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Porciuncula, Franchino, Paula Wasserman, Karen S. Marder, and Ashwini K. Rao. "Quantifying Postural Control in Premanifest and Manifest Huntington Disease Using Wearable Sensors." Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 34, no. 9 (July 16, 2020): 771–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545968320939560.
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Background. Impairments in postural control in Huntington disease (HD) have important consequences for daily functioning. This observational study systematically examined baseline postural control and the effect of sensory attenuation and sensory enhancement on postural control across the spectrum of HD. Methods. Participants (n = 39) included healthy controls and individuals in premanifest (pHD) and manifest stages (mHD) of HD. Using wearable sensors, postural control was assessed according to (1) postural set (sit vs stand), (2) sensory attenuation using clinical test of sensory integration, and (3) sensory enhancement with gaze fixation. Outcomes included sway smoothness, amplitude, and frequency. Results. Based on postural set, pHD reduced postural sway in sitting relative to standing, whereas mHD had pronounced sway in standing and sitting, highlighting a baseline postural deficit. During sensory attenuation, postural control in pHD deteriorated relative to controls when proprioceptive demands were high (eyes closed on foam), whereas mHD had significant deterioration of postural control when proprioception was attenuated (eyes open and closed on foam). Finally, gaze fixation improved sway smoothness, amplitude, and frequency in pHD; however, no benefit was observed in mHD. Conclusions. Systematic examination of postural control revealed a fundamental postural deficit in mHD, which further deteriorates when proprioception is challenged. Meanwhile, postural deficits in pHD are detectable when proprioceptive challenge is high. Sensory enhancing strategies using gaze fixation to benefit posture may be useful when introduced well before motor diagnosis. These findings encourage further examination of wearable sensors as part of routine clinical assessments in HD.
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Mirkovic, Bojana, and Dejan Popovic. "Prosthetic hand sensor placement: Analysis of touch perception during the grasp." Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering 11, no. 1 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sjee131004001m.
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Humans rely on their hands to perform everyday tasks. The hand is used as a tool, but also as the interface to ?sense? the world. Current prosthetic hands are based on sophisticated multi-fingered structures, and include many sensors which counterpart natural proprioceptors and exteroceptors. The sensory information is used for control, but not sent to the user of the hand (amputee). Grasping without sensing is not good enough. This research is part of the development of the sensing interface for amputees, specifically addressing the analysis of human perception while grasping. The goal is to determine the small number of preferred positions of sensors on the prosthetic hand. This task has previously been approached by trying to replicate a natural sensory system characteristic for healthy humans, resulting in a multitude of redundant sensors and basic inability to make the patient aware of the sensor readings on the subconscious level. We based our artificial perception system on the reported sensations of humans when grasping various objects without seeing the objects (obstructed visual feedback). Subjects, with no known sensory deficits, were asked to report on the touch sensation while grasping. The analysis included objects of various sizes, weights, textures and temperatures. Based on this data we formed a map of the preferred positions for the sensors that is appropriate for five finger human-like robotic hand. The final map was intentionally minimized in size (number of sensors).
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Schonfeld, Ethan, Elan Schonfeld, Casey Aman, Navroop Gill, Dami Kim, Sydney Rabin, Bushraa Shamshuddin, Lloyd Sealey, and Ricardo Gabriel Senno. "Lateralized Deficits in Motor, Sensory, and Olfactory Domains in Dementia." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 79, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 1033–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-201216.
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Background: There exist functional deficits in motor, sensory, and olfactory abilities in dementias. Measures of these deficits have been discussed as potential clinical markers. Objective: We measured the deficit of motor, sensory, and olfactory functions on both the left and right body side, to study potential body lateralizations. Methods: This IRB-approved study (N = 84) performed left/right clinical tests of gross motor (dynamometer test), sensory (Von Frey test), and olfactory (peppermint oil test) ability. The Mini-Mental Status Exam was administered to determine level of dementia; medical and laboratory data were collected. Results: Sensory and olfactory deficits lateralized to the left side of the body, while motor deficits lateralized to the right side. We found clinical correlates of motor lateralization: female, depression, MMSE <15, and diabetes. While clinical correlates of sensory lateralization: use of psychotherapeutic agent, age ≥85, MMSE <15, and male. Lastly, clinical correlates of olfactory lateralization: age <85, number of medications >10, and male. Conclusion: These lateralized deficits in body function can act as early clinical markers for improved diagnosis and treatment. Future research should identify correlates and corresponding therapies to strengthen at-risk areas.
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Wickramasinghe, Neil R., Nicholas D. Clement, Ashish Singh, and Daniel E. Porter. "Sarcoma Excision and Pattern of Complicating Sensory Neuropathy." ISRN Oncology 2014 (March 24, 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/168698.
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A potential complication of sarcoma excision surgery is a sensory neurological dysfunction around the surgical scar. This study utilised both objective and subjective sensation assessment modalities, to evaluate 22 patients after sarcoma surgery, for a sensory deficit. 93% had an objective sensory deficit. Light touch is less likely to be damaged than pinprick sensation, and two-point discrimination is significantly reduced around the scar. Results also show that an increased scar size leads to an increased light touch and pinprick deficit and that two-point discriminatory ability around the scar improves as time after surgery elapses. 91% had a subjective deficit, most likely tingling or pain, and numbness was most probable with lower limb sarcomas. Results also demonstrated that there were no significant relationships between any specific subjective and objective deficits. In conclusion, sensory disturbance after sarcoma surgery is common and debilitating. Efforts to minimize scar length are paramount in the prevention of sensory deficit. Sensation may also recover to an extent; thus, sensory reeducation techniques must become an integral aspect of management plans. Finally to obtain a comprehensive assessment of sensory function, both objective and subjective assessment techniques must be utilised.
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Papsin, Blake, and Sharon Cushing. "Cochlear Implants and Children with Vestibular Impairments." Seminars in Hearing 39, no. 03 (July 20, 2018): 305–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1666820.
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AbstractSensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in children occurs in 1 to 3% of live births and acquired hearing loss can additionally occur. This sensory deficit has far reaching consequences that have been shown to extend beyond speech and language development. Thankfully there are many therapeutic options that exist for these children with the aim of decreasing the morbidity of their hearing impairment. Of late, focus has shifted beyond speech and language outcomes to the overall performance of children with SNHL in real-world environments. To account for their residual deficits in such environments, clinicians must understand the extent of their sensory impairments. SNHL commonly coexists with other sensory deficits such as vestibular loss. Vestibular impairment is exceedingly common in children with SNHL with nearly half of children exhibiting vestibular end-organ dysfunction. These deficits naturally lead to impairments in balance and delay in motor milestones. However, this additional sensory deficit likely leads to further impairment in the performance of these children. This article focuses on the following:1. Defining the coexistence of vestibular impairment in children with SNHL and cochlear implants.2. Describing screening methods aimed at identifying vestibular dysfunction in children with SNHL.3. Understanding the functional implications of this dual-sensory impairment.4. Exploring possible rehabilitative strategies to minimize the impact of vestibular impairment in children with SNHL
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Caramazza, Alfonso, and Jennifer R. Shelton. "Domain-Specific Knowledge Systems in the Brain: The Animate-Inanimate Distinction." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 10, no. 1 (January 1998): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892998563752.
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We claim that the animate and inanimate conceptual categories represent evolutionarily adapted domain-specific knowledge systems that are subserved by distinct neural mechanisms, thereby allowing for their selective impairment in conditions of brain damage. On this view, (some of) the category-specific deficits that have recently been reported in the cognitive neuropsychological literature—for example, the selective damage or sparing of knowledge about animals—are truly categorical effects. Here, we articulate and defend this thesis against the dominant, reductionist theory of category-specific deficits, which holds that the categorical nature of the deficits is the result of selective damage to noncategorically organized visual or functional semantic subsystems. On the latter view, the sensory/functional dimension provides the fundamental organizing principle of the semantic system. Since, according to the latter theory, sensory and functional properties are differentially important in determining the meaning of the members of different semantic categories, selective damage to the visual or the functional semantic subsystem will result in a category-like deficit. A review of the literature and the results of a new case of category-specific deficit will show that the domain-specific knowledge framework provides a better account of category-specific deficits than the sensory/functional dichotomy theory.
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Sacco, Ralph L., Beverly Diamond, Jonathan E. Aviv, Jeanne Thomson, John H. Martin, Raj Tandon, and Lanny G. Close. "Silent Laryngopharyngeal Sensory Deficits after Stroke." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 106, no. 2 (February 1997): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348949710600201.
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Dysphagia and aspiration are two devastating sequelae of stroke. Recent work has shown that laryngopharyngeal (LP) sensory deficits are associated with aspiration in stroke patients with dysphagia. The phenomenon of silent LP sensory deficits, where the patient exhibits no subjective or objective evidence of dysphagia, yet has an LP sensory deficit, has not been previously described. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensory capacity of the laryngopharynx in stroke patients who had no subjective or objective complaints of dysphagia. We determined the sensory threshold in the laryngopharynx using air pulse stimulation of the mucosa of the pyriform sinus and aryepiglottic fold. Eighteen stroke patients (mean age 65.6 ± 11.5 years) and 18 age-matched controls were prospectively evaluated. Normal thresholds were defined as <4.0 mm Hg air pulse pressure (APP). Deficits were defined as either a moderate impairment in sensory discrimination thresholds (4.0 to 6.0 mm Hg APP) or a severe sensory impairment (>6.0 mm Hg APP). Stroke patients were followed up for 1 year to determine the incidence of aspiration pneumonia (AP) as verified by chest radiography. In 11 of the stroke patients studied, either unilateral (n = 6) or bilateral (n = 5) severe sensory deficits were identified. The elevations in sensory discrimination thresholds were significantly greater than those in age-matched controls (7.1 ± 0.6 mm Hg APP versus 2.5 mm Hg APP; p < .01, Wilcoxon score). Among patients with unilateral deficits, sensory thresholds were severely elevated in all cases on the affected side compared with the unaffected side (p < .01, Wilcoxon score). Moreover, the sensory thresholds of the unaffected side were not significantly different from those of age-matched controls. Aspiration pneumonia did not occur in the patients with normal LP sensation or in the patients with unilateral severe LP sensory deficits. However, in the 5 patients with bilateral, severe LP sensory deficits, 2 developed AP, both within 3 months of their LP sensory test. The results of this study showed, for the first time, that stroke patients without subjective or objective clinical evidence of dysphagia could have silent LP sensory deficits. These impairments could contribute to the development of AP following stroke. The findings in this study suggest that LP sensory discrimination threshold testing should not be restricted only to patients with clinical dysphagia.
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Imam, Syed A., and M. R. Khan. "TGS Sensors in Electronic Nose for Multimedia Applications: A Practical Approach." Asia Pacific Business Review 3, no. 2 (July 2007): 102–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097324700700300211.
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Multimedia systems are widely used in consumer electronics environments today, where humans can work and communicate through multi-sensory interfaces. Unfortunately smell detection and generation systems are not part of today's multimedia systems. In this paper, we propose an Electronic Nose based on TGS-822 sensors that can be used in a multimedia environment. TGS-822 sensor based electronic nose can detect a large number of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) that have some smell and will have a significantly lower cost compared to the other detection systems. The results and the calibration graph obtained for three VOCs (i.e. ethanol, acetone and benzene) with varying concentration shows that TGS 822 sensor has the potential to become a reliable instrument and can be used in an electronic nose. Therefore, the accuracy and linearity of the obtained characteristics with higher sensitivity of the proposed electronic nose based on TGS-822 sensor for the detection and determination of volatile organic compounds defines its effectiveness in a multimedia environment.
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Thoma, Lars, Johannes Rentzsch, Katharina Gaudlitz, Nicole Tänzer, Jürgen Gallinat, Norbert Kathmann, Andreas Ströhle, and Jens Plag. "P50, N100, and P200 Sensory Gating in Panic Disorder." Clinical EEG and Neuroscience 51, no. 5 (January 9, 2020): 317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550059419899324.
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Panic disorder (PD) has been linked to abnormalities in information processing. However, only little evidence has been published for sensory gating in PD. Sensory gating describes the brain’s ability to exclude stimuli of low relevance from higher level information processing, thereby sustaining efficient cognitive processing. Deficits in sensory gating have been associated with various psychiatric conditions, most prominently schizophrenia. In this case-control event-related potential study, we tested 32 patients with PD and 39 healthy controls in a double click paradigm. Both groups were compared with regard to pre-attentive (P50), early-attentive (N100), and late-attentive (P200) sensory gating indices. Contrary to a hypothesized deficit, PD patients and healthy controls showed no differences in P50, N100 and P200 values. These results suggest that sensory gating seems to be functional across the pre-attentive, early-attentive, and late-attentive time span in this clinical population. Given this consistency across auditory sensory gating indices, further research aiming to clarify information processing deficits in PD should focus on other neurophysiological markers to investigate information processing deficits in PD (eg, P300, error-related negativity or mismatch negativity).
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Kim, Phyo, Michael J. Ebersold, Burton M. Onofrio, and Lynn M. Quast. "Surgery of spinal nerve schwannoma." Journal of Neurosurgery 71, no. 6 (December 1989): 810–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1989.71.6.0810.
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✓ When surgically removing a spinal nerve schwannoma, preservation of the involved root is attempted and may be feasible. However, in large tumors, sacrifice of the nerve root is often required to achieve total removal of the tumor, and the resection does not always result in postoperative neurological deficit. The present study was designed to determine the incidence and extent of neurological deficit as correlated with resection of the root, performed between 1976 and 1987 in 86 cases at the time of total removal of spinal schwannoma. Thirty-one patients underwent sacrifice of a root critical for the function of the upper (C5–T1, 14 cases) or the lower extremities (L3–S1, 17 cases). This report is limited to these 31 cases. Only seven patients (23%) developed detachable motor or sensory deficits postoperatively. All deficits were no more than partial loss of strength or sensation. Fifteen of the 31 patients had large tumors with extradural components, which necessitated sacrifice of the entire motor and sensory radix; however, 11 (76%) of these 15 did not develop any deficits referrable to the involved myotome or dermatome. Six cases showed histological characteristics of “neurofibroma,” with axons intermingled in the tumor, and none developed a postoperative deficit. Preoperative electromyography was performed in 23 cases. Of 13 patients with findings of denervation, five developed deficits after surgery; the other 10 patients showed no evidence of denervation, and none had deficits after surgery. These results indicate that the spinal roots giving origin to schwannoma are frequently nonfunctional at the time of surgery, and risks of causing disabling neurological deficit after sacrificing these roots are small.
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Allum, John H. J., and Neil T. Shepard. "An overview of the clinical use of dynamic posturography in the differential diagnosis of balance disorders." Journal of Vestibular Research 9, no. 4 (August 1, 1999): 223–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-1999-9401.
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Dynamic posturography comprises a series of balance control tests which help physicians overcome numerous diagnostic and treatment challenges arising when examining patients complaining of a debilitating balance disorder. These challenges include the specific differential diagnosis, documentation of symptoms and assessment of functional disability. It must be determined whether the cause of the disability is an organic sensory deficit, a central nervous system (CNS) lesion or a non-organic (that is, possibly psychogenic or just overtly simulated) disorder. This review is targeted towards providing the reader (a) an overview of the effects sensori-motor deficits have on balance control, specifically vestibulo-spinal and proprioceptive reflex deficits; and, (b) how these effects may be assessed objectively in a clinical setting to differentiate between various organic and non-organic balance-disorders. The techniques used to study these effects are based on the analysis of both rapid balance-correcting and slow balance-stabilizing responses to fast and slow movements in the pitch plane of the support surface on which the test subject stands.
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Ullah, Farman, Najah Abed AbuAli, Asad Ullah, Rehmat Ullah, Uzma Abid Siddiqui, and Afsah Abid Siddiqui. "Fusion-Based Body-Worn IoT Sensor Platform for Gesture Recognition of Autism Spectrum Disorder Children." Sensors 23, no. 3 (February 3, 2023): 1672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23031672.
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The last decade’s developments in sensor technologies and artificial intelligence applications have received extensive attention for daily life activity recognition. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children is a neurological development disorder that causes significant impairments in social interaction, communication, and sensory action deficiency. Children with ASD have deficits in memory, emotion, cognition, and social skills. ASD affects children’s communication skills and speaking abilities. ASD children have restricted interests and repetitive behavior. They can communicate in sign language but have difficulties communicating with others as not everyone knows sign language. This paper proposes a body-worn multi-sensor-based Internet of Things (IoT) platform using machine learning to recognize the complex sign language of speech-impaired children. Optimal sensor location is essential in extracting the features, as variations in placement result in an interpretation of recognition accuracy. We acquire the time-series data of sensors, extract various time-domain and frequency-domain features, and evaluate different classifiers for recognizing ASD children’s gestures. We compare in terms of accuracy the decision tree (DT), random forest, artificial neural network (ANN), and k-nearest neighbour (KNN) classifiers to recognize ASD children’s gestures, and the results showed more than 96% recognition accuracy.
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Armstrong, Nicole, Jennifer Deal, Hang Wang, Jennifer Schrack, Qu Tian, Eleanor Simonsick, Yuri Agrawal, and Frank Lin. "Prevalence of Multiple Sensory Deficits in Older Adults in BLSA and ARIC Studies." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 804–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2921.
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Abstract Individual sensory deficits have been associated with adverse outcomes, including dementia, in older adults. Using data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) (N=259) and Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC) (N=962), we examined the prevalence of one, two, or three sensory deficits (hearing, vision, and olfaction) among older adults ≥70 years. Any hearing loss was the most prevalent sensory deficit (70-79 year-olds: 41.3% [BLSA] and 51.2% [ARIC]; ≥80 year-olds: 82.6% [BLSA] and 74.2% [ARIC]), followed by vision loss and olfactory loss. Hearing and vision impairments were more prevalent than hearing and olfactory losses as well as vision and olfactory losses in both age groups and studies There were few people with deficits in all three senses (70-79 year-olds: 3.3% [BLSA] and 2.0% [ARIC]; ≥80 year-olds: 5.8% [BLSA] and 7.4% [ARIC]). Further research should investigate the potential impact of multisensory impairments on older adults.
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Vichaya, Elisabeth G., Xin Shelley Wang, Jessica A. Boyette-Davis, Zijing He, Sheeba K. Thomas, Nina Shah, Tito R. Mendoza, Loretta A. Williams, Charles S. Cleeland, and Patrick M. Dougherty. "Baseline subclinical sensory deficits and the development of pain and numbness in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) being treated with chemotherapy." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2012): 9082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.9082.
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9082 Background: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a dose-limiting toxicity experienced by patients with MM. Patients may develop painful and non-painful (e.g., numbness) symptoms that impair function and often persist after therapy is terminated. This study examined the predictive value of baseline subclinical sensory deficits on the development of treatment-related pain and numbness. Methods: Patients (N=56) who had two or fewer cycles of induction therapy and no obvious neuropathy were assessed for sensory deficits using quantitative sensory testing (QST). Patients reported the severity of pain and numbness (on a 0-10 scale) at least weekly via the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory during induction (up to 16 weeks); 15 of 56 patients provided data for up to 16 additional weeks of maintenance therapy. These values correlate to patient reported pain and numbness in the hands/feet. Based on data collected from healthy controls, patients were classified as being with or without a sensory deficit at baseline on each QST domain. We fit linear mixed models for pain and numbness with each sensory deficit and time, controlling for cumulative cycles, diabetes, age, and treatment agent. Data is shown as mean ± standard deviation. Results: Patients who showed baseline deficits in sharpness detection (20%) reported significantly lower levels of pain (1.2±1.9 vs 3.1±2.9, p=.004) and numbness (0.4±0.8 vs 2.4±2.6, p<.001) during induction therapy and less numbness (0.0 vs 3.5±2.8, p=.001) during maintenance therapy. Further, those who showed deficits in warmth detection (40%) reported higher levels of pain (5.2±2.8 vs 1.7±2.3, p<.001) and numbness (5.8±2.2 vs 1.6±1.8, p<.001) during maintenance therapy. Finally, those with lower skin temperature (47%) reported higher levels of pain (4.5±2.3 vs 1.7±2.9, p=.005) during maintenance therapy. Conclusions: Our results suggest that subclinical sensory deficits may be useful in determining a patient’s risk for developing CIPN prior to initiation of induction therapy. This information could be used to provide patients with more-personalized chemotherapy plans that take into account their neuropathy risk.
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Dornhoffer, John L., N. Mamiya, P. Bray, Robert D. Skinner, and Edgar Garcia-Rill. "Effects of rotation on the sleep state-dependent midlatency auditory evoked P50 potential in the human." Journal of Vestibular Research 12, no. 5-6 (August 1, 2003): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-2003-125-602.
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Sopite syndrome, characterized by loss of initiative, sensitivity to normally innocuous sensory stimuli, and impaired concentration amounting to a sensory gating deficit, is commonly associated with Space Motion Sickness (SMS). The amplitude of the P50 potential is a measure of level of arousal, and a paired-stimulus paradigm can be used to measure sensory gating. We used the rotary chair to elicit the sensory mismatch that occurs with SMS by overstimulating the vestibular apparatus. The effects of rotation on the manifestation of the P50 midlatency auditory evoked response were then assessed as a measure of arousal and distractibility. Results showed that rotation-induced motion sickness produced no change in the level of arousal but did produce a significant deficit in sensory gating, indicating that some of the attentional and cognitive deficits observed with SMS may be due to distractibility induced by decreased habituation to repetitive stimuli.
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Pinheiro, Cristiana, Joana Figueiredo, João Cerqueira, and Cristina P. Santos. "Robotic Biofeedback for Post-Stroke Gait Rehabilitation: A Scoping Review." Sensors 22, no. 19 (September 22, 2022): 7197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22197197.
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This review aims to recommend directions for future research on robotic biofeedback towards prompt post-stroke gait rehabilitation by investigating the technical and clinical specifications of biofeedback systems (BSs), including the complementary use with assistive devices and/or physiotherapist-oriented cues. A literature search was conducted from January 2019 to September 2022 on Cochrane, Embase, PubMed, PEDro, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Data regarding technical (sensors, biofeedback parameters, actuators, control strategies, assistive devices, physiotherapist-oriented cues) and clinical (participants’ characteristics, protocols, outcome measures, BSs’ effects) specifications of BSs were extracted from the relevant studies. A total of 31 studies were reviewed, which included 660 stroke survivors. Most studies reported visual biofeedback driven according to the comparison between real-time kinetic or spatiotemporal data from wearable sensors and a threshold. Most studies achieved statistically significant improvements on sensor-based and clinical outcomes between at least two evaluation time points. Future research should study the effectiveness of using multiple wearable sensors and actuators to provide personalized biofeedback to users with multiple sensorimotor deficits. There is space to explore BSs complementing different assistive devices and physiotherapist-oriented cues according to their needs. There is a lack of randomized-controlled studies to explore post-stroke stage, mental and sensory effects of BSs.
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Tien, Yi-Min, Vincent Chin-Hung Chen, Tun-Shin Lo, Chia-Fen Hsu, Michael Gossop, and Kuo-You Huang. "Deficits in auditory sensory discrimination among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder." European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 28, no. 5 (September 18, 2018): 645–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00787-018-1228-7.
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Mueller, Kathryn. "Impairment Tutorial: Rating Peripheral Nerve Disorders of the Upper Extremity." Guides Newsletter 1, no. 1 (September 1, 1996): 2–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.1996.sepoct02.
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Abstract The AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, (AMA Guides) Fourth Edition, states that peripheral nerve impairments are determined by determining the percentage of the patient's motor and sensory loss. This article discusses the six steps necessary to rate a peripheral nerve impairment of the upper extremity: First, identify the nerve or nerves affected using relevant tables and figures. Second, locate the table that lists the nerve identified, and record the maximum loss attributed to that nerve for motor and sensory function. A table lists peripheral nerve charts in the AMA Guides, including nerves rated, table and page numbers, and type of rating (upper or lower extremity, foot, and so on). Third, grade the motor deficit of the nerve, and, using the appropriate table, find the percentage range and choose a number within the range that is appropriate for the patient; multiply the graded percentage by the total motor impairment found in step two. Fourth, determine the total deficit for the nerve by combining the motor and sensory deficits using the Combined Values Chart. Fifth, combine the total nerve deficit with other appropriate impairments. A table instructs raters how to convert to a whole person impairment. Sixth, grade the sensory deficit of the nerve. An example illustrates application of the six steps.
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Yarbrough, Chester K., Alexander K. Powers, Tae Sung Park, Jeffrey R. Leonard, David D. Limbrick, and Matthew D. Smyth. "Patients with Chiari malformation Type I presenting with acute neurological deficits: case series." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 7, no. 3 (March 2011): 244–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2010.11.peds1097.
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Object A subset of patients with Chiari malformation Type I (CM-I) presented with acute onset of a neurological deficit. In this study the authors summarize their experience with these patients' clinical presentation, imaging results, timing of surgery, and outcome following decompression. Methods The authors reviewed clinical records, imaging studies, and operative notes from all patients undergoing posterior fossa decompression for CM-I at St. Louis Children's Hospital from 1990 to 2008. Of the 189 patients who underwent surgery, 6 were identified with the acute onset of a neurological deficit at presentation. Results All 6 children (age range 3–14 years, 3 boys and 3 girls) had either syringomyelia (5 patients) or T2 signal changes in the spinal cord (1 patient) and CM-I on initial MR imaging. Three patients presented after minor trauma (1 with paraparesis, 2 with sensory deficits). Three patients presented without a clear history of trauma (1 with abrupt onset of spontaneous dysphagia and ataxia, 2 with sensory deficits). Decompression was performed at a mean 7.7 ± 4.9 days after symptom onset (7.0 ± 1.6 days after neurosurgical evaluation). In 1 patient, symptoms had resolved by the time of surgery; in the remainder of the patients, clear improvements were noted within 2 weeks of surgery, with complete resolution of symptoms by 12 months postoperatively. Follow-up MR images were obtained in 4 patients, demonstrating improvement in the extent of the syrinx in each patient. Conclusions Children with CM-I and syringomyelia can develop acute spinal cord or bulbar deficits with relatively minor head or neck injuries. The prognosis for symptomatic improvement in the observed deficit is good, with each patient in our series showing resolution of deficits over time. However, based on this relatively limited experience, the authors suggest that patients who present with an acute neurological deficit and are found to have CM-I be managed with early posterior fossa decompression. Patients with CM-I and syringomyelia may be at higher risk of acute neurological deficit than those without a syrinx.
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Verhofste, Bram P., Michael P. Glotzbecker, Michael T. Hresko, Patricia E. Miller, Craig M. Birch, Michael J. Troy, Lawrence I. Karlin, John B. Emans, Mark R. Proctor, and Daniel J. Hedequist. "Perioperative acute neurological deficits in instrumented pediatric cervical spine fusions." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 24, no. 5 (November 2019): 528–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2019.5.peds19200.
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OBJECTIVEPediatric cervical deformity is a complex disorder often associated with neurological deterioration requiring cervical spine fusion. However, limited literature exists on new perioperative neurological deficits in children. This study describes new perioperative neurological deficits in pediatric cervical spine instrumentation and fusion.METHODSA single-center review of pediatric cervical spine instrumentation and fusion during 2002–2018 was performed. Demographics, surgical characteristics, and neurological complications were recorded. Perioperative neurological deficits were defined as the deterioration of preexisting neurological function or the appearance of new neurological symptoms.RESULTSA total of 184 cases (160 patients, 57% male) with an average age of 12.6 ± 5.30 years (range 0.2–24.9 years) were included. Deformity (n = 39) and instability (n = 36) were the most frequent indications. Syndromes were present in 39% (n = 71), with Down syndrome (n = 20) and neurofibromatosis (n = 12) the most prevalent. Eighty-seven (48%) children presented with preoperative neurological deficits (16 sensory, 16 motor, and 55 combined deficits).A total of 178 (96.7%) cases improved or remained neurologically stable. New neurological deficits occurred in 6 (3.3%) cases: 3 hemiparesis, 1 hemiplegia, 1 quadriplegia, and 1 quadriparesis. Preoperative neurological compromise was seen in 4 (67%) of these new deficits (3 myelopathy, 1 sensory deficit) and 5 had complex syndromes. Three new deficits were anticipated with intraoperative neuromonitoring changes (p = 0.025).Three (50.0%) patients with new neurological deficits recovered within 6 months and the child with quadriparesis was regaining neurological function at the latest follow-up. Hemiplegia persisted in 1 patient, and 1 child died due a complication related to the tracheostomy. No association was found between neurological deficits and indication (p = 0.96), etiology (p = 0.46), preoperative neurological symptoms (p = 0.65), age (p = 0.56), use of halo vest (p = 0.41), estimated blood loss (p = 0.09), levels fused (p = 0.09), approach (p = 0.07), or fusion location (p = 0.07).CONCLUSIONSAn improvement of the preexisting neurological deficit or stabilization of neurological function was seen in 96.7% of children after cervical spine fusion. New or progressive neurological deficits occurred in 3.3% of the patients and occurred more frequently in children with preoperative neurological symptoms. Patients with syndromic diagnoses are at higher risk to develop a deficit, probably due to the severity of deformity and the degree of cervical instability. Long-term outcomes of new neurological deficits are favorable, and 50% of patients experienced complete neurological recovery within 6 months.
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Clutter, Melissa, and Kendall DeJonge. "Optimizing Soil Moisture Sensor Depth for Irrigation Management Using Universal Multiple Linear Regression." Journal of the ASABE 65, no. 4 (2022): 739–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/ja.15044.
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HighlightsUniversal multiple linear regression (uMLR) was used to optimize soil moisture sensor depth.Eight years of soil moisture data from various water treatments were tested, then validated.The best single observation depth for irrigation management is at 30 cm below soil surface.A single calibrated soil moisture sensor may be used to aggregate soil water deficit in the root zone.Abstract. Soil moisture sensors are valuable tools in irrigation management, but due to soil spatial variability it is challenging for point-based sensors to characterize the entire soil water profile. Universal multiple linear regression (uMLR) is a simple machine learning tool that analyzes the relationship between all possible subsets of observations and the prediction of interest. This study used uMLR and volumetric water content data (VWC) taken from maize field experiments at the Limited Irrigation Research Farm near Greeley, Colorado, to optimize the number and placement of soil moisture sensors to characterize the entire soil water deficit (SWD) in the root zone. The uMLR analysis quantified the accuracy of using one or two VWC measurements to represent SWD. We evaluated seven field seasons, with 12 treatments and four replicates of each, where volumetric VWC was typically measured one to three times weekly. Results indicate that the best single sensor depth is at 30 cm, and the best combination of two sensors is at 0 to 15 cm and 60 cm. To validate the experiment, a continuous VWC sensor was used at 30 cm to predict SWD results with acceptable accuracy (RMSE = 4.60 mm). This study suggests that in the sandy loam site evaluated and with varying irrigation levels, soil moisture sensor placement near the soil surface along with knowledge of soil texture can be used to characterize SWD. This technique may be transferable to other locations and soils and shows potential for optimizing irrigation management via soil moisture sensor networks with continuous SWD data. Keywords: Deficit irrigation, Machine learning, Soil moisture sensor, Soil water deficit, Universal multiple linear regression, Volumetric water content.
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Sigmundsson, H. "Perceptual Deficits in Clumsy Children: Inter- and Intra-Modal Matching Approach—A Window into Clumsy Behavior." Neural Plasticity 10, no. 1-2 (2003): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/np.2003.27.
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This article will focus on the underlying perceptual deficits that might lead to inadequacies in motor performance in children. Two lines of enquiry have dominated the literature: visual-perceptual deficit and/or visualmotor deficits and proprioceptive deficits. The theoretical and methodological shortcomings in these approaches are discussed. Then attention is primarily directed toward the concept of inter- and intra-modal matching (sensory integration), particularly with respect to vision and proprioception, an ability deemed, to underlie many real-life motor skills. Such an approach allows parallels to be drawn between behavioral manifestations of motor impairment and potential underlying neurological informationprocessing disorders, particularly as these relate to hemispheric competence.
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Cheng, Jason S., Michael E. Ivan, Christopher J. Stapleton, Alfredo Quinones-Hinojosa, Nalin Gupta, and Kurtis I. Auguste. "Intraoperative changes in transcranial motor evoked potentials and somatosensory evoked potentials predicting outcome in children with intramedullary spinal cord tumors." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 13, no. 6 (June 2014): 591–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2014.2.peds1392.
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Object Intraoperative dorsal column mapping, transcranial motor evoked potentials (TcMEPs), and somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) have been used in adults to assist with the resection of intramedullary spinal cord tumors (IMSCTs) and to predict postoperative motor deficits. The authors sought to determine whether changes in MEP and SSEP waveforms would similarly predict postoperative motor deficits in children. Methods The authors reviewed charts and intraoperative records for children who had undergone resection for IMSCTs as well as dorsal column mapping and TcMEP and SSEP monitoring. Motor evoked potential data were supplemented with electromyography data obtained using a Kartush microstimulator (Medtronic Inc.). Motor strength was graded using the Medical Research Council (MRC) scale during the preoperative, immediate postoperative, and follow-up periods. Reductions in SSEPs were documented after mechanical traction, in response to maneuvers with the cavitational ultrasonic surgical aspirator (CUSA), or both. Results Data from 12 patients were analyzed. Three lesions were encountered in the cervical and 7 in the thoracic spinal cord. Two patients had lesions of the cervicomedullary junction and upper spinal cord. Intraoperative MEP changes were noted in half of the patients. In these cases, normal polyphasic signals converted to biphasic signals, and these changes correlated with a loss of 1–2 grades in motor strength. One patient lost MEP signals completely and recovered strength to MRC Grade 4/5. The 2 patients with high cervical lesions showed neither intraoperative MEP changes nor motor deficits postoperatively. Dorsal columns were mapped in 7 patients, and the midline was determined accurately in all 7. Somatosensory evoked potentials were decreased in 7 patients. Two patients each had 2 SSEP decreases in response to traction intraoperatively but had no new sensory findings postoperatively. Another 2 patients had 3 traction-related SSEP decreases intraoperatively, and both had new postoperative sensory deficits that resolved. One additional patient had a CUSA-related SSEP decrease intraoperatively, which resolved postoperatively, and the last patient had 3 traction-related sensory deficits and a CUSA-related sensory deficit postoperatively, none of which resolved. Conclusions Intraoperative TcMEPs and SSEPs can predict the degree of postoperative motor deficit in pediatric patients undergoing IMSCT resection. This technique, combined with dorsal column mapping, is particularly useful in resecting lesions of the upper cervical cord, which are generally considered to be high risk in this population. Furthermore, the spinal cord appears to be less tolerant of repeated intraoperative SSEP decreases, with 3 successive insults most likely to yield postoperative sensory deficits. Changes in TcMEPs and SSEP waveforms can signal the need to guard against excessive manipulation thereby increasing the safety of tumor resection.
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Keyoung, H. Michael, Adam S. Kanter, and Praveen V. Mummaneni. "Delayed-onset neurological deficit following correction of severe thoracic kyphotic deformity." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 8, no. 1 (January 2008): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/spi-08/01/074.
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✓There are many potential risks associated with spinal deformity correction procedures including transient and/or permanent neurological deficits. Typically, neurological deficits caused by the surgical correction of spinal kyphosis occur acutely during surgery or immediately after surgery. Delayed postoperative neurological deficits are extremely rare. The authors report a case of delayed neurological deficit that occurred 48 hours after surgical correction of thoracic hyperkyphosis. An 18-year-old man with myotonic dystrophy presented with a 110° T7–L1 kyphosis. The patient underwent an uneventful two-stage correction procedure of the hyperkyphotic deformity. First, anterior discectomies and fusion were performed from T-7 to L-1 using rib autograft, and all segmental vessels were preserved. Subsequently, on the same day, the patient underwent posterior Smith–Petersen osteotomies and T7–L2 pedicle screw fixation. Intact somatosensory and motor evoked potentials were maintained throughout both operations. Postoperatively, he remained neurologically intact without sequelae for nearly 48 hours. On postoperative Day 2, the patient developed delayed monoplegia of the left leg and sensory level loss below T-10. Medical management enabled complete reversal of the patient's monoplegia and sensory loss. At 2-year follow-up, the patient had no adverse neurological sequelae. In this case, a delayed postoperative neurological deficit occurred following spinal hyperkyphosis correction. The authors discuss the possible etiological mechanisms behind this complication and suggest strategies for its management.
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Guedin, Nolwenn, Joel Fluss, and Catherine Thevenot. "Dexterity and Finger Sense: A Possible Dissociation in Children With Cerebral Palsy." Perceptual and Motor Skills 125, no. 4 (June 3, 2018): 718–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0031512518779473.
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Both hand and finger sensory perception and motor abilities are essential for the development of skilled gestures and efficient bimanual coordination. While finger dexterity and finger sensory perception can be impaired in children with cerebral palsy (CP), the relationship between these two functions in this population is not clearly established. The common assumption that CP children with better sensory function also demonstrate better motor outcomes has been recently challenged. To study these questions further, we assessed both finger dexterity and finger gnosia, the ability to perceive one’s own fingers by touch, in groups of 11 children with unilateral (i.e., hemiplegic CP) and 11 children with bilateral spastic CP (i.e., diplegic CP) and compared them with typical children. In our sample, children with hemiplegia exhibited finger dexterity deficit in both hands and finger gnosia deficit only in their paretic hand. In contrast, children with diplegia exhibited finger gnosia deficits in both hands and finger dexterity deficit only in their dominant hand. Thus, our results indicated that children with spastic hemiplegia and diplegia present different sensory and motor profiles and suggest that these two subgroups of CP should be considered separately in future experimental and clinical research. We discuss the implications of our results for rehabilitation.
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Mohile, Supriya Gupta, Lin Fan, Jennifer S. Gewandter, Karen Michelle Mustian, Luke Joseph Peppone, Charles E. Heckler, Judith O. Hopkins, Shaker R. Dakhil, Jessica Miller, and Gary R. Morrow. "Falls, physical performance deficits, and functional losses in cancer survivors with chemotherapy-induced neuropathy (CIPN): A University of Rochester CCOP study." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2012): 9014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.9014.
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9014 Background: CIPN impairs quality of life in cancer survivors. Little is known about the prevalence of falls, physical performance (PP) deficits, and functional losses or their association with CIPN toxicities in cancer survivors. Methods: We conducted an analysis of baseline assessments from a phase III randomized clinical trial in cancer survivors with CIPN self reported pain scores of > 4 reflecting leg and foot pain from neuropathy over the past 24 hours on a scale from 0 (“no pain”) to 10 (“pain as bad as you can imagine”). Patients also completed EORTC QLQ-CIPN-20 sensory and motor scales for neuropathy toxicities and self reported falls in the previous 3 months. A PP deficit was defined as “a lot of difficulty” or “unable to do” any of 6 physical tasks (e.g., lifting objects, walking a quarter of a mile). Functional losses were defined as “a lot of difficulty” or “unable to do” any of 5 functional tasks (e.g., managing money, bathing). We examined the association of baseline characteristics and CIPN toxicities with falls, PP deficits and functional losses using logistic regression. Results: Of 421 patients, 11.9% experienced recent falls, 58.6% reported a PP deficit, and 26.6% reported a functional loss. Patients with falls and/or PP deficits were more likely to be older (mean age 60.9 vs 58.9, p=0.02), female (75.3% vs 65.2%, p=0.03) and have less education (<high school: 7.1% vs 0.6%, p<.01). Cancer and chemotherapy history were not different between groups. Patients with falls and/or PP deficits reported higher severity of CIPN toxicities: pain (6.82 vs 6.05, p<0.01), sensory (23.3 vs 19.6, p<0.01), and motor (17.4 vs 12.7, p<0.01). In multivariable analysis, factors associated with having a fall and/or PP deficit included: older age (OR 1.03, p=0.04), low education (OR 9.34, p=0.04), and motor toxicity (OR 1.21, p<0.01). Factors associated with functional losses included: non-white race (OR 3.16, p=0.01), Hispanic ethnicity (OR 5.32, p=0.05), motor toxicity (OR 1.19, p<0.01), and PP deficit (OR 4.94, p<.01). Conclusions: CIPN toxicities, primarily motor, are significantly associated with falls, physical performance deficits, and functional losses.
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Harrison, P. J., and R. C. A. Pearson. "Olfaction and Psychiatry." British Journal of Psychiatry 155, no. 6 (December 1989): 822–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.155.6.822.
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Recent clinical studies have identified significant olfactory deficits in several neuropsychiatric disorders, notably Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. These have correlated with neurochemical and neuropathological studies of the olfactory system. The presence of a specific sensory deficit may be related to the localisation of pathology within the brain. There is a need for incorporation of olfactory testing into routine clinical examination.
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Kwak, Soyoung, Mathieu Boudier-Revéret, Hee Kyung Cho, and Min Cheol Chang. "Multifocal acquired demyelinating sensory and motor neuropathy misdiagnosed as carpal tunnel syndrome: a case report." Journal of International Medical Research 49, no. 3 (March 2021): 030006052199889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060521998896.
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Multifocal acquired demyelinating sensory and motor neuropathy (MADSAM), a subtype of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, is a non-compressive peripheral nerve disorder. Symptoms of MADSAM include asymmetrical weakness and sensory deficits in the distribution of individual peripheral nerves, which are frequently noted in the distal portion of peripheral nerves. MADSAM can be easily misdiagnosed as any of the various compressive peripheral neuropathies. Here, we present a case of MADSAM misdiagnosed as carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). A 53-year-old woman had bilateral asymmetrical hand weakness (left hand: significant weakness, right hand: slight motor weakness) and a slight weakness of her bilateral lower extremities. Sensory deficit was found on the volar side of her left hand. She had visited many clinics previously and was diagnosed with CTS. However, an electrodiagnostic study performed in our hospital did not identify CTS but indicated a demyelinating peripheral neuropathy in all limbs. On the basis of the patient’s clinical symptoms and laboratory findings, she was diagnosed with MADSAM. When patients exhibit progressive aggravating motor weakness and sensory deficits in more than one distal limb without a specific finding of compressive neuropathy in electrodiagnostic studies, clinicians should consider the possibility of MADSAM.
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Marian, Thomas, Jens Burchard Schröder, Paul Muhle, Inga Claus, Axel Riecker, Tobias Warnecke, Sonja Suntrup-Krueger, and Rainer Dziewas. "Pharyngolaryngeal Sensory Deficits in Patients with Middle Cerebral Artery Infarction: Lateralization and Relation to Overall Dysphagia Severity." Cerebrovascular Diseases Extra 7, no. 3 (October 3, 2017): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000479483.
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Background: Dysphagia is a frequent and dangerous complication of acute stroke. Apart from a well-timed oropharyngeal muscular contraction pattern, sensory feedback is of utmost importance for safe and efficient swallowing. In the present study, we therefore analyzed the relation between pharyngolaryngeal sensory deficits and post-stroke dysphagia (PSD) severity in a cohort of acute stroke patients with middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarction. Methods: Eighty-four first-ever MCA stroke patients (41 left, 43 right) were included in this trial. In all patients, fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) was performed according to a standardized protocol within 96 h after stroke onset. PSD was classified according to the 6-point fiberoptic endoscopic dysphagia severity scale. Pharyngolaryngeal sensation was semi-quantitatively evaluated by a FEES-based touch technique. Results: PSD severity was closely related to the pharyngolaryngeal sensory deficit. With regards to lateralization of the sensory deficit, there was a slight but significant preponderance of sensory loss contralateral to the side of stroke. Apart from that, right hemispheric stroke patients were found to present with a more severe PSD. Conclusions: This study provides evidence that an intact sensory feedback is of utmost importance to perform nonimpaired swallowing and highlights the key role of disturbed pharyngeal and laryngeal afferents in the pathophysiology of PSD.
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Iyer, Pavithra R., Shashidhar Rao Chavan, and Sumita Rege. "Sensory processing and organisational abilities in children with inattentive-hyperactive behaviours." International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation 27, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/ijtr.2018.0102.
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Background/Aims Sensory processing has been theorised to contribute to object and temporal organisation. Sensory processing and organisational abilities in children with inattention-hyperactivity was assessed, and investigated if there was a relationship between the two. Methods A community sample of children aged 9–12 years was categorised into inattentive-hyperactive (n=20) and non-inattentive-hyperactive groups (n=56) using the Vanderbilt Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Parent and Teacher Rating Scales. The Sensory Profile, Child Organisation Scale and Child Organisation Parent Perception Scale were used to collect additional data. Results Sensory processing and organisational abilities differed significantly between the groups. Object organisation correlated significantly with multisensory processing; temporal organisation failed to correlate with sensory processing. Conclusions Results suggest there is a need to screen children with informant-reported inattention-hyperactivity for sensory processing differences and organisational deficits. Sensory processing and object organisation may be associated; further research on potential factors underlying this association is needed.
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Isu, Toyohiko, Yoshinohu Iwasaki, Minoru Akino, and Hiroshi Abe. "Hydrosyringomyelia Associated with a Chiari I Malformation in Children and Adolescents." Neurosurgery 26, no. 4 (April 1, 1990): 591–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/00006123-199004000-00006.
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Abstract The clinical presentation, radiological features, and results of surgical treatment were analyzed in 17 cases of hydrosyringomyelia associated with a Chiari malformation, in children and adolescents younger than 20 years of age. The initial symptoms were a skeletal abnormality (71%), such as scoliosis (11 patients) or pes cavus (1 patient), pain or numbness (24%), and motor weakness (6%). Frequently seen signs on admission were sensory deficit (100%), scoliosis (85%), muscle weakness (64%), muscle atrophy (35%), and lower cranial nerve palsy (35%), The characteristic neurological findings were unilateral sensory and motor deficits (65%) with decreased or absent deep tendon reflexes on the same side. The localization of the syrinx on the axial section varied according to the level, even in the same patient. In 11 patients with unilateral sensory disturbances or unilateral sensory and motor deficits, the syrinx was located in the region corresponding to the posterolateral portion on the same side as that of sensory disturbance at the cervical or thoracic level. On the other hand, in 6 patients with bilateral sensory and motor deficits, the syrinx was located in the central portion and extended into the posterolateral portion of the more affected side. A syringosubarachnoid shunt was placed in 16 patients, foramen magnum decompression without closure of the obex was performed in 1 patient, ventriculoperitoneal shunt in 1 patient, terminal syringostomy in 1 patient, and foramen magnum decompression with terminal syringostomy in 1 patient. In 15 of 17 patients (88%), the neurological symptoms improved after an average follow-up of 4 years and 1 month. We think that as a surgical treatment, placement of a syringosubarachnoid shunt is effective.
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Porras Segovia, A., M. Guerrero Jimenez, C. Carrillo de Albornoz Calahorro, and J. Cervilla Ballesteros. "Comorbidity between delusional disorder and sensory deficits. Results from the deliranda case register." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.249.
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IntroductionSensory deficits such as blindness and deafness are very common forms of disability, affecting over 300 million people worldwide according to World Health Organization estimates. These conditions can lead to misinterpretations of the environment, which may contribute to the development of a delusional disorder in predisposed people.ObjectivesThe objective of this study is to establish the prevalence of blindness and hearing loss across delusional disorder.AimsThe aim is to provide useful information regarding this frequent, often disregarded, comorbidity.MethodsOur results proceed from the Andalusian delusional disorder case-register (DelirAnda). We reviewed 1927 clinical histories of patients diagnosed of delusional disorder. Upon having verified the diagnosis following DSM-V criteria, we recollected data on the prevalence of blindness and hearing loss, which were defined based on clinical diagnosis.ResultsOne thousand four hundred and fifty-two patients matched DSM-5 delusional disorder criteria. Among them, 49.8% of our sample were women. The overall prevalence of sensory deficits was 7.4%, 3.5% of the patients with delusional disorder were blind, while 3.9% of them suffered from hearing loss.ConclusionsOur results are consistent with previous studies, such as the Deliremp study, which found a 5.7% prevalence of sensory deficit among delusional disorder patients. These results show a higher prevalence of sensory deficit among delusional disorder patients compared with the general population. However, causality could not be established. Further study should be undertaken regarding the relationship between these two conditions.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Karkashadze, George A., Leyla S. Namazova-Baranova, Leonid M. Yatsik, Olga B. Gordeeva, Elena A. Vishneva, Kamilla E. Efendieva, Elena V. Kaytukova, et al. "Levels of Neurospecific Peptides, Neurotransmitters and Neuroreceptor Markers in the Serum of Children with Various Sensory Disorders, Mild Cognitive Impairments and Other Neuropathology." Pediatric pharmacology 19, no. 6 (January 12, 2023): 459–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/pf.v19i6.2486.
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Background. The role of recently discovered neurospecific peptides in the pathogenesis of acute and progressive neurologic disorders, their neuroprotective features, and possibilities to use them as markers for the course and prognosis of certain diseases have been actively studied in recent decades. However, neurospecific peptides are almost not studied in chronic residual diseases. In our study we measured the levels of neurospecific peptides and some other markers to achieve understanding of general neurophysiological trends in congenital and acquired chronic non-progressive brain pathology with reference to the selection of relevant groups — study objects. Objective. The aim of the study is to study patterns of neurospecific peptides, neurotransmitters and neuroreceptor markers distribution in the serum of children with various pathogenetic variants of chronic neuropathology. Methods. The study included children from 3 to 16 years old with different pathologies. The sample was divided into groups by pathology type: no sensory and neurological disorders, congenital sensory deficit due to mutation of genes expressed and not expressed in the brain, early acquired sensory deficit of multifactorial nature, congenital mild and severe organic disorders of central nervous system (CNS) in residual stage without baseline sensory deficit, acquired functional CNS disorders without baseline organic defect and sensory deficit. The following laboratory data (neurophysiological components) was studied: nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotropic factor, neurotrophin-3, neurotrophin-4, neuregulin-1-beta-1, beta-secretase, sirtuin-1, synaptophysin, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, and anti-NR2 glutamate receptor antibodies. The parameters of cognitive activity, sense of vision, sense of smell, and acoustic sense were also evaluated. Results. The study included 274 participants. Neuropeptides and markers have shown a variable degree and range in the group spectrum of differences from normal levels. The most variable in the examined sample was NO-synthase, as well as levels of both neurotrophins, beta-secretase, and glutamate receptor marker. All visual deficits were associated with increased NO-synthase levels (p < 0.001). Neuroplasticity peptides (beta-secretase, neurotrophin-3 and 4) have been activated in all pathological conditions. Nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotropic factor were specifically activated in mild organic CNS lesions (mild cognitive impairments), while neuregulin — in congenital genetically determined visual deficits. There was no specific activation of neuropeptides and NO-synthase level tended to decrease in cases of severe CNS lesions. Conclusion. The study results suggest that all types of early visual impairment are associated with increased physiological neuronal activity, and non-organic neurological functional disorders — mainly with increased physiological synaptic activity. General neuroplasticity processes were activated in all cases of visual deficits but more specific. However, more specific and well-studied processes were activated in mild organic CNS lesions, and neuroplasticity processes did not activate adequately in severe organic CNS lesions probably due to the limited neuronal and synaptic resources.
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Barylo, G. I., R. L. Holyaka, T. A. Marusenkova, and M. S. Ivakh. "Structure and 3-D Model of a Solid State Thin-Film Magnetic Sensor." Physics and Chemistry of Solid State 22, no. 3 (August 31, 2021): 444–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/pcss.22.3.444-452.
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Vector 3-D magnetic sensors form the basis of measurement devices for magnetic field mapping and magnetic tracking. Typically, such sensors utilize specific constructions based on split Hall structures (SHS). An SHS-based 3-D magnetic sensor is a bulk semiconductor integrated structure with 8 or more contacts. Combining current flow directions through the contacts and measuring the corresponding voltages, one defines projections BX, BY, BZ of the magnetic field vector. This work presents a novel design of 3-D solid state magnetic sensors that requires no insulation by p-n junctions and can be implemented by thin-film technology traditionally used for fabrication of Hall sensors including those based on InSb films. Besides, a SPICE model of the 3-D magnetic sensor is provided, which helps design the proposed sensor and refine techniques of its calibration.
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Kellogg, DS, and J. Joslin. "The legend of plantar neuropraxia in long-distance athletes." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 25, no. 2 (July 2, 2013): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2013/v25i2a378.
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Background. Legend has it that endurance athletes who develop plantar foot pain during long-distance running frequently experience an eventual relief of pain due to a transient neuropraxia brought on by continued activity.Objective. To evaluate the nature of this legend, we assessed long-distance runners for the presence of sensory deficits before and after completion of an ultramarathon, expecting to find an induced neuropraxia and abnormal sensory results.Methods. Twenty-five adult participants of an ultramarathon were evaluated prior to their 50/100 km run and again upon completion of the race. Neurosensory testing was performed using a 10 g monofilament at 4 locations on each foot and a 128 Hz tuning fork at one location on each foot. The same techniques were used prior to, and at conclusion of the race.Results. We detected no neuropraxia or sensory deficits in any participant, despite reports by the same subjects that they had experienced the phenomenon during the race. While runners commonly report losing sensation in their feet during long runs, we were unable to demonstrate any sensory deficit with simple field-based testing.Conclusion. We believe that there is room for additional research to be performed using more sensitive means of neurosensory evaluation.
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Kellogg, DS, and J. Joslin. "The legend of plantar neuropraxia in long-distance athletes." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 25, no. 2 (June 15, 2013): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2078-516x/2013/v25i2a378.
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Background. Legend has it that endurance athletes who develop plantar foot pain during long-distance running frequently experience an eventual relief of pain due to a transient neuropraxia brought on by continued activity.Objective. To evaluate the nature of this legend, we assessed long-distance runners for the presence of sensory deficits before and after completion of an ultramarathon, expecting to find an induced neuropraxia and abnormal sensory results.Methods. Twenty-five adult participants of an ultramarathon were evaluated prior to their 50/100 km run and again upon completion of the race. Neurosensory testing was performed using a 10 g monofilament at 4 locations on each foot and a 128 Hz tuning fork at one location on each foot. The same techniques were used prior to, and at conclusion of the race.Results. We detected no neuropraxia or sensory deficits in any participant, despite reports by the same subjects that they had experienced the phenomenon during the race. While runners commonly report losing sensation in their feet during long runs, we were unable to demonstrate any sensory deficit with simple field-based testing.Conclusion. We believe that there is room for additional research to be performed using more sensitive means of neurosensory evaluation.
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Shin, Samuel S., Paul A. Gardner, S. Tonya Stefko, Ricky Madhok, Juan C. Fernandez-Miranda, and Carl H. Snyderman. "Endoscopic Endonasal Approach for Nonvestibular Schwannomas." Neurosurgery 69, no. 5 (March 25, 2011): 1046–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/neu.0b013e3182287bb9.
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Abstract BACKGROUND Nonvestibular schwannomas of the skull base often represent a challenge owing to their anatomic location. With improved techniques in endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery, resection of various ventral skull base tumors, including schwannomas, has become possible. OBJECTIVE To assess the outcomes of using endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) for nonvestibular schwannomas of the skull base. METHODS Seventeen patients operated on for skull base schwannomas by EEA at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center from 2003 to 2009 were reviewed. RESULTS Three patients underwent combined approaches with retromastoid craniectomy (n = 2) and orbitopterional craniotomy (n = 1). Three patients underwent multistage EEA. The rest received a single EEA operation. Data on degree of resection were found for 15 patients. Gross total resection (n = 9) and near-total (>90%) resection (n = 3) were achieved in 12 patients (80%). There were no tumor recurrences or postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leaks. In 3 of 7 patients with preoperative sensory deficits of trigeminal nerve distribution, there were partial improvements. Patients with preoperative reduced vision (n = 1) and cranial nerve VI or III palsies (n = 3) also showed improvement. Five patients had new postoperative trigeminal nerve deficits: 2 had sensory deficits only, 1 had motor deficit only, and 2 had both motor and sensory deficits. Three of these patients had partial improvement, but 3 developed corneal neurotrophic keratopathy. CONCLUSION An EEA provides adequate access for nonvestibular schwannomas invading the skull base, allowing a high degree of resection with a low rate of complications.
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Martens, Kaylena A. Ehgoetz, and Quincy J. Almeida. "Dissociating between sensory and perceptual deficits in PD: More than simply a motor deficit." Movement Disorders 27, no. 3 (December 15, 2011): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.24042.
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KIORPES, LYNNE, CHAO TANG, and J. ANTHONY MOVSHON. "Sensitivity to visual motion in amblyopic macaque monkeys." Visual Neuroscience 23, no. 2 (March 2006): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523806232097.
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Amblyopia is usually considered to be a deficit in spatial vision. But there is evidence that amblyopes may also suffer specific deficits in motion sensitivity as opposed to losses that can be explained by the known deficits in spatial vision. We measured sensitivity to visual motion in random dot displays for strabismic and anisometropic amblyopic monkeys. We used a wide range of spatial and temporal offsets and compared the performance of the fellow and amblyopic eye for each monkey. The amblyopes were severely impaired at detecting motion at fine spatial and long temporal offsets, corresponding to fine spatial scale and slow speeds. This impairment was also evident for the untreated fellow eyes of strabismic but not anisometropic amblyopes. Motion sensitivity functions for amblyopic eyes were shifted toward large spatial scales for amblyopic compared to fellow eyes, to a degree that was correlated with the shift in scale of the spatial contrast sensitivity function. Amblyopic losses in motion sensitivity, however, were not correlated with losses in spatial contrast sensitivity. This, combined with the specific impairment for detecting long temporal offsets, reveals a deficit in spatiotemporal integration in amblyopia which cannot be explained by the lower spatial resolution of amblyopic vision.
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Arango, C. "Neurobiological susbtrates in deficit and non deficit schizophrenia." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 2069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73772-5.
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The deficit syndrome defines a subgroup of schizophrenia patients with prominent and enduring primary negative symptoms (1). Behavioral, structural, and functional neuroimaging studies have implicated mainly the dorsolateral prefrontal - thalamocortical circuit. Deficit syndrome patients seem to have larger ventricles in MRI studies (2). Neurological soft signs suggest parietal involvement with greater sensory integration impairment in deficit syndrome patients (3). On the contrary, some biological markers such as P50 gating have not shown any difference between deficit and non-deficit schizophrenia (4). Finally, no pharmacological treatment has so far proven effective for the treatment of primary enduring negative symptoms (5). In conclusion, deficit pathology in schizophrenia seems to involve the prefrontal and parietal lobes and have different neurobiological substrates than positive symptoms.
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Gaebler, Arnim Johannes, Jana Zweerings, Jan Willem Koten, Andrea Anna König, Bruce I. Turetsky, Mikhail Zvyagintsev, and Klaus Mathiak. "Impaired Subcortical Detection of Auditory Changes in Schizophrenia but Not in Major Depression." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, no. 1 (April 11, 2019): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbz027.
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Abstract The mismatch negativity is a cortical response to auditory changes and its reduction is a consistent finding in schizophrenia. Recent evidence revealed that the human brain detects auditory changes already at subcortical stages of the auditory pathway. This finding, however, raises the question where in the auditory hierarchy the schizophrenic deficit first evolves and whether the well-known cortical deficit may be a consequence of dysfunction at lower hierarchical levels. Finally, it should be resolved whether mismatch profiles differ between schizophrenia and affective disorders which exhibit auditory processing deficits as well. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to assess auditory mismatch processing in 29 patients with schizophrenia, 27 patients with major depression, and 31 healthy control subjects. Analysis included whole-brain activation, region of interest, path and connectivity analysis. In schizophrenia, mismatch deficits emerged at all stages of the auditory pathway including the inferior colliculus, thalamus, auditory, and prefrontal cortex. In depression, deficits were observed in the prefrontal cortex only. Path analysis revealed that activation deficits propagated from subcortical to cortical nodes in a feed-forward mechanism. Finally, both patient groups exhibited reduced connectivity along this processing stream. Auditory mismatch impairments in schizophrenia already manifest at the subcortical level. Moreover, subcortical deficits contribute to the well-known cortical deficits and show specificity for schizophrenia. In contrast, depression is associated with cortical dysfunction only. Hence, schizophrenia and major depression exhibit different neural profiles of sensory processing deficits. Our findings add to a converging body of evidence for brainstem and thalamic dysfunction as a hallmark of schizophrenia.
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Tumova, M., V. Karpinskaya, E. Bezgacheva, L. Muslimova, E. Bigday, and M. Ivanov. "Interrelation of visual and olfactory impairments in schizophrenia." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S162—S163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.434.
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IntroductionIn schizophrenia, there are disorders in all sensory modalities, but the regularities of their occurrence, their pathogenesis and attitude towards cognitive functions are not sufficiently studied.ObjectivesExamine the interrelation between the dysfunctions in different analysers (olfactory and visual) and their dependence on the duration of the disease and the severity of psychotic symptoms and cognitive deficit in schizophrenic patients (F20 according to ICD 10 criteria).MethodsAll subjects were determined the threshold of olfactory sensitivity to n-butanol, the ability to discriminate against odors and the amount of error in comparing the same sections. Cognitive functions were evaluated using the BACS scale.ResultsThe inverse correlation between the value of the visual assessment error and the reduction of the threshold of olfactory sensitivity (r=- 0.56; p < 0.05) and the inverse correlation between the value of the visual assessment error and the ability to discriminate smells (0.64; p < 0.05) were revealed. There are no significant correlations between the duration of the disease and sensory disturbances. Olfactory and visual disturbances in schizophrenic patients were connected with cognitive functions ((r=-0,62; p< 0,05 and r=-0,84, p< 0,001 accordingly).ConclusionsThe data confirm that sensory impairments have a common pathogenesis and are closely related to cognitive deficits. Sensory and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia may be the result of top-down regulation failure.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
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Manoach, Dara S., and Robert Stickgold. "Abnormal Sleep Spindles, Memory Consolidation, and Schizophrenia." Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 15, no. 1 (May 7, 2019): 451–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095754.
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There is overwhelming evidence that sleep is crucial for memory consolidation. Patients with schizophrenia and their unaffected relatives have a specific deficit in sleep spindles, a defining oscillation of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) Stage 2 sleep that, in coordination with other NREM oscillations, mediate memory consolidation. In schizophrenia, the spindle deficit correlates with impaired sleep-dependent memory consolidation, positive symptoms, and abnormal thalamocortical connectivity. These relations point to dysfunction of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), which generates spindles, gates the relay of sensory information to the cortex, and modulates thalamocortical communication. Genetic studies are beginning to provide clues to possible neurodevelopmental origins of TRN-mediated thalamocortical circuit dysfunction and to identify novel targets for treating the related memory deficits and symptoms. By forging empirical links in causal chains from risk genes to thalamocortical circuit dysfunction, spindle deficits, memory impairment, symptoms, and diagnosis, future research can advance our mechanistic understanding, treatment, and prevention of schizophrenia.
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Krauss, Joachim K. "Subtle Sensory Abnormalities Detected by Quantitative Sensory Testing in Patients with Trigeminal Neuralgia." Pain Physician 7;19, no. 7;9 (September 14, 2016): 507–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj/2016.19.507.
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Background: Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is characterized by paroxysmal pain attacks affecting the somatosensory distributions of the trigeminal nerve. It is thought to be associated with a neurovascular conflict most frequently, but pathomechanisms have not been fully elucidated. In general, no sensory deficit is found in routine clinical examination. There is limited data available, however, showing subtle subclinical sensory deficits upon extensive testing. Objective: We used quantitative sensory testing (QST) to detect abnormalities in sensory processing in patients with TN by comparing the affected and non-affected nerve branches with their contralateral counterparts and by comparing the results of the patients with those of controls. Study Design: Observational study. Setting: University Hospital, Departments of Neurosurgery, Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience. Methods: QST was conducted on 48 patients with idiopathic TN and 27 controls matched for age and gender using the standardized protocol of the German Neuropathic Pain Network. Stimulations were performed bilaterally in the distribution of the trigeminal branches. The patients had no prior invasive treatment, and medications at the time of examination were noted. Results: In patients with TN deficits in warm and cold sensory detection thresholds in the affected and also the non-affected nerve branches were found. Tactile sensation thresholds were elevated in the involved nerve branches compared to the contralateral side. Limitations: More data are needed on the correlation of such findings with the length of history of TN and with changes of the morphology of the trigeminal nerve. Conclusions: QST shows subtle sensory abnormalities in patients with TN despite not being detected in routine clinical examination. Our data may provide a basis for further research on the development of TN and also on improvement after treatment. Key words: Quantitative sensory testing, trigeminal neuralgia, facial pain, neuropathic pain, microvascular decompression, cranial nerve
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Chandrasekaran, Bharath, and Nina Kraus. "Music, Noise-Exclusion, and Learning." Music Perception 27, no. 4 (April 1, 2010): 297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2010.27.4.297.
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CHILDREN WITH LANGUAGE-BASED LEARNING disorders show impaired processing of speech in challenging listening environments, suggesting a noise-exclusion deficit. Musical expertise induces neuroplastic changes throughout the nervous system, including sharpening of early sensory processing, improved linguistic ability, working memory, and source segregation——skills known to be crucial for speech in noise perception. Here we argue for the usefulness of music as an auditory training approach to improve speech perception in noise in individuals with broad noise-exclusion deficits.
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Skottun, Bernt Christian, and John Skoyles. "Dyslexia: Sensory Deficits or Inattention?" Perception 36, no. 7 (July 2007): 1084–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p5468.
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An important question in regard to dyslexia is whether or not this condition is the result of sensory deficits. A number of studies have indeed found sensory deficiencies in dyslexic readers. However, it has been proposed that these are due simply to inattention. If so, this would be expected to produce either (i) a general reduction or (ii) random reductions in performance. On the basis of published data, it seems that neither of these is in fact the case. Rather the data indicate reproducible non-random patterns of deficiencies with regard to stimulus conditions. The stimulus specificity of the deficits represents, therefore, an important issue which needs to be addressed by any attempt to account for the sensory deficiencies of dyslexic readers in terms of inattention.
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Im, Healin, Sungho Lee, Muhammad Naqi, Chanhui Lee, and Sunkook Kim. "Flexible PI-Based Plant Drought Stress Sensor for Real-Time Monitoring System in Smart Farm." Electronics 7, no. 7 (July 16, 2018): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics7070114.
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Plant growth and development are negatively affected by a wide range of external stresses, including water deficits. Especially, plants generally reduce the stomatal aperture to decrease transpiration levels upon drought stress. Advanced technologies, such as wireless communications, the Internet of things (IoT), and smart sensors have been applied to practical smart farming and indoor planting systems to monitor plants’ signals effectively. In this study, we develop a flexible polyimide (PI)-based sensor for real-time monitoring of water conditions in tobacco plants. The stoma response, by which a plant adjusts to drought stress to maintain homeostasis, can be confirmed through the examination of evaporated water. Using a flexible PI-based sensor, a plant’s response variation is translated into an electrical signal. The sensors are integrated with a Bluetooth (BLE) module and a processing module and show potential as smart real-time water sensors in smart farms.
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Joseph, Jacob R., Brandon W. Smith, Frank La Marca, and Paul Park. "Comparison of complication rates of minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion and lateral lumbar interbody fusion: a systematic review of the literature." Neurosurgical Focus 39, no. 4 (October 2015): E4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2015.7.focus15278.
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OBJECT Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MI-TLIF) and lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) are 2 currently popular techniques for lumbar arthrodesis. The authors compare the total risk of each procedure, along with other important complication outcomes. METHODS This systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Relevant studies (up to May 2015) that reported complications of either MI-TLIF or LLIF were identified from a search in the PubMed database. The primary outcome was overall risk of complication per patient. Secondary outcomes included risks of sensory deficits, temporary neurological deficit, permanent neurological deficit, intraoperative complications, medical complications, wound complications, hardware failure, subsidence, and reoperation. RESULTS Fifty-four studies were included for analysis of MI-TLIF, and 42 studies were included for analysis of LLIF. Overall, there were 9714 patients (5454 in the MI-TLIF group and 4260 in the LLIF group) with 13,230 levels fused (6040 in the MI-TLIF group and 7190 in the LLIF group). A total of 1045 complications in the MI-TLIF group and 1339 complications in the LLIF group were reported. The total complication rate per patient was 19.2% in the MI-TLIF group and 31.4% in the LLIF group (p < 0.0001). The rate of sensory deficits and temporary neurological deficits, and permanent neurological deficits was 20.16%, 2.22%, and 1.01% for MI-TLIF versus 27.08%, 9.40%, and 2.46% for LLIF, respectively (p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, p = 0.002, respectively). Rates of intraoperative and wound complications were 3.57% and 1.63% for MI-TLIF compared with 1.93% and 0.80% for LLIF, respectively (p = 0.0003 and p = 0.034, respectively). No significant differences were noted for medical complications or reoperation. CONCLUSIONS While there was a higher overall complication rate with LLIF, MI-TLIF and LLIF both have acceptable complication profiles. LLIF had higher rates of sensory as well as temporary and permanent neurological symptoms, although rates of intraoperative and wound complications were less than MI-TLIF. Larger, prospective comparative studies are needed to confirm these findings as the current literature is of relative poor quality.
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Davenport, Kathleen L., Chien Hui Huang, Matthew P. Davenport, and Paul W. Davenport. "Relationship between Respiratory Load Perception and Perception of Nonrespiratory Sensory Modalities in Subjects with Life-Threatening Asthma." Pulmonary Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/310672.
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Subjects with life-threatening asthma (LTA) have reported decreased sensitivity to inspiratory resistive (R) loads. It is unknown if decreased sensitivity is specific for inspiratoryRloads, other types of respiratory loads, or a general deficit affecting sensory modalities. This study hypothesized that impairment is specific to respiratory stimuli. This study tested perceptual sensitivity of LTA, asthmatic (A), and nonasthmatic (NA) subjects to 4 sensory modalities: respiratory, somatosensory, auditory, visual. Perceptual sensitivity was measured with magnitude estimation (ME): respiratory loads ME, determined using inspiratoryRand pressure threshold (PT) loads; somatosensory ME, determined using weight ranges of 2–20 kg; auditory ME, determined using graded magnitudes of 1 kHz tones delivered for 3 seconds bilaterally; visual ME, determined using gray-to-white disk intensity gradations on black background. ME for inspiratoryRloads lessened for LTA over A and NA subjects. There was no significant difference between the 3 groups in ME for PT inspiratory loads, weight, sound, and visual trials. These results demonstrate that LTA subjects are poor perceivers of inspiratoryRloads. This deficit in respiratory perception is specific to inspiratoryRloads and is not due to perceptual deficits in other types of inspiratory loads, somatosensory, auditory, or visual sensory modalities.
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Di, Giovanna, W. Gong, C. Haburcakova, V. Kögler, J. Carpaneto, V. Genovese, D. Merfeld, et al. "Development of a closed-loop neural prosthesis for vestibular disorders." Journal of Automatic Control 20, no. 1 (2010): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jac1001027d.
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Vestibular disorders can cause severe problems including spatial disorientation, imbalance, nausea, visual blurring, and even cognitive deficits. The CLONS project is developing a closed-loop, sensory neural prosthesis to alleviate these symptoms [1]. In this article, we outline the different components necessary to develop this prosthetic. A short version of this work was presented in the NEUREL 2010 [1]. Conceptually, the prosthesis restores vestibular information based on inertial sensors rigidly affixed to the user. These sensors provide information about rotational velocity of the head; the prosthetic then transfers the information to the vestibular nerve via electrical stimulation. Here we present a project overview, development details, and summarize our progress in animal models and selected human volunteers.