Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'SENSORY DEFICTS'

For those engaged in trying to understand the cause of dyslexia, these are interesting times. There is increasing evidence that dyslexia may result from a deficit in the brain's ability to process general visual and auditory information, which may subsequently contribute to observed language difficulties. While some suggest that this processing deficit is confined to lower perceptual levels, others propose that it extends to higher cognitive levels of attention and learning. So far there is surprisingly little evidence of research wherein both modalities, both processing levels and various stimulus features have been tested in the same set of dyslexics using electrophysiological measures. This was the purpose of this research. In four studies, event related potentials were recorded from dyslexic and control brains during the non-attentive and attentive discrimination of various visual and auditory stimuli. Average dyslexic-control ERP comparisons were made for sensory N 1 and MMN waves in the passive, and cognitive P2, N2 and P3 waves in the active response conditions. Dyslexics had attenuated MMNs during the pre-attentive discrimination of changes in peripheral visual field, auditory frequency and rapid auditory sequences but not auditory duration. Moreover, dyslexics had abnormal P2 or P3 waves during the attentive discrimination of all visual and auditory stimuli. Finally, the previously attenuated MMN to frequency discrimination was enhanced after attentive practice. The feature-specific MMN abnormalities suggest a highly selective, multi-modal, perceptual dysfunction in dyslexics, as predicted by the pan-sensory deficit theory. However, the ubiquitous task-related P2 and P3 abnormalities suggest that their deficits also extend to higher cognitive domains, as predicted by the automatization/cerebellar deficit theory. The subsequent MMN enhancement suggests practice-induced improvements in their perceptual acuity. These findings suggest that dyslexia is a multilevel syndrome: the same dyslexics have problems in both domains: visual and auditory, and at both processing levels: sensory and cognitive.

The purpose of this review was to determine whether the use of sensory-based alternative seating to increase the appropriate behaviors of individuals with disabilities is an evidence-based practice (EBP). Articles located on this topic were descriptively analyzed, and What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) guidelines were applied to determine each study’s methodological rigor, level of evidence, and whether, taken together, there is enough research to support alternative seating as an EBP. A total of 37 studies of the effects of sensory-based alternative seating on individuals with disabilities were found. These studies included a total of 44 participants, between 3 to 9 years of age. Based on WWC guidelines, six of the 37 studies, or 16%, met standards for rigor, and of those, only one study showed evidence of a positive effect on the target behavior. The results and their implications for teachers/practitioners, and future research are discussed.

Cerebral palsy is a non-progressive disorder associated with brain injury, defect, or disease, of early onset. Emphasis is placed on the more easily observable motor deficits, with any underlying sensory deficits often being overlooked. Existing sensory assessments have either been standardized on an adult population or for a paediatric population without significant neuromotor impairment. Thus, there is a need to formulate a standardized sensory assessment battery that may be used to evaluate physically handicapped children. A review of the literature highlights the necessity to evaluate the presence and extent or sensory dysfunction in school-age hemiplegic children, using a standardized clinical sensory assessment battery, as well as somatosensory evoked potentials.
A reliable sensory battery, which assesses 5 sensory modalities, was formulated and normative data for school-age children was derived. Sensory function was evaluated in 9 hemiplegic children (4-19 years) and 18 healthy age-matched controls. Significant bilateral sensory deficits were documented in hemiplegic children. Thus a sensory assessment should be an integral part of the evaluation of a child with hemiplegia.

Previous research has identified motor deficits within the ADHD population, and indicates that these individuals are at an increased risk for difficulties relating to their motor development. The present study, which utilized discriminant function analysis, was unable to document areas of motor impairment for individuals diagnosed with ADHD. Specifically, no evidence of motor impairment was identified on tasks of motor coordination, fine motor dexterity, motor speed and grip strength, which measures the integrity of the motor system at the basic output level. Interestingly, results identified that individuals with ADHD were more proficient in their motor abilities than the normative population. Two mitigating factors were controlled for in this study and were found to impact performance on motor tasks. First, higher level thinking skills such as verbal comprehension, attention control, cognitive sequencing, working memory and executive functions appear to be more responsible for documented performance deficits than an underlying motor deficit. Secondly, the high prevalence of comorbid psychiatric and medical disorders, inherent to the ADHD population, appears to negatively impact performance on motor tasks. In general, individuals with only a diagnosis of ADHD consistently outperformed individuals who had been diagnosed with ADHD and comorbid disorders.This study also examined the sensory and subcortical abilities of individuals with ADHD. Results indicate that these children are similar to their same age peers in their visual perception, visual acuity, auditory discrimination and tactile perception. Finally, this study was unable to identify evidence of impairment in the subcortical abilities of ADHD individuals. In fact, individuals with only a diagnosis of ADHD outperformed the control group across a majority of tasks assessing subcortical abilities. Comorbidity also appears to negatively impact performance on sensory and subcortical tasks, especially for individuals with comorbid medical conditions. Overall, results from this study impact the field of research which previously identified motor performance deficits in the ADHD population. Further research is needed to examine the sensory and motor abilities of ADHD individuals to understand the performance abilities of individuals with ADHD.
Department of Educational Psychology

Current research concentrates on ways to investigate and improve water productivity (WP), as agriculture is today’s predominant freshwater consumer, averaging at 70% and reaching up to 93% in some regions. A growing world population will require more food and thus more water for cultivation. Regions that are already affected by physical water scarcity and which depend on irrigation for growing crops will face even greater challenges regarding their water supply. Other problems in such regions are a variable water supply, inefficient irrigation practices, and over-pumping of available groundwater resources with other adverse effects on the ecosystem. To face those challenges, strategies are needed that use the available water resources more efficiently and allow farming in a more sustainable way. This work focused on the management of sensor-based deficit irrigation (DI) systems and improvements of WP through a combined approach of simulation-optimization and irrigation experiments. In order to improve irrigation control, a new sensor called pF-meter was employed, which extended the measurement range of the commonly used tensiometers from pF 2.9 to pF 7. The following research questions were raised: (i) Is this approach a suitable strategy to improve WP; (ii) Is the sensor for irrigation control suitable; (iii) Which crop growth models are suitable to be part of that approach; and (iv) Can the combined application with experiments prove an increase of WP? The stochastic simulation-optimization approach allowed deriving parameter values for an optimal irrigation control for sensor-based full and deficit irrigation strategies. Objective was to achieve high WP with high reliability. Parameters for irrigation control included irrigation thresholds of soil-water potentials because of the working principle behind plant transpiration where pressure gradients are transmitted from the air through the plant and into the root zone. Optimal parameter values for full and deficit irrigation strategies were tested in irrigation experiments in containers in a vegetation hall with drip irrigated maize and compared to schedule-based irrigation strategies with regard to WP and water consumption. Observation data from one of the treatments was used afterwards in a simulation study to systematically investigate the parameters for implementing effective setups of DI systems. The combination of simulation-optimization and irrigation experiments proved to be a suitable approach for investigating and improving WP, as well as for deriving optimal parameter values of different irrigation strategies. This was verified in the irrigation experiment and shown through overall high WP, equally high WP between deficit and full irrigation strategies, and achieved water savings. Irrigation thresholds beyond the measurement range of tensiometers are feasible and applicable. The pF-meter performed satisfactorily and is a promising candidate for irrigation control. Suitable crop models for being part of this approach were found and their properties formulated. Factors that define the behavior of DI systems regarding WP and water consumption were investigated and assessed. This research allowed for drawing the first conclusions about the potential range of operations of sensor-based DI systems for achieving high WP with high reliability through its systematical investigation of such systems. However, this study needs validation and is therefore limited with regard to exact values of derived thresholds.

Thesis (MOccTher)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background Temperament and sensory thresholds play an important part in how a person processes sensory information. Because people are differently construed, the way we perceive sensory information and act on the information will differ. Any person who suffers from an ailment or condition that interferes with this process of receiving, interpreting and acting on stimuli from our environments may find this process even harder. Behavioural observations that deviate from the "norm" are often found in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and sensory processing disorder (SPD). More recent research focused on the relationship between ADHD and SPD. Dunn developed the Sensory Profile Caregiver1 and Sensory Profile School Companion2 (SPSC) measures to identify children’s sensory processing difficulties. Although many studies have been conducted using the Sensory Profile, no studies have been conducted outside the United States of America (USA) to establish whether Dunn’s SPSC will differentiate between children who are considered to be "normal" and those diagnosed with ADHD. Aim The aim of this study was to investigate how learners with ADHD in the Western Cape would perform on Dunn’s Sensory Profile School Companion (SPSC) and the ADHD Rating Scale-IV³ in order to assess the sensory processing problems of learners with ADHD in South Africa (see note end of abstract). Methodology A descriptive study was conducted using a convenience sample (n=108) from learners in the Western Cape between the ages of five and ten years and diagnosed with ADHD. Data collection consisted of a demographical form completed by the parents/legal guardians of the learners, as well as the completion of two questionnaires by the educator of the learners. The first questionnaire, the ADHD Rating Scale-IV, was used to classify the learners into subtypes of ADHD. The second questionnaire was Dunn’s SPSC, which is a teacher-report measure of learners’ responses to sensory input in the school environment. The following statistical analyses were performed: • descriptive statistics to provide means, medians and measurements of dispersion of the learners in the Western Cape on the SPSC; • The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA probability value to consider if significant differences existed between the medians of the 13 group scores of the SPSC; and • The Welsh T-test to compare learners with ADHD in the Western Cape with SPSC norms and Dunn’s sample of learners with ADHD. Results The results showed that there were significant differences (p=0.000) on all 13 group scores of the SPSC in learners with ADHD in the Western Cape showing significantly more behaviours characterising poorer sensory processing, when compared to Dunn’s normal sample. The comparison to Dunn’s sample of learners with ADHD did not yield significant differences in 11 of the 13 group scores, indicating that learners with ADHD in the Western Cape did not differ from Dunn’s ADHD learners. Avoiding and School Factor 4 showed significant differences, with the Western Cape group showing more extreme behaviours related to sensory input than Dunn’s group. The results using the ADHD Rating Scale-IV were less significant and it was found that the rating scale could not differentiate between the two types of ADHD, although some inferences could be made regarding the use (or not) of medication. There was a significant difference (p < 0.01) on the inattentive, hyperactive-impulsivity and total scores of the ADHD Rating Scale-IV with learners not on medication showing a higher frequency of ADHD behaviours. Conclusion Dunn’s SPSC was found to be a good measure to assess learners with ADHD’s sensory processing problems. The ADHD Rating Scale-IV, on the other hand, could not classify the learners into the subtypes and therefore cannot be used when learners are already using medication. Further investigation is recommended to try to establish a link between the different subtypes of ADHD and the placement of learners on the different quadrants of Dunn’s SPSC as well as the School Factors and Sensory Section Scores.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond Temperament en sensoriese drempels speel 'n belangrike rol in die wyse waarop 'n persoon sensoriese inligting verwerk. Omdat mense verskillend is, sal die manier waarop ons sensoriese inligting waarneem en dan daarop reageer, verskil. Enige persoon wat aan 'n kwaal of toestand ly wat inmeng met hierdie proses van hoe sensoriese insette uit die omgewing opgeneem, geïnterpreteer en dan op gereageer word, sal dit moeilik vind. Gedrag wat afwyk van die "norm" word dikwels in kinders met aandagafleibaarheid/hiperaktiwiteitsteuring (AAHS) en sensoriese prosesseringsdisfunksie (SPD) waargeneem. Meer onlangse navorsing fokus op die verhouding tussen AAHS en SPD. Dunn het die Sensory Profile Caregiver4 en die Sensory Profile School Companion5 (SPSC)-skale ontwikkel om kinders se sensoriese prosesseringsprobleme te identifiseer. Alhoewel baie studies gedoen is wat die Sensory Profile gebruik het, is daar geen studies buite die VSA gedoen om te bepaal of Dunn se SPSC tussen kinders wat as normaal beskou word en dié wat met AAHS gediagnoseer is, kan differensiëer nie. Doelstelling Die doel van hierdie studie was om ondersoek in te stel na hoe leerders met AAHS in die Wes- Kaap op Dunn se Sensory Profile School Companion (SPSC) en die ADHD Rating Scale-IV6 sou presteer om die sensoriese prosesserings probleme van leerders met AAHS te assesseer. Metodiek 'n Beskrywende studie is gedoen met 'n gerieflikheidsteekproef (n=108) van leerders tussen die ouderdomme vyf en tien jaar oud in die Wes-Kaap wat met AAHS gediagnoseer is. Datainsameling het bestaan uit 'n demografiese vorm wat deur die ouers/wettige voogde van die leerders ingevul is, sowel as die voltooiing van twee vraelyste deur die opvoeder van die leerders. Die eerste vraelys, die ADHD Rating Scale-IV, is gebruik om die subtipes van AAHS te klassifiseer. Die tweede vraelys was die Sensory Profile School Companion (SPSC) wat 'n meting met behulp van die onderwyser se verslag is wat die leerders se reaksie ten opsigte van sensoriese insette in die skoolomgewing meet. Die tweede vraelys (Dunn se SPSC) is deur onderwysers ingevul ten einde leerders se response op sensoriese insette in die skoolomgewing te bepaal. Die data is aan die volgende ontledings onderwerp: beskrywende statistiek wat die gemiddelde, mediane en metings van die verspreiding van leerders in die Wes-Kaap op die SPSC verskaf; • die Kruskal-Wallis-eenrigting-ANOVA waarskynlikheidswaarde om vas te stel of daar beduidende verskille tussen die mediane van die 13 groeptellings van die SPSC is; en • die Welsh T-Toets om leerders met AAHS in die Wes-Kaap te vergelyk met die SPSCnorme en Dunn se steekproef van leerders met AAHS. Resultate Die resultate het beduidende verskille getoon (p=0.000) op al 13 groeptellings van die SPSC by leerders met AAHS in die Wes-Kaap, wat dui daarop dat hierdie groep aansienlik meer probleme kenmerkend aan sensoriese verwerking toon as wat in Dunn se normale steekproef waargeneem is. Die vergelyking met Dunn se steekproef met AAHS het in 11 van die 13 groeptellings nie beduidende verskille getoon nie wat aandui dat leerders met AAHS in die Wes-Kaap nie veel verskil het van Dunn se AAHS-leerders nie. Avoiding en School Factor 4 het beduidende verskille getoon met leerders in die Wes-Kaapse groep wat meer uiterstes in gedrag getoon het ten opsigte van sensoriese insette as dié van Dunn se groep. Die resultate waar die ADHD Rating Scale gebruik is, was minder beduidend en daar is bevind dat die skaal nie kon differensiëer tussen die twee tipes AAHS nie, alhoewel daar afleidings gemaak kon word ten opsigte van die gebruik (of nie) van medikasie. Daar was 'n beduidende verskil (p < 0.01) in die onoplettende, hiperaktief-impulsiwiteit en totale tellings van die ADHD Rating Scale-IV met leerders nie op medikasie nie, wat 'n hoër frekwensie van AAHS-gedrag getoon het. Slot Daar is bevind dat Dunn se SPSC 'n goeie maatstaf is om die sensoriese verwerkingsprobleme van leerders met AAHS te assesseer. Die ADHD Rating Scale-IV aan die ander kant kon nie die leerders in die verskillende subtipes klassifiseer nie en kan dus nie gebruik word wanneer die leerders reeds medikasie gebruik nie. Verdere ondersoek word aanbeveel in ’n poging om 'n skakel te kry tussen die verskillende subtipes AAHS en die plasing van leerders op die verskillende kwadrante van Dunn se SPSC sowel as die School Factors- en Sensory Section-tellings.

Kinesthesia refers to sensations of limb position and movement, and deficits of upper limb kinesthetic feedback are common after stroke, impairing stroke survivors’ ability to perform the fundamental reaching and stabilization behaviors needed for daily functions like self-feeding. I attempt to mitigate the negative impact of post-stroke kinesthesia deficits by evaluating the utility of vibrotactile sensory substitution to restore closed-loop kinesthetic feedback of the upper limb.

As a first step, this study evaluated performance in healthy individuals during fundamental reaching, stabilization, and tracking behaviors while using supplemental vibrotactile feedback encoding either limb state information or goal-aware error information. First, I determined that performance in reaching and stabilization tasks varies systematically with the amount of limb position and velocity information encoded in limb state feedback and that there is an optimal combination. Next, I compared the utility of optimal limb state to goal-aware error feedback. Both types of feedback reduced error in the reaching and stabilization tasks. Random task-irrelevant sham feedback did not reduce error, demonstrating participants could perceive and understand the information contained within the vibrotactile feedback. Error feedback improved performance more than state feedback; however the relative difficulty of using error feedback outside of a laboratory setting means state feedback should not be discounted. The performance while tracking could not be quantified due to issues with the task design.

As a second step, I performed a series of case studies in five chronic stroke survivors. The stroke survivors all tolerated the vibrotactile feedback well and were able to perceive and understand at least one of the limb state or error feedback encodings. Stroke survivors practiced each information encoding type for one session. During this short period our stroke survivors struggled to integrate visual and vibrotactile inputs and motor control in order to use the vibrotactile information to control the arm. However, two additional practice sessions with error feedback for one participant led to a two thirds reduction in reaching error. These results suggest stroke survivors can learn to use supplemental vibrotactile feedback to enhance control of the contralesional arm.

Sensory Modulation Dysfunction (SMD) is characterized by an inability to consistently and accurately grade responses to sensory information. SMD, and specifically sensory over-responsivity (SOR), has been correlated with stress and anxiety in some developmentally delayed populations and has been associated with structures and functions of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis. Recent attention has been given to HPA functioning in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), with a majority of studies identifying blunted or diminished cortisol patterns. In contrast, elevated cortisol has been associated with anxiety and anxious behaviors in both animal and human studies. The purpose of this study was to determine if SOR may be a contributing factor in determining stress reactivity patterns in children with ADHD or related to elevated levels of anxiety in this population.Twenty four children between the ages of six and ten with ADHD and 24 children without ADHD were recruited for this study. Parents completed a Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) with their child. Children in the ADHD group were divided into SOR (ADHDs) and non-SOR (ADHDt) groups using the Sensory Over-Responsivity Inventory (SensOR). All children participated in a Sensory Challenge Protocol. Two pre-challenge and seven post-challenge measures of salivary cortisol were taken. The relationship between SOR and anxiety was examined using an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and a Fishers exact test to look for differences among group medians and compare scores to clinical cut-off standard. Cortisol patterns were examined using a mixed-effects ANOVA to determine if stress reactivity was significantly different between groups.No baseline differences in salivary cortisol were found between groups. In response to a sensory challenge, there was a borderline significant difference found between the ADHDt and ADHDs group (p=0.056) and a significant difference between ADHDt and the typical (p=0.014) group; with cortisol levels being significantly lower in the ADHDt group. Scores for total anxiety indicated that the ADHDs group was significantly more anxious than both the ADHDt and control group. These results indicate that SOR may alter the stress response in children with ADHD and contribute to increased anxiety in this population.

Avui dia a Espanya i en moltes regions del món s'enfronten al problema d'escassetat d'aigua i la disminució de les seves ofertes. D'altra banda, les projeccions dels models climàtics preveuen que l'escassetat d'aigua es convertirà en un dels problemes més importants en moltes zones del món. Aquest seriòs problema fa que sigui urgent millorar l’eficiència en l’ús d’aigua. Considerant aquest aspecte, l'objectiu general d'aquesta tesis ha estat millorar l'eficiència del reg mitjançant la utilització de nous protocols de reg en dos espècies d’arbres, cirerers (Prunus avium) i de platan d’ombra (Platanus x hispanica) per a produir fusta. Mitjançant l'aplicació de diferents estratègies de reg deficitari basades en mesures de la màxima contracció diària del diámetre del tronc (MCD) combinat amb la mesura de l'estat de l'aigua al sòl. Els assajos van ser realitzats els anys 2009 i 2010, en un hivernacle (primer capítol) i en camp obert (segon i tercer capítol) a les instal•lacions de l'IRTA a Torre Marimon. Els objectius del primer capítol van ser avaluar si la MCD és un bon indicador de l’estat hídric del cirerer a partir de les relacions amb altres indicadors fisiològics i ambientals; així mateix, es va obtenir un valor llindar d'aquesta variable per a utilitzar-lo en la programació de reg. Com s'esperava els arbres ben regats i els arbres estressats van presentar diferències significatives en les variables fisiològiques: conductància estomàtica foliar (gs), potencial hídric foliar de migdia (md) i el flux de saba diari (Qd); el potencial matricial del substrat (s) va disminuir a valors de - 33 kPa i el corresponent valor de MCD va ser aproximadament de 0.30 mm. Aquests valors són considerats llindars potencials per a planificar el reg cirerers joves. Aquests valors corresponen a un md de -2.3 MPa i una gs de 50 mmol m-2 s-1, els quals indiquen estrès sever. En la part B del primer capítol, l'objectiu era explorar si la sequera afecta el patró diàri i horari dels dos indicadors de l’estat hídric mesurats en continu com son la variació del diàmetre del tronc i el flux de saba. Els arbres estresats mostren un increment significatiu de la MCD i un decrement del flux de saba respecte als arbres ben regats. La MCD és més sensible que el SF diàri front l'estrès per sequera, principalment a causa de la variabilitat més gran del SF entre arbres. En els cicles diàris, la variació del diàmetre del tronc i el flux de saba estan relacionats per un bucle que es comporta diferent quan estàn ben regats o estan estressats. La variació del pendent de la relació entre les dues varibles entre les 8 i les 16 hores en situacions de sequera pot ser un indicador d’estrés. Els objectius del segon capítol van ser intentar millorar la gestió de reg en arbres, cirerer i plàtan d’ombra, mitjançant la implantació de nous protocols de reg deficitari regulat (RDImds) basat en el valor absolut de la MCD i el potencial matricial del sòl (s), també es va combinar amb l’us d’aigua regenerada en cirerers . Els resultats indiquen que no va haver cap efecte negatiu associat amb l’aplicació del tractament RDI en el creixement en diàmetre, alçada i cobertura verda relativa, ni en la conductància estomàtica en ambdues especies. La qualitat d’aigua de reg tampoc va afectar al creixement dels cirerers El tractament RDImds ha estalviat aigua sense cap efecte negatiu sobre el creixement de l'arbre, amb el mateix comportament quan s’ha regat amb aigua regenerada o aigua de pou. El protocol aplicat en 2009 podria ser recomanat per a cirerers joves, i el protocol aplicat en 2010 podria ser recomanat per als plàtans. En el tercer capítol, l'objectiu va ser evaluar un protocol de programació de reg basat en el s i la señal de laMCD (MCDRDI/MCD100%Etc) en cirerer i en plàtan d’ombra. Els resultats van indicar que tractaments de RDI basats en la señal de MCD no van tenir efecte negatiu en els indicadors de creixement dels arbres, ni en la MCD ni en la gs. El tractament RDIsenyal va estalviar el 20-30% de l'aigua en les dues espècies. Així com en el tractament RDImds, el protocol aplicat en 2009 es podria recomanar per als cirerers joves i el protocol utilitzat en 2010 es podria recomanar per a plàtans d’ombra. Aquest darrer tractament té la desventatja que es necessita un control, però a la vegada evita els problemes de la influència de les condicions ambientals en la MCD del tractament RDImds.
Hoy en día en España y en muchas regiones del mundo se enfrentan al problema de la escasez de agua y la disminución de sus suministros. Por otra parte, las proyecciones de los modelos climáticos preveen que la escasez de agua se convertirá en uno de los problemas más importantes en muchas zonas del mundo. La gravedad de problema hace que sea necesario mejorar la eficiencia del uso del agua. Considerando lo anterior, el objetivo general de esta tesis es mejorar la eficiencia del riego mediante la utilización de nuevos protocolos de gestión de riego en dos especies de árboles: cerezos (Prunus avium) y plátano de sombra (Platanus x hispanica) para producir madera. Mediante la aplicación de diferente estrategias de riego deficitario basadas en las medidas de la máxima contracción diaria del tronco (MCD) combinado con la medida del estado hídrico del suelo. Los ensayos se realizaron los años 2009 y 2010, en un invernadero (primer capítulo) y en campo (segundo y tercer capítulo) en las instalaciones del IRTA en Torre Marimon. Los objetivos del primer capítulo fueron evaluar si la MCD es un buen indicador del estado hídrico del cerezo a partir de las relaciones con otros indicadores fisiológicos y ambientales; asimismo, se obtuvo un valor umbral de esta variable para utilizarlo en la programación del riego Como se esperaba, los árboles bien regados y los estresados presentaron diferencias significativas en todas las variables fisiológicas: conductancia estomática (gs), potencial hídrico de la hoja al mediodía ( md) y flujo de savia diario (Qd); el potencial matricial del substrato ( s) disminuyó hasta -33, y el correspondiente valor de MCD fue aproximadamente 0.30 mm. Estos valores se consideran umbrales potenciales para la programación del riego de árboles jóvenes de cerezos. Estos valores se corresponden a un -2 -1 md de -2.3 MPa y una gs de 50mmol m s , los cuales indican estrés hídrico severo. En la parte B del primer capítulo B, el objetivo fue explorar si la sequía afecta al patrón diario y horario de dos indicadores continuos del estado hídrico como son la variación del diámetro del tronco y el flujo de savia. Los árboles estresados mostraron un incremento significativo de la MCD y un decremento del SF diario respecto a los bien regados. La MCD es más sensible a la sequía que el SF diario, debido principalmente a la mayor variabilidad entre árboles del segundo. En los ciclos diarios, la variación del diámetro del tronco y el flujo de savia horario están relacionados por un bucle que se comporta diferente cuando está regado o estresado. La variación de la pendiente de la relación entre las dos variables entre las 8 y las 16 horas en situaciones de sequía puede ser un indicador de estrés. Los objetivos del segundo capítulo fueron intentar mejorar la gestión del riego en árboles, cerezo y plátano de sombra mediante la implantación de nuevos protocolos de riego deficitario regulado basados en el valor absoluto de MCD (RDImds) y el potencial matricial de suelo ( s), también se combinó con el uso de agua regenerada en cerezos. Los resultados indicaron que no hubo ningún efecto negativo relacionado con los tratamientos de RDI en el crecimiento en diámetro y altura del tronco ni en la cobertura verde, ni en la conductancia estomática en ambas especies. El tratamiento RDImds ha ahorrado agua sin ningún efecto en el crecimiento de los árboles, con el mismo comportamiento cuando se ha regado con agua regenerada o agua de pozo. El protocolo aplicado en 2009 podría ser recomendado para cerezos jóvenes, y el protocolo aplicado en 2010 podría recomendarse para plátanos. En el tercer capítulo, el objetivo fue evaluar un protocolo de riego basado en el s y la señal de la MCD (MCDRDI/MCD100%Etc). Los resultados indicaron que tratamientos de RDIseñal no tuvieron ningún efecto negativo sobre los indicadores de crecimiento de los árboles ni en la MCD ni en la gs. El tratamiento RDIseñal ahorró un 20 - 30% de agua en las dos especies. Així com en el tractament RDImds, el protocolo aplicado en 2009 se podría recomendar para cerezos jóvenes y el protocolo utilizado en 2010 se podría recomendar para plátanos. Este último tratamiento tiene la desventaja que necesita un control, pero a su vez evita los problemas de la influencia de las condiciones ambientales en la MCD del tratamiento RDImds.
Nowadays in Spain and many regions in the world face the problem of water scarcity and decreasing of its supplies. Moreover, climatic model projected that water scarcity will become one of the most important problems in many areas of the world. This serious problem supposes an urgent need to improve water use efficiency. Considering this problems, the general objective of this work was to improve irrigation efficiency by using new irrigation management protocol in two different species cherry trees (Prunus avium) and plane trees (Platanus x hispanica) for timber production. By applying different deficit irrigation strategies, based on the dendrometry measurements and other plant based water status indicators combined by soil water status measurements. The essays were conducted in 2009 and 2010; the first parts were conducted in one greenhouse and the second and third parts in the open field at IRTA Torre Marimon facilities. The objectives of the first chapter were to evaluate if MDS is a reliable indicator of cherry plants water status through its relationship with physiological and environmental variables; moreover, to study from these relationships the possibility of derivation a threshold value of MDS that indicated maximum water stress level in order to use it for irrigation scheduling. As expected well irrigated and stressed trees presented significant differences in all physiological variables: stomatal conductance (gs), midday leaf water potential ( md) and daily sap flow (Qd); substrate water potential ( s) decreased till -33kPa and the corresponding MDS value about 0.30 mm. Those values could be considered potential threshold for irrigation scheduling of young cherry trees. Those values corresponded to md of -2.3 MPa and gs of 50 mmol m-2 s-1, indicative of severe water stress. In part B of this chapter, the objective was to explore if drought affected the daily and hourly pattern of two continuous indicators of water status, trunk diameter variation and sap flow. Stressed trees showed a significant MDS increase and SF decrease respect to irrigated trees. MDS was more sensitive than SF in front of drought stress, mainly due to the higher variability of SF from tree to tree. In the daily cycle values, trunk diameter variation and sap flow were related to each other via a loop that differs according to tree water status. The change in the slope of the relationship between the two varibles between 8 and 16 hours in drought conditions can be an indicator of stress. The aims of the second chapter were to improve managing irrigation in woody trees, cherry and plane tree, by applying a regulate deficit irrigation protocols based on the absolute value of MDS (RDImds) and soil water potential ( s), combined by reclaimed water in cherry trees. Results indicated no negative effect related with RDI treatments was noticed on cherry or plane trees growth as no any significant differences was noticed in trunk diameter growth rate (TGR), height and relative green cover (RGC)neither in stomatal conductance in both species. Water quality neither affected the grothw of cherry trees. The RDImds treatment combined with s saved water without any negative effect on tree growth, with the same behavior when irrigated with reclaimed water or well water. The protocol applied in 2009 would be recommended for young cherry trees, and the protocol applied in 2010 would be recommended for plane trees. In the third chapter, the objective was to evaluate an irrigation scheduling protocol based on the information obtained from soil status s and MDS signal (MDSRDI/MDS100%Etc) as precision tools for automated adjustment of deficit irrigation in cherry and plane tree. Results indicated that RDIsignal and s protocols had no negative effect on tree growth indicators TGR and RGC; also no clear differences were noticed between well irrigated and RDIsignal trees in MDS and gs. Our irrigation scheduling protocol based on MDSsignal and s can be considered a valid protocol for schedule irrigation in woody trees as it helped us to save about 20- 30% of water in both species without any negative effect on the trees growth. As well as in the treatment RDImds, the protocol applied in 2009 could recommend for young cherry and protocol used in 2010 could recommend bananas for shade. The latter treatment has disadvantage it takes control, yet avoid the problems of the influence of environmental conditions on MCD treatment RDImds.

Dissertation (Masters in Education (Education and Social Sciences))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009
The purpose of this study was to explore the impact that sensory processing had on the learning and development of two Grade R learners that experience Asperger's Syndrome. The present study is grounded in theories originating from the works of Piaget (1973 & 1978), Vygotsky (1978 & 1993), Feuerstein (1980 & 1991) and Erikson (1950). The informal, flexible education experienced in Grade R classes reflects both the OBE curriculum and inclusive education systems found in South Africa. The main medium of learning is through sensory experiences, therefore it was necessary to research how two AS learners would learn and develop and explore their world through their senses. This research approach was purely qualitative. Multi-methods of data collection, particularly interviews and observations were used. The sample size was two independent case studies, using learners aged between five and seven, who had been clinically diagnosed with Asperger's Syndrome (AS). The two AS learners both attended mainstream Grade R classes and both had facilitators. The findings of the study answer the key research question: “What is the impact of sensory processing difficulties on the learning and development of two learners experiencing Asperger's Syndrome in Grade R?” The results confirmed the impact sensory processing had on the learning and development of learners experiencing AS. The learners had difficulty learning new skills and concepts. Although they were both bright learners, they were perceived as underachievers. Identifying these sensory difficulties and creating awareness among educators, can have a positive impact on these learners' adaptability in a mainstream school environment. This study recommends that early intervention with AS learners is vital for their future learning and development. The interpretation of body language and social skills of normal learners needs to be taught to learners with AS so they can begin to socialise with other learners positively. Ebersöhn & Eloff (2006) suggest that knowledge of asset-based good practices should be shared with educators and caregivers, so that they can focus on the AS learners' strengths and positive character traits. The multi-disciplinary team need to work together to offer support to these learners assisting them to develop to their full potential

La neuroriabilitazione è un processo attraverso cui individui affetti da patologie neurologiche mirano al conseguimento di un recupero completo o alla realizzazione del loro potenziale ottimale benessere fisico, mentale e sociale. Elementi essenziali per una riabilitazione efficace sono: una valutazione clinica da parte di un team multidisciplinare, un programma riabilitativo mirato e la valutazione dei risultati conseguiti mediante misure scientifiche e clinicamente appropriate. Obiettivo principale di questa tesi è stato sviluppare metodi e strumenti quantitativi per il trattamento e la valutazione motoria di pazienti neurologici. I trattamenti riabilitativi convenzionali richiedono a pazienti neurologici l’esecuzione di esercizi ripetitivi, diminuendo la loro motivazione. La realtà virtuale e i feedback sono in grado di coinvolgerli nel trattamento, permettendo ripetibilità e standardizzazione dei protocolli. È stato sviluppato e valutato uno strumento basato su feedback aumentati per il controllo del tronco. Inoltre, la realtà virtuale permette l’individualizzare il trattamento in base alle esigenze del paziente. Un’applicazione virtuale per la riabilitazione del cammino è stata sviluppata e testata durante un training su pazienti di sclerosi multipla, valutandone fattibilità e accettazione e dimostrando l'efficacia del trattamento. La valutazione quantitativa delle capacità motorie dei pazienti viene effettuata utilizzando sistemi di motion capture. Essendo il loro uso nella pratica clinica limitato, una metodologia per valutare l’oscillazione delle braccia in soggetti parkinsoniani basata su sensori inerziali è stata proposta. Questi sono piccoli, accurati e flessibili ma accumulano errori durante lunghe misurazioni. È stato affrontato questo problema e i risultati suggeriscono che, se il sensore è sul piede e le accelerazioni sono integrate iniziando dalla fase di mid stance, l’errore e le sue conseguenze nella determinazione dei parametri spaziali sono contenuti. Infine, è stata presentata una validazione del Kinect per il tracking del cammino in ambiente virtuale. Risultati preliminari consentono di definire il campo di utilizzo del sensore in riabilitazione.
Neurorehabilitation is a process by which neurological individuals achieve full recovery or, when not possible, realize their optimal physical, mental and social potential. Essential components of effective motor rehabilitation process include an expert multidisciplinary assessment, a realistic goal-oriented program and the evaluation of patient’s achievements through clinically appropriate, scientifically sound outcome measures. The main aim of this thesis was to develop quantitative methods and tools for the clinical treatment and assessment of neurological patients. Conventional rehabilitation treatments typically require neurological patients to execute repetitive exercises, consequently limiting their engagement and motivation. Virtual reality and augmented feedback are tools which have shown to involve patients, allowing repeatability and standardization of protocols. An augmented feedback tool for trunk control was developed and evaluated. Moreover, virtual reality allows individualizing the treatment on patient’s needs gradually adapting the difficulty level to the progress. A virtual reality-based application for gait rehabilitation was developed and tested in a 6-weeks training program on multiple sclerosis subjects. Its feasibility and acceptance were evaluated and the effectiveness of treatment demonstrated. Traditionally, quantitative motor assessments have been performed using motion capture systems. Unfortunately, their effective use in clinical practice is still limited. To overcome these limitations inertial sensors have been introduced. A methodology based on their use to assess arm swing in Parkinson’s diseased is proposed. Inertial sensors, are small, accurate, flexible and portable but accumulate significant drift during long measurements. This issue has been analyzed and findings suggest that drift and its consequences in determining gait parameters can be contained if the inertial unit is placed on the foot and accelerations are integrated starting from the mid stance phase. Finally, a validation of the Microsoft Kinect in tracking gait in a virtual reality-based training is presented. Preliminary results allow defining its range of use in rehabilitation.

La neuroriabilitazione è un processo attraverso cui individui affetti da patologie neurologiche mirano al conseguimento di un recupero completo o alla realizzazione del loro potenziale ottimale benessere fisico, mentale e sociale. Elementi essenziali per una riabilitazione efficace sono: una valutazione clinica da parte di un team multidisciplinare, un programma riabilitativo mirato e la valutazione dei risultati conseguiti mediante misure scientifiche e clinicamente appropriate. Obiettivo principale di questa tesi è stato sviluppare metodi e strumenti quantitativi per il trattamento e la valutazione motoria di pazienti neurologici. I trattamenti riabilitativi convenzionali richiedono a pazienti neurologici l’esecuzione di esercizi ripetitivi, diminuendo la loro motivazione. La realtà virtuale e i feedback sono in grado di coinvolgerli nel trattamento, permettendo ripetibilità e standardizzazione dei protocolli. È stato sviluppato e valutato uno strumento basato su feedback aumentati per il controllo del tronco. Inoltre, la realtà virtuale permette l’individualizzare il trattamento in base alle esigenze del paziente. Un’applicazione virtuale per la riabilitazione del cammino è stata sviluppata e testata durante un training su pazienti di sclerosi multipla, valutandone fattibilità e accettazione e dimostrando l'efficacia del trattamento. La valutazione quantitativa delle capacità motorie dei pazienti viene effettuata utilizzando sistemi di motion capture. Essendo il loro uso nella pratica clinica limitato, una metodologia per valutare l’oscillazione delle braccia in soggetti parkinsoniani basata su sensori inerziali è stata proposta. Questi sono piccoli, accurati e flessibili ma accumulano errori durante lunghe misurazioni. È stato affrontato questo problema e i risultati suggeriscono che, se il sensore è sul piede e le accelerazioni sono integrate iniziando dalla fase di mid stance, l’errore e le sue conseguenze nella determinazione dei parametri spaziali sono contenuti. Infine, è stata presentata una validazione del Kinect per il tracking del cammino in ambiente virtuale. Risultati preliminari consentono di definire il campo di utilizzo del sensore in riabilitazione.
Neurorehabilitation is a process by which neurological individuals achieve full recovery or, when not possible, realize their optimal physical, mental and social potential. Essential components of effective motor rehabilitation process include an expert multidisciplinary assessment, a realistic goal-oriented program and the evaluation of patient’s achievements through clinically appropriate, scientifically sound outcome measures. The main aim of this thesis was to develop quantitative methods and tools for the clinical treatment and assessment of neurological patients. Conventional rehabilitation treatments typically require neurological patients to execute repetitive exercises, consequently limiting their engagement and motivation. Virtual reality and augmented feedback are tools which have shown to involve patients, allowing repeatability and standardization of protocols. An augmented feedback tool for trunk control was developed and evaluated. Moreover, virtual reality allows individualizing the treatment on patient’s needs gradually adapting the difficulty level to the progress. A virtual reality-based application for gait rehabilitation was developed and tested in a 6-weeks training program on multiple sclerosis subjects. Its feasibility and acceptance were evaluated and the effectiveness of treatment demonstrated. Traditionally, quantitative motor assessments have been performed using motion capture systems. Unfortunately, their effective use in clinical practice is still limited. To overcome these limitations inertial sensors have been introduced. A methodology based on their use to assess arm swing in Parkinson’s diseased is proposed. Inertial sensors, are small, accurate, flexible and portable but accumulate significant drift during long measurements. This issue has been analyzed and findings suggest that drift and its consequences in determining gait parameters can be contained if the inertial unit is placed on the foot and accelerations are integrated starting from the mid stance phase. Finally, a validation of the Microsoft Kinect in tracking gait in a virtual reality-based training is presented. Preliminary results allow defining its range of use in rehabilitation.

L’emianopsia è un deficit centrale della visione che consiste nella perdita di una porzione di campo visivo al quale si associa una disorganizzazione dei movimenti oculari. Ciò risulta in una limitazione dell’autonomia nello svolgimento nelle attività quotidiane, come il muoversi in ambienti con ostacoli, che è solitamente valutata con questionari autosomministrati. Il trattamento riabilitativo che permette un recupero funzionale è di tipo compensativo, atto a rendere più efficaci le strategie oculomotorie. Questo elaborato è uno studio esplorativo su due possibili metodiche atte a valutare l’impatto funzionale dell’emianopsia: nella prima i partecipanti svolgono un compito che prevede movimenti saccadici e, sfruttando un’elaborazione automatica del segnale oculomotorio da eye-tracker, vengono estratti parametri d’interesse clinico. Nel secondo esperimento si è utilizzato un set-up ecologico che prevede il cammino con aggiramento di ostacoli verticali e sono stati estratti potenziali indicatori clinici da sensori magneto-inerziali posizionati sui piedi ed in fronte. Sono stati estratti parametri dall’orientamento della testa, dalla traiettoria messa in atto e quelli spazio-temporali del passo. In entrambi gli studi hanno partecipato emianoptici e soggetti sani, tra cui si è controllato quali parametri permettevano di distinguere le due popolazioni. Inoltre, si è valutato qualitativamente se gli indicatori potessero avere ricadute cliniche con acquisizioni ripetute pre e post-trattamento. Nel primo studio sono risultati in grado di discriminare tra i due gruppi l’accuratezza nella risposta, nella saccade di ritorno sia quando eccessiva che quando troppo ridotta ed il numero di correzioni. Nel secondo sono risultati significativamente diversi la velocità e la lunghezza del passo. I risultati preliminari di questa ricerca mettono in luce la potenzialità di questi strumenti per il loro utilizzo nella pratica clinica per la valutazione del paziente con emianopsia.

Uppsatsen är en litteraturstudie som syftar till att definiera begreppet dyspraxi och kartlägga de faktorer som ger upphov till dyspraktiska svårigheter. I arbetet framgår hur svårigheterna manifesteras i individens vardag samt hur man på bästa sätt kan möta och stödja individer med dyspraxi. Det som framkommit av vår studie är att dyspraxibegreppet är ett mångfacetterat begrepp med olika definitioner beroende på i vilket land man befinner sig. Det är i hjärnan och nervsystemet man kan finna de bakomliggande faktorer som ger upphov till svårigheter i främst tre specifika områden nämligen: perception, motorik och sensorisk integrering. Det har visat sig att det neuropedagogiska synsättet är ett ypperligt sätt att se på individens svårigheter men även att lyfta fram individens starka sidor och potentiella utvecklingsmöjligheter. Det neoropedagogiska förhållningssätt är brett och inkluderar flera olika sätt att tänka på, närma sig, se på utveckling och lärandet. Vi har funnit flera olika tips på övningar som kan utveckla individer med dyspraxi i olika avseenden som han/hon kanske inte fullt ut behärskar. För oss har det neuropedagogiska förhållningssättet blivit en självklar del i vårt arbete.

L'attention focalisée est une fonction cognitive de haut niveau permettant à l'Homme de faciliter sélectivement certaines actions et perceptions. Dans un monde regorgeant de choix d'actions, et de possibilités de perceptions, l'attention focalisée représente une composante vitale de la cognition humaine. Un constat important doit cependant être noté : l'Homme est incapable de maintenir indéfiniment un état stable d'attention focalisée. Cette incapacité est mise en évidence pendant les tâches d'attention soutenue par l'apparition progressive de déficiences sensori-motrices au cours du temps. L'impulsivité motrice augmente alors, ainsi que le temps de réponse aux stimuli impératifs, et la sensibilité perceptive diminue. À l'heure actuelle, les bases neuronales du phénomène restent très peu connues et ce manque de connaissance est clairement perceptible au sein de deux champs disciplinaires - les Neurosciences Cognitives et l'Ingénierie Cognitive. En Neurosciences Cognitives, la question demeure ainsi posée : pourquoi l'Homme est-il incapable de maintenir un niveau de performance sensori-motrice optimal au cours de tâches d'attention soutenue ? En Ingénierie Cognitive, la problématique concerne le développement d'Interfaces Cerveau-Machine (ICM) passives : identifier les marqueurs neuronaux des déficits d'attention permettrait, à terme, de suivre en temps réel l'état cognitif de l'Homme et de l'alerter de la survenue de ces déficits durant son activité. Ces deux problématiques ont été traitées dans cette thèse. Dans un premier temps, je démontre que le maintien d'une attention focalisée sur une stimulation visuelle entraîne une rapide inhibition des aires visuelles corticales. Cette inhibition sensorielle serait liée à l'absence de variation de la stimulation sensorielle. Ainsi, l'inhibition sensorielle serait bénéfique au cours de tâches de recherche visuelle : elle permettrait à l'Homme d'éviter de réexaminer plusieurs fois le même stimulus, le même objet, la même localisation spatiale; mais lorsqu'une attention soutenue est requise, ce mécanisme serait alors à l'origine de l'apparition de déficiences sensorielles. La présence de cette inhibition sensorielle apporte une explication probante à la diminution de sensibilité perceptive et à l'allongement du temps de réaction qui caractérisent le phénomène. Je montre ensuite que l'activité de structures neuronales motrices et d'aires corticales connues pour sous-tendre l'attention focalisée (i.e., tractus cortico-spinal, et aires corticales motrice primaire, préfrontale et pariétale droite) augmente progressivement au cours d'une tâche d'attention soutenue. Ce sur-engagement reflèterait un processus de compensation en réponse au désengagement préalable des aires corticales sensorielles et à la diminution de la qualité des représentations perceptives. Aussi, l'augmentation d'activité des structures neuronales motrices expliquerait l'augmentation de l'impulsivité motrice, une des signatures comportementales des déficits d'attention. Dans un second temps, je teste la possibilité d'exploiter ces corrélats neuronaux des déficits d'attention afin de discriminer deux états attentionnels donnés (i.e., avec ou sans déficits d'attention) au sein d'une ICM passive. Nous avons pour cela appliqué des méthodes de classification supervisées sur des données de spectroscopie proche infra-rouge reflétant l'activité hémodynamique des aires corticales préfrontale et pariétale enregistrées pendant une tâche d'attention soutenue. Nous rapportons des résultats encourageant en termes de performance de classification pour le futur développement d'ICM passives. Pris ensemble, les résultats décrits dans cette thèse apportent une meilleure compréhension des corrélats neuronaux des déficits d'attention et montrent comment cette connaissance peut être exploitée afin de développer des systèmes permettant de limiter la survenue d'accidents et d'incidents liés à l'erreur humaine dans un contexte écologique
Focused attention represents a high-level cognitive function enabling humans to selectively facilitate specific actions and perceptions. In a world full of choices of action, and of perceptual possibilities, focused attention appears to be a vital component of human cognition. One observation however, is worth making: human-beings are unable to maintain stable states of focused attention indefinitely. This inability manifests during sustained attention tasks with the progressive occurrence of sensory-motor deficiencies with time-on-task. The phenomenon - called attention decrement - is characterized by increases in motor impulsivity and in response times to imperative events, and by a reduction in perceptual sensitivity. So far, the neural underpinnings of attention decrement have not been fully elucidated and this lack of knowledge is clearly palpable within two disciplinary fields : Cognitive Neuroscience and Cognitive Engineering. In Cognitive Neuroscience, the associated question is why are human-beings unable to maintain an optimal sensory-motor performance during sustained attention tasks? In Cognitive Engineering, the lack of a complete scientific understanding of attentional issues impacts the development of efficient passive Brain-Computer interfaces (BCI), capable of detecting the occurrence of potentially dangerous attention decrements during the performance of everyday activities. Both issues have been addressed in this thesis. In terms of Cognitive Neuroscience, I demonstrate that sustaining focused attention on a visual stimulation rapidly leads to an inhibition of the visual cortices. This sensory inhibition can be causally related to the lack of changes in perceptual stimulation typically characterizing sustained attention tasks. While the mechanism may be beneficial during visual search tasks as it helps humans avoid processing the same stimulus, the same object, the same location several times, it can lead to the occurrence of sensory deficiencies when sustained attention is required. As such, the sensory inhibition provides a compelling explanation as to the decrease in perceptual sensitivity and to the increase in reaction time that typify attention decrement. I show in a second study that attention decrement is associated with an increase in the activity of motor- and attention-related neural structures (i.e., cortico-spinal tract, primary motor, prefrontal and right parietal cortices). This excessive engagement reflects a compensatory process occurring in response to the sensory disengagement already highlighted and to the related degradation of the quality of perceptual representations. It is notable that the excessive engagement of the motor neural structures with time-on-task provides a potential explanation for the increase in motor impulsivity typifying attention decrement. In terms of application of these new findings, I investigated the potential of exploiting these neural correlates of attention decrement to discriminate between two different attentional states (i.e., with or without attention decrement) through a passive BCI system. To do so, we applied supervised classification analyses on near-infrared spectroscopy signals reflecting the hemodynamic activity of prefrontal and parietal cortices as recorded during a sustained attention task. We achieved relatively promising classification performance results which bode well for the future development of passive BCI. When considered together, the results described in this thesis contribute towards a better understanding of the neural correlates of attention decrement and demonstrate how this novel knowledge can be exploited for the future development of systems which may enable a reduction in accidents and human error-driven incidents in real world environments

L’espace sensoriel des vins secs de Riesling a été établi en utilisant diverses méthodologies d’analyse sensorielle. Cela a été possible grâce à la comparaison avec des vins blancs secs de styles différents, en particulier avec des vins blancs secs de Bordeaux montrant une caractéristique aromatique forte du Sauvignon blanc. Deux panels d’experts, l’un en France, l’autre en Allemagne ont démontré que la typicité aromatique des vins Riesling est particulièrement associée à des descripteurs fruités comme les notes d’agrume et de fruits jaunes. Des corrélations ont aussi été établies entre les données sensorielles et l’analyse quantitative des composés volatils déterminés par chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse (CG-SM). En particulier, pour la première fois, il a été possible de démontrer que les teneurs en 3 sulfanylhexan 1-ol (3SH) sont significativement corrélées avec le jugement de typicité des vins de Riesling. Ensuite, l’impact de conditions viticoles (régime hydrique de la vigne, pratique de l’effeuillage) pendant la période végétative a été mesuré vis à vis des teneurs en précurseurs d’arômes des raisins et des moûts ainsi que pour des composants aromatiques des vins. Ainsi, les concentrations en composés volatils tels que le 3SH, le linalol et le 1,1,6-trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene (TDN) dans les vins sont évidemment influencées par des facteurs viticoles. Par ailleurs, dans une démarche de caractérisation de composés de l’arôme des vins de Riesling, un composé bien connu, le trans-cinnamate d’éthyle, a été identifié comme étant susceptible d’influencer l’arôme des vins et d’être impliqué dans la perception de leur typicité aromatique. La méthodologie appliquée pour arriver à ce résultat, a intégré à la fois le fractionnement par chromatographie en phase liquide de haute performance (CLHP) en associant une approche sensorielle comparative entre les extraits de vins Riesling et ceux de vins blancs secs de Bordeaux, puis la chromatographie en phase gazeuse en deux dimensions en mode de détection par olfactométrie et spectrométrie de masse de haute résolution (2D-CG-O-HRMS). Le couplage de ces deux approches a permis de constituer des outils suffisamment pertinents pour décrypter l’arôme du Riesling. L’ensemble de ces résultats a permis d’accroitre nos connaissances sur l’expression aromatique des vins de Riesling et les composés aromatiques impliqués ainsi que sur l’impact des conditions viticoles
The sensory concept of typicality of dry Riesling wines was demonstrated using different sensory analysis methodologies. This was achieved by comparison to other styles of dry white wines especially from Bordeaux, which showed strong Sauvignon blanc character. ‘Fruity’ descriptors like ‘citrus fruit’ and ‘yellow fruit’ were shown to be related to dry Riesling wines’ typicality independently by two panels of wine experts. Analysis of volatiles by means of gas chromatography coupled to mass selective detection (GC-MSD) was realised in order to link sensory data to aroma compounds’ concentrations. For the first time, concentrations of the high potent aroma compound 3 sulfanylhexan-1-ol (3SH) were shown to correlate with typicality ratings for Riesling wines. The impact of viticultural conditions during the grape vine growing period on finished wines’ aroma was studied with respect to grape vine water status and leaf removal practices including precursor studies in berries and must. It was clearly shown that changing viticultural conditions influenced volatile aroma compounds’ concentrations in finished wines, especially for 3SH, linalool and 1,1,6 trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene (TDN). Additionally the well-known aroma compound trans-ethyl cinnamate was identified to be a possible impacting aroma compound implicated in Riesling wines’ aromatic typicality. The applied methodology using two-dimensional gas chromatography with olfactometric and high resolution mass spectrometric detection (2D-GC-O/HRMS) after a sensory guided fractionation using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) in a comparative approach to dry white wines from Bordeaux, showed to be a powerful tool to decrypt Riesling wines’ aroma. The totality of results allowed improving the knowledge on aromatic typicality of Riesling wines and the imparted aroma compounds and how those concentrations could be influenced by changing viticultural conditions
Das eigene sensorische Konzept der Typizität von trockenen Rieslingweinen wurde mittels unterschiedlicher sensorischer Methoden nachgewiesen. Dies wurde insbesondere durch den Vergleich mit trockenen Weißweinen anderer Stile, vornehmlich mit trockenen Weißweinen aus Bordeaux, welche eine ausgeprägte Sauvignon blanc Stilistik aufwiesen, erzielt. Es konnte mithilfe von zwei unabhängigen sensorischen Panels, bestehend aus Weinexperten, gezeigt werden, dass die aromatische Typizität von trockenen Rieslingweinen mit „fruchtigen“ Deskriptoren, wie „Zitrus“ oder „gelbe Früchte“ zusammenhängt. Die mittels Gaschromatographie, gekoppelt mit massenspektrometrischer Detektion, (GC-MSD) gemessenen Konzentrationen flüchtiger Verbindungen wurden mit den sensorischen Daten korreliert. Hierbei wurde zum ersten Mal gezeigt, dass die Konzentrationen des hoch potenten Aromastoffes 3 Sulfanylhexanol (3SH) mit der wahrgenommenen Typizität von Rieslingweinen im engen Zusammenhang stehen. Der Einfluss weinbaulicher Bedingungen während der vegetativen Phase auf das Aroma von Weinen, einschließlich der Aromastoffvorstufen in Beeren und Most, wurde hinsichtlich der Wasserversorgung der Rebe und verschiedener Entblätterungspraktiken untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich ändernde weinbauliche Bedingungen die Gehalte von Aromastoffen in den Weinen beeinflussen, insbesondere die von 3SH, Linalool und 1,1,6 Trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene (TDN). Zusätzlich hierzu wurde der Aromastoff trans-Zimtsäureethylester als möglicher beteiligter Aromastoff in der Wahrnehmung der aromatischen Typizität in Rieslingweinen identifiziert. Der hierzu angewandte vergleichende Ansatz mit trockenen Weißweinen aus Bordeaux unter Verwendung einer sensorisch geleiteten Fraktionierung mittels Hochdruck-Flüssigkeits-Chromatographie (HPLC) und anschließender zweidimensionalen Gaschromatographie gekoppelt mit olfaktorischer und hochauflösender massenspektrometrischer Detektion erwies sich als sehr gut geeignetes Werkzeug zur Dechiffrierung des Aromas von Rieslingweinen. Die Gesamtheit der Ergebnisse ermöglichte es das Wissen über die aromatische Typizität von Rieslingweinen und die beteiligten Aromastoffe zu erweitern, und einen Einblick zu bekommen wie diese Konzentrationen durch weinbauliche Faktoren beeinflusst werden

L’âge de la vigne et sa relation avec la qualité du vin sont des sujets d’intérêt récurrents, tant scientifiques qu’économiques. Les consommateurs et acteurs de la filière vitivinicole semblent s’accorder à propos de la capacité des vieilles vignes à produire des vins de caractère supérieur. Malgré les recherches en cours, la validité de ce point de vue reste débattue et les questions concernant les mécanismes à travers lesquels de vieilles vignes aboutiraient à des vins qualité supérieure restent nombreuses. Pour tenter d’y répondre, l’impact de l’âge des vignes sur la physiologie, la tolérance au stress hydrique, ainsi que la qualité des baies et du vin ont été étudiés dans un vignoble expérimental constitué de plants de Vitis vinifera L. cv. de matériel génétique identique (Riesling de clone Gm 239 greffé sur 5C Teleki) mais aux dates de plantation différentes.En 2014 et 2015, les vignes plantées en 2012 n’avaient pas encore atteint leur plein potentiel et avaient une productivité végétative et un rendement significativement inférieurs à ceux des vignes plantées en 1995 et 1971. Par ailleurs, les vignes plantées en 2012 n’ont pas été soumises au même traitement d’enherbement que les vignes plus âgées pendant cette période afin de prévenir une compétition excessive pendant leur établissement. La capacité inférieure de ces vignes et l’absence d’enherbement ont mené à une plus grande exposition des grappes à la lumière et une plus grande accumulation d’azote, ce qui s’est traduit par une plus grande concentration en acides aminés, monoterpènes, norisoprénoides, et flavonols en 2014 et 2015. Les années suivantes (2016 et 2017), le rendement et le poids des bois de taille de ces vignes, ainsi que la composition des baies, étaient comparables à ceux des vignes plus âgées. Les paramètres de maturité technologique (°Brix, l’acidité totale et le pH de moûts) n’ont pas été significativement affectés par l’âge des vignes. […]Des analyses sensorielles et chimiques ont été réalisées en 2017 sur des vins de millésimes précédents. Les vins des plus jeunes vignes ont été associés à des arômes de fruits mûrs et de l’arôme de pétrole typique du Riesling. Ces vins ont aussi été identifiés par de plus hautes concentrations de monoterpènes et norisoprénoides potentiels et de composés soufrés volatils, en 2014 et 2015 uniquement. Les profils sensoriels et chimiques de vins issus des vignes plantées en 1995 et 1971 étaient dépendants du millésime mais pas de l’âge des vignes. Les profils des vins produits en 2016 étaient en superposables pour les trois groupes d’âge.Les travaux décrits dans ce manuscrit de thèse sont uniques, du fait notamment que le vignoble dans lequel ils ont été conduits a été conçu spécifiquement pour étudier l’effet de l’âge de la vigne dans des conditions environnementales comparables. Une fois que les vignes les plus jeunes ont atteint leur potentiel fructifère et ont été conduites de la même manière que les vignes plus âgées, leur productivité, la composition de leurs baies et la qualité des vins qu’elles produisent ont convergé avec celles des deux autres groupes. Plus intéressant encore, des vignes âgées de 19 et 43 ans se sont comportées de la même façon tout au long de l’étude et ont abouti à des vins comparables en termes d’analyses sensorielles, ce qui va à l’encontre de l’idée reçue qui veut que les vignes les plus âgées produisent des vins de qualité différente.Des travaux précédents ont démontré que la productivité des vignes, quel que soit leur âge, pouvait être expliquée par les réserves de bois et par la taille du tronc. Pour avoir une meilleure idée des différences liées aux réserves, la technique dite « structure-from-motion with multi-view stereo-photogrammetry » (SfM-MVS) a été testée pour mesurer l’épaisseur des troncs et leur volume. Cette technique qui permet la création de modèles tridimensionnels géo-référencés et à l’échelle a pu générer des modèles précis de tronc de vignes plantées en champ
Vine age and its relation to the quality of the wine are topics of recurring interest, both scientific and economic. Consumers and actors in the wine sector seem to agree on the ability of old vines to produce wines of superior character. Despite ongoing research, the validity of this point of view remains debated and questions about the mechanisms through which old vines would end up with superior quality wines remain numerous. To try to answer them, the impact vine age on physiology, tolerance to water stress, and berry and wine quality were studied in an experimental vineyard planted with Vitis vinifera L. cv. of identical genetic material (Riesling Gm 239 grafted on 5C Teleki) but planted in different years.In 2014 and 2015, the vines planted in 2012 had not yet reached their full potential and had a significantly lower vegetative productivity and yield than the vines planted in 1995 and 1971. Moreover, the vines planted in 2012 were not subjected to the same grass treatment as older vines during this period to prevent excessive competition during establishment. The lower capacity of these vines and the absence of cover crop led to greater exposure of clusters to light and greater nitrogen accumulation, which resulted in a higher concentration of amino acids, monoterpenes, norisoprenoids, and flavonols in 2014 and 2015. In the following years (2016 and 2017), the yield and pruning weight of these vines, as well as their berry composition, were comparable to those of the older vines. The parameters of technological maturity (° Brix, total acidity and must pH) were not significantly affected by vine age.Vines planted in 1995 and 1971 showed similar physiological characteristics throughout the study with the exception of a higher incidence of esca syndrome in the older group. This disease was responsible for the decline in the total yield of vines planted in 1971, but individual yield per vine was equivalent for both groups.Sensory and chemical analyzes were conducted in 2017 on wines from previous vintages. The wines of the youngest vines were associated with aromas of ripe fruit and the kerosene aroma that is typical of Riesling. These wines were also identified by higher concentrations of potential monoterpenes and norisoprenoids and volatile sulfur compounds in 2014 and 2015 only. The sensory and chemical profiles of wines from vineyards planted in 1995 and 1971 were dependent on the vintage but not on the age of the vines. The wine profiles produced in 2016 were overlapping for the three age groups.The works described in this thesis manuscript are unique, particularly because the vineyard in which they were conducted was designed specifically to study the effect of the age of the vine under comparable environmental conditions. Once the youngest vines reached their fruiting potential and were conducted in the same way as the older vines, their productivity, the composition of their berries and the quality of the wines they produce converged with those of the two other groups. More interestingly, vines aged 19 and 43 years behaved similarly throughout the study and resulted in wines comparable in terms of sensory analysis, which goes against the an idea that the older vines produce wines of a different profile.Previous studies have shown that the productivity of the vines, whatever their age, could be explained by the wood reserves and the size of the trunk. To have a better idea of differences linked to reserves, the structure-from-motion with multi-view stereo-photogrammetry (SfM-MVS) method was tested to measure trunk thickness and volume. The technique, which allows the creation of scaled, georeferenced 3D models based on photographs, was able to produce accurate models of field-grown grapevine trunks

Les centrales inertielles (triade de capteurs inertiels dont la fusion des données permet l’estimation de l’orientation d’un corps rigide) sont de plus en plus populaires en biomécanique. Toutefois, les qualités métrologiques des centrales inertielles (CI) sont peu documentées et leur capacité à identifier des incapacités liées à la mobilité, sous-évaluée. Objectifs : (i) Caractériser la validité de la mesure d’orientation issue de CI ; (ii) Optimiser la justesse et la fidélité de ces mesures; et (iii) Proposer des métriques de mobilité basées sur les mesures d’orientation issues de CI. Méthodologie et résultats : La validité de la mesure d’orientation de différents types de CI a d’abord été évaluée en conditions contrôlées, à l’aide d’une table motorisée et d’une mesure étalon. Il a ainsi été démontré que les mesures d’orientation issues de CI ont une justesse acceptable lors de mouvements lents (justesse moyenne ≤ 3.1º), mais que cette justesse se dégrade avec l’augmentation de la vitesse de rotation. Afin d’évaluer l’impact de ces constatations en contexte clinique d’évaluation de la mobilité, 20 participants ont porté un vêtement incorporant 17 CI lors de la réalisation de diverses tâches de mobilité (transferts assis-debout, marche, retournements). La comparaison des mesures des CI avec celles d’un système étalon a permis de dresser un portrait descriptif des variations de justesse selon la tâche exécutée et le segment/l’articulation mesuré. À partir de ces constats, l’optimisation de la mesure d’orientation issue de CI est abordée d’un point de vue utilisateur, démontrant le potentiel d’un réseau de neurones artificiel comme outil de rétroaction autonome de la qualité de la mesure d’orientation (sensibilité et spécificité ≥ 83%). Afin d’améliorer la robustesse des mesures de cinématique articulaire aux variations environnementales, l’ajout d’une photo et d’un algorithme d’estimation de pose tridimensionnelle est proposé. Lors d’essais de marche (n=60), la justesse moyenne de l’orientation à la cheville a ainsi été améliorée de 6.7° à 2.8º. Finalement, la caractérisation de la signature de la cinématique tête-tronc pendant une tâche de retournement (variables : angle maximal tête-tronc, amplitude des commandes neuromusculaires) a démontré un bon pouvoir discriminant auprès de participants âgés sains (n=15) et de patients atteints de Parkinson (PD, n=15). Ces métriques ont également démontré une bonne sensibilité au changement, permettant l’identification des différents états de médication des participants PD. Conclusion : Les mesures d’orientation issues de CI ont leur place pour l’évaluation de la mobilité. Toutefois, la portée clinique réelle de ce type de système ne sera atteinte que lorsqu’il sera intégré et validé à même un outil de mesure clinique.
Abstract : Inertial measurement of motion is emerging as an alternative to 3D motion capture systems in biomechanics. Inertial measurement units (IMUs) are composed of accelerometers, gyroscopes and magnetometers which data are fed into a fusion algorithm to determine the orientation of a rigid body in a global reference frame. Although IMUs offer advantages over traditional methods of motion capture, the value of their orientation measurement for biomechanics is not well documented. Objectives: (i) To characterize the validity of the orientation measurement issued from IMUs; (ii) To optimize the validity and the reliability of these measurements; and (iii) To propose mobility metrics based on the orientation measurement obtained from IMUs. Methods and results: The criterion of validity of multiple types of IMUs was characterized using a controlled bench test and a gold standard. Accuracy of orientation measurement was shown to be acceptable under slow conditions of motion (mean accuracy ≤ 3.1º), but it was also demonstrated that an increase in velocity worsens accuracy. The impact of those findings on clinical mobility evaluation was then assessed in the lab, with 20 participants wearing an inertial suit while performing typical mobility tasks (standing-up, walking, turning). Comparison of the assessed IMUs orientation measurements with those from an optical gold standard allowed to capture a portrait of the variation in accuracy across tasks, segments and joints. The optimization process was then approached from a user perspective, first demonstrating the capability of an artificial neural network to autonomously assess the quality of orientation data sequences (sensitivity and specificity ≥ 83%). The issue of joint orientation accuracy in magnetically perturbed environment was also specifically addressed, demonstrating the ability of a 2D photograph coupled with a 3D pose estimation algorithm to improve mean ankle orientation accuracy from 6.7° to 2.8º when walking (n=60 trials). Finally, characterization of the turn cranio-caudal kinematics signature (variables: maximum head to trunk angle and neuromuscular commands amplitude) has demonstrated a good ability to discriminate between healthy older adults (n=15) and early stages of Parkinson’s disease patients (PD, n=15). Metrics have also shown a good sensitivity to change, enabling to detect changes in PD medication states. Conclusion: IMUs offer a complementary solution for mobility assessment in clinical biomechanics. However, the full potential of this technology will only be reached when IMUs will be integrated and validated within a clinical tool.

Etude du traitement atypique de l’information sensorielle dans le trouble du spectre de l’autisme à partir de la cohorte ELENA : impact et spécificité.L’objectif général de ce travail de doctorat en psychologie du développement est d’étudier le traitement atypique de l’information sensorielle dans le trouble du spectre de l’autisme. En partant du constat de l’apparition précoce de particularités sur le plan du traitement de l’information sensorielle chez les enfants avec un trouble du spectre de l’autisme, nous nous interrogeons sur leur impact au cours du développement. Ce travail de thèse a consisté dans un premier temps à mener une analyse des apports de la littérature sur cette question, avec la réalisation d’une revue systématique sur les liens entre le traitement sensoriel atypique et les capacités adaptatives d’une part et l’attention d’autre part. Dans un second temps, nous avons conduit deux études à partir des données issues d’une cohorte pédiatrique sur le trouble du spectre de l’autisme, la cohorte ELENA. La première étude avait pour objectif d’investiguer l’impact du traitement de l’information sensorielle sur les capacités adaptatives ainsi que sur la présence de comportements problèmes. Pour cela, un échantillon de 197 enfants ayant un trouble du spectre de l’autisme a été étudié. Par ailleurs, nous nous interrogeons sur le caractère spécifique du traitement de l’information sensorielle atypique dans la symptomatologie autistique. Dès lors, l’objectif de notre seconde étude était de comparer le traitement de l’information sensorielle dans quatre groupes d’enfants : 43 enfants présentant un trouble du spectre de l’autisme, 28 enfants présentant un trouble du déficit de l’attention avec ou sans hyperactivité, 18 enfants présentant les deux diagnostics, et 31 enfants typiques. Les résultats révèlent une forte prévalence du traitement sensoriel atypique chez les enfants présentant un trouble du spectre de l’autisme et chez ceux présentant un trouble de l’attention comparativement aux enfants typiques. Nous retrouvons une relation significative entre le traitement atypique et les capacités adaptatives, et avec l’attention, ainsi qu’un impact sur les comportements problèmes. Ainsi, l’évaluation de ces particularités sensorielles est essentielle pour le diagnostic clinique, mais également pour proposer des aménagements adaptés. Enfin, ce travail de thèse ouvre des perspectives de recherche sur le traitement sensoriel dans le trouble du spectre de l’autisme et dans les autres troubles neuro-développementaux.Mots clés : Trouble du spectre autistique, Traitement information sensorielle, Trouble de l’attention, Capacités adaptatives, Psychologie du développement, Attention
Atypical sensory processing in autism spectrum disorder, data from ELENA cohort: impact and specificity.The overall goal of this thesis in developmental psychology is to study atypical sensory processing in autism spectrum disorder. The observation of the early detection of atypical sensory processing in children with autism spectrum disorder raises questions about their impact on their development. This work consisted initially to conduct an analysis of the literature through a systematic review on the links between atypical sensory processing and adaptive functioning and attention. Then, we conducted two studies based on data from a pediatric cohort on autism spectrum disorder, the ELENA Cohort. The first study aimed to investigate the impact of atypical sensory processing on adaptive functioning as well as the presence of maladaptive behaviors. That is the reason why, we examine the specific character of atypical sensory processing in a sample of 197 children with autistic disorder. Therefore, the aim of our second study was to compare sensory processing in four groups of children: 43 children with autism spectrum disorder, 28 children with attention deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity, 18 children presenting both diagnosis, and 31 typically developing children. The results reveal a high prevalence of atypical sensory processing in children with autism spectrum disorder and in those with attention deficit compared to typical children. We find a significant relationship between atypical sensory processing and adaptive functioning and with attention, as well as an impact on maladaptive behaviors. Consequently, the assessment of sensory processing is essential for the clinical diagnosis but also to propose adapted interventions. Finally, this thesis opens up research perspectives on sensory processing in autism spectrum disorder and other neurodevelopmental disorders.Key words: Autism spectrum disorder, Sensory processing, Attention deficit disorder, Adaptive functioning, Developmental psychology, Attention

碩士
國立成功大學
物理治療研究所
94
Background： Impaired somatosensation of the footsole is a common clinical sign of diabetic sensory neuropathy. Somatosensory inputs from the sole of the foot are known to contribute to postural control. Research has shown impaired control in static standing and balance recovery after support surface perturbations in diabetic patients (DP) with sensory deficits at the foot. However, it is unknown if patient’s ability in volitionally moving the body’s center of mass (COM) within a stationary base of support would be associated with the extent of sensory impairment. Reach forward or laterally are functional relevance in daily activities, and usually used as clinical balance tests of volitionally moving COM toward the limit of stability. This study investigated the differences in the ability of moving the COM forward and laterally in DP with and without sensory deficits, and identified its potential contributing factors. Methods：Thirty-one DP participated in the study, and were divided into sensory deficits (DP-SN, N=17) and no sensory deficits (DP-nonSN, N=17) groups based the touch-pressure threshold of the foot. Muscle strength of the lower extremity, trunk and grasp, basic mobility (up-and-go test) and level of physical activity were also examined. Multi-Directional Reach Test (MDRT) that required the subject to reach forward or laterally as far as possible without losing balance or moving the feet was used to measure the ability to control the COM forward and laterally. Body kinematics were recorded by the VICON motion system for offline estimation of the COM location. Independent t test and multivariate analysis of covariance were used to compare the difference of demographic data, physical examinations and reach performances between DP-nonSN and DP-SN. Pearson correlation and Spearman’s test were used for correlation analysis among demographic data, physical examinations and performance in MDRT. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify potential contributors (age, gender, duration of diabetes, sensory threshold, strength, basic mobility and physical activity) to COM displacement. Results：After controlling for the strength of the plantarflexors, the COM range during forward and lateral reach was significantly smaller in DP-SN, compared to DP-nonSN. The range of COM forward displacement was significantly correlated with the sensory threshold of the big toe (r=-0.645), the first metatarsal head (r=-0.59), and the fifth metatarsal head (r=-0.581), plantarflexor strength(r=0.66) and physical activity (r=0.502). Stepwise regression analysis showed that sensory threshold of the big toe and physical activity added significant contributions to COM forward displacement (added R2=0.262). The range of COM left lateral displacement was significantly correlated with the sensory threshold of the left heel (r=-0.562) and the fifth metatarsal head (r=-0.435), plantarflexor strength(r=0.474). Sensory threshold of heels added additional 17.4% contribution to COM lateral displacement. Conclusion：Dynamic balance, measured by voluntarily moving the COM within a stationary base of support, was poorer in DP-SN than in DP-nonSN. The ability to move the COM forward and laterally toward the limits of stability was associated with somatosensation of the footsole, strength of the ankle muscles and level of physical activity. Clinically, special attention in sensorimotor screening, balance training and fall preventions should be given to diabetic patients.

This study looked at facilitation, or improvement, of behavioral responses, such as quicker reaction times and improved accuracy in participants with subclinical attention deficits and a control group. Studies have looked at auditory and somatosensory (i.e., touch) stimuli and found that when presented simultaneously there were both neuronal benefits (Simon‐Dack & Teder‐Salejarvi, 2008) and behavioral benefits (Sperdin, Cappe,Foxe & Murray, 2009). The ability to attend to the stimulus is necessary for multisensory facilitation and when attention is not paid to both sensory inputs multisensory facilitation may not occur (Talsma & Woldorff, 2007). This study used a sustained-attention target task to compare how people with subclinical attention deficits and controls performing a multisensory integration task. Both populations performed faster in the multisensory condition than in the unisensory condition, but controls also saw an increase twice that of the increase for participants with subclinical attention deficits. This suggests a trend towards true behavioral facilitation in controls that would support the neuronal benefits found by past studies (Simon-Dack and Teder-Salejarvi, 2008). On the other hand, not seeing this trend in participants with subclinical attention deficits would suggest that even small attention deficits can interfere with multisensory facilitation.
Department of Psychological Science

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Occupational Therapy. Johannesburg, 2016
This study aimed to identify the association between observable sensory behaviours and anxiety symptoms in school-aged children. The children were between the ages of 8-10 years and attended Remedial Schools. The participants were receiving occupational therapy and were identified as having a Sensory Modulation Disorder (SMD). Parents rated their children on the Sensory Profile, and scores were correlated to the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale, completed by the children. Participants showed high quadrant scores indicating “low registration” and sensory “over-responsivity” (avoidance and sensitivity to sensory input). Further, the participants were identified to be an “at risk” population for anxiety disorders, as scores of elevated anxiety exceeded normal populations. Although total anxiety scores correlated with only avoidance quadrant scores (and not sensitive scores as predicted,) other scores indicating emotional behaviours correlated moderately with total anxiety scores. It is concluded that children with SMD are at risk of presenting with anxiety disorder symptoms, and must thus be monitored for these.
MT2016

In this qualitative research study the focus is on the use of sensory integration strategies with children who have Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Three respondents specialising in sensory integration in the Durbanville area were involved. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with each of the respondents in order to gain knowledge on the use of sensory integration strategies with children who have Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder by a professional other than an occupational therapist. After permission had been obtained, the interviews were captured on video tape and transcribed for use in the empirical study. Seven themes were identified from the interviews and a literature control was done with each of the themes. The researcher did not attempt to generalise the results of the research, but tried to reflect on the information that the respondents provided. The researcher summarised the findings of the empirical study and made recommendations.
Social Work
M. Diac (Play Therapy)

Purpose: To investigate and characterize sensory sensitivity in Tourette syndrome (TS) through an evaluation of behaviour, perception and processing of tactile stimuli in children with TS and co-morbid Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) compared to typically developing controls (TDC). Methods: Somatosensory evoked P3 potentials were recorded in TS+ADHD and in TDC children aged 6-12 and compared at midline electrodes. Reported sensory sensitivity was measured using the Sensory Profile, while Semmes-Weinstein filaments were used to determine tactile threshold in the same area stimulated during P3 testing. Results: 13 TS+ADHD and 12 TDC were studied. TS+ADHD children reported significantly higher sensory sensitivity (p=.001) and demonstrated a significantly lower tactile threshold (p=.027) than TDC. Furthermore, the amplitude of electrophysiological responses to repetitive tactile stimuli was significantly larger in TS+ADHD (p=.0009). Conclusion: TS+ADHD children are significantly more sensitive to tactile stimulation than controls. ERP differences suggest that central processing alterations could mediate sensory hypersensitivity.

Recent research has found that perceptual deficits exist in Parkinson’s disease (PD), yet the link between perception and movement impairments is not well understood. Inaccurate estimation of distance has the potential to be an underlying cause of movement impairments. Alternatively, those with PD may not be able to perceive their own movements accurately. The main objective of this thesis was to evaluate (1) whether distance estimation is influenced by static perception compared to perception during movement in PD, (2) how visual motion processing contributes to distance estimation during movement, and (3) how dopaminergic medication contributes to these distance estimation deficits. Thirty-seven participants (19 individuals with PD, 18 age-matched healthy control participants (HC) estimated distance to a remembered target in a total of 48 trials, in 4 randomized blocks. Estimation conditions included: (i) no motion: participants pointed with a laser, (ii) motion: participants walked to the estimated position, (iii) visual motion (wheelchair): participants were pushed in a wheelchair while they gave their estimate, (iv) visual motion (VR): participants completed their distance estimate while seated and viewed themselves (as if they were walking) in VR. PD patients completed this protocol twice; once OFF and once ON dopaminergic medication. Participants were matched for age, distance acuity, Modified Mini Mental State Exam (3MS), spatial working memory and motor planning ability. In Study 1 (no motion vs. motion), individuals with PD and healthy control participants did not differ in judgment accuracy during the no motion condition. However, those with PD did have greater amounts of error compared to healthy control participants while estimating distance during the motion condition. Similarly, those with PD significantly underestimated the target position compared to healthy control participants during the motion condition only. Individuals with PD demonstrated greater variability overall. In Study 2, error did not differ between PD and HC groups during visual motion perception (wheelchair). Interestingly, the HC group tended to perform significantly worse than those with PD in the VR condition. Overall, across both studies there was no significant influence of dopaminergic medication in any of the conditions. Individuals with PD demonstrated distance estimation deficits only when required to move through their environment. In contrast to estimations made with movement, neither static estimation nor estimations made with visual motion revealed significant differences between the two groups. Thus perceptual estimation deficits appear to occur only during movement, which may be suggestive of an underlying sensory processing deficit which leads to a problem integrating vision and self-motion information.

Recent research has found that perceptual deficits exist in Parkinson???s disease (PD), yet the link between perception and movement impairments is not well understood. Inaccurate estimation of distance has the potential to be an underlying cause of movement impairments. Alternatively, those with PD may not be able to perceive their own movements accurately. The main objective of this thesis was to evaluate (1) whether distance estimation is influenced by static perception compared to perception during movement in PD, (2) how visual motion processing contributes to distance estimation during movement, and (3) how dopaminergic medication contributes to these distance estimation deficits. Thirty-seven participants (19 individuals with PD, 18 age-matched healthy control participants (HC) estimated distance to a remembered target in a total of 48 trials, in 4 randomized blocks. Estimation conditions included: (i) no motion: participants pointed with a laser, (ii) motion: participants walked to the estimated position, (iii) visual motion (wheelchair): participants were pushed in a wheelchair while they gave their estimate, (iv) visual motion (VR): participants completed their distance estimate while seated and viewed themselves (as if they were walking) in VR. PD patients completed this protocol twice; once OFF and once ON dopaminergic medication. Participants were matched for age, distance acuity, Modified Mini Mental State Exam (3MS), spatial working memory and motor planning ability. In Study 1 (no motion vs. motion), individuals with PD and healthy control participants did not differ in judgment accuracy during the no motion condition. However, those with PD did have greater amounts of error compared to healthy control participants while estimating distance during the motion condition. Similarly, those with PD significantly underestimated the target position compared to healthy control participants during the motion condition only. Individuals with PD demonstrated greater variability overall. In Study 2, error did not differ between PD and HC groups during visual motion perception (wheelchair). Interestingly, the HC group tended to perform significantly worse than those with PD in the VR condition. Overall, across both studies there was no significant influence of dopaminergic medication in any of the conditions. Individuals with PD demonstrated distance estimation deficits only when required to move through their environment. In contrast to estimations made with movement, neither static estimation nor estimations made with visual motion revealed significant differences between the two groups. Thus perceptual estimation deficits appear to occur only during movement, which may be suggestive of an underlying sensory processing deficit which leads to a problem integrating vision and self-motion information.

Maternal consumption of alcohol during pregnancy can induce a range of behavioral and cognitive deficits in offspring, which are collectively termed Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). There are significant delays in motor development and sensory-motor skills in children with FASD, but the underlying neurobiological mechanisms of these deficits are poorly understood. The goal of this research project is to test the hypothesis that the Kinesiological Instrument for Normal and Altered Reaching Movements (KINARM) will serve as an effective tool for identifying and measuring specific, neurologically-based motor deficits in children with FASD. These deficits were revealed through investigation of multi-joint upper limb movements during the performance of sensory-motor tasks. Children (31 FASD; 83 controls, aged 5 to 18 years, male and female) performed: (1) a visually-guided reaching task with fingertip feedback only; and children (31 FASD; 49 controls, aged 5 to 18 years, male and female) performed: (2) an arm position-matching task in the absence of visual feedback. Children with FASD differed significantly from controls in many reaching task outcome measures, specifically those related to the initial motor response and corrective responses. In particular, large effect sizes were observed for outcome measures related to the first (initial) movement (corresponding to feedforward control; e.g., direction error; distance error), as well as for those measures related to corrective responses (corresponding to feedback control; e.g., difference between minimum and maximum hand speeds; number of speed peaks during movement). In the position-matching task, children with FASD constricted the spatial workspace of the subject-controlled arm relative to the robot-controlled arm, in the horizontal axis. There was also observed a systematic shift between the subject- and robot-controlled arms in the XY end position, resulting in significant error. Additionally, children with FASD exhibited significantly increased trial-to-trial variability for final hand position of the subject-controlled arm, over all targets, and for which large effect sizes were observed. The results suggest that children with FASD have difficulty integrating sensory information into planned motor movements. The KINARM is a promising research tool that may be used to assess motor control deficits in children affected by prenatal exposure to alcohol.
Thesis (Master, Neuroscience Studies) -- Queen's University, 2010-09-02 15:10:25.653

Current research concentrates on ways to investigate and improve water productivity (WP), as agriculture is today’s predominant freshwater consumer, averaging at 70% and reaching up to 93% in some regions. A growing world population will require more food and thus more water for cultivation. Regions that are already affected by physical water scarcity and which depend on irrigation for growing crops will face even greater challenges regarding their water supply. Other problems in such regions are a variable water supply, inefficient irrigation practices, and over-pumping of available groundwater resources with other adverse effects on the ecosystem. To face those challenges, strategies are needed that use the available water resources more efficiently and allow farming in a more sustainable way. This work focused on the management of sensor-based deficit irrigation (DI) systems and improvements of WP through a combined approach of simulation-optimization and irrigation experiments. In order to improve irrigation control, a new sensor called pF-meter was employed, which extended the measurement range of the commonly used tensiometers from pF 2.9 to pF 7. The following research questions were raised: (i) Is this approach a suitable strategy to improve WP; (ii) Is the sensor for irrigation control suitable; (iii) Which crop growth models are suitable to be part of that approach; and (iv) Can the combined application with experiments prove an increase of WP? The stochastic simulation-optimization approach allowed deriving parameter values for an optimal irrigation control for sensor-based full and deficit irrigation strategies. Objective was to achieve high WP with high reliability. Parameters for irrigation control included irrigation thresholds of soil-water potentials because of the working principle behind plant transpiration where pressure gradients are transmitted from the air through the plant and into the root zone. Optimal parameter values for full and deficit irrigation strategies were tested in irrigation experiments in containers in a vegetation hall with drip irrigated maize and compared to schedule-based irrigation strategies with regard to WP and water consumption. Observation data from one of the treatments was used afterwards in a simulation study to systematically investigate the parameters for implementing effective setups of DI systems. The combination of simulation-optimization and irrigation experiments proved to be a suitable approach for investigating and improving WP, as well as for deriving optimal parameter values of different irrigation strategies. This was verified in the irrigation experiment and shown through overall high WP, equally high WP between deficit and full irrigation strategies, and achieved water savings. Irrigation thresholds beyond the measurement range of tensiometers are feasible and applicable. The pF-meter performed satisfactorily and is a promising candidate for irrigation control. Suitable crop models for being part of this approach were found and their properties formulated. Factors that define the behavior of DI systems regarding WP and water consumption were investigated and assessed. This research allowed for drawing the first conclusions about the potential range of operations of sensor-based DI systems for achieving high WP with high reliability through its systematical investigation of such systems. However, this study needs validation and is therefore limited with regard to exact values of derived thresholds.

Although sensory processing abnormalities and attention deficits are both used in the diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), their relationship has not previously been explored in children with FASD. A very low correlation between sensory processing, measured by the total and section scores of the Short Sensory Profile, and attention deficit hyperactivity behaviours, measured by the ADHD index of the Conners Parent Rating Scales Revised: Long Version, in 26 children with FASD was found retrospectively. These measures may distinguish attention deficit hyperactivity behaviours and sensory processing problems in children with FASD. Short Sensory Profile total scores indicated sensory processing problems for 81% of the children, similar to other studies of children with FASD. Auditory filtering and under-responsive/seeks sensation sections of the Short Sensory Profile indicated sensory processing problems for 73% and 88% of the children respectively. Sensory processing problems need to be considered when planning interventions.
Rehabilitation Science - Occupational Therapy

Masters Coursework - Masters of Clinical Psychology (MClinPsych)
Previous literature has demonstrated high heritability in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and identified some early risk factors in later development of ADHD, including language ability, motor skills and temperament. Emerging evidence has further suggested the possible link between ADHD and poor cognitive functioning and sensory processing. However, little research has done on the relationship between familial ADHD liability and the expression of those early risk factors during infancy. This study explored how familial ADHD liability associated with infants’ behaviours at their first year of life. Infants were categorized into ADHD and control group based on their parental history of ADHD. Standardized assessment and parental reports were used to examine infants’ cognitive functioning, sensory processing, communication, motor ability and temperament. Results indicated that there were no significant differences in behavioural outcomes between infants with and without familial ADHD liability at both 6 and 12 months of age. These results suggested that familial history of ADHD was not a good predictor to detect early differences of cognitive functioning, sensory processing, communication, motor ability and temperament in infancy. Future research is necessary to fully understand the manifestation and pathogenesis of ADHD.

Inhibitory cueing effects (ICEs) denote slowed responses to a target stimulus caused by exposure to a cue appearing in the same location and are thought to improve the efficiency of visual search. Research has demonstrated the existence of two types of ICE – those that are generated along input pathways (sensory/perceptual; observed when the oculomotor system is suppressed) and those that are generated along output pathways (oculomotor; observed when the oculomotor system is active). Within a spatial cueing task using oculomotor suppressed (for input ICEs) and oculomotor active (for output ICEs) manipulations, the present study employed electroencephalography to study the effects of input and output ICEs on an early sensory/attentional event-related potential component (the P1) in the presence of a distractor stimulus. This study also explored the effects of ADHD symptomology on ICEs. Results showed ICEs (slower reaction times for cued trials compared to uncued trials) for both suppressed and active manipulations, but no difference in the magnitude of ICEs between the two. Additionally, while there was no overall difference in RTs between deficit and control levels, there was a marginally significant interaction such that controls had a significant ICE, but deficits’ ICEs were marginal. No significant results were observed for P1 analyses. Results, limitations and future directions are discussed.

Warming and drought associated with climate change are major concerns in grape production worldwide. Our current understanding on the effects of temperature on berries and wines has been indirectly gained from comparisons of thermally contrasting seasons or sites, or from experiments in controlled conditions. Indirect methods, however, cannot prove cause and effect relationships, and extrapolation from controlled environments to field is not warranted. A comprehensive comparison of these methods is discussed. Furthermore, interactions are the main cause of complexity in field experiments; nevertheless, predictions about warmer and drier environments are based on studies that separately addressed these factors. Using direct manipulation of temperature on field growing vines with open-top chambers, the current work is the first combining water and temperature regimes in realistic vineyard conditions. The aims of this research were: (i) to critically assess methods to investigate thermal effect in viticulture; (ii) to measure the effects of elevated temperature on berry shrivelling (BS) and berry mesocarp cell death (MCD) in Shiraz and Chardonnay (exp. 1); and to evaluate the single and combined effects of temperature and water deficit on (iii) BS, MCD and on (iv) berry and wine chemical and sensorial composition in Shiraz (exp. 2). An increment in background temperature increased both MCD and BS in Shiraz, and increased MCD but had not impact on BS in Chardonnay; MCD seems necessary but not sufficient to explain BS. Similarly, transient water deficit post-veraison increased MCD and BS at harvest in Shiraz. MCD response to temperature was primarily explained by the advance in onset, while the effect of water deficit was traced back to the increment in the rate of MCD post-onset. An interaction between water deficit and temperature was found whereby the onset of berry net water loss was advanced by high temperature under water deficit but not in the irrigated treatments. MCD during berry senescence has been proposed to enhance berry flavour and aroma. The association between MCD and grape sensory balance was investigated in exp. 2. The balance of berry sensory traits was quantified in terms of offset, which accounts for delay or advance in ripening, and decoupling, which measures the scatter in the response of the different traits. Sensory traits typical of ripened berries were associated with higher MCD; however, warming and water deficit advanced ripening and decoupled berry sensory traits. Thermal effects were larger than water effects; the large decoupling caused by high temperature was mainly associated with differences within berry parts, whereas water-driven decoupling was mostly associated with a differential response between seed and other berry parts. The extraction of the major phenolics classes in fully ripe fruit and their contribution to the final wine chromatic characteristics, phenolic composition and sensory attributes were determined in exp. 2. The effect of temperature on berry composition was larger than the effect of water but no interactions were found between these factors. Significant, previously unrecorded interactions were found for grape and wine phenolics, and wine sensory traits. Wines from control temperature and water deficit treatments had higher total phenolics, tannin concentration, colour density, nonbleachable coloured compounds and a higher proportion of polymeric pigments than the other combinations of temperature and water regimes. These wines were also characterised by attributes such as cooked fruit flavour, berry flavour, tannin structure and higher red tones and colour saturation. Therefore, the effect of water deficit leading to colourful, flavoursome and phenolic-rich wines may not hold under high temperature. Scientifically, this thesis provides unequivocal answers to questions of berry physiology under elevated temperature in contrast to indirect methods and accounts for previously unknown interactions with water deficit in realistic vineyard conditions. From the perspective of the industry, this study represents a novel contribution as it answers the question of how warmer and drier conditions during ripening would affect grape and wine attributes and established the bases for new research aiming at counteracting the effects of climate change.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2014

碩士
國立成功大學
職能治療學系
102
Previous studies showed that the behavior problems of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) were associated with attention deficit and sensory processing problems. This study investigated the relationship between attention, sensory processing and behaviors. Participants recruited were 21 children with ADHD and 20 children with typical development (TD group). All children were administered with attention tests, with sensory process and daily behavior data gathered from parents. Results showed that ADHD group had lower score in attention tests, particularly in efficiency ratio of Delay Task (p= .006) and Selective Attention (p=.002), indicating poor ability in inhibition control and divided attention in ADHD. Besides, ADHD group had more sensory processing problems than TD in terms of Poor Registration (p= .004), Sensitivity to Stimuli (p= .001), Sensation Seeking (p 〈 .001) and Sensation Avoiding (p 〈 .001). The results also showed that ADHD group had more external behavior problems (p 〈 .001). Moreover, Sensation Seeking predicted hyperactivity/ impulsivity and Sensation Avoiding was the predictor of internal behavior problems in ADHD. The results supported the role of sensory processing for the behavior problems of ADHD children, and more studies for the connection are recommended.

Con lo scopo di colmare il deficit democratico dell’Unione europea, anche il trattato di Lisbona ha ricercato una maggiore democratizzazione dell’Unione attraverso il potenziamento del ruolo del Parlamento europeo in riferimento ad una molteplicità di funzioni. In particolare, per quanto riguarda la funzione legislativa, la procedura legislativa ordinaria europea, così come rinominata dal trattato di Lisbona, e introdotta (nel 1992) con il chiaro intento di aumentare la legittimità democratica del processo decisionale europeo tramite il rafforzamento delle competenze del Parlamento europeo quale unica istituzione eletta a suffragio universale e diretto, è stata modificata ed estesa a nuove materie. Tuttavia, se, grazie alle ultime modifiche, il Parlamento è diventato un co-legislatore alla pari del Consiglio, ciò non si è tradotto in una sua maggiore capacità di farsi portavoce degli interessi dei “cittadini dell’Unione”. La diffusione della prassi dei «triloghi», con cui si è data attuazione alle previsioni dei trattati, ha reso il procedimento decisionale poco chiaro e trasparente, diminuendo le “potenzialità democratiche” della procedura legislativa ordinaria e rendendo chiaro che il rafforzamento sic et simpliciter dei poteri del Parlamento, non è sufficiente a garantire una procedura decisionale più democratica.
With the aim of reducing the democratic deficit of the European Union, the Treaty of Lisbon has also sought to a greater democratization of the Union through the strengthening of the role of European Parliament in relation to a multiplicity of functions. In particular, with regard to the legislative function, the european ordinary legislative procedure, as well as renamed by the Lisbon Treaty, and that was introduced (in 1992) with the clear intention to increase the democratic legitimacy of European decision-making process through the strengthening of the European Parliament competences as the only one institution elected by direct universal suffrage, has been modified and extended to new areas. However, if, thanks to the latest changes, Parliament has become a co-legislator as well as the Council, this not means that it has acquired a greater ability to represent the interests of “citizens of the Union”. The spread of the practice of “trilogues”, with which were implemented the provisions of the Treaties, made the decision-making process unclear and untransparent, decreasing the “democratic potentialities” of the ordinary legislative procedure and making clear that the sic et simpliciter strengthening of the Parliament’s powers, it is not sufficient to ensure a more democratic decision-making procedure.

In this report, we evaluate the role of visual areas responsive to motion in the human brain in the perception of stimulus speed. We first identified and localized V1, V3A, and V5/MT+ in individual participants on the basis of blood oxygenation level-dependent responses obtained in retinotopic mapping experiments and responses to moving gratings. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) was then used to disrupt the normal functioning of the previously localized visual areas in each participant. During the rTMS application, participants were required to perform delayed discrimination of the speed of drifting or spatial frequency of static gratings. The application of rTMS to areas V5/MT and V3A induced a subjective slowing of visual stimuli and (often) caused increases in speed discrimination thresholds. Deficits in spatial frequency discrimination were not observed for applications of rTMS to V3A or V5/MT+. The induced deficits in speed perception were also specific to the cortical site of TMS delivery. The application of TMS to regions of the cortex adjacent to V5/MT and V3A, as well as to area V1, produced no deficits in speed perception. These results suggest that, in addition to area V5/MT+, V3A plays an important role in a cortical network that underpins the perception of stimulus speed in the human brain.

This study has explored the potential of challenges comprising cognitive and physical aspects, by comparing versions of a serious game prototype with different degrees of those aspects, to foster states of enhanced attention to support educational programs for children with attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The study comprised the adaptation of the prototype as well as an empirical investigation that evaluated the potential of cognitive-physical challenges. The prototype adaptation was a software development task that consisted of performing an incremental development over an existing Kinect-based system. The empirical investigation was carried out as a case study in two elementary schools in Morelia, Mexico, and involved a sampling of 25 school-age children, from 6 to 11 years and with ADHD symptoms. The empirical investigation comprised two phases: a Pilot Testing, to refine the prototype and validate the research instruments, and a User Experience Evaluation, to compare the cognitive-physical challenges in terms of their degree of balance. The results of the study suggest that the level of knowledge and skills in video games influence the way children perceive their own abilities and frustrations. The flow experience was determined by individual differences in the preference for situations; most of the children had problems with laterality as well as motor coordination, which had a negative influence on the cognitive challenges of the game. Additionally, balanced activities seemed more likely to promote flow. However, the notion of balance is not absolute but depends on the characteristics and abilities of each person: someone could perceive an activity as balanced while someone else could perceive the same activity as unbalanced.
Este estudo explorou o potencial de desafios que contem aspectos cognitivos e físicos, através da comparação de versões de um de um protótipo de um jogo sério, com diferentes níveis desses aspectos, para promover estados de fluxo para apoiar programas educacionais para crianças com transtorno do déficit de atenção com hiperatividade (TDAH). O estudo compreendeu a adaptação do protótipo, assim como uma investigação empírica que avaliou o potencial dos desafios cognitivo-físicos. A adaptação do protótipo foi uma atividade de desenvolvimento de software que consistiu na realização de um desenvolvimento incremental sobre um existente sistema baseado no Kinect. A investigação empírica foi realizada como um estudo de caso em duas escolas do ensino fundamental em Morelia, México, e envolveu uma amostra de 25 crianças em idade escolar, de 6 a 11 anos e com sintomas de TDAH. A investigação empírica envolveu duas fases: um Teste Piloto, para refinar o protótipo e validar os instrumentos de investigação, e uma Avaliação da Experiência do Usuário, para comparar os desafios cognitivo-físicos em função do seu grau de equilíbrio. Os resultados do estudo sugerem que o nível de conhecimento e habilidades em videogames influem na forma como as crianças percebem suas próprias habilidades e frustrações. A experiência de fluxo foi determinada por diferenças individuais na preferência por situações; a maioria das crianças teve problemas com lateralidade, assim como de coordenação motora, o que influenciou negativamente sobre os desafios cognitivos do jogo. Além disso, as atividades equilibradas pareceram ser mais propensas a promover fluxo. No entanto, a noção de equilíbrio não é absoluta, mas depende das características e capacidades de cada pessoa: alguém poderia perceber uma atividade como equilibrada enquanto que outra pessoa poderia perceber a mesma atividade como desequilibrada.
Este estudio ha explorado el potencial de retos que contienen aspectos cognitivos y físicos, mediante la comparación de versiones de un prototipo de juego serio con diferentes proporciones de estos aspectos, para promover estados de flujo para apoyar programas educativos para niños con trastorno por déficit de atención por hiperactividad (TDAH). El estudio comprendió la adaptación del prototipo, así como una investigación empírica que evalúo el potencial de los retos cognitivo-físicos. La adaptación del prototipo fue una tarea de desarrollo de software que consistió en la realización de un desarrollo incremental sobre un existente sistema basado en el Kinect. La investigación empírica se realizó como un estudio de caso en dos escuelas primarias en Morelia, México, e involucró a una muestra de 25 niños en edad escolar, de 6 a 11 años y con síntomas de TDAH. La investigación empírica constó de dos fases: una Prueba Piloto, para refinar el prototipo y validar los instrumentos de investigación, y una Evaluación de la Experiencia de Usuario, para comparar los retos cognitivo-físicos en función de su grado de equilibrio. Los resultados del estudio sugieren que el nivel de conocimientos y habilidades en los videos juegos influyen en la forma en que los niños perciben sus propias capacidades y frustraciones. La experiencia de flujo fue determinada por las diferencias individuales en la preferencia por situaciones; la mayoría de los niños tenían problemas de lateralidad, así como de coordinación motora, los cuales tuvieran una influencia negativa sobre los retos cognitivos del juego. Además, las actividades equilibradas parecieran más propensas a promover el flujo. Sin embargo, la noción de equilibrio no es absoluta, sino que depende de las características y capacidades de cada persona: alguien podría percibir una actividad como equilibrada mientras que alguien más podría percibir la misma actividad como desequilibrada.
Cette étude a exploré le potentiel de défis comprenant les aspects cognitifs et physiques, en comparant les versions d'un prototype de jeu sérieux avec différents degrés de ces aspects, afin de favoriser les états de l'attention renforcée pour soutenir les programmes éducatifs destinés aux enfants atteints d'un trouble du déficit de l’attention avec hyperactivité (TDAH). L'étude a compris l'adaptation du prototype ainsi que d'une recherche empirique qui a évalué le potentiel de difficultés cognitives et physiques. L'adaptation du prototype a été une tâche de développement de logiciels pour effectuer un développement incrémental sur un système existante basé sur Kinect. La recherche empirique a été réalisée comme une étude de cas, ayant eu lieu dans deux écoles primaires à Morelia, au Mexique, et a été faite auprès d’un échantillon de 25 enfants d'âge scolaire, de 6 à 11 ans et présentant des symptômes de TDAH. La recherche empirique comprenait deux phases : en premier temps un Essai Pilote, pour affiner le prototype et pour valider les instruments de recherche, en deuxième temps une Évaluation de l’Expérience de l’Utilisateur, pour comparer les défis cognitives et physiques en fonction de leur degré d'équilibre. Les résultats de cette étude suggèrent que le niveau de connaissances et de compétences dans les jeux vidéo influencent la façon dont les enfants percevaient leurs propres capacités et leurs frustrations. L’expérience de flux a été déterminée par les différences individuelles dans la préférence pour les situations. La plupart des enfants ont eu des problèmes avec la latéralité, ainsi qu’une coordination motrice ayant une influence négative sur les défis cognitifs du jeu. De plus, les activités équilibrées semblaient être plus susceptibles de favoriser le flux. Cependant, la notion d'équilibre n'est pas absolue, car elle dépend des caractéristiques et des capacités des individus : certains pourraient percevoir une activité équilibrée, alors que d'autres pourraient percevoir la même activité comme déséquilibrée.

Introduction Occupational therapists are concerned with enabling people to perform the daily life tasks they need, want, or are expected to perform for fullest possible integration into community living and participation in society. Children with mild disabilities have problems performing personal and instrumental activities of daily living (ADL) tasks at home or school, and that can limit their full integration and participation in their homes and school lives. There is a need, therefore, to identify their specific problems with ADL task performance so as to be able to develop effective interventions. Not only, there is a need for evidence related to effectiveness of occupational therapy interventions for children with mild disabilities, but also a need for valid occupational-therapy-specific evaluation tools for use with children. Purpose The purpose of this thesis was to contribute evidence to support the valid use of the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS) with children, including children living in Middle Europe. More specifically, I aimed to evaluate validity evidence from different sources related to the use of the AMPS in occupation-based and occupation-focused evaluation and intervention. Method This thesis consisted of four studies, implemented in two phases. Phase one focused on evaluation of a) validity evidence of the AMPS scales in relation to internal structure and stability of item difficulty calibration values for a Middle European sample compared to samples from other world regions (Study I); b) the stability of the mean AMPS measures between typically-developing children from Middle Europe and from other world regions (Study II); and c) the sensitivity of the AMPS measures to discriminate between typically-developing children and children with and at risk for mild disabilities (Study III). Participants for phase one were from both Middle Europe and from other world regions and they were selected from the AMPS database, Ft. Collins, Colorado, USA. Data were analyzed using many-facet Rasch analyses, ANOVAs, regression analyses, related post-hoc tests, and effect size calculations. Phase two of the research project focused on evaluating validity evidence for the use of the AMPS as a standardized, occupation-based, and occupation-focused evaluation tool in the context of a feasibility study with children with mild disabilities implemented in a Swiss setting (Study IV). Data were analyzed based on feasibility objectives and the principles of deductive content analysis. The evaluation of validity evidence of the AMPS in relation to consequences of testing and test fairness was a focus of all studies (Studies I to IV). Results In Study I, data for 1346 participants from Middle Europe and 144,143 participants from other world regions were analyzed. The participants were between the ages of 3 and 103 years, and they were well or had a variety of diagnoses. The results revealed that overall the item difficulty calibration values of the AMPS remained stable and that only one out of 36 ADL items of the AMPS demonstrated DIF, but this DIF did not lead to DTF (i.e., all measures fell within 95% confidence bands). In Study II, data for 11,189 typically-developing children from Middle Europe and other world regions who were between the ages of 2 and 15 were analyzed. The results of ANOVAs revealed significant effects for mean ADL motor and for ADL process ability measures by region and a significant age by region interaction effect for mean ADL process ability. Out of 168 estimated contrasts between Middle Europe and the other world regions for mean ADL motor and ADL process ability, only seven were statistically significant (4.17%), and only two were more than ±1 SE from the international means. In Study III, regression analyses of data for 10,998 children, 4 to 15 years, who were typically-developing or with mild disabilities, revealed significant age by group interaction effects. Post hoc t tests revealed significant group differences in ADL ability at all ages beyond the age of 4. ADL process ability effect sizes were moderate to large at all ages and ADL motor ability effect sizes were mostly moderate to large age 6 and above. In Study IV, the use of the AMPS within the context of a feasibility study based on data of 17 Swiss children with mild disabilities was evaluated. The analyses revealed several strengths and problems that were related to the time, equipment, and materials for administering the AMPS, the adherence to standardized administration procedures, the scope of the AMPS as a test of ADL performance, and the reliable rating by the blinded rater. Conclusion This thesis provided evidence to support the validity of the AMPS measures and scales when used to evaluate quality of ADL task performance of persons from Middle Europe. Additionally, this thesis provided evidence that the international age-normative means of the AMPS are likely applicable to children from Middle Europe. Moreover, the findings supported the sensitivity of the AMPS measures to discriminate between typically-developing children and children with and at risk for mild disabilities. When it comes to implementation of the AMPS in the context of a feasibility study, the findings indicated both strengths and problems in using the AMPS as an outcome measure that need to be considered when planning further studies.

Magister Scientiae (Biodiversity and Conservation Biology)
Fog and dew interception and utilization by plant canopies remains one of the least considered aspects of vegetation studies at any scale yet the few studies that have been conducted point to their considerable influence on ecological processes and a critical role in modulating climate in southern African arid ecosystems. Their relevance to succulent plant hydrology was investigated in this study.The first study measured stable 18O and 2H isotope ratios in samples of rain, fog and dew water and compared these with those assayed monthly in stem xylem water of six succulent shrub species over a one year period. Negative 18O and 2H ratios were observed in the stem xylem water of all six species signifying a predominance of water derived from fog and dew precipitation which was most conspicuous during the wet winter. This implied that fog and dew are even more important sources of water than rain and corroborated by significant correspondence found between fog and dew frequencies, succulent foliar water contents and quantum yields of photochemistry.The second study monitored variations in stem diameter at 2-hourly intervals in 8 succulent shrub species of diverse growth form over a 9-month period. Two groups of species were distinguished based on whether their daily amplitudes in stem diameter were consistently positively correlated with daily fluxes in vapour pressure deficit, which were indicative of a persistent CAM photosynthetic mode, or intermittently correlated with daily fluxes in vapour pressure deficit, which were indicative of mixed CAM and C3 photosynthetic modes. Among species displaying a persistent CAM photosynthetic mode, high nocturnal fog and dew precipitation amounts corresponded with low daily amplitudes in stem diameter, and vice versa, which pointed to reduced nocturnal stomatal water loss. These patterns, which were indistinct among species displaying mixed CAM and C3 photosynthetic modes, were corroborated by small daily amplitudes in stem diameter also consistently observed in one species displaying a CAM photosynthetic mode in ambient than artificially fog and dew excluded environments.The third study monitored changes in water mass at hourly intervals of quartz gravel substrates with different dwarf succulent species assemblages over an 8-month period.Consistently greater net amounts of water were intercepted daily by quartz gravel substrates containing Agyroderma pearsonii than Cephalophylum spissum plants as well as those without plants. These attributed to a high water repellence of A. pearsonii leaves and less radiation absorbed by the paler silvery to grey-green leaves of A. pearsonii leaves than the dark green leaves of C. spissum resulting in lower leaf temperatures and less water loss by transpiration. Quartz gravel soils devoid of plants intercepted nearly 5-times greater amounts of precipitation contributed by fog and dew than that contributed by rain. These precipitation amounts exceeding the high percentages of total hydrological input contributed by fog and dew reported in other ecosystems.The study concludes that fog and dew are a vital source of water for succulent shrubs in arid South African ecosystems and imply that diminished fog and dew frequencies associated with elevated night time temperatures accompanying global warming could exacerbate plant drought stress.

The research was directed at setting up guidelines for an interdisciplinary team which deals with children suffering from nonverbal learning disorder in middle childhood. The primary motive for the study was to, in general, further greater awareness of nonverbal learning disorder with parents and the relevant professions, but in particular, the interdisciplinary team which therapeutically handles children with nonverbal learning disorder. For the purpose of this study Thomas and Rothman's Intervention Research Model was applied. Information from relevant literature and semi-structured interviews with expertise in the area of learning disabilities was combined in order to set up guidelines for nonverbal learning disorder in middle childhood.The researcher concludes that thorough background knowledge of child development should be a precondition before nonverbal learning disorder could be identified and diagnosed. Because areas of development function interdependantly of each other, the developmental defecits of the nonverbal learning disorder child can only be treated effectively in a therapeutic way through an interdisciplinary team approach.
Social Work
M. Diac. (Play therapy)