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1

Roseanna, Davidson, ed. Accessing the general education curriculum for students with sensory deficits. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2004.

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2

M, Röst Cecile C., and Röst Cecile C. M, eds. Helping hyperactive kids: A sensory integration approach. Alameda, CA: Hunter House Pub., 2006.

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3

A, Fuller Doris, ed. Sensational kids: Hope and help for children with sensory processing disorder / Lucy Jane Miller with Doris A. Fuller ; foreword by Carol Kranowitz. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 2006.

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4

Emmons, Polly Godwin. Understanding sensory dysfunction: Learning, development and sensory dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders, ADHD, learning disabilities and bipolar disorder. Philadelphia, PA: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2004.

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5

1961-, Anderson Liz McKendry, ed. Understanding sensory dysfunction: Learning, development and sensory dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders, ADHD, learning disabilities and bipolar disorder. Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2005.

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6

Sulsenti, Lisa DeRogatis. The overtilted child: Creating a sensational classroom for kids with Sensory Processing Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorders and ADD/ADHD. Scott's Valley, California]: [CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform], 2013.

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7

Kranowitz, Carol Stock. The out-of-sync child: Recognizing and coping with sensory processing disorder. New York: Perigee Book, 1998.

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8

Kranowitz, Carol Stock. The out-of-sync child: Recognizing and coping with sensory integration dysfunction. New York: Perigee Book, 1998.

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9

Kranowitz, Carol Stock. The out-of-sync child: Recognizing and coping with sensory processing disorder. New York: A Skylight Press Book/A Perigee Book, 2005.

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10

Kranowitz, Carol Stock. The out-of-sync child has fun: Activities for kids with sensory processing disorder. 2nd ed. New York, N.Y: Perigee Book, 2006.

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11

The out-of-sync child has fun: Activities for kids with sensory integration dysfunction. New York: Berkley Pub. Group, 2003.

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12

Tubbs, Janet. Creative therapy for children with autism, ADD, and Asperger's: Using artistic creativity to reach, teach, and touch our children. Garden City Park, NY: Square One Publishers, 2007.

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13

Kranowitz, Carol Stock. The Out-of-Sync Child Has Fun. New York: Penguin Group USA, Inc., 2008.

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14

Murray, E. Lee, and Veda V. Vedanarayanan. Motor and Sensory Disturbance. Edited by Karl E. Misulis and E. Lee Murray. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259419.003.0004.

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Localization and characterization of motor and sensory deficits is often the first step in establishing a differential diagnosis of a neurologic presentation. This chapter discusses motor and sensory functions and deficits individually and collectively. The emphasis is on disorders commonly encountered in hospital practice.
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15

Stoneley, Sarah, and Simon Rinald. Sensory loss. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0047.

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Sensory disturbance can either be a complete loss (anaesthesia) or a reduction (hypoaesthesia) in the ability to perceive the sensory input. Dysaesthesia is an abnormal increase in the perception of normal sensory stimuli. Hyperalgesia is an increased sensitivity to normally painful stimuli, and allodynia is the perception of usually innocuous stimuli as painful. A complete loss of sensation is likely to be due to a central nervous system problem, while a tingling/paraesthesia (large fibre) or burning/temperature (small fibre) sensation is likely due to an acquired peripheral nervous system problem. Shooting, electric-shock-like pains suggest radicular pathology, a tight-band spinal cord dysfunction. Positive sensory symptoms are usually absent in inherited neuropathies, even in the context of significant deficits on examination. This chapter describes the clinical approach to patients with sensory symptoms. Common patterns of sensory loss and their causes are described.
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16

(Editor), Roseanna Davidson, Effie Laman (Editor), and Michael Shaughnessy (Editor), eds. Accessing the Genearl Physical Education Curriculum for Students With Sensory Deficits. Nova Science Publishers, 2006.

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17

Reilly, Jamie, and Nadine Martin. Semantic Processing in Transcortical Sensory Aphasia. Edited by Anastasia M. Raymer and Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199772391.013.6.

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Transcortical sensory aphasia (TCSA) has historically been regarded as a disconnection syndrome characterized by impaired access between words and otherwise intact core object knowledge. Yet, an extensive body of research has also demonstrated a range of associated nonverbal semantic deficits in TCSA, suggestive of a multimodal semantic impairment that transcends representational modality (i.e., language). Here we delineate the semantic impairment incurred in TCSA within a neurologically constrained model of semantic memory premised upon dynamic interactivity between stored knowledge (e.g., semantic features) and integrative processes that serve to bind this knowledge into cohesive object representations. We discuss practical implications for clinical aphasiology and outline considerations for the broader fields of cognitive neuropsychology and neurolinguistics.
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18

Wright, Sarah, and Roland Rotz. Fidget to Focus: Outwit Your Boredom: Sensory Strategies for Living with ADD. iUniverse, Inc., 2005.

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19

Chara, Kathleen A., Paul J. Jr Chara, and Christian P. Chara. Sensory Smarts: A Book For Kids With Adhd Or Autism Spectrum Disorders Struggling With Sensory Integration Problems. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2004.

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20

Learn To Have Fun With Your Senses The Sensory Avoiders Survival Guide. Sensory World, 2011.

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21

Horowitz, Lynn J., and Cecile Rost. Helping Hyperactive Kids - A Sensory Integration Approach: Techniques and Tips for Parents and Professionals. Hunter House, 2007.

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22

Vallar, Giuseppe, and Nadia Bolognini. Unilateral Spatial Neglect. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.012.

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Left unilateral spatial neglect is the most frequent and disabling neuropsychological syndrome caused by lesions to the right hemisphere. Over 50% of right-brain-damaged patients show neglect, while right neglect after left-hemispheric damage is less frequent. Neglect patients are unable to orient towards the side contralateral to the lesion, to detect and report sensory events in that portion of space, as well as to explore it by motor action. Neglect is a multicomponent disorder, which may involve the contralesional side of the body or of extra-personal physical or imagined space, different sensory modalities, specific domains (e.g. ‘neglect dyslexia’), and worsen sensorimotor deficits. Neglect is due to higher-order unilateral deficits of spatial attention and representation, so that patients are not aware of contralesional events, which, however, undergo a substantial amount of unconscious processing up to the semantic level. Cross-modal sensory integration is also largely preserved. Neglect is primarily a spatially specific disorder of perceptual consciousness. The responsible lesions involve a network including the fronto-temporo-parietal cortex (particularly the posterior-inferior parietal lobe, at the temporo-parietal junction), their white matter connections, and some subcortical grey nuclei (thalamus, basal ganglia). Damage to primary sensory and motor regions is not associated to neglect. A variety of physiological lateralized and asymmetrical sensory stimulations (vestibular, optokinetic, prism adaptation, motor activation), and transcranial electrical and magnetic stimulations, may temporarily improve or worsen neglect. Different procedures have been successfully developed to rehabilitate neglect, using both ‘top down’ (training the voluntary orientation of attention) and ‘bottom up’ (the above-mentioned stimulations) approaches.
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23

Gibbs, Varleisha. Self-regulation & mindfulness: Over 82 exercises & worksheets for sensory processing disorder, ADHD & autism spectrum disorder. 2017.

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24

Whitney, Rondalyn Varney. Self-regulation: A family systems approach for children with autism, learning disabilities, ADHD & sensory disorders. 2014.

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25

Garland, Teresa. Self-regulation interventions and strategies: Keeping the body, mind and emotions on task in children with autism, ADHD or sensory disorders. 2014.

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26

Garland, Teresa. Self-Regulation Interventions and Strategies: Keeping the Body Mind and Emotions on Task in Children with Autism ADHD or Sensory Disorders. PESI, 2014.

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27

Whitney, Rondalyn Varney, and Wendy Pickren. Self Regulation: A Family Systems Approach for Children with Autism, Learning Disabilities, ADHD and Sensory Disorders. PESI, 2014.

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28

Whitney, Rondalyn Varney, and Wendy Pickren. Self Regulation: A Family Systems Approach for Children with Autism, Learning Disabilities, ADHD and Sensory Disorders. PESI, 2014.

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29

Garland, Teresa. Self-Regulation Interventions and Strategies: Keeping the Body, Mind and Emotions on Task in Children with Autism, Adhd or Sensory Disorders. PESI, 2014.

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30

Kranowitz, Carol Stock. The Out-of-Sync Child: Recognizing and Coping with Sensory Processing Disorder, Revised Edition. Perigee Trade, 2006.

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31

Crum, Brian A., Eduardo E. Benarroch, and Robert D. Brown. Neurologic Disorders Categorized by Anatomical Involvement. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199755691.003.0523.

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Neurological disorders of the brain, spine, and peripheral nervous system are examined. Symptoms and signs related to disorders of the cerebral cortex may lead to alterations in cognition and consciousness. Unilateral neurologic symptoms involving a single neurologic symptom commonly localize to the cerebral cortex. Abnormalities of speech and language are localized to the dominant cerebral hemisphere, whereas abnormalities of the nondominant hemisphere may lead to visuospatial deficits, confusion, or neglect of the contralateral side of the body. The hypothalamus is important in many functions that affect everyday steady-state conditions, including temperature regulation, hunger, water regulation, sleep, endocrine functions, cardiovascular functions, and regulation of the autonomic nervous system. Cortical and subcortical abnormalities may also lead to visual system deficits, usually homonymous visual defects of the contralateral visual field. Sensory levels, signs of anterior horn cell involvement, and long-tract signs in the posterior columns or corticospinal tract suggest a spinal cord lesion.
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32

Zanto, Theodore P., and Adam Gazzaley. Attention and Ageing. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.020.

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This chapter addresses how normal ageing may affect selective attention, sustained attention, divided attention, task-switching, and attentional capture. It is not clear that all aspects of attention are affected by ageing, especially once changes in bottom-up sensory deficits or generalized slowing are taken into account. It also remains to be seen whether deficits in these abilities are evident when task demands are increased. Age-based declines have been reported during many tasks with low cognitive demands on various forms of attention. Fortunately, the older brain retains plasticity and cognitive training and exercise may help reduce negative effects of age on attention. Although no single theory of cognitive ageing may account for the various age-related changes in attention, many aspects have been taken into account, such as generalized slowing, reduced inhibitory processes, the retention of performance abilities via neural compensation, as well as declines in performance with increased task difficulty.
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33

Katirji, Bashar. Case 3. Edited by Bashar Katirji. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190603434.003.0007.

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Sciatic nerve injury is a relatively uncommon lower extremity mononeuropathy. The various etiologies of sciatic neuropathies are highlighted in this case. The clinical manifestations and diagnosis include distinguishing foot drop due to sciatic neuropathy from peroneal (fibular) neuropathy across the fibular neck, L5 radiculopathy, and lumbosacral plexopathy. The electrodiagnostic features of sciatic nerve lesion are separated from those of foot drop due to other peripheral nerve causes. In contrast to sciatic nerve injury, the piriformis syndrome is mostly a painful syndrome with no or minimal sensory or motor deficits. The clinical manifestations of piriformis syndrome and controversies surrounding this syndrome completes the discussion in this case.
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34

Brealey, David, and Nicholas Hirsch. Diagnosis, assessment, and management of Guillain–Barré syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0246.

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The Guillain–Barré Syndrome describes a spectrum of acute inflammatory polyneuropathies and is the commonest cause of acute flaccid paralysis within the western world. The pathophysiology is complex and poorly understood, but appears to be an immune-mediated destruction of either the myelin sheath and/or the axons, predominantly of motor nerves. The clinical presentation is classically a rapid, ascending, flaccid paralysis, with minimal sensory deficit. This may ascend to involve respiratory or bulbar muscle function. These patients need careful monitoring and, if deteriorating, should be electively intubated and ventilated. Autonomic instability and sensory disturbance, including pain, is common. Treatment of the underlying condition relies upon immunomodulation with either intravenous immunoglobulin or plasma exchange. Supportive care is aimed at maintaining a safe airway, ventilatory support, and managing the complications of autonomic dysfunction and prolonged immobility. Mortality rates range up to 20%, but are significantly better in specialist neuromedical units. Survivors are often left with significant disability.
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35

Boat, Anne C., and Senthilkumar Sadhasivam. Myelomeningocele Repair. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199764495.003.0056.

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Myelomeningocele (MMC) is a spinal birth defect that occurs due to failure in the closure of the embryologic neural tube. The meninges and/or neural structures are exposed, resulting in nerve damage. MMCs are associated with significant direct morbidity as well as with Chiari II malformations and hydrocephalus. The degree of sensory and motor deficits depends on the level of the defect, with bowel and bladder function often affected. Due to the risk of infection with an exposed spinal cord, surgical repair is usually performed in the first 24 to 48 hours of life. Anesthesia for MMC repair presents a unique challenge since positioning of these patients must prevent direct pressure on the exposed neural tissue.
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36

Peñagarikano, Olga, and Daniel H. Geschwind. CNTNAP2 and Autism Spectrum Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199744312.003.0016.

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Although autism was described in the early 1940s as a disorder of affective contact (Kanner, 1943), it was not classified as a neurodevelopmental disorder with a biological basis until the early 1980s, when studies reported its high heritability (Folstein & Rutter, 1977; Ritvo et al., 1985) and co-occurrence with chromosomal abnormalities (Gillberg & Wahlstrom, 1985; Wahlström et al., 1986). Today, autism is considered a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental syndrome and therefore termed autism spectrum disorder (ASD), characterized by variable deficits in social behavior and language, restrictive interests, and repetitive behaviors. Autism spectrum disorder has an estimated prevalence of 1:150–1:200 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2007), being one of the most common childhood disorders. In addition to the core domains necessary for diagnosis, a number of other behavioral abnormalities are frequently associated with ASD, including epilepsy, sensory abnormalities, hyperactivity, motor abnormalities, sleep disturbances, and gastrointestinal symptoms (Geschwind, 2009).
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37

Mason, Peggy. Forebrain. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190237493.003.0007.

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The anatomy and function of forebrain circuits is described. The role of the hypothalamus as the executive center for regulating and protecting the body’s physiology is detailed. The thalamus is a necessary interpreter for subcortical inputs to cerebral cortex, which uses thalamic input to map the sensory world. The amygdala, critical to expressing and interpreting fear, has been implicated in post-traumatic stress disorder. During resting conditions, the basal ganglia suppress movement. Damage to the basal ganglia produces a hypo- or hyperkinetic disorder. The representation of visual fields in pathways from retina to striate cortex is described in detail. The student is then introduced to the invaluable use of visual field deficits for localizing forebrain lesions. Extrastriate, somatomotor, and prefrontal contributions to abstract functions are outlined in a clinically relevant way. Finally, the importance of the hippocampus to declarative memory is discussed, and common memory symptoms are described.
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38

Bruno, Nicola, and Francesco Pavani. Perception. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198725022.001.0001.

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Perception: A Multisensory Perspective examines multisensory interactions as the key process behind how we perceive our own body, control its movements, perceive and recognize objects, respond to edible objects, perceive space, and perceive time. In addition, the book discusses multisensory processing in synaesthesia, multisensory attention, and the role of multisensory processing in learning. Multisensory phenomena in these domains are used to identify general principles, to introduce formal models, to present experimental methods, to discuss pathologies, and to illustrate applications within the domain of multisensory processing. The book is written to be understandable to the educated non-specialist and will be of interest to professionals who need to take into account multisensory processing in domains such as, for instance, physiotherapy and neurological rehabilitation, human–computer interfaces, or marketing. As the chapters address topics that are mostly left out of standard perception or medical textbooks, this book will also serve as a useful reference for the specialist perception scientist and for clinicians specialized in the treatment of sensory deficits.
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39

Naninck, E. F. G., P. J. Lucassen, and Aniko Korosi. Consequences of Early-Life Experiences on Cognition and Emotion. Edited by Turhan Canli. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199753888.013.003.

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Perinatal experiences during a critical developmental period program brain structure and function “for life,” thereby determining vulnerability to psychopathology and cognition in adulthood. Although these functional consequences are associated with alterations in HPA-axis activity and hippocampal structure and function, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The parent-offspring relationship (i.e., sensory and nutritional inputs by the mother) is key in mediating these lasting effects. This chapter discusses how early-life events, for example, the amount of maternal care, stress, and nutrition, can affect emotional and cognitive functions later in life. Interestingly, effects of perinatal malnutrition resemble the perinatal stress-induced long-term deficits. Because stress and nutrition are closely interrelated, it proposes that altered stress hormones and changes in specific key nutrients during critical developmental periods act synergistically to program brain structure and function, possibly via epigenetic mechanisms. Understanding how the adult brain is shaped by early experiences is essential to develop behavioural and nutritional preventive therapy.
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40

Jotterand, Fabrice, Marcello Ienca, Tenzin Wangmo, and Bernice Elger, eds. Intelligent Assistive Technologies for Dementia. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190459802.001.0001.

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The development and implementation of intelligent assistive technologies (IATs) to compensate for the specific physical and cognitive deficits of older adults with dementia have been recognized by many as one of the most promising approaches to this emerging financial and caregiving burden. In the past 15 years, advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), pervasive and ubiquitous computing (PUC), and other advanced trends in software and hardware technology have led to the development and design of a wide range of IATs to help older people compensate for the physical and sensory deficits that may accompany dementia and age-related cognitive decline. These technologies are designed to support impaired older adults in the completion of activities of daily living, assist them in the prevention or management of risk, and/or maintain their recreational and social environment. The widespread implementation and use of assistive technologies is a very rapid process, which is reshaping dementia care and producing constantly changing strategies. This volume aims at providing an up-to-date overview of the current state of the art of assistive technologies for dementia care and an examination of their implications at the medical level, including psychological and clinical issues and their ethical and regulatory challenges. The overall goal of this book is to raise societal awareness on the use of IATs for dementia care and take a first step into developing an international regulatory and policy framework.
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41

Colvin, Lesley A., and Marie T. Fallon. Pain physiology in anaesthetic practice. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0009.

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The International Association for the Study of Pain defines pain as ‘an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage’. A good understanding of the physiology of pain processing is important, with recent advances in basic science, functional neuroimaging, and clinical pain syndromes contributing to our understanding. It is also important to differentiate between nociception, the process of detecting noxious stimuli, and pain perception, which is a much more complex process, integrating biological, psychological, and social factors. The somatosensory nervous system, from peripheral nociceptors, to sensory nerves and spinal cord synapses has many potential sites for modulation, with ascending pathways to the brain, balanced by ‘top-down’ control from higher centres. Under certain circumstances, for example, after tissue injury from trauma or surgery, there will be continued nociceptive input, with resultant changes in the whole somatosensory nervous system that lead to development of chronic pain syndromes. In such cases, even when the original injury has healed, the pathophysiological changes in the nervous system itself lead to ongoing pain, with peripheral or central sensitization, or both. Additionally, in some chronic pain syndromes, for example, chronic widespread pain, it has been postulated that abnormalities in central processing may be the initiating factor, with some evidence for this from neuroimaging studies. Further work is needed to fully understand pain neurobiology in order to advance our management.
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42

Mason, Peggy. Introduction to the Nervous System. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190237493.003.0001.

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The primary regions and principal functions of the central nervous system are introduced through the story of Jean-Dominique Bauby who became locked in after suffering a brainstem stroke. Bauby blinked out his story of locked-in syndrome one letter at a time. The primary deficit of locked-in syndrome is in voluntary movement because pathways from the brain to motoneurons in the brainstem and spinal cord are interrupted. Perception is also disturbed as pathways responsible for transforming sensory stimuli into conscious awareness are interrupted as they ascend through the brainstem into the forebrain. Homeostasis, through which the brain keeps the body alive, is also adversely affected in locked-in syndrome because it depends on the brain, spinal cord and autonomic nervous system. Abstract functions such as memory, language, and emotion depend fully on the forebrain and are intact in locked-in syndrome, as clearly evidenced by Bauby’s eloquent words.
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43

Mason, Peggy. Audition. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190237493.003.0016.

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Hearing loss is devastating because it prevents communication through verbal language and thereby produces social isolation. The experience of hearing loss or deafness is the most common sensory deficit. The experience of affected individuals is highly variable because it depends on age of onset and treatment efficacy, among many factors. The roles of the external and middle ears in conduction and of the internal ear in sensorineural processing are used as a framework for understanding common forms of hearing loss. The contributions of inner and outer hair cells to cochlear function are detailed. How cochlear amplification results from the actions of prestin in outer hair cells is explained. The roles of age, noise, genetic background, and environmental factors in presbyacusis are considered. Approaches to hearing loss, including cochlear implants and sign language, are discussed. Finally, the brain regions involved in speech production and comprehension are detailed.
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44

Bates, David. Spinal cord disorders. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0650.

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Non-traumatic spinal cord disease may be caused by compression due to tumour, infection or haematoma, inflammation, infection or post-infection, metabolic disturbances, infarction, and degeneration. The diagnosis is often made easier by the clinical assessment: the patient’s age, the speed of onset of the disease, severity of the deficits, the pattern of motor and sensory involvement, and presence of pain and sphincter symptoms are all important in making an assessment of the site and likely nature of the spinal disease.Investigations are obligatory to confirm a diagnosis and to direct therapy. MRI is the most useful investigation. It has largely replaced myelography which should now only be considered in patients with indwelling cardiac pacing wires. Additional investigations including examination of the cerebrospinal fluid, evoked potentials, and specific blood tests may be required and the value of plain X-rays, CT scan, and, in some instances, angiography should not be overlooked.The remainder of this chapter will consider specific disorders, identifying pathology, clinical presentation, investigation, and management. Acute and chronic conditions are considered separately and those affecting the cauda equina, spinal root, and sphincters are considered in Chapter 29.
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45

Beyes, Timon, Robin Holt, and Claus Pias, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Media, Technology, and Organization Studies. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198809913.001.0001.

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Humans are woven with technology; since their inception in myth, tools – things ready to hand for use – have been what defines us. Understood prosthetically, they are extensions of our physiological and sensory apparatus. Our most basic relationship with the world is thus a technological one. Rather than simply an array of instrumental equipment that enables the creation of end products, technology sets our skills, our understanding, and our action in relation to each other through the sense of productivity, and it is here that technology and organization are intertwined. This handbook will explore the largely unchartered territory of media, technology, and organization studies, and interrogate their foundational relations, their forms, and their consequences. The arrival of digital media technologies - the organizational powers that move people, data, and things – and their subsequent influence on the styles and forms of organizing highlights the need to survey the very technological materials and objects that enable and shape organization, and those that are enabled and shaped by organizational processes in return. To do so, each chapter focuses on a specific mediating, technological object, such as the Clock, High Heels, the Pen or the Smartphone, asking the question: How does this object or process organize? Rather than being a chapter ‘on’ an object in isolation, the chapters consider how we might think about their resonance in the way we have, and continue to, create organizational form.
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46

Wylie, T. J., and Carol Stock Kranowitz. The Out-of-Sync Child has fun. Perigee Trade, 2003.

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47

Voigt, Robert G., Michelle M. Macias, and Scott M. Myers, eds. AAP Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781581105506.

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Developed by leading experts in developmental and behavioral pediatrics, the all-new AAP Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics gives one place to turn for expert recommendations to deliver, coordinate, and/or monitor quality developmental/behavioral care within the medical home. The one resource with all the essentials for pediatric primary care providers. Evaluation and care initiation: Interviewing and counseling, Surveillance and screening, Psychoeducational testing, Neurodevelopmental assessment and medical evaluation. Development and disorders: Motor and cognitive development, Speech and language development and disorders, Social and emotional development, Autism spectrum disorders, Learning disabilities. Management solutions: Psychological interventions, Behavioral interventions, Psychopharmacologic management, Complementary and alternative medicine approaches. Contents: Introduction - Child Development: The Basic Science of Pediatrics, Nature, Nurture and Their Interactions in Child Development and Behavior, Interviewing and Counseling Children and Families, Basics of Child Behavior and Primary Care Management of Common Behavioral Problems, Early Intervention, Developmental and Behavioral Surveillance and Screening Within the Medical Home, Neurodevelopmental Assessment and Medical Evaluation, Developmental and Behavioral Diagnoses: The Spectrum and Continuum of Developmental Disabilities and Behavioral Disorders, Motor Development, Cognitive Development, Speech and Language Development and Disorders, Social and Emotional Development, Autism Spectrum Disorders, Psychoeducational Testing, Learning Disabilities, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Disruptive Behavior Disorders, Anxiety and Mood Disorders, Evidence-based Psychological and Behavioral Interventions, Principles of Psychopharmacologic Management, Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Sensory Impairments: Hearing and Vision, Social and Community Services, Transition to Adult Medical Care, Billing and Coding for Developmental and Behavioral Problems in Outpatient Primary Care.
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48

Shaibani, Aziz. Pseudoneurologic Syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190661304.003.0022.

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The term functional has almost replaced psychogenic in the neuromuscular literature for two reasons. It implies a disturbance of function, not structural damage; therefore, it defies laboratory testing such as MRIS, electromyography (EMG), and nerve conduction study (NCS). It is convenient to draw a parallel to the patients between migraine and brain tumors, as both cause headache, but brain MRI is negative in the former without minimizing the suffering of the patient. It is a “software” and not a “hardware” problem. It avoids irritating the patient by misunderstanding the word psychogenic which to many means “madness.”The cause of this functional impairment may fall into one of the following categories:• Conversion reaction: conversion of psychological stress to physical symptoms. This may include paralysis, hemisensory or distal sensory loss, or conversion spasms. It affects younger age groups.• Somatization: chronic multiple physical and cognitive symptoms due to chronic stress. It affects older age groups.• Factions disorder: induced real physical symptoms due to the need to be cared for, such as injecting oneself with insulin to produce hypoglycemia.• Hypochondriasis: overconcern about body functions such as suspicion of ALS due to the presence of rare fasciclutations that are normal during stress and after ingestion of a large amount of coffee. Medical students in particular are targets for this disorder.The following points are to be made on this topic. FNMD should be diagnosed by neuromuscular specialists who are trained to recognize actual syndrome whether typical or atypical. Presentations that fall out of the recognition pattern of a neuromuscular specialist, after the investigations are negative, they should be considered as FNMDs. Sometimes serial examinations are useful to confirm this suspicion. Psychatrists or psychologists are to be consulted to formulate a plan to discover the underlying stress and to treat any associated psychiatric disorder or psychological aberration. Most patients think that they are stressed due to the illness and they fail to connect the neuromuscular manifestations and the underlying stress. They offer shop around due to lack of satisfaction, especially those with somatization disorders. Some patients learn how to imitate certain conditions well, and they can deceive health care professionals. EMG and NCS are invaluable in revealing FNMD. A normal needle EMG of a weak muscles mostly indicates a central etiology (organic or functional). Normal sensory responses of a severely numb limb mean that a lesion is preganglionic (like roots avulsion, CISP, etc.) or the cause is central (a doral column lesion or functional). Management of FNMD is difficult, and many patients end up being chronic cases that wander into clinics and hospitals seeking solutions and exhausting the health care system with unnecessary expenses.It is time for these disorders to be studied in detail and be classified and have criteria set for their diagnosis so that they will not remain diagnosed only by exclusion. This chapter will describe some examples of these disorders. A video clip can tell the story better than many pages of writing. Improvement of digital cameras and electronic media has improved the diagnosis of these conditions, and it is advisable that patients record some of their symptoms when they happen. It is not uncommon for some Neuromuscular disorders (NMDs), such as myasthenia gravis (MG), small fiber neuropathy, and CISP, to be diagnosed as functional due to the lack of solid physical findings during the time of the examination. Therefore, a neuromuscular evaluation is important before these disorders are labeled as such. Some patients have genuine NMDs, but the majority of their symptoms are related to what Joseph Marsden called “sickness behavior.” A patient with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) may unconsciously develop numbness of the entire side of the body because he thinks that he may have a stroke.
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