore, it is shown that there are seven verbal classes, each of which takes either one, two, or three types of complement, accordingly being expressed by one propositional or two predicational types of complementation. The final sections deal with passive and postpositional embeddings.
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Hedman, Shawn. "Finite model theory." In A First Course in Logic. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198529804.003.0014.
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This final chapter unites ideas from both model theory and complexity theory. Finite model theory is the part of model theory that disregards infinite structures. Examples of finite structures naturally arise in computer science in the form of databases, models of computations, and graphs. Instead of satisfiability and validity, finite model theory considers the following finite versions of these properties. • A first-order sentence is finitely satisfiable if it has a finite model. • A first-order sentence is finitely valid if every finite structure is a model. Finite model theory developed separately from the “classical” model theory of previous chapters. Distinct methods and logics are used to analyze finite structures. In Section 10.1, we consider various finite-variable logics that serve as useful languages for finite model theory. We define variations of the pebble games introduced in Section 9.2 to analyze the expressive power of these logics. Pebble games are one of the few tools from classical model theory that is useful for investigating finite structures. In Section 10.2, it is shown that many of the theorems from Chapter 4 are no longer true when restricted to finite models. There is no analog for the Completeness and Compactness theorems in finite model theory. Moreover, we prove Trakhtenbrot’s theorem which states that the set of finitely valid first-order sentences is not recursively enumerable. Descriptive complexity is the subject of 10.3. This subject describes the complexity classes discussed in Chapter 7 in terms of the logics introduced in Chapter 9. We prove Fagin’s theorem relating the class NP to existentional second-order logic. We prove the Cook–Levin theorem as a consequence of Fagin’s Theorem. This theorem states that the Satisfiability Problem for Propositional Logic is NP-complete. We conclude this chapter (and this book) with a section describing the close connection between logic and the P = NP problem. In this section, we discuss appropriate logics for the study of finite models. First-order logic, since it describes each finite model up to isomorphism, is too strong. For this reason, we must weaken the logic. It may seem counter-intuitive that we should gain knowledge by weakening our language.
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Dixon, R. M. W. "Verbal structure and the consequence inflection." In A New Grammar of Dyirbal, 206–29. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192859907.003.0008.
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Abstract This chapter commences with a summary of verbal structure. There are: derivational suffixes which just have semantic effect; derivational suffixes which affect transitivity; inflectional suffixes; and suffixes which derive a nominal form. Details are then presented on three of the derivational suffixes which just have semantic effect (the fourth has quantitative meaning, and is dealt with in chapter 5, on the number system). There is a short section on nominalisations. The final part of the chapter deals with the ‘consequence’ inflection (previously called ‘purposive’). This can mark, purposeful consequence, or natural consequence. It may also provide a complementation strategy. When the consequence inflection occurs in the first clause of a sentence, it refers to something consequential on a understood necessity.
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Pinho, Davi. "From Julia Kristeva to Paulo Mendes Campos: Impossible Conversations with Virginia Woolf." In The Edinburgh Companion to Virginia Woolf and Contemporary Global Literature, 96–114. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474448475.003.0006.
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This chapter discusses the concept of the name ‘Virginia Woolf’ as a ‘signature’. While Julia Kristeva uses Woolf's name in About Chinese Women as a signature for the summation of depression and suicide, Brazilian cronista Paulo Mendes Campos's lyrical review of Virginia Woolf's Orlando presents the name as a signature that gestures towards interminable movements of life and makes fiction an element of permanent novelty. In this sense, Campos finds contemporaneity with Woolf, thus momentarily escaping the limiting reality of his own place in time. Campos’s essay ends with the word ‘life’. Even when death is at the heart of a sentence (‘I can’t go on’), life is its final word. The task of this chapter is to bring Kristeva and Campos into coexistence with Woolf’s final philosophy, as presented in Woolf’s autobiographical essay ‘A sketch of the past’, and also to make Kristeva and Campos our contemporaries in an undulant conversation about writing and life, not death – for it is interesting that conversation implies coexistence in its etymological roots: -con (with) -versari (to turn), which together form the Latin verb conversare, to turn round and round and round, and its deponent conversari, to live with, dwell together.
Conference papers on the topic "Sentence final forms"
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Wakefield, John C. "Sentence-final particles and intonation: Two forms of the same thing." In Speech Prosody 2016. ISCA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/speechprosody.2016-179.
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Shang, Yu-Ming, Heyan Huang, Xin Sun, Wei Wei, and Xian-Ling Mao. "Relational Triple Extraction: One Step is Enough." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/605.
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Extracting relational triples from unstructured text is an essential task in natural language processing and knowledge graph construction. Existing approaches usually contain two fundamental steps: (1) finding the boundary positions of head and tail entities; (2) concatenating specific tokens to form triples. However, nearly all previous methods suffer from the problem of error accumulation, i.e., the boundary recognition error of each entity in step (1) will be accumulated into the final combined triples. To solve the problem, in this paper, we introduce a fresh perspective to revisit the triple extraction task and propose a simple but effective model, named DirectRel. Specifically, the proposed model first generates candidate entities through enumerating token sequences in a sentence, and then transforms the triple extraction task into a linking problem on a ``head -> tail" bipartite graph. By doing so, all triples can be directly extracted in only one step. Extensive experimental results on two widely used datasets demonstrate that the proposed model performs better than the state-of-the-art baselines.
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Kostić, Nenad. "HOW TO COMPOSE A RESEARCH ARTICLE THAT EDITOR WILL ACCEPT AND READERS WILL CITE." In 1st INTERNATIONAL Conference on Chemo and BioInformatics. Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac,, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/iccbi21.044k.
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Good scientific study must at the same time be original, correct, and significant. Such studies enhance the reputation of their coauthors and deserve to be published in good journals. Any two of the three requirements are easily achieved, but such studies would be unworthy of publication and would harm the reputation of its coauthors. After you and coworkers completed and skeptically verified a substantial study corresponding to a full article in a selective journal, continue expanding the study through additional research until you have enough material for two full articles. If the results and discussion of the two phases of the project agree with each other, then you should decide whether to submit them for publication separately or together, as one bigger article. Domestic academic customs notwithstanding, publishing fuller articles benefits science, the authors, and the readers alike. Inexperienced researchers struggle when writing manuscripts for publication because they deal with substance and form simultaneously. In this conference presentation I will explain an effective, much- tested method of separating the two aspects of writing. In short: completely outline the scientific content of the manuscript – procedures, results, discussion – before you begin composing sentences and grouping them into paragraphs. Figuratively speaking about making an imaginary animal, complete the skeleton and attach all muscles to it before you begin stretching the skin, which you will later decorate with fur and cover patches. Gradually develop the scientific content in outlines consisting of keywords and phrases, not sentences. Keep arranging and rearranging phrases and minimal summaries of results and their interpretations. Use signs such as ?? and !? for brevity. Acknowledge any gaps in evidence and weakness in your arguments, but emphasize findings that support your conclusion. Keep thinking of science, not of language. Connect assumptions and facts in cause-and-effect arguments leading to conclusions. At each stage of developing and expanding the outline double or triple the number of words or of lines. When the final, large outline is complete, take your mind away from the science and keep it on the language. Make paragraph the unit of presentation and reasoning; develop one theme or idea per paragraph. Make transitions between sentences within a paragraph and between paragraphs. Write clearly and concisely, omitting needless words. Put the drafts aside for a while between successive rounds of revising and editing so that you can see the text with fresh eyes each time. Follow the instructions of the journal to which you will submit the manuscript. If you write in a foreign language that you have not mastered, let a colleague who has mastered it review and edit your manuscript. Include as coauthors all those who have made major contributions to the study: ideas, important results, interpretation of important results, discussion, conclusions. Every coauthor must be able to defend the study or a substantial portion of the study or in a discussion with experts. Exclude from coauthors any and all persons who fail the above description. Excluding a true coauthor and including a gratuitous coauthor are both unethical acts, which distort the record and professional biographies. Consider anonymous reviewers of your manuscript as helpful allies, not adversaries. If they are mixed or negative, put them aside until your initial reaction subsides. Accept the reviewers’ evaluations and editor’s decision. If necessary, perform additional work, reconsider your reasoning and discussion, and improve your manuscript. Refrain from arguing with reviewer unless the review is clearly wrong. In this case, explain the error to the anonymous colleague and the editor. In the conference presentation I will illustrate some of this advice with examples from my 38-year experience at American universities and as author, coauthor, reviewer, and editorial adviser.