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1
Proebster, Walter E. Peripherie von Informationssystemen: Technologie und Anwendung : Eingabe, Tastatur, Sensoren, Sprache etc. : Ausgabe, Drucker, Bildschirm, Anzeigen etc. : externe Speicher, Magnetik, Optik etc. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1987.
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2
AIPR Workshop (26th 1997 Washington, D.C.). Exploiting new image sources and sensors: 26th AIPR Workshop, 15-17 October 1997, Washington, D.C. Edited by Selander J. Michael 1952-, Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers., and AIPR Executive Committee. Bellingham, Wash: SPIE, 1998.
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3
Tyagi, Amit Kumar. Multimedia and Sensory Input for Augmented, Mixed, and Virtual Reality. IGI Global, 2021.
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4
Tyagi, Amit Kumar. Multimedia and Sensory Input for Augmented, Mixed, and Virtual Reality. IGI Global, 2021.
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5
Tyagi, Amit Kumar. Multimedia and Sensory Input for Augmented, Mixed, and Virtual Reality. IGI Global, 2021.
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6
Tyagi, Amit, and Shamila Mohammed. Multimedia and Sensory Input for Augmented, Mixed, and Virtual Reality. IGI Global, 2020.
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7
Tyagi, Amit Kumar. Multimedia and Sensory Input for Augmented, Mixed, and Virtual Reality. IGI Global, 2021.
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8
Stoneley, Sarah, and Simon Rinald. Sensory loss. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0047.
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Sensory disturbance can either be a complete loss (anaesthesia) or a reduction (hypoaesthesia) in the ability to perceive the sensory input. Dysaesthesia is an abnormal increase in the perception of normal sensory stimuli. Hyperalgesia is an increased sensitivity to normally painful stimuli, and allodynia is the perception of usually innocuous stimuli as painful. A complete loss of sensation is likely to be due to a central nervous system problem, while a tingling/paraesthesia (large fibre) or burning/temperature (small fibre) sensation is likely due to an acquired peripheral nervous system problem. Shooting, electric-shock-like pains suggest radicular pathology, a tight-band spinal cord dysfunction. Positive sensory symptoms are usually absent in inherited neuropathies, even in the context of significant deficits on examination. This chapter describes the clinical approach to patients with sensory symptoms. Common patterns of sensory loss and their causes are described.
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Strayer. Lose Weight by Decreasing Sensory Input: A Revolutionary Mind-Body Approach. Dorrance Publishing Co., Inc., 2004.
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10
Heller, Sharon. Yoga Bliss: How Sensory Input in Yoga Calms & Organizes the Nervous System. Symmetry, 2023.
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11
Macpherson, Fiona, ed. Sensory Substitution and Augmentation. British Academy, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197266441.001.0001.
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Sensory substitution and augmentation devices are built to try to replace or enhance one sense by using another sense. For example, in tactile–vision, stimulation of the skin driven by input to a camera is used to replace the ordinary sense of vision that uses our eyes. The feelSpace belt aims to give people a magnetic sense of direction using vibrotactile stimulation driven by a digital compass. This volume brings together researchers—neuroscientists, psychologists and philosophers—who are developing these technologies, studying the minds and behaviour of subjects who use them. There is a particular focus on the nature of the perceptual experiences, the sensory interactions, and the changes that take place in the mind and brain over time that occur while using and training to use these technologies. Essays address the nature, limits and possibilities of sensory substitution and augmentation, how they might be used to help those with sensory impairments, and what they can tell us about perception and perceptual experience in general.
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Inc, Bergwall Productions. Input Sensors. Delmar Thomson Learning, 1990.
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13
Guillery, Ray. The pathways for perception. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806738.003.0002.
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Chapter 2 outlines some of the evidence on which the seemingly strong standard view has been based. The early discovery that ventral nerve roots of the spinal cord provide a motor output and dorsal nerve roots provide a sensory input supported the dichotomy of the standard view. Then as each sensory pathway was traced to the thalamus for relay to the cortex, the separate inputs from the sensory receptors—visual, auditory, gustatory, and so on—could be seen as providing the cortex with a ‘view’ of the world. The nature of this view became strikingly clear once investigators could understand (read) the messages that pass along the nerve fibres on the basis of very brief changes in membrane potentials, the action potentials. However, many branches given off by sensory fibres on their way to the thalamus remain unexplained on the standard view. These are important for the integrative sensorimotor view and their precise functional roles need to be defined.
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Bayne, Kathryn Ann Louise. The ontogeny of play and predatory behaviors in mink kits (Mustela vison) with reference to vision as a sensory input. 1986.
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15
Burton, Derek, and Margaret Burton. Perception and sensation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785552.003.0012.
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Major features of tetrapod sensory structures are well developed in fish which also have lateral lines, and some have electroreceptors and possibly magnetoreceptors. Receptors may be categorized according to the type of stimulus to which they respond: photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, temperature receptors and nociceptors. Adaptations to aquatic habitats are described for examples from each category. Each type of receptor has the capacity to transduce (transform) its specific sensory stimulus into receptor potentials which initiate or modulate activity in sensory neurons to the brain. Although each type of receptor responds to a specific stimulus type, this is not an attribute of the nerve impulses generated, recognition of stimulus type depending on the area of the brain receiving the neural input. However, variations in stimulus intensity are recognized as change in input impulse frequency.
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Mason, Peggy. Cerebellum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190237493.003.0024.
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The cerebellum uses sensory feedback and information about intended actions to ensure coordinated and smooth movements despite changing conditions. An analogy between the cerebellum and an orchestral conductor is elaborated. The cerebellum’s involvement in forming and executing motor memories is presented. Cerebellar circuits through the cerebellar cortex and deep nuclei and the dependence of cerebellar learning on climbing fiber input to Purkinje cells are briefly described. Sensory reafference and motor efference copy are defined and their roles in coordinating movement introduced. Cerebellar symptoms including ataxia, dysmetria and dysdiadochokinesia, are discussed and a possible model for dysmetria is considered. The specific inputs to and outputs from the vermis, paravermis, and lateral lobes are detailed in a description of canonical cerebellar loops. Finally, evidence that the cerebellum is involved in modulating nonmotor functions such as language, affect, social cognition, and visceral control is presented for the reader’s consideration.
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Guillery, Ray. Defining the functional components of the thalamic gate. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806738.003.0008.
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This chapter starts by summarizing the electron microscopic appearance of the retinogeniculate axons and their immediate environment. These form the functional components of the visual input to the thalamic gate. I then look at evidence that all major thalamic relay nuclei have a shared structure produced by a shared developmental and evolutionary origin. Each nucleus receives a small proportion of its synaptic inputs (<10%) for relay to the cortex; these are the drivers. Drivers are topographically organized with the topography representing body parts, sensory space, or parts of the brain. Some drivers come from sensory pathways or from subcortical regions of the brain, and these innervate first-order thalamic relays; another, major part of the thalamus receives its drivers from the cerebral cortex itself, and these form the higher-order relays to the cortex. These higher-order corticothalamic inputs are crucial for understanding cortical processing. A large proportion of synaptic inputs (>90%) are not relayed to the cortex and are classifiable as modulators. They contribute to controlling the gate. Some modulators match the topography of the drivers, thus relating to the parts of the body and the world; others do not show this specificity and have more global actions.
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Millikan, Ruth Garrett. Introducing Unitrackers and Unicepts. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717195.003.0003.
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The unicept for an individual, kind, property, activity, and so forth is supplied with new connections by a supporting unitracker whose job is to recognize sensory manifestations of the unicept’s referent/extension. The unitracker brings to a single focus information about the same that has been dispersed through different media so as to affect the senses in a variety of ways. It is embodied in a web of connections leading from sensory input to implement recognition of its object, helping to supply information that connects its unicept to other unicepts or to action potentials. One way in which natural information arrives at the sensory surfaces is through language. The phonological structure of a language is designed to make the unitracking of its meaningful units maximally easy and accurate.
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Guillery, Ray. The mamillothalamic pathways: my first encounter with the thalamus. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806738.003.0006.
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My thesis studies had stimulated an interest in the mamillothalamic pathways but also some puzzlement because we knew nothing about the nature of the messages passing along these pathways. Several laboratories were studying the thalamic relay of sensory pathways with great success during my post-doctoral years. Each sensory relay could be understood in terms of the appropriate sensory input, but we had no way of knowing the meaning of the mamillothalamic messages. I introduce these nuclei as an example of the many thalamic nuclei about whose input functions we still know little or nothing. Early clinical studies of mamillary lesions had suggested a role in memory formation, whereas evidence from cortical lesions suggested a role in emotional experiences. Studies of the smallest of the three nuclei forming these pathways then showed it to be concerned with sensing head direction, relevant but not sufficient for defining an animal’s position in space. More recent studies based on studies of cortical activity or cortical damage have provided a plethora of suggestions: as so often, the answers reported depend on the questions asked. That simple conclusion is relevant for all transthalamic pathways. The evidence introduced in Chapter 1, that thalamocortical messages have dual meanings, suggests that we need to rethink our questions. It may prove useful to look at the motor outputs of relevant cortical areas to get clues about some appropriate questions.
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Anderson, James A. Cerebral Cortex. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199357789.003.0010.
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Hardware matters. The neural organ largely responsible for cognition is the cerebral cortex of mammals. Cortex is a thin two-dimensional layered structure arranged with on the order of a few hundred interconnected regions that seem to be specialized for particular operations. Regions often show topographic organization. Early vision displays an interestingly distorted topographic map of the retinal input, audition has a topographic map of frequency, and there is a distorted map of the body surface on the somatosensory areas. Information in cortex is not “processed” with an orderly flow from raw input data to a final conclusion but seems instead to send information both backward and forward so sensory input and learned information work together for a consensus analysis. Relative to body size, a bigger brain is a better brain. The most common cell types are variants of pyramidal cells with pronounced lateral interconnections.
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Mason, Peggy. Forebrain. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190237493.003.0007.
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The anatomy and function of forebrain circuits is described. The role of the hypothalamus as the executive center for regulating and protecting the body’s physiology is detailed. The thalamus is a necessary interpreter for subcortical inputs to cerebral cortex, which uses thalamic input to map the sensory world. The amygdala, critical to expressing and interpreting fear, has been implicated in post-traumatic stress disorder. During resting conditions, the basal ganglia suppress movement. Damage to the basal ganglia produces a hypo- or hyperkinetic disorder. The representation of visual fields in pathways from retina to striate cortex is described in detail. The student is then introduced to the invaluable use of visual field deficits for localizing forebrain lesions. Extrastriate, somatomotor, and prefrontal contributions to abstract functions are outlined in a clinically relevant way. Finally, the importance of the hippocampus to declarative memory is discussed, and common memory symptoms are described.
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Erdem, Uğur Murat, Nicholas Roy, John J. Leonard, and Michael E. Hasselmo. Spatial and episodic memory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0029.
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The neuroscience of spatial memory is one of the most promising areas for developing biomimetic solutions to complex engineering challenges. Grid cells are neurons recorded in the medial entorhinal cortex that fire when rats are in an array of locations in the environment falling on the vertices of tightly packed equilateral triangles. Grid cells suggest an exciting new approach for enhancing robot simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) in changing environments and could provide a common map for situational awareness between human and robotic teammates. Current models of grid cells are well suited to robotics, as they utilize input from self-motion and sensory flow similar to inertial sensors and visual odometry in robots. Computational models, supported by in vivo neural activity data, demonstrate how grid cell representations could provide a substrate for goal-directed behavior using hierarchical forward planning that finds novel shortcut trajectories in changing environments.
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Hill, James. The Active Self and Perception in Berkeley’s Three Dialogues. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198755685.003.0008.
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This chapter investigates the relation between Berkeley’s active self and the faculty of perception, focusing on his Three Dialogues. First, it is shown how Berkeley is opposed to any perceptual account of self-knowledge because the passive ideas of perception disqualify them from representing the active self. Then, the role of this active self in perception is investigated. In the First Dialogue Philonous argues that perception is a thoroughly passive state, thus rendering it difficult to conceive how an active self can be the perceiving subject. It is argued, however, that Berkeley’s mature view relieves this difficulty by giving the self a participatory role in sensory perception, combining the elements of sensory input into a unified and coherent conscious experience.
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Swiney, Lauren. Activity, Agency, and Inner Speech Pathology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796640.003.0013.
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Over the last thirty years the comparator hypothesis has emerged as a prominent account of inner speech pathology. This chapter discusses a number of cognitive accounts broadly derived from this approach, highlighting the existence of two importantly distinct notions of inner speech in the literature; one as a prediction in the absence of sensory input, the other as an act with sensory consequences that are themselves predicted. Under earlier frameworks in which inner speech is described in the context of classic models of motor control, I argue that these two notions may be compatible, providing two routes to inner speech pathology. Under more recent accounts grounded in the architecture of Bayesian predictive processing, I argue that “active inference” approaches to action generation pose serious challenges to the plausibility of the latter notion of inner speech, while providing the former notion with rich explanatory possibilities for inner speech pathology.
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Holzer, Jacob C., and Paul Gluck. Patient Safety and Risk Reduction in Geriatric Psychiatry Patients. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199374656.003.0017.
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Awareness of patient safety, error reduction, and risk management is increasingly important in clinical geriatric psychiatry and in medical-legal applications as the baby-boomer population ages and as psychiatric therapeutics gain in complexity. The concept of maximizing patient safety and minimizing risk is based in part on improvement in communication and team coordination adopted from airline and military operations. The elderly population presents unique challenges to safe management, including the risks of medical comorbidity, polypharmacy, cognitive impairment, and reduced sensory input and physical functioning. Understanding the reasons for increased risk in the geriatric population will help clinicians design strategies to lower these risks and reduce the potential for harm.
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Hilliges, Otmar. Input Recognition. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799603.003.0004.
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Sensing of user input lies at the core of HCI research. Deciding which input mechanisms to use and how to implement them such that they work in a way that is easy to use, robust to various environmental factors and accurate in reconstruction of the users intent is a tremendously challenging problem. The main difficulties stem from the complex nature of human behavior which is highly non-linear, dynamic and context dependent and can often only be observed partially. Due to these complexities, research has turned its attention to data-driven techniques in order to build sophisticated and robust input recognition mechanisms. In this chapter we discuss the most important aspects that constitute data-driven signal analysis approaches. The aim is to provide the reader with an overall understanding of the process irrespective of the exact choice of sensor or machine learning algorithm.
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Gerbino, Walter. Amodally Completed Angles. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0097.
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When the vertex of an occluded angle geometrically belongs to the side of the occluding surface, the occluded angle looks distorted. This characteristic effect of coincidental occlusion—called the Gerbino illusion—is consistent with the phenomenal rounding of angles observed under conditions of symmetrical occlusion. Both effects are robust and appear in static and dynamic displays. The Gerbino illusion differs from distortions observed in Poggendorff-like displays, runs against the tendency to global Prägnanz, and reveals important aspects of amodal completion processes. Alternative explanations based on visual interpolation and visual approximation are discussed. According to the approximation-based explanation, the possible discrepancy between internal models and the sensory input is perceptually represented as a phenomenal distortion.
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Laureno, Robert. At the Bedside. Edited by Robert Laureno. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190607166.003.0001.
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The chapter “At the Bedside” examines neurologic history-taking with special attention paid to the importance of clarifying the use of terms between physician and patient, the use of gestures and demonstration in eliciting accurate symptom recall, evaluating input from witnesses and family members, and observing patient demeanor and emotional status. The chapter also describes and evaluates popular neurologic examination methods with comments on quantification, selection, and appropriate application of various standardized tests. Helpful guidance on performing examinations of strength, sensory perception, mental status, and memory is also provided. The physician is encouraged to develop his or her own succinct, quickly applied, and easily replicated tests to aid in the diagnosis of neurologic disorders.
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Cassino, Dan, Milton Lodge, and Charles S. Taber. Implicit Political Attitudes. Edited by Kate Kenski and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.59.
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This chapter reviews recent work on implicit political attitudes, detailing how, when, and why unconscious processes impact the explicit expression of political beliefs, attitudes, and preferences. The authors begin by discussing thresholds of awareness, defining implicit attitudes and how the circumstances under which they reach conscious awareness. The ubiquity of unconscious effects in everyday life is considered, and two research paradigms for measuring implicit attitudes are discussed. The resulting dual-process model, in which influences can be either conscious or subconscious, allows us to understand how sensory input works its way through the mind to influence attitudes and behaviors in ways that are rarely evident to the individual. These influences often include factors that the individual would never consider as being important, but nevertheless hold enormous power over effortful decision-making.
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Holzer, Jacob C. The Psychiatric and Cognitive Mental Status Examination in the Medical-Legal Context. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199374656.003.0001.
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This chapter provides an introduction to and overview of psychiatric and cognitive mental status examination in older adults, particularly within a medical-legal context. A methodical approach to the mental status examination involves assessment of a range of areas, including behavior, alertness, mood state, affect, thought content and process, sensory input and perception, symptom experience and safety variables, and cognitive domains including attention, language, visuospatial, memory and executive cognitive functions. This assessment can be critical in a variety of forensic contexts involving the elderly, including civil commitment, different forms of capacity, end-of-life decision making, assisting in the determination of safe or unsafe driving, risk of victimization and abuse, criminal competency and responsibility evaluations, and need for assisted and structured living. Rating scales and tools can augment, but not replace, the examination.
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Allais, Lucy. Synthesis and Binding. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724957.003.0002.
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There are a number of reasons to think that one of Kant’s concerns in the Critique of Pure Reason is with the active role the mind must play in organizing the sensory input to enable us to experience objects, and therefore that he thinks that something like what is now called perceptual binding is necessary for us to be presented with perceptual particulars. Given the centrality of the notion of synthesis in the Critique, as well as Kant’s claim that synthesis governed by the categories is needed for us to have what he calls ‘relation to an object’, it might be thought that Kant’s notion of synthesis is where we should look for Kant’s account of something like perceptual binding. The aim of this chapter is to argue that this is not the case, and that synthesis plays a much higher-level role in Kant’s account.
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Pittelkow, Mark R., Charles L. Loprinzi, and Thomas P. Pittelkow. Pruritus and sweating in palliative medicine. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0112.
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Itching (pruritus) and sweating (perspiration, diaphoresis) are physiological functions of the skin that normally serve human existence well. Itching is the sensory input arising from the skin and mucous membranes that alerts man to potentially harmful insults from physical, chemical, and biological sources. The reflex of scratching is closely linked to the perception of itch, and in most situations functions effectively as an aversive motor response to relieve the sensation and protect the skin. Similarly, sweating is a well-developed and finely coordinated sudomotor response designed to regulate body temperature and prevent hyperthermia. However, both pruritus and sweating have the potential to function aberrantly and develop into pathological conditions that create significant suffering and morbidity. This chapter provides a practical overview of the normal function and pathophysiology of pruritus and sweating, and offer a variety of therapeutic options and general comforting measures for patients experiencing these maladies.
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MacNamara, Annmarie, and K. Luan Phan. Neurocircuitry of Affective, Cognitive, and Regulatory Systems. Edited by Christian Schmahl, K. Luan Phan, Robert O. Friedel, and Larry J. Siever. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199362318.003.0001.
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This chapter provides a review and synthesis of the neurocircuitry involved in affect and cognition and their interactions as it relates to regulatory functions. Cognition and emotion are considered together taking a more integrated, functional perspective. The chapter first gives an overview regarding structure and function of key brain regions, that is, prefrontal and cingulate regions, insula, and subcortical regions, as well as other temporal-parietal-occipital regions. Following this overview, the chapter proceeds with summarizing key neuroscientific findings as organized by cognitive processes and their relevance for emotion. The choice of processes reflects the key stages involved in responding to a stimulus, from the time of sensory input to behavioral response/output, namely perception, learning and memory central executive functions, cognitive appraisal, and reappraisal. The overall aim of the chapter is to provide a better understanding of cognitive-emotional interactions at the neurocircuit level.
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Colvin, Lesley A., and Marie T. Fallon. Pain physiology in anaesthetic practice. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0009.
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The International Association for the Study of Pain defines pain as ‘an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage’. A good understanding of the physiology of pain processing is important, with recent advances in basic science, functional neuroimaging, and clinical pain syndromes contributing to our understanding. It is also important to differentiate between nociception, the process of detecting noxious stimuli, and pain perception, which is a much more complex process, integrating biological, psychological, and social factors. The somatosensory nervous system, from peripheral nociceptors, to sensory nerves and spinal cord synapses has many potential sites for modulation, with ascending pathways to the brain, balanced by ‘top-down’ control from higher centres. Under certain circumstances, for example, after tissue injury from trauma or surgery, there will be continued nociceptive input, with resultant changes in the whole somatosensory nervous system that lead to development of chronic pain syndromes. In such cases, even when the original injury has healed, the pathophysiological changes in the nervous system itself lead to ongoing pain, with peripheral or central sensitization, or both. Additionally, in some chronic pain syndromes, for example, chronic widespread pain, it has been postulated that abnormalities in central processing may be the initiating factor, with some evidence for this from neuroimaging studies. Further work is needed to fully understand pain neurobiology in order to advance our management.
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Austerweil, Joseph L., Samuel J. Gershman, and Thomas L. Griffiths. Structure and Flexibility in Bayesian Models of Cognition. Edited by Jerome R. Busemeyer, Zheng Wang, James T. Townsend, and Ami Eidels. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199957996.013.9.
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Probability theory forms a natural framework for explaining the impressive success of people at solving many difficult inductive problems, such as learning words and categories, inferring the relevant features of objects, and identifying functional relationships. Probabilistic models of cognition use Bayes’s rule to identify probable structures or representations that could have generated a set of observations, whether the observations are sensory input or the output of other psychological processes. In this chapter we address an important question that arises within this framework: How do people infer representations that are complex enough to faithfully encode the world but not so complex that they “overfit” noise in the data? We discuss nonparametric Bayesian models as a potential answer to this question. To do so, first we present the mathematical background necessary to understand nonparametric Bayesian models. We then delve into nonparametric Bayesian models for three types of hidden structure: clusters, features, and functions. Finally, we conclude with a summary and discussion of open questions for future research.
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Barwich, Ann-Sophie. Measuring the World. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779636.003.0017.
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How much does stimulus input shape perception? The common-sense view is that our perceptions are representations of objects and their features and that the stimulus structures the perceptual object. The problem for this view concerns perceptual biases as responsible for distortions and the subjectivity of perceptual experience. These biases are increasingly studied as constitutive factors of brain processes in recent neuroscience. In neural network models the brain is said to cope with the plethora of sensory information by predicting stimulus regularities on the basis of previous experiences. Drawing on this development, this chapter analyses perceptions as processes. Looking at olfaction as a model system, it argues for the need to abandon a stimulus-centred perspective, where smells are thought of as stable percepts, computationally linked to external objects such as odorous molecules. Perception here is presented as a measure of changing signal ratios in an environment informed by expectancy effects from top-down processes.
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Eidaks, Jānis. RF Powering of Autonomous Wireless Sensor Network Nodes. RTU Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/9789934227868.
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The Thesis is dedicated to the experimental study of RF powering of autonomous wireless sensor network nodes. The impact of powering signal properties on the RF-DC conversion efficiency and wireless power transfer performance is investigated. The impact of average input power level, peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) level, different modulation types, spectral properties of signals, numbers of sub-carriers, and bandwidth are examined. The most popular RF-DC converter topologies and off-the-shelf solutions in the sub-GHz frequency range have been studied in detail.
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Glannon, Walter. Neural Prosthetics. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813910.001.0001.
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Neural prosthetics (neuroprostheses, neural prostheses) are devices or systems that influence the input and output of information in the brain. They modulate, bypass, supplement, or replace regions of the brain and its connections to the body that are damaged, dysfunctional, or lost from brain injury, congenital conditions, limb loss, or neurodegenerative disease. Neural prosthetics can generate, improve, or restore sensory, motor, and cognitive functions. Some prosthetics are implanted in the brain. Others are connected to it in brain–computer interfacing. This book describes auditory and visual prosthetics, deep brain and responsive neurostimulation, brain–computer interfaces, brain-to-brain interfaces, optogenetics, and memory prosthetics and discusses some of their neuroscientific and philosophical implications. The neuroscientific discussion focuses on how neural prosthetics can restore brain and bodily functions. The philosophical discussion focuses on how people with these prosthetics can benefit from or be harmed by them. It also focuses on how these devices and systems can lead to a better understanding of or change our attitudes about the brain–mind relation, identity, mental causation, and agency. The book considers the therapeutic, rehabilitative, and restorative potential of neural prosthetics in improving functional independence and quality of life for millions of people with disabling conditions.
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Domhoff, G. William. The Neurocognitive Theory of Dreaming. The MIT Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/14679.001.0001.
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A comprehensive neurocognitive theory of dreaming based on the theories, methodologies, and findings of cognitive neuroscience and the psychological sciences. G. William Domhoff's neurocognitive theory of dreaming is the only theory of dreaming that makes full use of the new neuroimaging findings on all forms of spontaneous thought and shows how well they explain the results of rigorous quantitative studies of dream content. Domhoff identifies five separate issues—neural substrates, cognitive processes, the psychological meaning of dream content, evolutionarily adaptive functions, and historically invented cultural uses—and then explores how they are intertwined. He also discusses the degree to which there is symbolism in dreams, the development of dreaming in children, and the relative frequency of emotions in the dreams of children and adults. During dreaming, the neural substrates that support waking sensory input, task-oriented thinking, and movement are relatively deactivated. Domhoff presents the conditions that have to be fulfilled before dreaming can occur spontaneously. He describes the specific cognitive processes supported by the neural substrate of dreaming and then looks at dream reports of research participants. The “why” of dreaming, he says, may be the most counterintuitive outcome of empirical dream research. Though the question is usually framed in terms of adaptation, there is no positive evidence for an adaptive theory of dreaming. Research by anthropologists, historians, and comparative religion scholars, however, suggests that dreaming has psychological and cultural uses, with the most important of these found in religious ceremonies and healing practices. Finally, he offers suggestions for how future dream studies might take advantage of new technologies, including smart phones.
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Guillery, Ray. Thalamic higher-order driver inputs as sensorimotor links. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806738.003.0009.
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This chapter provides a closer look at the branching patterns of driver inputs to higher-order thalamic nuclei, and introduces their functional significance for discussion in later chapters. Their thalamic branches bring information for relay to higher cortical levels, including a copy of the information carried in the motor branches about anticipated cortical contributions to the control of actions and consequent changes in perceptions. In this way, the cortex can add to the control of an action when there is a mismatch between action and perception. Most of these branched axons that have so far been described come from early sensory areas and only a few from other, higher areas have been studied. These branching inputs are a part of the hierarchy of cortical areas that provide an opportunity for higher areas to monitor lower areas and, when needed, contribute to the motor control of the phylogenetically older brainstem and spinal centres. A far more extensive review of the branched thalamic driver inputs and their contributions to the control of actions than we have at present will be crucial for understanding the full complexity of the thalamic relay.
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Serences, John T., and Sabine Kastner. A Multi-level Account of Selective Attention. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.022.
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To achieve behavioural goals, relevant sensory stimuli must be processed more quickly and reliably than irrelevant distracters. The ability to prioritize relevant over irrelevant stimuli is usually referred to as selective information processing, or selective attention. Over the last 50–60 years, there has been an ongoing debate about the point along the sensory–response processing stream at which selective attention operates: are relevant and irrelevant inputs segregated early in processing based on low-level featural differences, or does this segregation occur late in processing after the meaning of each stimulus has been computed? As with nearly all dichotomies in psychology, the emerging consensus is that neither extreme is correct. Instead, depending on task demands, the mechanisms of selective attention can flexibly operate on the quality of low-level sensory representations as well as on later stages of semantic analysis and decision-making.
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Zhu, Yang, and Miroslav Krstic. Delay-Adaptive Linear Control. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691202549.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Actuator and sensor delays are among the most common dynamic phenomena in engineering practice, and when disregarded, they render controlled systems unstable. Over the past sixty years, predictor feedback has been a key tool for compensating such delays, but conventional predictor feedback algorithms assume that the delays and other parameters of a given system are known. When incorrect parameter values are used in the predictor, the resulting controller may be as destabilizing as without the delay compensation. This book develops adaptive predictor feedback algorithms equipped with online estimators of unknown delays and other parameters. Such estimators are designed as nonlinear differential equations, which dynamically adjust the parameters of the predictor. The design and analysis of the adaptive predictors involves a Lyapunov stability study of systems whose dimension is infinite, because of the delays, and nonlinear, because of the parameter estimators. This book solves adaptive delay compensation problems for systems with single and multiple inputs/outputs, unknown and distinct delays in different input channels, unknown delay kernels, unknown plant parameters, unmeasurable finite-dimensional plant states, and unmeasurable infinite-dimensional actuator states. Presenting breakthroughs in adaptive control and control of delay systems, the book offers powerful new tools for the control engineer and the mathematician.
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Passingham, Richard E. Understanding the Prefrontal Cortex. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844570.001.0001.
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The primate prefrontal cortex sits at the top of the sensory, motor, and outcome processing hierarchies of the neocortex. It transforms sensory inputs into motor outputs, determining the response that is appropriate given the current context and desired outcome. This transformation involves conditional rules. The dorsal prefrontal cortex supports the learning of behavioural sequences, where the next action is conditional on the previous one. The ventral prefrontal cortex supports associations between objects, where the choice of one object is conditional on the presence of another object. However, because hierarchical processing supports the extraction of abstract representations, the primate prefrontal cortex is able to represent conditional rules that are abstract, meaning that they apply irrespective of the specific inputs. The selective advantage is that by learning these rules, primates can solve new problems rapidly when they have the same conditional logic as prior problems. The human prefrontal cortex has the same fundamental organization as in other primates. The dorsal prefrontal cortex supports the understanding of sequences and the ventral prefrontal cortex supports the ability to learn semantic associations. Thus the human prefrontal cortex has co-opted and elaborated mechanisms that were present in ancestral primates. These mechanisms can be used for new ends. For example, words have been associated with objects so as to communicate with others. This means that to understand human intelligence it is necessary to take into account the fact that the abstract rules are transmitted verbally from one generation to another.
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Encyclopedia of Electronic Components Volume 3: Sensors for Location, Presence, Proximity, Orientation, Oscillation, Force, Load, Human Input, Liquid ... Light, Heat, Sound, and Electricity. Maker Media, Inc, 2016.
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Summerfield, Christopher, and Tobias Egner. Attention and Decision-Making. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.018.
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This chapter reviews formal models of the decision process in humans and other primates, and discusses divergent accounts of how attention might intervene to bias or facilitate judgements about sensory stimuli. The review covers established decision-theoretic models, such as signal detection theory and serial sampling models, and other computational accounts that draw upon psychophysical and neurobiological mechanisms of early vision. It considers whether such decisions are limited by attentional capacity, or by noise, as suggested by normative models of choice. The authors revisit a debate concerning whether attention acts to boost inputs, enhance activity, or reduce noise. Finally, the authors consider the relationship between attention and expectation in perceptual decision-making.
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Valls-Solé, Josep. Reflex studies. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688395.003.0010.
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Reflex studies are an important part of clinical neurophysiology assessment in health and disease. They are essential to get information on conduction in proximal segments of peripheral nerves, spinal and supraspinal integration of sensory inputs on the motor pathway, and excitability of motor structures. They do not require special equipment, except for a sweep-triggering hammer that is essential, for instance, to elicit monosynaptic reflexes, such as the jaw jerk. For consensual reflexes, it is also recommended to use two recording channels, which facilitate recognition of potential disturbances in the afferent or efferent path of the reflex. What follows is a review of some of the most relevant reflexes that can be studied for neurophysiology assessment in clinical practice.
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Bromley, Lesley. The physiology of acute pain. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199234721.003.0001.
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Acute pain as a result of tissue damage is self-limiting. Impulses are generated in primary sensory nerves by chemical mediators released from the damaged tissues. The spinal cord receives these impulses in the dorsal horn. At the level of the spinal cord, the impulses can be amplified or reduced in amplitude by descending inputs. At the level of the spinal cord, the representation of the painful area and the sensitivity of other, surrounding areas can be modified. At the level of the brainstem and thalamus, further modification can take place. The final perception of the pain can be modified by other central phenomena such as anxiety and fear. New imaging techniques have allowed a greater understanding of cortical representation of pain. The role of the glia in maintaining painful states is evolving.
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Scolari, Miranda, Edward F. Ester, and John T. Serences. Feature- and Object-Based Attentional Modulation in the Human Visual System. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.009.
Full textAbstract:
To increase efficiency, sensory systems process only a subset of available inputs in accord with the behavioural goals of the observer. The mechanisms that support the prioritization of relevant over irrelevant stimuli, referred to collectively as selective attention, can operate on the basis of spatial location (space-based attention), low-level visual features (e.g. orientation or colour; feature-based attention), or holistic objects (object-based attention). This chapter reviews human behavioural, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging data pertaining to the effects and control of the latter two mechanisms. Based on an increasingly rich literature spanning several decades, the authors argue that even though feature- and object-based attention are often treated as independent mechanisms, they should instead be described along a single continuum in which the information selected for prioritized processing (whether it be a single feature or a holistic object representation) is flexibly dictated by task demands.
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Naninck, E. F. G., P. J. Lucassen, and Aniko Korosi. Consequences of Early-Life Experiences on Cognition and Emotion. Edited by Turhan Canli. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199753888.013.003.
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Perinatal experiences during a critical developmental period program brain structure and function “for life,” thereby determining vulnerability to psychopathology and cognition in adulthood. Although these functional consequences are associated with alterations in HPA-axis activity and hippocampal structure and function, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The parent-offspring relationship (i.e., sensory and nutritional inputs by the mother) is key in mediating these lasting effects. This chapter discusses how early-life events, for example, the amount of maternal care, stress, and nutrition, can affect emotional and cognitive functions later in life. Interestingly, effects of perinatal malnutrition resemble the perinatal stress-induced long-term deficits. Because stress and nutrition are closely interrelated, it proposes that altered stress hormones and changes in specific key nutrients during critical developmental periods act synergistically to program brain structure and function, possibly via epigenetic mechanisms. Understanding how the adult brain is shaped by early experiences is essential to develop behavioural and nutritional preventive therapy.
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Guillery, Ray. The hierarchy of cortical monitors. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806738.003.0010.
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This chapter explores the significance of the dual meaning of the driver inputs to the thalamus in more detail. What happens to these messages when they reach the cortical hierarchies? Currently we know little about how the cortex reacts to the two meanings of the incoming messages. The efference copies that reach the cortex may act both in the control of movements, as do efference copies in other parts of the brain, and may also act to generate a conscious anticipation of an action and its sensory consequences. Or it may do both, depending on the circumstances. Where the thalamic relay fails for any reason while the motor branch remains functional, actions may be assigned, as in schizophrenic patients, to external agents. For any one cortical area, we need to understand not only the messages it receives from the thalamus but also the motor instructions it sends out and how it fits into the cortical hierarchy.