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Journal articles on the topic 'Sensory receptors'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 August 2024

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1

Yu, Jerry. "Deflation-activated receptors, not classical inflation-activated receptors, mediate the Hering-Breuer deflation reflex." Journal of Applied Physiology 121, no. 5 (November 1, 2016): 1041–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00903.2015.

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Many airway sensory units respond to both lung inflation and deflation. Whether those responses to opposite stimuli come from one sensor (one-sensor theory) or more than one sensor (multiple-sensor theory) is debatable. One-sensor theory is commonly presumed in the literature. This article proposes a multiple-sensor theory in which a sensory unit contains different sensors for sensing different forces. Two major types of mechanical sensors operate in the lung: inflation- and deflation-activated receptors (DARs). Inflation-activated sensors can be further divided into slowly adapting receptors (SARs) and rapidly adapting receptors (RARs). Many SAR and RAR units also respond to lung deflation because they contain DARs. Pure DARs, which respond to lung deflation only, are rare in large animals but are easily identified in small animals. Lung deflation-induced reflex effects previously attributed to RARs should be assigned to DARs (including pure DARs and DARs associated with SARs and RARs) if the multiple-sensor theory is accepted. Thus, based on the information, it is proposed that activation of DARs can attenuate lung deflation, shorten expiratory time, increase respiratory rate, evoke inspiration, and cause airway secretion and dyspnea.

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2

Montell, Craig. "Drosophila sensory receptors—a set of molecular Swiss Army Knives." Genetics 217, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyaa011.

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Abstract Genetic approaches in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, have led to a major triumph in the field of sensory biology—the discovery of multiple large families of sensory receptors and channels. Some of these families, such as transient receptor potential channels, are conserved from animals ranging from worms to humans, while others, such as “gustatory receptors,” “olfactory receptors,” and “ionotropic receptors,” are restricted to invertebrates. Prior to the identification of sensory receptors in flies, it was widely assumed that these proteins function in just one modality such as vision, smell, taste, hearing, and somatosensation, which includes thermosensation, light, and noxious mechanical touch. By employing a vast combination of genetic, behavioral, electrophysiological, and other approaches in flies, a major concept to emerge is that many sensory receptors are multitaskers. The earliest example of this idea was the discovery that individual transient receptor potential channels function in multiple senses. It is now clear that multitasking is exhibited by other large receptor families including gustatory receptors, ionotropic receptors, epithelial Na+ channels (also referred to as Pickpockets), and even opsins, which were formerly thought to function exclusively as light sensors. Genetic characterizations of these Drosophila receptors and the neurons that express them also reveal the mechanisms through which flies can accurately differentiate between different stimuli even when they activate the same receptor, as well as mechanisms of adaptation, amplification, and sensory integration. The insights gleaned from studies in flies have been highly influential in directing investigations in many other animal models.

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3

Yu, Jerry. "Spectrum of myelinated pulmonary afferents (III) cracking intermediate adapting receptors." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 319, no. 6 (December 1, 2020): R724—R732. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00136.2020.

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Conventional one-sensor theory (one afferent fiber connects to a single sensor) categorizes the bronchopulmonary mechanosensors into the rapidly adapting receptors (RARs), slowly adapting receptors (SARs), or intermediate adapting receptors (IARs). RARs and SARs are known to sense the rate and magnitude of mechanical change, respectively; however, there is no agreement on what IARs sense. Some investigators believe that the three types of sensors are actually one group with similar but different properties and IARs operate within that group. Other investigators (majority) believe IARs overlap with the RARs and SARs and can be classified within them according to their characteristics. Clearly, there is no consensus on IARs function. Recently, a multiple-sensor theory has been advanced in which a sensory unit may contain many heterogeneous sensors, such as both RARs and SARs. There are no IARs. Intermediate adapting unit behavior results from coexistence of RARs and SARs. Therefore, the unit can sense both rate and magnitude of changes. The purpose of this review is to provide evidence that the multiple-sensor theory better explains sensory unit behavior.

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4

Birder, Lori A., and Edward R. Perl. "Cutaneous Sensory Receptors." Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology 11, no. 6 (November 1994): 534–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004691-199411000-00002.

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5

Burnside, Beth. "Cytoskeletal functions in sensory receptors." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 47 (August 6, 1989): 796–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100155955.

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Since the shapes of sensory receptors are so exquisitely specialized for mediating their unique functions, the cytoskeletons of sensory cells are deployed for morphogenetic and motile objectives in particularly interesting ways. Receptors erect cytoskeletal scaffolding to support two basic sorts of surface elaborations: 1) those designed to achieve the most effective presentation of specialized membrane laden with receptor proteins (photoreceptors, olfactory receptors, taste cells, and chemoreceptors), and 2) those designed to respond directly to mechanical perturbations in the cell's environment (auditory hair cells, mechanoreceptors). Each of these receptor types has specific structural requirements.Sensory receptors have built their surface elaborations upon either microtubule- or actin-based scaffoldings. Microtubule-based scaffoldings have evolved from motile cilia, and the axoneme has been modified to various ends. All ciliary-derived receptors so far described, except (curiously) those from the worm Caenorhabdites elegans, are associated with basal bodies which nucleate the assembly of surface specializations. The mechanisms for elaborating the myriad membrane specializations associated with ciliary receptors are not yet understood. Recently it has been shown that in vertebrate photoreceptors, actin is not required for the addition of membrane to the outer segment, but it is required for the proper assembly of new disks .

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6

Adetunla, Adedotun O., Olanrewaju Kolade, Adeyinka M. Adeoye, and Saheed Akande. "Development of a Prototype Sensory Device as a Substitute for Single Sided Deaf People in Developing Nations." Journal Européen des Systèmes Automatisés 55, no. 6 (December 31, 2022): 765–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/jesa.550608.

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Hearing loss is the inability to hear sounds ranging from 20 decibels or more in one or both ears. It can affect one or both ears and leads to difficulty in hearing speech or sounds in general. Single-sided deafness or unilateral hearing loss is a very widespread disability. However, most people only see hearing loss as being a binary problem assuming that you either have perfect hearing in both ears or are completely deaf in both ears, and dismiss the other types of hearing loss. Sensory substitution involves remapping the information gathered by one sensory receptor to another. Sensory receptors regardless of the signals they receive or capture, all encode the gathered information as electrochemical signals. This biological property of sensory receptors, coupled with the human brain’s neuroplasticity allows sensory receptors to be substituted, giving rise to new methods of sensory perception. This study aims to develop a sensory device known as a localizer. The localizer detects sound using numerous sound sensors, and feeds the input to the microcontrollers which then use the input to control the eccentric mass motor by implementing various motor drivers. The results gotten from this prototype device shows great improvement in the ability of a single-sided deaf person to localize sound.

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7

Jablońska, Beata, and Jolanta Skangiel-Kramska. "Sensory conditioning and sensory stimulation do not affect GABAA receptor binding in the barrel field of mice." Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 55, no. 4 (December 31, 1995): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.55782/ane-1995-1088.

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The whisker-to-barrel system of adult mice was used in a study on the effects of short-lasting tactile stimulation and sensory conditioning training on GABAA receptor binding in the barrel field of somatosensory cortex. In vitro receptor binding autoradiography was used to examine the pattern and intensity of [3H]muscimol binding to GABAA receptors. A well-defined pattern of GABAA receptors in the barrel field remained unaffected after both procedures used. Also, no differences in intensity of GABAA receptor binding were observed. These results suggest that GABAA receptors are not involved in the plastic changes developing during sensory conditioning training.

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8

Julius, D., and J. Nathans. "Signaling by Sensory Receptors." Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 4, no. 1 (November 22, 2011): a005991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a005991.

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9

Proske, U., J. E. Gregory, and A. Iggo. "Sensory receptors in monotremes." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 353, no. 1372 (July 29, 1998): 1187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0275.

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This is a summary of the current knowledge of sensory receptors in skin of the bill of the platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus , and the snout of the echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus . Brief mention is also made of the third living member of the monotremes, the long–nosed echidna, Zaglossus bruijnii . The monotremes are the only group of mammals known to have evolved electroreception. The structures in the skin responsible for the electric sense have been identified as sensory mucous glands with an expanded epidermal portion that is innervated by large–diameter nerve fibres. Afferent recordings have shown that in both platypuses and echidnas the receptors are excited by cathodal (negative) pulses and inhibited by anodal (positive) pulses. Estimates give a total of 40 000 mucous sensory glands in the upper and lower bill of the platypus, whereas there are only about 100 in the tip of the echidna snout. Recordings of electroreceptor–evoked activity from the brain of the platypus have shown that the largest area dedicated to somatosensory input from the bill, S1, shows alternating rows of mechanosensory and bimodal neurons. The bimodal neurons respond to both electrosensory and mechanical inputs. In skin of the platypus bill and echidna snout, apart from the electroreceptors, there are structures called push rods, which consist of a column of compacted cells that is able to move relatively independently of adjacent regions of skin. At the base of the column are Merkel cell complexes, known to be type I slowly adapting mechanoreceptors, and lamellated corpuscles, probably vibration receptors. It has been speculated that the platypus uses its electric sense to detect the electromyographic activity from moving prey in the water and for obstacle avoidance. Mechanoreceptors signal contact with the prey. For the echidna, a role for the electrosensory system has not yet been established during normal foraging behaviour, although it has been shown that it is able to detect the presence of weak electric fields in water. Perhaps the electric sense is used to detect moving prey in moist soil.

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10

DeMaria, Shannon, and John Ngai. "The cell biology of smell." Journal of Cell Biology 191, no. 3 (November 1, 2010): 443–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201008163.

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The olfactory system detects and discriminates myriad chemical structures across a wide range of concentrations. To meet this task, the system utilizes a large family of G protein–coupled receptors—the odorant receptors—which are the chemical sensors underlying the perception of smell. Interestingly, the odorant receptors are also involved in a number of developmental decisions, including the regulation of their own expression and the patterning of the olfactory sensory neurons' synaptic connections in the brain. This review will focus on the diverse roles of the odorant receptor in the function and development of the olfactory system.

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11

Bowker, R. M., A. M. Brewer, K. B. Vex, L. A. Guida, K. E. Linder, I. M. Sonea, and A. W. Stinson. "Sensory receptors in the equine foot." American Journal of Veterinary Research 54, no. 11 (November 1, 1993): 1840–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1993.54.11.1840.

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Summary Two types of sensory receptors were located in the equine foot, using anatomic techniques. Histologic examination of stained hoof sections revealed lamellated corpuscles in the hoof dermis, which had many of the morphologic characteristics of Pacinian corpuscles. These sensory receptors were restricted to the palmar (caudal) aspects of the solar dermis of the heel. A second type of receptor was detected by use of immunocytochemistry, indicating apparently naked nerve endings containing the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity in skin, solar dermal tubules, and the digital cushion. This peptide is an example of a sensory neurotransmitter contained in dorsal root ganglion cells and is believed to exist only in unmyelinated sensory nerve fibers. These 2 morphologic structures may be used for detection of sensory stimuli, such as pressure (or vibratory senses) and pain, respectively, in horses during various locomotory gaits.

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12

MORAN, DAVID T. "Evolutionary Patterns in Sensory Receptors." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 510, no. 1 Olfaction and (November 1987): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb43458.x.

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13

Bradley, Robert M. "Sensory receptors of the larynx." American Journal of Medicine 108, no. 4 (March 2000): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9343(99)00339-3.

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14

Wade, Nicholas J. "Microscopic anatomy of sensory receptors." Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 28, no. 3 (March 11, 2019): 285–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0964704x.2018.1554298.

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15

Burnstock, G. "P2X receptors in sensory neurones." British Journal of Anaesthesia 84, no. 4 (April 2000): 476–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bja.a013473.

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16

Hocker, Geoffrey A. "A Hypothesis to Explain how the Sensory Cortices Respond in the Appropriate Sensory Mode." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 96, no. 2 (February 2003): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107680309600205.

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How does an area of sensory cortex recognize the specific nature of the sensory mode of the stimulus that arrives from the peripheral sensory receptor, when nerve impulses are only all-or-nothing action potentials? Work in animals has shown that an area of sensory cortex can learn in which mode to respond. A period of cortical learning is required for phantom limb phenomena to develop, and for the ocular blind to dream in the visual mode. Arguing from these facts I develop the hypothesis that within the sensory cortices there are neurons that learn by neurotropic factor transport from their sensory receptors to function as surrogates for those receptors, thus enabling sensory cortical response to be modally specific.

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17

Wang, Hui, Donna H. Wang, and James J. Galligan. "P2Y2 receptors mediate ATP-induced resensitization of TRPV1 expressed by kidney projecting sensory neurons." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 298, no. 6 (June 2010): R1634—R1641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00235.2009.

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The transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) channel is a ligand-gated cation channel expressed by sensory nerves. P2Y receptors are G protein-coupled receptors that are also expressed by TRPV1-positive sensory neurons. Therefore, we studied interactions between P2Y receptors and TRPV1 function on kidney projecting sensory neurons. Application of Fast Blue (FB) to nerves surrounding the renal artery retrogradely labeled neurons in dorsal root ganglia of rats. Whole cell recording was performed on FB-labeled neurons maintained in primary culture. Capsaicin was used to activate TRPV1. Four types of kidney projecting neurons were identified based on capsaicin responses: 1) desensitizing (35%), 2) nondesensitizing (29%), 3) silent (3%), and 4) insensitive (30%). Silent neurons responded to capsaicin only after ATP (100 μM) pretreatment. ATP reversed desensitization in desensitizing neurons. Insensitive neurons never responded to capsaicin. UTP, a P2Y purinoceptor 2 (P2Y2)/P2Y4 receptor agonist, reversed capsaicin-induced TRPV1 desensitization. 2-methyl-thio-ATP (2-Me-S-ATP), a P2Y1 receptor agonist, did not change desensitization. MRS 2179 and pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2′,4′-disulfonic acid (PPADS), drugs that block P2Y1 receptors, did not block ATP-induced resensitization of TRPV1. Suramin, a P2Y2 receptor antagonist, blocked resensitization caused by UTP. Immunocytochemical studies showed that FB-labeled neurons coexpressed P2Y2 receptors and TRPV1. We conclude that P2Y2 receptor activation can maintain TRPV1 function perhaps during sustained episodes of activity of kidney projecting sensory neurons.

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18

Rohde, K., and NA Watson. "Ultrastructure of Sensory Receptors of an Undescribed Species of Luridae (Platyhelminthes, Rhabdocoela)." Australian Journal of Zoology 41, no. 1 (1993): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9930053.

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Nine types of uniciliate sensory receptors are described from an undescribed species of Luridae: a collar receptor with a collar formed by 7-8 rods; a receptor with a long vertical and short horizontal rootlet and a thick ring-like electron-dense collar; a receptor with an approximately 2-mum-long cilium that has a narrow bent tip; a bulbous receptor with a short bulbous cilium; an intraepidermal receptor with a short cilium enclosed in an epidermal cavity; a receptor with a long cilium, short ciliary rootlet and electron-dense rod; pharyngeal receptors with long (at least 4 mum long) and short (0.5 mum long) cilia; and a pharyngeal receptor with a cilium of intermediate length. Centrioles in nerve cells and (in cross-section) butterfly-shaped cilia may also be of a sensory nature. Ecological implications of the large variety of sensory receptors are discussed: in the variety of stimuli to which animals have to respond for survival, interstitial beach habitats are comparable to habitats on or in hosts used by platyhelminth parasites (which have a comparable number of receptor types).

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19

Vlajkovic, Srdjan M., and Peter R. Thorne. "Purinergic Signalling in the Cochlea." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23 (November 28, 2022): 14874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314874.

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The mammalian cochlea is the sensory organ of hearing with a delicate, highly organised structure that supports unique operating mechanisms. ATP release from the secretory tissues of the cochlear lateral wall (stria vascularis) triggers numerous physiological responses by activating P2 receptors in sensory, supporting and neural tissues. Two families of P2 receptors, ATP-gated ion channels (P2X receptors) and G protein-coupled P2Y receptors, activate intracellular signalling pathways that regulate cochlear development, homeostasis, sensory transduction, auditory neurotransmission and response to stress. Of particular interest is a purinergic hearing adaptation, which reflects the critical role of the P2X2 receptor in adaptive cochlear response to elevated sound levels. Other P2 receptors are involved in the maturation of neural processes and frequency selectivity refinement in the developing cochlea. Extracellular ATP signalling is regulated by a family of surface-located enzymes collectively known as “ectonucleotidases” that hydrolyse ATP to adenosine. Adenosine is a constitutive cell metabolite with an established role in tissue protection and regeneration. The differential activation of A1 and A2A adenosine receptors defines the cochlear response to injury caused by oxidative stress, inflammation, and activation of apoptotic pathways. A1 receptor agonism, A2A receptor antagonism, and increasing adenosine levels in cochlear fluids all represent promising therapeutic tools for cochlear rescue from injury and prevention of hearing loss.

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20

Norton, Charles E., Elizabeth A. Grunz-Borgmann, Marcia L. Hart, Benjamin W. Jones, Craig L. Franklin, and Erika M. Boerman. "Role of perivascular nerve and sensory neurotransmitter dysfunction in inflammatory bowel disease." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 320, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): H1887—H1902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00037.2021.

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Our study is the first to show that IBD causes profound impairment of sensory vasodilation and inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstriction in mesenteric arteries. This occurs alongside decreased SP-containing nerve density and increased expression of NK1 receptors for SP. In contrast, CGRP dilation, nerve density, and receptor expression are unchanged. Blocking NK1 receptors restores sensory vasodilation in MAs and increases CGRP-mediated vasodilation, indicating that SP interference with CGRP signaling may underlie impaired sensory vasodilation with IBD.

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21

Lundberg, Jan M. "Tachykinins, sensory nerves, and asthma—an overview." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 73, no. 7 (July 1, 1995): 908–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y95-125.

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Tachykinin peptides, substance P (SP) and neurokinin A (NKA), are released from airway sensory nerves upon exposure to irritant chemicals and endogenous agents including bradykinin, prostaglandins, histamine, and protons. The released neuropeptides are potent inducers of a cascade of responses, including vasodilatation, mucus secretion, plasma protein extravasation, leukocyte adhesion–activation, and bronchoconstriction. Neurokinin 1 receptors (preferably activated by SP) seem to be most important for inflammatory actions, while neurokinin 2 receptors (preferably activated by NKA) mediate bronchoconstriction. Species differences exist whereby rat and guinea-pig have a more developed neurogenic inflammation response than normal human airways. However, disease states such as inflammation or viral infections lead to enhanced peptide synthesis and (or) increased sensory nerve excitability. Together with increased neurokinin 1 receptor synthesis and loss of major tachykinin-degrading enzymes such as neutral endopeptidase in airway inflammation, this suggests that recently developed, orally active nonpeptide neurokinin receptor antagonists could have a therapeutic potential in asthmatic patients.Key words: neurokinins, sensory nerves, inflammation, bronchoconstriction, receptors.

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22

Li, Huafeng, Lei Du, Peyman Otmishi, Yuwen He, Juan Guardiola, and Jerry Yu. "Opposite responses to lidocaine between intrapulmonary mechanical and chemical sensors." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 297, no. 3 (September 2009): R853—R858. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00013.2009.

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We attempted to determine whether intrapulmonary sensory receptors are nourished by the pulmonary or the systemic circulation. Single-unit activity from the cervical vagus nerve was recorded in anesthetized, open chest, mechanically ventilated rabbits, comparing responses to right or left ventricular injection of 2% lidocaine (at 4 mg/kg). Airway mechanosenors [slowly adapting receptor (SARs) and rapidly adapting receptors] were inhibited by lidocaine, whereas chemosensors (C-fiber receptors and high-threshold Aδ-receptors) were stimulated. Furthermore, all types of airway sensors were perfused preferentially by the pulmonary circulation. For example, 14 of the 15 tested SARs ceased discharge at 4.1 ± 0.6 s after lidocaine injection into the right ventricle. The blocking effect lasted 35 ± 6.2 s. In contrast, none of the 15 SARs ceased their activity after lidocaine injection into the left ventricle. Our data show that intrapulmonary sensors are mainly nourished by the pulmonary circulation. Their very short latency indicates that these sensors receive ample blood supply. Thus, intrapulmonary sensors rely on the pulmonary circulation to detect bioactive agents in the blood.

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23

Connelly, Timothy, Agnes Savigner, and Minghong Ma. "Spontaneous and sensory-evoked activity in mouse olfactory sensory neurons with defined odorant receptors." Journal of Neurophysiology 110, no. 1 (July 1, 2013): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00910.2012.

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Sensory systems need to tease out stimulation-evoked activity against a noisy background. In the olfactory system, the odor response profile of an olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) is dependent on the type of odorant receptor it expresses. OSNs also exhibit spontaneous activity, which plays a role in establishing proper synaptic connections and may also increase the sensitivity of the cells. However, where the spontaneous activity originates and whether it informs sensory-evoked activity remain unclear. We addressed these questions by examining patch-clamp recordings of genetically labeled mouse OSNs with defined odorant receptors in intact olfactory epithelia. We show that OSNs expressing different odorant receptors had significantly different rates of basal activity. Additionally, OSNs expressing an inactive mutant I7 receptor completely lacked spontaneous activity, despite being able to fire action potentials in response to current injection. This finding strongly suggests that the spontaneous firing of an OSN originates from the spontaneous activation of its G protein-coupled odorant receptor. Moreover, OSNs expressing the same receptor displayed considerable variation in their spontaneous activity, and the variation was broadened upon odor stimulation. Interestingly, there is no significant correlation between the spontaneous and sensory-evoked activity in these neurons. This study reveals that the odorant receptor type determines the spontaneous firing rate of OSNs, but the basal activity does not correlate with the activity induced by near-saturated odor stimulation. The implications of these findings on olfactory information processing are discussed.

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24

Cervero, Fernando. "Ainsley Iggo. 2 August 1924—25 March 2012." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 67 (August 14, 2019): 217–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2019.0023.

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Ainsley Iggo's research was focused on the functional properties of sensory receptors in the skin and viscera. He developed a new electrophysiological technique for recording the electrical activity of individual afferent fibres and was the first to record such activity from single unmyelinated afferents, the smallest diameter afferents in sensory nerves. His seminal work contributed to the discovery of nociceptors; the sensory receptors that respond to injury and are at the origin of pain sensation. He also recorded the functional activity of many types of sensory receptor in the skin, muscle and viscera and classified their responses according to their adequate stimuli. These findings gave support to the specificity theory of sensation, particularly of pain. He described the morphology of individually identified receptors, thus providing direct evidence for the long-held assumption that distinct morphological types of skin receptors mediate distinct sensations. Later in life he contributed to studies of sensory neurons in the spinal cord and of the sensory electro-receptors found in animals such as the echidna and the platypus. A native of New Zealand, he moved to the UK in 1950 and spent most of his professional life at the University of Edinburgh, where he created a highly productive research group at the Veterinary School.

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25

Panek, Izabela, Shannon Meisner, and Päivi H. Torkkeli. "Distribution and Function of GABAB Receptors in Spider Peripheral Mechanosensilla." Journal of Neurophysiology 90, no. 4 (October 2003): 2571–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00321.2003.

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The mechanosensilla in spider exoskeleton are innervated by bipolar neurons with their cell bodies close to the cuticle and dendrites attached to it. Numerous efferent fibers synapse with peripheral parts of the mechanosensory neurons, with glial cells surrounding the neurons, and with each other. Most of these efferent fibers are immunoreactive to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and the sensory neurons respond to agonists of ionotropic GABA receptors with a rapid and complete inhibition. In contrast, little is known about metabotropic GABAB receptors that may mediate long-term effects. We investigated the distribution of GABAB receptors on spider leg mechanosensilla using specific antibodies against 2 proteins needed to form functional receptors and an antibody that labels the synaptic vesicles on presynaptic sites. Both anti-GABAB receptor antibodies labeled the distal parts of the sensory cell bodies and dendrites but anti-GABABR1 immunoreactivity was also found in the axons and proximal parts of the cell bodies and some glial cells. The fine efferent fibers that branch on top of the sensory neurons did not show GABAB receptor immunoreactivity but were densely labeled with anti-synapsin and indicated synaptic vesicles on presynaptic locations to the GABAB receptors. Intracellular recordings from sensory neurons innervating the slit sensilla of the spider legs revealed that application of GABAB receptor agonists attenuated voltage-activated Ca2+ current and enhanced voltage-activated outward K+ current, providing 2 possible mechanisms for controlling the neurons' excitability. These findings support the hypothesis that GABAB receptors are present in the spider mechanosensilla where their activation may modulate information transmission.

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26

Rogers, Duncan F. "Neurokinin receptors subserving airways secretion." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 73, no. 7 (July 1, 1995): 932–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y95-129.

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Mucus secretion can be induced in the airways by activation of nerves. The principal mechanism mediating neurogenic mucus secretion is cholinergic. However, a small but significant secretory response remains after adrenoceptor and cholinoceptor blockade. The identity of this nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) neural mechanism is unclear but includes an orthodromic pathway and a capsaicin-sensitive "sensory-efferent" (or "local effector") pathway. The orthodromic pathway comprises cholinergic nerves (and to a much lesser extent adrenergic nerves) in which neuropeptides, including vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY), are colocalised and coreleased with the classical neurotransmitter. Investigation of the contribution of the orthodromic neural pathway to neurogenic secretion awaits development of selective receptor antagonists for VIP and NPY. The neurotransmitters of the sensory-efferent neural pathway include calcitonin gene related peptide and the tachykinins substance P and neurokinin A. The order of potency of the natural tachykinins and synthetic selective tachykinin receptor agonists indicates that the tachykinin NK1 receptor is ubiquitous for airway secretory processes, including mucus secretion and ion transport. Antagonist studies show that the great proportion of the NANC neural mucus secretory response is mediated via NK1 receptors, with little or no contribution from NK2 receptors. The relevance of the sensory-efferent neural pathway in health is equivocal, but it may have increasing importance in chronic inflammatory bronchial diseases associated with mucus hypersecretion, for example, asthma and chronic bronchitis, in which there is some evidence for the potential for increased sensory-efferent neural activity.Key words: tachykinin, sensory nerves, mucus, mucus secretion, asthma.

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27

Yoon, Hyun-Ji, and Sung-Cherl Jung. "Reactive oxygen species-specific characteristics of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 receptor and its pain modulation." Journal of Medicine and Life Science 20, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.22730/jmls.2023.20.1.1.

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Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) receptors are major polymodal nociceptors that generate primary pain responses in the peripheral nerve endings of the dorsal root ganglion neurons. Recently, we reported that the activation of TRPA1 receptors by reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling, which is triggered by Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx through T-type Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels, contributes to prolonged pain responses induced by jellyfish toxin. In this review, we focus on the characteristics of the TRPA1 receptor involved in intracellular signaling as a secondary pain modulator. Unlike other transient receptor potential receptors, TRPA1 receptors can induce membrane depolarization by ROS without exogenous stimuli in peripheral and central sensory neurons. Therefore, it is important to identify the functional characteristics of TRPA1 receptors to understand pain modulation under several pathogenic conditions such as neuropathic pain syndromes and autoimmune diseases, which are mediated by oxidative signaling to cause chronic pain in the sensory system.

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Pan, Wen, Li-Na Cui, Chun-Ping Chu, Wen-Zhe Jin, and De-Lai Qiu. "Etomidate Modulates the Tactile Stimulation-Evoked Field Potential Responses in Cerebellar Granule Cell Layer in vivo in Mice." Pharmacology 104, no. 5-6 (2019): 287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000502133.

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Etomidate (ET) produces sedation by binding on the γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors. We previously found that ET inhibited cerebellar Purkinje cells activity via both GABAA and glycine receptors in vivo in mice, suggesting that ET modulated sensory information synaptic transmission in cerebellar cortex. In this study, we investigated the effect of ET on the sensory stimulation-evoked responses in the cerebellar granule layer (GL) in urethane-anesthetized mice, using electrophysiological and pharmacological methods. Our results showed that cerebellar surface perfusion of ET (100 μmol/L) significantly decreased amplitude and area under the curve (AUC) of the sensory stimulation-evoked excitatory component (N1) in the cerebellar GL. Application of GABAA receptor antagonist, SR95531 (20 μmol/L) significantly attenuated, but not abolished the ET-induced decrease in amplitude and AUC of facial stimulation-evoked responses. However, application of a mixture of SR95531 (20 μmol/L) and cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1) antagonist, AM-251 (5 μmol/L), completely blocked the ET-induced decrease in amplitude and AUC of facial stimulation-evoked responses. Furthermore, application of the CB1 receptor agonist, WIN55212-2, induced a decrease in amplitude and AUC of N1 in the absence of GABAA receptors activity, as well occluded the ET-induced depression of N1. Moreover, the ET-induced changes in amplitude and AUC of N1 in absence of GABAA receptors activity were abolished by a specific protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, KT5720. These results indicate that ET facilitates CB1 receptors in the absence of GABAA receptors activity, resulting in a depression of the sensory stimulation-evoked synaptic transmission via PKA signaling pathway in mouse cerebellar GL.

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Mori, K. "Grouping of odorant receptors: odour maps in the mammalian olfactory bulb." Biochemical Society Transactions 31, no. 1 (February 1, 2003): 134–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0310134.

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The olfactory system is unique in that the sensory input is in the form of molecular information carried in a vast variety of odorants. Nearly 1000 types of odorant receptors mediate the initial detection and discrimination of odorants at the molecular-feature level. The discrimination at the molecular level is converted into that at the cellular level (olfactory sensory neurons) by the one sensory neuron–one odorant receptor rule, and then into that at the neuronal circuit level in the olfactory bulb by the specific olfactory axon connectivity pattern. Individual glomeruli in the olfactory bulb represent a single odorant receptor, and the glomerular sheet at the olfactory bulb surface forms odorant receptor maps. This review focuses on the spatial organization of the glomerular sensory map in the olfactory bulb. The analysis using the optical imaging method suggests that odorant receptors having a common molecular-feature receptive site are grouped together and represented by glomeruli that are localized in topographically fixed domains in the olfactory bulb. The domain organization may be a structural unit for the spatial organization of the glomerular sensory map, and might relate to the olfactory submodality.

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Huang, M. H., C. Sylven, M. Horackova, and J. A. Armour. "Ventricular sensory neurons in canine dorsal root ganglia: effects of adenosine and substance P." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 269, no. 2 (August 1, 1995): R318—R324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1995.269.2.r318.

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Effects elicited by adenosine and substance P on ventricular sensory endings of 14 dorsal root ganglion afferent neurons were studied in situ in anesthetized dogs. Sensory-field application of adenosine (1 microM) increased the activity of these neurons by 179%. Application of a nonspecific adenosine antagonist to epicardial sensory fields suppressed ongoing activity in all 14 neurons by 39%. Application of an A1- or A2-adenosine-receptor antagonist suppressed activity generated by 10 of these neurons by 44 and 59%, respectively. Adenosine applied after A1- or A2-receptor blockade increased activity in 10 neurons by 131 and 145%, respectively, indicating that A1- and A2-receptor effects were not additive. Application of substance P (1 microM) to identified sensory fields increased activity in 12 of these neurons by 169%, whereas application of a substance P-receptor antagonist reduced activity generated by these neurons by 75%. Myocardial ischemia increased activity of nine neurons associated with left ventricular sensory fields by 320%, an effect that was counteracted by the nonspecific adenosine-receptor antagonist. It is concluded that A1- and A2-adenosine receptors, as well as substance P receptors, are present on ventricular epicardial sensory nerve endings of dorsal root ganglion neurons that are tonically active during normal states, becoming further activated during ischemia.

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Hu, Jinghua, Samuel G. Wittekind, and Maureen M. Barr. "STAM and Hrs Down-Regulate Ciliary TRP Receptors." Molecular Biology of the Cell 18, no. 9 (September 2007): 3277–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e07-03-0239.

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Cilia are endowed with membrane receptors, channels, and signaling components whose localization and function must be tightly controlled. In primary cilia of mammalian kidney epithelia and sensory cilia of Caenorhabditis elegans neurons, polycystin-1 (PC1) and transient receptor polycystin-2 channel (TRPP2 or PC2), function together as a mechanosensory receptor-channel complex. Despite the importance of the polycystins in sensory transduction, the mechanisms that regulate polycystin activity and localization, or ciliary membrane receptors in general, remain poorly understood. We demonstrate that signal transduction adaptor molecule STAM-1A interacts with C. elegans LOV-1 (PC1), and that STAM functions with hepatocyte growth factor–regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (Hrs) on early endosomes to direct the LOV-1-PKD-2 complex for lysosomal degradation. In a stam-1 mutant, both LOV-1 and PKD-2 improperly accumulate at the ciliary base. Conversely, overexpression of STAM or Hrs promotes the removal of PKD-2 from cilia, culminating in sensory behavioral defects. These data reveal that the STAM-Hrs complex, which down-regulates ligand-activated growth factor receptors from the cell surface of yeast and mammalian cells, also regulates the localization and signaling of a ciliary PC1 receptor-TRPP2 complex.

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Shimada, Kunio. "Morphological Configuration of Sensory Biomedical Receptors Based on Structures Integrated by Electric Circuits and Utilizing Magnetic-Responsive Hybrid Fluid (HF)." Sensors 22, no. 24 (December 16, 2022): 9952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22249952.

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Biomedical receptors such as cutaneous receptors or intelligent cells with tactile, auditory, gustatory, and olfactory sensations function in the five senses of the human body. Investigations focusing on the configuration of such receptors are useful in the fields of robotics and sensors in the food industry, among others, which involve artificial organs or sensory machines. In the present study, we aimed to produce the receptors for four senses (excepting vision) by morphologically mimicking virtual human ones. The mimicked receptors were categorized into eight types of configured structure. Our proposed magnetic-responsive hybrid fluid (HF) in elastic and soft rubber and proposed electrolytic polymerization technique gave the solidified HF rubber electric characteristics of piezoelectricity and piezo-capacity, among others. On the basis of these electric characteristics, the mimicked receptors were configured in various types of electric circuits. Through experimental estimation of mechanical force, vibration, thermal, auditory, gustatory, and olfactory responses of each receptor, the optimum function of each was specified by comparison with the actual sensations of the receptors. The effect of hairs fabricated in the receptors was also clarified to viably reproduce the distinctive functions of these sensations.

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Dunn, Tyler W., Carole A. Farah, and Wayne S. Sossin. "Inhibitory responses in Aplysia pleural sensory neurons act to block excitability, transmitter release, and PKC Apl II activation." Journal of Neurophysiology 107, no. 1 (January 2012): 292–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00767.2011.

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Expression of the 5-HT1Apl(a) receptor in Aplysia pleural sensory neurons inhibited 5-HT-mediated translocation of the novel PKC Apl II in sensory neurons and prevented PKC-dependent synaptic facilitation at sensory to motoneuron synapses ( Nagakura et al. 2010 ). We now demonstrate that the ability of inhibitory receptors to block PKC activation is a general feature of inhibitory receptors and is found after expression of the 5-HT1Apl(b) receptor and with activation of endogenous dopamine and FMRFamide receptors in sensory neurons. Pleural sensory neurons are heterogeneous for their inhibitory response to endogenous transmitters, with dopamine being the most prevalent, followed by FMRFamide, and only a small number of neurons with inhibitory responses to 5-HT. The inhibitory response is dominant, reduces membrane excitability and synaptic efficacy, and can reverse 5-HT facilitation at both naive and depressed synapses. Indeed, dopamine can reverse PKC translocation during the continued application of 5-HT. Reversal of translocation can also be seen after translocation mediated by an analog of diacylglycerol, suggesting inhibition is not through blockade of diacylglycerol production. The effects of inhibition on PKC translocation can be rescued by phosphatidic acid, consistent with the inhibitory response involving a reduction or block of production of this lipid. However, phosphatidic acid could not recover PKC-dependent synaptic facilitation due to an additional inhibitory effect on the non-L-type calcium flux linked to synaptic transmission. In summary, we find a novel mechanism downstream of inhibitory receptors linked to inhibition of PKC activation in Aplysia sensory neurons.

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NAKAOKA, Yasuo. "Distribution of sensory receptors in Paramecium." Seibutsu Butsuri 28, no. 4 (1988): 194–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2142/biophys.28.194.

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Uchida, Mitsuharu. "Sensory Receptors on Oral Thickness Sensation." JOURNAL OF THE STOMATOLOGICAL SOCIETY,JAPAN 66, no. 1 (1999): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5357/koubyou.66.1.

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Bele, Tanja, and Elsa Fabbretti. "P2X Receptors, Sensory Neurons and Pain." Current Medicinal Chemistry 22, no. 7 (February 2, 2015): 845–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867321666141011195351.

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37

Pintelon, Isabel, Inge Brouns, Ian De Proost, Frans Van Meir, Jean-Pierre Timmermans, and Dirk Adriaensen. "Sensory Receptors in the Visceral Pleura." American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 36, no. 5 (May 2007): 541–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2006-0256oc.

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38

Ludbrook, J. "Cardiovascular reflexes from cardiac sensory receptors." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 20, no. 4 (August 1990): 597–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-5994.1990.tb01325.x.

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Winkelmann, R. K. "Archived digital images of sensory receptors." Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System 10, no. 2 (June 2005): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1085-9489.2005.0010211.x.

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40

Adler, L. E., A. Olincy, M. Waldo, J. G. Harris, J. Griffith, K. Stevens, K. Flach, et al. "Schizophrenia, Sensory Gating, and Nicotinic Receptors." Schizophrenia Bulletin 24, no. 2 (January 1, 1998): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033320.

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41

Metherate, R. "Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Sensory Cortex." Learning & Memory 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/lm.69904.

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Baldwin, Maude W., and Meng-Ching Ko. "Functional evolution of vertebrate sensory receptors." Hormones and Behavior 124 (August 2020): 104771. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104771.

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43

Sengupta, J. N. "An overview of esophageal sensory receptors." American Journal of Medicine 108, no. 4 (March 2000): 87–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9343(99)00344-7.

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Oakley, Bruce, and Martin Witt. "Building sensory receptors on the tongue." Journal of Neurocytology 33, no. 6 (December 2004): 631–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11068-005-3332-0.

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45

Davis, C. L., S. Naeem, S. B. Phagoo, E. A. Campbell, L. Urban, and G. M. Burgess. "B1 bradykinin receptors and sensory neurones." British Journal of Pharmacology 118, no. 6 (July 1996): 1469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.1996.tb15562.x.

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46

Nelson, Sacha B., and Mriganka Sur. "NMDA receptors in sensory information processing." Current Opinion in Neurobiology 2, no. 4 (August 1992): 484–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0959-4388(92)90184-m.

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47

Coggeshall, Richard E., Shengtai Zhou, and Susan M. Carlton. "Opioid receptors on peripheral sensory axons." Brain Research 764, no. 1-2 (August 1997): 126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00446-0.

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48

Prado, Judith, Remco H. S. Westerink, Jelena Popov-Celeketic, Cristine Steen-Louws, Aridaman Pandit, Sabine Versteeg, Wouter van de Worp, et al. "Cytokine receptor clustering in sensory neurons with an engineered cytokine fusion protein triggers unique pain resolution pathways." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 11 (March 8, 2021): e2009647118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2009647118.

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New therapeutic approaches to resolve persistent pain are highly needed. We tested the hypothesis that manipulation of cytokine receptors on sensory neurons by clustering regulatory cytokine receptor pairs with a fusion protein of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 (IL4–10 FP) would redirect signaling pathways to optimally boost pain-resolution pathways. We demonstrate that a population of mouse sensory neurons express both receptors for the regulatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10. This population increases during persistent inflammatory pain. Triggering these receptors with IL4–10 FP has unheralded biological effects, because it resolves inflammatory pain in both male and female mice. Knockdown of both IL4 and IL10 receptors in sensory neurons in vivo ablated the IL4–10 FP-mediated inhibition of inflammatory pain. Knockdown of either one of the receptors prevented the analgesic gain-of-function of IL4–10 FP. In vitro, IL4–10 FP inhibited inflammatory mediator-induced neuronal sensitization more effectively than the combination of cytokines, confirming its superior activity. The IL4–10 FP, contrary to the combination of IL-4 and IL-10, promoted clustering of IL-4 and IL-10 receptors in sensory neurons, leading to unique signaling, that is exemplified by activation of shifts in the cellular kinome and transcriptome. Interrogation of the potentially involved signal pathways led us to identify JAK1 as a key downstream signaling element that mediates the superior analgesic effects of IL4–10 FP. Thus, IL4–10 FP constitutes an immune-biologic that clusters regulatory cytokine receptors in sensory neurons to transduce unique signaling pathways required for full resolution of persistent inflammatory pain.

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van Giesen, Lena, and Paul A. Garrity. "More than meets the IR: the expanding roles of variant Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors in sensing odor, taste, temperature and moisture." F1000Research 6 (September 26, 2017): 1753. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.12013.1.

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The ionotropic receptors (IRs) are a branch of the ionotropic glutamate receptor family and serve as important mediators of sensory transduction in invertebrates. Recent work shows that, though initially studied as olfactory receptors, the IRs also mediate the detection of taste, temperature, and humidity. Here, we summarize recent insights into IR evolution and its potential ecological significance as well as recent advances in our understanding of how IRs contribute to diverse sensory modalities.

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Shahbandi, Ashkan, Ezen Choo, and Robin Dando. "Receptor Regulation in Taste: Can Diet Influence How We Perceive Foods?" J 1, no. 1 (October 14, 2018): 106–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/j1010011.

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Taste buds are the dedicated sensory end organs of taste, comprising a complex and evolving profile of signaling elements. The sensation and ultimate perception of taste depends on the expression of a diverse array of receptors and channels that sense their respective tastes. Receptor regulation is a recognized and well-studied phenomenon in many systems, observed in opioid addiction, insulin resistance and caffeine tolerance. Results from human sensory studies suggest that receptor sensitivity or expression level may decrease after chronic exposure to respective tastants through diet. We review data supporting the theory that taste receptors may become downregulated with exposure to a specific tastant, along with presenting data from a small pilot study, showing the impact of long-term tastant exposure on taste receptor expression in mice. Mice treated with monosodium salt monohydrate (MSG), saccharin and NaCl (typically appetitive tastes) all displayed a significant decrease in mRNA expression for respective umami, sweet and salty receptors/sensory channels. Reduced sensitivity to appetitive tastes may promote overconsumption of foods high in such stimuli.

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