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Kostic, Emilija, Kiyoung Kwak, and Dongwook Kim. "Assessing the Global Cognition of Community-Dwelling Older Adults Using Motor and Sensory Factors: A Cross-Sectional Feasibility Study." Sensors 23, no. 17 (August 24, 2023): 7384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23177384.
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Impairments in gait, postural stability, and sensory functions were proved to be strongly associated with severe cognitive impairment such as in dementia. However, to prevent dementia, it is necessary to detect cognitive deterioration early, which requires a deeper understanding of the connections between the aforementioned functions and global cognition. Therefore, the current study measured gait, postural, auditory, and visual functions and, using principal component analysis, explored their individual and cumulative association with global cognition. The global cognitive function of 82 older Korean males was determined using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. The motor and sensory functions were summarized into seven independent factors using factor analysis, followed by age and education-level-adjusted linear regression model analysis. The seven factors obtained using factor analysis were gait speed, gait stability, midstance, general auditory ability, auditory recognition, overall visual ability, and postural stability. The linear regression model included years of education, gait stability, postural stability, and auditory recognition, and was able to explain more than half of the variability in cognitive score. This shows that motor and sensory parameters, which are obtainable through wearable sensors and mobile applications, could be utilized in detecting cognitive fluctuations even in the early stages of cognitive deterioration.
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Chatterjee, Anjan. "Disembodying cognition." Language and Cognition 2, no. 1 (March 2010): 79–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/langcog.2010.004.
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AbstractThe idea that concepts are embodied by our motor and sensory systems is popular in current theorizing about cognition. Embodied cognition accounts come in different versions and are often contrasted with a purely symbolic amodal view of cognition. Simulation, or the hypothesis that concepts simulate the sensory and motor experience of real world encounters with instances of those concepts, has been prominent in psychology and cognitive neuroscience. Here, with a focus on spatial thought and language, I review some of the evidence cited in support of simulation versions of embodied cognition accounts. While these data are extremely interesting and many of the experiments are elegant, knowing how to best interpret the results is often far from clear. I point out that a quick acceptance of embodied accounts runs the danger of ignoring alternate hypotheses and not scrutinizing neuroscience data critically. I also review recent work from my lab that raises questions about the nature of sensory motor grounding in spatial thought and language. In my view, the question of whether or not cognition is grounded is more fruitfully replaced by questions about gradations in this grounding. A focus on disembodying cognition, or on graded grounding, opens the way to think about how humans abstract. Within neuroscience, I propose that three functional anatomic axes help frame questions about the graded nature of grounded cognition. First, are questions of laterality differences. Do association cortices in both hemispheres instantiate the same kind of sensory or motor information? Second, are questions about ventral dorsal axes. Do neuronal ensembles along this axis shift from conceptual representations of objects to the relationships between objects? Third, are questions about gradients centripetally from sensory and motor cortices towards and within perisylvian cortices. How does sensory and perceptual information become more language-like and then get transformed into language proper?
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Nieman, Carrie, and Jennifer Deal. "ADVANCING THE SCIENCE OF SENSORY HEALTH AND COGNITION: FROM EPIDEMIOLOGY TO INTERVENTION." Innovation in Aging 8, Supplement_1 (December 2024): 609. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igae098.1995.
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Abstract Sensory health and cognition are at the intersection of two major public health challenges facing an aging global population. Sensory impairments are among the most common and disabling comorbidities among individuals at risk for cognitive impairment and those already aging with cognitive impairment. Sensory impairments may also serve as key biomarkers in dementia and may worsen the trajectory of decline. Although prevalent, sensory impairments frequently go unrecognized and unaddressed. Importantly, sensory impairment has been identified as modifiable risk factors for dementia. Optimizing sensory function may be an important yet overlooked approach to reducing the risk of cognitive decline as well as providing potential nonpharmacological interventions to aid in the management of neuropsychiatric symptoms, improve quality of life for persons living with dementia, and reduce burden for care partners. This symposium presents the latest evidence from epidemiology to intervention in advancing our understanding and approach to sensory health and cognition. The symposium begins with a focus on the epidemiology of sensory function among individuals with or at risk for cognitive impairment and then moves to a focus on intervention, understanding the potential impacts of optimizing sensory function on brain structure, barriers to addressing sensory function in clinical settings, and envisioning how to optimize interventions by learning directly from individuals aging with cognitive impairment, their care partners, and experts. This symposium features leaders in the field of sensory health and cognition from diverse career stages, disciplines, and settings.
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Xu, Shu, and YanJhu Su. "SENSORY IMPAIRMENT, COGNITIVE FUNCTION, AND DEPRESSION AMONG CHINESE OLDER ADULTS." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2263.
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Abstract Sensory impairment (SI) is a contributor to poor mental health and cognitive decline for older adults, and the likelihood of having sensory impairment increases with age. However, the association between sensory impairment and cognition is still under-investigated and the potential mechanisms for the SI-cognition link is still not clear. This study examines the relationships between sensory impairment, depression, and cognitive function among older adults in China. Using nationally representative data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study 2018, we conducted cross-sectional analysis on adults age 60 years and older (n=7,026). Sensory impairment is defined as having vision impairment (VI) only or hearing impairment (HI) only or dual sensory impairment (DSI). Cognitive function was measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination and depression were assessed by the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale. Descriptive analysis showed that 10.66% of older adults experienced sensory impairment. Linear regression analyses revealed that HI and DSI were associated with cognitive declines among older Chinese adults (HI: β=-0.75, p<.01; DSI: β=-1.45, p<.01). SEM results showed that depression partially mediate the relationship between SI and cognition. Sensory-impaired older adults were more likely to have depression (HI: β=1.71, p<.001; DSI: β=4.76, p<.001), which lead to worse cognitive function (HI: β=-1.09, p<.001; DSI: β=-2.80, p<.001). Models were controlled for age, gender, education, social activities, and other covariates. Findings suggest that Chinese older adults experiencing sensory loss are at greater risk of cognitive function declining and that depression play an important role in the relationship between SI and cognition.
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Liljas, Ann E. M., Kate Walters, Cesar de Oliveira, S. Goya Wannamethee, Sheena E. Ramsay, and Livia A. Carvalho. "Self-Reported Sensory Impairments and Changes in Cognitive Performance: A Longitudinal 6-Year Follow-Up Study of English Community-Dwelling Adults Aged ⩾50 Years." Journal of Aging and Health 32, no. 5-6 (December 6, 2018): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0898264318815391.
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Objective: To investigate the influence of single and dual sensory impairments prospectively on cognition in adults aged ⩾50 years. Method: Community-dwelling English adults ( n = 4,621) were followed up from 2008 to 2014. Self-reported hearing and vision were collected in 2008. Change in cognitive performance on working memory and executive function between 2008 and 2014 was evaluated. Results: Compared with good hearing and good vision, respectively, poor hearing and poor vision were associated with worse cognitive function (hearing: unstandardized coefficient B = 0.83, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] = [0.29, 1.37]; vision: B = 1.61, 95% CI = [0.92, 2.29] adjusted for age, sex, baseline cognition). Compared with no sensory impairment, dual sensory impairment was associated with worse cognition ( B = 2.30, 95% CI = [1.21, 3.39] adjusted for age, sex, baseline cognition). All associations remained after further adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, chronic conditions, falls, mobility, depression, and lack of companionship. Discussion: The findings are important as age-related sensory impairments are often preventable or modifiable, which may prevent or delay cognitive impairment.
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Huang, Alison, George Rebok, Bonnielin Swenor, Jayant Pinto, Linda Waite, and Jennifer Deal. "Social Isolation and Loneliness: Moderators of the Relationship Between Sensory Impairment and Cognition." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1534.
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Abstract Hearing and vision impairment have been independently linked to accelerated cognitive decline in older adults, however there is limited evidence on the effect of dual sensory impairment (DSI) (both hearing and vision impairment) on cognition. Additionally, the impact of social isolation and loneliness, both correlates of DSI and independent risk factors for cognitive decline, on the DSI-cognition relationship has yet to be studied. Using data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (N=3,091), multivariable linear regression models were used to describe the cross-sectional relationship between self-reported functional sensory impairment (none, hearing only, vision only, DSI) and cognitive function, measured by the survey adapted Montreal Cognitive Assessment. We also included an interaction term in the model to investigate whether cognition is worse among older adults with sensory impairment who also are socially isolated or lonely. Participants in this sample are between 62-91 years with 15% reporting hearing impairment, 11% reporting vision impairment, and 7% reporting DSI. DSI was associated with significantly lower global cognitive function compared to no sensory impairment (-0.31 standard deviations (SD), 95% CI:-0.44 to-0.18), hearing impairment alone (-0.29 SD, 95% CI: -0.44 to -0.15), and vision impairment alone (-0.22 SD, 95% CI: -0.39 to -0.06). Furthermore, cognitive function was significantly worse among older adults with both DSI and smaller social networks (p-interaction <0.05). No differences in the DSI-cognition relationship were observed by level of loneliness. These findings add to the limited research on the relationship between DSI, social isolation and loneliness, and cognition.
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Friedman, Robert. "Higher Cognition: A Mechanical Perspective." Encyclopedia 2, no. 3 (August 22, 2022): 1503–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia2030102.
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Cognition is the acquisition of knowledge by the mechanical process of information flow in a system. In cognition, input is received by the sensory modalities and the output may occur as a motor or other response. The sensory information is internally transformed to a set of representations, which is the basis for downstream cognitive processing. This is in contrast to the traditional definition based on mental processes, a phenomenon of the mind that originates in past ideas of philosophy.
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Deal, Jennifer, Emma Nichols, Alden Gross, and Bonnielin Swenor. "MEASURING COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN OLDER ADULTS WITH SENSORY LOSS." Innovation in Aging 7, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2023): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.0762.
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Abstract Neurocognitive batteries are administered orally or on paper, requiring participants to hear and see to participate; yet 55% of Americans aged 60+ years have hearing or vision loss. We will review 3 studies investigating whether sensory loss could bias cognitive testing. First, we used item response theory to test whether cognitive testing is more difficult (biased) for individuals with vs. without sensory loss, controlling for underlying cognitive function using Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study and Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging data. Although differential item functioning exists for some tests, it is not salient (>1 standard error difference), suggesting that sensory loss may not have a strong impact on measuring cognitive function in well-designed and conducted research studies. Second, we described how audiometric hearing loss impacts completion of neurocognitive testing, and how missing test scores affect estimates of the hearing loss-cognitive test performance association in a cross-sectional analysis of 3,678 adults (72-94 years) in ARIC. Hearing loss was associated with greater missingness on two auditory-only tests (Logical Memory, Digits Backwards) and two written tests (Boston Naming, Trail Making B). Ignoring this missing data underestimated the hearing-cognition association. Finally, we identified cohort studies measuring cognition in older adults through systematic review, and surveyed investigators for how sensory health was addressed in their studies. We found variation in methods used to assess sensory loss, with implications for resource allocation. Using these studies, we will discuss how to best measure cognition in adults with sensory loss, with a focus on inclusion and equity.
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Gorra, Nicole. "Auditory Cognition." Medical & Clinical Research 9, no. 9 (September 30, 2024): 01–02. http://dx.doi.org/10.33140/mcr.09.09.04.
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Following vision, audition is often regarded as a secondary sensory system in the study of cognitive science and behavioral neuroscience. Auditory cognition tasks relate to the discernment of finite differences in frequency, duration, or rhythmic pattern. They suggest that there is a wide range of auditory functions required to mediate auditory responses. Auditory perception is the ability to interpret information that is received from the environment, and it is in this interpretation that audible frequency waves through the air or otherwise, follow a series of processes that allow for the acuity of sound. Several mechanisms are employed in the processing of acoustic information to extricate the many sources present and to assess the properties of individual events or sequences of events presenting themselves from a source. From a cognitive level, the sequential relations among events in longer sequences must be advanced to comprehend the nature of actions on objects that are extended in time.
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McFarland, Dennis J., and Anthony T. Cacace. "Defining perception and cognition." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, no. 3 (June 1999): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x99432029.
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Discussions of the relationship between perception and cognition often proceed without a definition of these terms. The sensory-modality specific nature of low-level perceptual processes provides a means of distinguishing them from cognitive processes. A more explicit definition of terms provides insight into the nature of the evidence that can resolve questions about the relationship between perception and cognition.
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Engels, Gwenda, Wouter D. Weeda, Annemarie M. M. Vlaar, Henry C. Weinstein, and Erik J. A. Scherder. "Clinical Pain and Neuropsychological Functioning in Parkinson’s Disease: Are They Related?" Parkinson's Disease 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8675930.
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Introduction.Pain is an important nonmotor symptom of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Brain areas such as the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex play an important role in the processing of pain. Since these brain areas are also involved in cognitive functioning, for example, episodic memory and executive functions, respectively, we examined whether a relationship exists between cognitive functioning and spontaneous pain in PD.Methods. Forty-eight patients with PD and 57 controls participated. Cognitive functioning was measured by a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests. Both the sensory-discriminative aspect and the motivational-affective aspect of pain were assessed. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to assess a relation between cognition and pain.Results. Cognition was related to neither the sensory nor the affective aspect of pain in our sample of PD patients. Variance in pain measures was primarily explained by symptoms of depression and anxiety.Discussion. The difference between the affective and the sensory aspect of pain might be due to the neuropathology of PD, which is mainly present in areas processing the affective aspect of pain. Pain treatment might improve when mood is taken into account. We provide several explanations for the lack of an association between pain and cognition.
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Spanos, Nicholas P., T. X. Barber, and Gerald Lang. "Cognition and self-control: Cognitive control of painful sensory input." Integrative Physiological & Behavioral Science 40, no. 3 (July 2005): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03159708.
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Viberg, Åke. "Sensation, perception and cognition." Functions of Language 22, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 96–131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.22.1.05vib.
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This paper presents an analysis of the field of perception verbs in Swedish within a typological and contrastive framework. Earlier work has to a great extent focused on the concepts see and hear. This article focuses on the more ‘raw’ form of perception represented by sensations and on the combination of meanings referring to perception and cognition in Swedish känna ‘feel, know’. The polysemy of känna turns out to be very language-specific even in relation to the most closely related Germanic languages. The polysemy of känna is interesting also because this verb can refer to internal (bodily) perception and has an extension that covers blended spaces combining cognitive elements with emotional and bodily feelings (cf. feel remorse, feel convinced). Special attention is paid also to sensory verbs describing sensations of light and sound (cf. English glitter, glimmer, rattle, creak, etc.) and of bodily sensations and pain (cf. ache, itch, etc.) Sensations are interesting because — similar to sensory adjectives — evaluation and intensity are central components of their meaning in addition to the fine-grained description of sensory qualia. There are great differences across languages in the degree of elaboration of sensory verbs referring to sensations. Recent typological work has demonstrated great elaborations of taste verbs in some languages, whereas other languages have elaborated odor verbs. Swedish (similar to many other European languages) has a rich repertoire of sound verbs.
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Leekam, Susan. "Social cognitive impairment and autism: what are we trying to explain?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1686 (January 19, 2016): 20150082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0082.
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Early psychological theories of autism explained the clinical features of this condition in terms of perceptual and sensory processing impairments. The arrival of domain-specific social cognitive theories changed this focus, postulating a ‘primary’ and specific psychological impairment of social cognition. Across the years, evidence has been growing in support of social cognitive and social attention explanations in autism. However, there has also been evidence for general non-social cognitive impairments in representational understanding, attention allocation and sensory processing. Here, I review recent findings and consider the case for the specificity and primacy of the social cognitive impairment, proposing that we should focus more explicitly on clinically valid features for insights on the integration of ‘social’ and ‘non-social’ cognition.
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Martey, Edward Markwei, Racheal Markwei Martey, and Kingsford Adenutsi. "Sensory cue, emotion, cognition and impulse buying behaviour of fast-food vendors in Ghana." International Journal of Technology and Management Research 5, no. 4 (January 22, 2021): 12–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.47127/ijtmr.v5i4.107.
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Fast food vendors use a sensory cue to trigger impulsive buying behaviour. Though impulse buying has gained interestamong researchers, little has been done concerning food in Ghana. The purpose of the study was to investigate thecontribution of the sensory cue on customer’s emotions and cognition and impulsive buying behaviour. The study findsanswers to the succeeding research questions: what sensory cue impacts on consumer emotion and cognition? And doesemotion and cognition influence consumer’s impulsive buying behaviour. A proposed theoretical model identifies visual,audio, and tactile dimensions as the sensory cue, emotions, and cognitive as mediation variable and impulsive buyingbehaviour as the outcome. Data were collected from 241 customers who were residence in Tema and have patronizedthe services of food vendors for a minimum of two years using a convenience sampling technique. The suggestedhypothesis was tested using structural equation modeling and hierarchical multiple regression analysis. The result of thestudy shows that visual, audio, and tactile dimensions have a positive relationship with emotion but a negativerelationship with cognition. Regarding directs effect, the study revealed that there is a positive relationship betweenemotion and impulsive buying behaviour whiles cognition has a negative effect on impulsive buying behaviour. Thestudy recommended that managers must induce impulsive buying using characteristics of the food they serve and theenvironments in which they operate to stimulate customers' arousal and pleasure and provide enough information toalleviate the risk customers consider before buying food. The findings may not be generalized since the data wascollected in specific areas in Tema.
Citation: Edward Markwei Martey, Racheal Markwei Martey and Kingsford Adenutsi. The influence of sensory cue onemotion, cognition and impulse buying behaviour of fast-food vendors in Ghana, 2020; 5(4): 12－29.
Received: October 23, 2020Accepted: December 31, 2020
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Nazrien, Nazrien M. D., Novitri Novitri, Tertiano Prabowo, and Farida Arisanti. "The Role of Cognition in Balance Control." OBM Neurobiology 08, no. 01 (February 17, 2024): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2401211.
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Balance is the ability to move and/or preserve a particular position while not falling under external force. Human balance is a complex process of integration and coordination of the sensory, motor, and biomechanical components, which is influenced by intrinsic and exogenous factors. One inherent factor that is hypothesized to have an impact on balance is cognition. However, studies about cognition's role in balance control are still limited, and study literature is needed to gain a better understanding. Cognition is involved in various thinking processes. Attention, memory, visuospatial, and executive functions are among the cognitive areas integrated with information processing in the processing of information, followed by a reaction that aims to preserve body balance and prevent falls. Cognition limitation has been linked to decreased function associated with gait alterations, mobility limitation, and increased risk of falling. Cognitive function impairments such as executive function (EF) limitations are thought to increase the risk of losing. Injury to the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum can also affect the cognitive function in balance. The role of cognition in maintaining physical balance is critical. Deficits in cognitive function caused by diseases or injuries will impact bodily balance control.
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Phillips, Natalie, Tristin Best, Nicole Grant, Ameera Kabir, M. Kathleen Pichora-Fuller, Jennifer Campos, Paul Mick, and Walter Wittich. "HEARING AND OLFACTORY LOSS ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERED BRAIN STRUCTURE AND CONNECTIVITY IN DEMENTIA RISK." Innovation in Aging 8, Supplement_1 (December 2024): 609. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igae098.1996.
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Abstract Sensory loss in hearing, vision, and olfaction is highly prevalent in older adults and each is associated with higher risk of developing dementia. We sought to identify whether these sensory factors are associated with alterations in brain function and structure in older adults with or at risk for dementia. Our groups included those with low risk (normal cognition, no cognitive complaints (NC=128; mean age=69 years; mean education=16 years)), and those with higher risk, namely 135 individuals with subjective reports of cognitive decline (SCD) but normal cognition (age=70; education=17), and 241 participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI; age=72; education=16), and 93 with Alzheimer’s disease (AD, age=75; education=15). We used data from the COMPASS-ND study (Release 7). Hearing loss was assessed with pure-tone screening, vision with contrast sensitivity, and olfaction with the Brief Smell Identification Test. Normal sensory performance was observed in a minority of participants and decreased across the dementia risk spectrum groups (e.g., NC: 29%; SCD: 29%; MCI: 11%; AD: 2%). Olfactory deficits were the most frequent, followed by hearing impairment, and then deficits in visual contrast sensitivity. Deficits in multiple sensory domains were highly prevalent, with 37% of participants with AD having deficits in two or more domains. Preliminary analyses indicate that hearing loss is associated with altered connectivity in the default mode network and olfactory loss is associated with reduced hippocampal volumes in SCD. Thus, sensory loss is highly prevalent and co-morbid in persons with or at risk for dementia and has implications for cognition and brain function.
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Ostarek, Markus, and Falk Huettig. "Six Challenges for Embodiment Research." Current Directions in Psychological Science 28, no. 6 (September 13, 2019): 593–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721419866441.
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Twenty years after Barsalou’s seminal perceptual-symbols article, embodied cognition, the notion that cognition involves simulations of sensory, motor, or affective states, has moved from an outlandish proposal to a mainstream position adopted by many researchers in the psychological and cognitive sciences (and neurosciences). Though it has generated productive work in the cognitive sciences as a whole, it has had a particularly strong impact on research into language comprehension. The view of a mental lexicon based on symbolic word representations, which are arbitrarily linked to sensory aspects of their referents, was generally accepted since the cognitive revolution in the 1950s. This has radically changed. Given the current status of embodiment as a main theory of cognition, it is somewhat surprising that a close look at the literature reveals that the debate about the nature of the processes involved in language comprehension is far from settled, and key questions remain unanswered. We present several suggestions for a productive way forward.
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Senoussi, Mehdi, and Laura Dugué. "La vision : un modèle d’étude de la cognition." Intellectica. Revue de l'Association pour la Recherche Cognitive 72, no. 1 (2020): 275–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/intel.2020.1957.
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Vision : a Model to Study Cognition. Our senses – vision, audition, touch, taste and smell – constantly receive a large amount of information. This information is processed and used in order to guide our actions. Cognitive sciences consist in studying mental abilities through different disciplines, e. g. linguistic, neuropsychology, neuroscience or modelling. Each discipline considers mental phenomena and their physical substrate, the nervous system, as a tool to process information in order to guide behavior adaptively (Collins, Andler, & Tallon-Baudry, 2018). Cognitive functions are a collection of processing systems serving different goals, and whose interactions are key to the complexity of cognition. Studying cognition often implies operationalizing each of these functions separately. For example, memory allows to store and reuse information, and attention allows to select relevant information for the task at hand, and to facilitate its processing. To characterize the processes of specific cognitive functions, it is thus necessary to provide to the studied subject – here we concentrate on human and non-human primates – an information to be processed, through different sensory modalities. In this essay, we concentrate on vision as a unique model to study cognition through different fields of cognitive sciences, from cognitive psychology to neurosciences, mentioning also briefly modeling and neuropsychology. Our objective is not to do an exhaustive description of the visual system, nor to compare in detail vision with other sensory modalities, but to argue that the accumulation of evidence on the visual system, as well as its characteristic perceptual, algorithmic and physiological organization, make it a particularly rich model to study cognitive functions. After a brief presentation of some properties of vision, we will illustrate our argument focusing on a specific cognitive function : attention, and in particular its study in cognitive psychology and neuroscience. We will discuss how our knowledge of vision allowed us to understand the behavioral and neuronal mechanisms underlying attentional selection and facilitation of information. We will finally conclude that sensory systems can be used as models to study cognition in different fields of cognitive sciences.
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Yorgason, Jeremy, Corinna Tanner, Avalon White, Stephanie Richardson, Melanie Hill, Shaylee Bench, Brian Stagg, and Joshua Ehrlich. "Marital Quality as a Moderator of the Association Between Sensory Impairments and Cognitive Functioning." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.1468.
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Abstract Research suggests that marital quality may buffer the impact of sensory impairments in later life, and that marital quality relates to cognitive functioning. This study explored how marital quality moderated links between sensory impairments and cognitive functioning. We used data from 723 paired marital dyads from two cohorts in the NHATS and NSOC studies across three-year periods (n=340 dyads from waves 1, 2, 3; n=383 dyads from waves 5, 6, 7). Growth curve models of executive functioning indicated that marital quality moderated effects of both hearing and vision impairment on changes in cognitive functioning longitudinally. Specifically, higher marital quality was associated with higher executive functioning across time. Results suggested no improvement in executive functioning among those with average or lower marital quality. Although cognition declines with advanced age and with sensory impairments, results suggest that older adults with higher marital quality may improve in some aspects of cognition longitudinally.
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Rappaport, Jack M., Stephen B. Richter, and Dennis T. Kennedy. "An Innovative Information Technology Educational Framework Based on Embodied Cognition and Sensory Marketing." International Journal of Strategic Decision Sciences 9, no. 2 (April 2018): 85–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsds.2018040106.
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This article describes and implements an innovative framework for information technology (IT) education. The proposed framework creates metaphors for various IT topics using music. The theory of embodied cognition or grounded cognition argues that all aspects of cognition, including decision making, are shaped by aspects of the body. Various theories of neuroscience, the interdisciplinary study of the nervous system, are used to explain how the brain processes the information and multi-modal stimuli generated by the authors' model. The framework proposed in this article can also be considered a form of sensory marketing, which is also based upon embodied cognition, theories of neuroscience and the cognitive significance of metaphors. The model was implemented at the secondary and university levels using both a formative and summative evaluation process. The survey results support the theoretical arguments supplied by many theories of embodied cognition and neuroscience.
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Raykowski, Wes. "Sensory Schema: From Sensory Contrasts to Antonyms." Cognitive Semantics 8, no. 2 (September 19, 2022): 240–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23526416-bja10027.
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Abstract The article explores sensations’ role in cognition through analyzing expressions in natural language in search of a sensory schema. I argue that if it exists, the schema originates from the universal need to differentiate between patterns by increasing contrasts, which is linguistically manifested in the practice of grading adjectives and adverbs in the context of antonyms.
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Macmillan, Neil A. "Better ways to study penetrability with detection theory." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, no. 3 (June 1999): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x99422022.
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Signal detection theory (SDT) is best known as a method for separating sensitivity from bias. If sensitivity reflects early sensory processing and bias later cognition, then SDT can be use to study penetrability by asking whether cognitive manipulations affect sensitivity. This assumption is too simple, but SDT can nonetheless be helpful in developing specific methods of how sensory and cognitive information combine. Two such approaches are described.
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Pronk, Marieke, Birgit I. Lissenberg-Witte, Hilde P. A. van der Aa, Hannie C. Comijs, Cas Smits, Ulrike Lemke, Adriana A. Zekveld, and Sophia E. Kramer. "Longitudinal Relationships Between Decline in Speech-in-Noise Recognition Ability and Cognitive Functioning: The Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 62, no. 4S (April 26, 2019): 1167–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2018_jslhr-h-ascc7-18-0120.
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Purpose Various directional hypotheses for the observed links between aging, hearing, and cognition have been proposed: (a) cognitive load on perception hypothesis, (b) information degradation hypothesis, (c) sensory deprivation hypothesis, and (d) common cause hypothesis. Supporting evidence for all 4 hypotheses has been reported. No studies have modeled the corresponding 4 causal pathways into 1 single model, which would be required to evidence that multiple directional hypotheses apply. The aim of the current study was to tease out which pathways apply for 5 different cognitive measures. Method Data from 1,029 respondents of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam were used spanning a maximum follow-up of 7 years (3 measurements). Speech-in-noise recognition ability (digit triplet speech-in-noise test) was included as a measure of auditory function. Cognitive measures included global cognitive functioning, fluid intelligence, information processing speed, and verbal memory (immediate recall and retention). Bivariate dual change score modeling was used to model the causal pathways between hearing, cognition, and baseline age. Results For information processing speed, global cognitive functioning, fluid intelligence, and memory-immediate recall, all pathways except for the sensory deprivation pathway were supported. For memory-retention, only the common cause and the sensory deprivation pathways were supported. Conclusions Causal pathways corresponding to all 4 hypotheses were supported. Support for the common cause hypothesis, the information degradation hypothesis, and the cognitive load on perception hypotheses was found for 4 of 5 cognitive measures. This was unexpected in some cases (e.g., support for the information degradation pathway for cognitive measures that do not rely on auditory stimuli). The sensory deprivation pathway that emerged for memory-retention might point toward processes related to early stages of dementia. In summary, the results show that the links between decline in auditory function, cognition, and aging are complex and most likely are captured by pathways belonging to various directional hypotheses.
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Ge, Shaoqing, Wei Pan, Bei Wu, Brenda Plassman, and Eleanor S. McConnell. "LONGITUDINAL INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SENSORY LOSS, SOCIAL SUPPORT, LONELINESS, AND COGNITION." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.3015.
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Abstract This study aims to understand the roles that psychosocial factors play on the longitudinal associations between sensory (including hearing and vision) loss and cognitive decline. Specifically, we hypothesized that (1) loneliness mediates the associations between sensory loss and cognitive decline; and (2) social support moderates the associations between sensory loss and cognitive decline. We used longitudinal parallel process (LPP) modeling with data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and the Aging, Demographics, and Memory study (ADAMS). Age variable centered at its mean age of 82. In the most parsimonious model, loneliness fully mediated the associations between vision loss and the average cognitive status at age 82 (p < .05). Social support moderated the associations between vision loss and the average cognitive status at age 82 (β= .14, p < .05). No moderation or mediation effect was found for the psychosocial factors on the associations between hearing loss and cognition.
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Mast, Fred W., and Andrew W. Ellis. "Internal Models, Vestibular Cognition, and Mental Imagery: Conceptual Considerations." Multisensory Research 28, no. 5-6 (2015): 443–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134808-00002503.
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Vestibular cognition has recently gained attention. Despite numerous experimental and clinical demonstrations, it is not yet clear what vestibular cognition really is. For future research in vestibular cognition, adopting a computational approach will make it easier to explore the underlying mechanisms. Indeed, most modeling approaches in vestibular science include a top-down ora prioricomponent. We review recent Bayesian optimal observer models, and discuss in detail the conceptual value of prior assumptions, likelihood and posterior estimates for research in vestibular cognition. We then consider forward models in vestibular processing, which are required in order to distinguish between sensory input that is induced by active self-motion, and sensory input that is due to passive self-motion. We suggest that forward models are used not only in the service of estimating sensory states but they can also be drawn upon in an offline mode (e.g., spatial perspective transformations), in which interaction with sensory input is not desired. A computational approach to vestibular cognition will help to discover connections across studies, and it will provide a more coherent framework for investigating vestibular cognition.
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Shevtsov, Konstantin. "MEMORY AND SENSORY PERCEPTION IN THE STRUCTURE OF COGNITION." Psychological and pedagogical problems of human and social security 2024, no. 4 (December 6, 2024): 35–42. https://doi.org/10.61260/2074-1618-2024-4-35-42.
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The article offers a generalizing view of the main components of sensory perception, such as sensory reality and sensory qualities, intentionality, and the primary synthesis of imagination. Special attention is paid to the interaction of sensory qualities, due to which there is a separation and a kind of articulation, or fixation, of the certainty of a sensory quality in its connection with other qualities. This example of the interaction of sensory channels of perception is very important for the formation of a three-dimensional image of reality and an exit from the surface of sensation to the spatial depth of action. The experience of living in time is no less important, since it is the flow of sensory phenomena and the synthesis of individual moments in the unity of a recognizable image that forms the eidetic level of perception necessary for orientation in the world, recognition of stable objects and the general order of perceived phenomena.
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Cole, Martin G. "Charles Bonnet Hallucinations: A Case Series*." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 37, no. 4 (May 1992): 267–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379203700411.
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Charles Bonnet hallucinations are complex visual hallucinations which occur during clear consciousness inpatients who do not suffer from psychosis, substance abuse, sleep disorders, focal neurological lesions or acute eye disease. They are well-defined images of patterns, scenes, animals or humans combined with normal perceptions and elicit a neutral or pleasant emotional response. Because of conflicting reports about cognitive or visual impairments among patients with these hallucinations, I describe the cognitive and visual status of 13 patients. One patient had preserved cognition and vision; three had preserved cognition and impaired vision; three had impaired cognition and preserved vision; and six had both impaired cognition and vision. It is unlikely that cognitive or visual deficits alone caused the hallucinations, but may have contributed to a state of sensory deprivation with visual phenomena.
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Borodovitsyna, Olga, Matthew Flamini, and Daniel Chandler. "Noradrenergic Modulation of Cognition in Health and Disease." Neural Plasticity 2017 (2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6031478.
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Norepinephrine released by the locus coeruleus modulates cellular processes and synaptic transmission in the central nervous system through its actions at a number of pre- and postsynaptic receptors. This transmitter system facilitates sensory signal detection and promotes waking and arousal, processes which are necessary for navigating a complex and dynamic sensory environment. In addition to its effects on sensory processing and waking behavior, norepinephrine is now recognized as a contributor to various aspects of cognition, including attention, behavioral flexibility, working memory, and long-term mnemonic processes. Two areas of dense noradrenergic innervation, the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus, are particularly important with regard to these functions. Due to its role in mediating normal cognitive function, it is reasonable to expect that noradrenergic transmission becomes dysfunctional in a number of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases characterized by cognitive deficits. In this review, we summarize the unique role that norepinephrine plays in prefrontal cortical and hippocampal function and how its interaction with its various receptors contributes to cognitive behaviors. We further assess the changes that occur in the noradrenergic system in Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia and how these changes contribute to cognitive decline in these pathologies.
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Perler, Dominik. "Emotions and Cognitions. Fourteenth-Century Discussions on the Passions of the Soul." Vivarium 43, no. 2 (2005): 250–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853405774978353.
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AbstractMedieval philosophers clearly recognized that emotions are not simply "raw feelings" but complex mental states that include cognitive components. They analyzed these components both on the sensory and on the intellectual level, paying particular attention to the different types of cognition that are involved. This paper focuses on William Ockham and Adam Wodeham, two fourteenth-century authors who presented a detailed account of "sensory passions" and "volitional passions". It intends to show that these two philosophers provided both a structural and a functional analysis of emotions, i.e., they explained the various elements constituting emotions and delineated the causal relations between these elements. Ockham as well as Wodeham emphasized that "sensory passions" are not only based upon cognitions but include a cognitive component and are therefore intentional. In addition, they pointed out that "volitional passions" are based upon a conceptualization and an evaluation of given objects. This cognitivist approach to emotions enabled them to explain the complex phenomenon of emotional conflict, a phenomenon that has its origin in the co-presence of various emotions that involve conflicting evaluations.
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Dubey, Akash Dutt, and Ravi Bhushan Mishra. "Cognition of a Robotic Manipulator Using the Q-Learning Based Situation-Operator Model." Journal of Information Technology Research 11, no. 1 (January 2018): 146–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jitr.2018010109.
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In this article, we have applied cognition on robot using Q-learning based situation operator model. The situation operator model takes the initial situation of the mobile robot and applies a set of operators in order to move the robot to the destination. The initial situation of the mobile robot is defined by a set of characteristics inferred by the sensor inputs. The Situation-Operator Model (SOM) model comprises of a planning and learning module which uses certain heuristics for learning through the mobile robot and a knowledge base which stored the experiences of the mobile robot. The control and learning of the robot is done using q-learning. A camera sensor and an ultrasonic sensor were used as the sensory inputs for the mobile robot. These sensory inputs are used to define the initial situation, which is then used in the learning module to apply the valid operator. The results obtained by the proposed method were compared to the result obtained by Reinforcement-Based Artificial Neural Network for path planning.
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Nolan, Lawrence. "Malebranche on Sensory Cognition and "Seeing As"." Journal of the History of Philosophy 50, no. 1 (2012): 21–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hph.2012.0013.
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Tadić, Zoran. "Snakes: Slithering from Sensory Physiology to Cognition." Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews 18 (2023): 95–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3819/ccbr.2023.180006.
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L Beck, Douglas, Jed Grisel, and Solomon Gould. "Vision, audition, cognition and sensory-based clinics." Journal of Otolaryngology-ENT Research 15, no. 2 (May 1, 2023): 57–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/joentr.2023.15.00528.
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Mukhina, Yulia N. "Sensory peculiarities of genres." International Journal “Speech Genres” 17, no. 3 (35) (August 24, 2022): 168–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/2311-0740-2022-17-3-35-168-175.
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The article presents the interim results of the observation over sensory features of certain fiction and non-fiction genres (poem, academic article, lecture, oral conference presentation, guide book). The study of sensory features of the above-mentioned genres contributes, on the one hand, to the solution of a number of problems within sensory linguistics, such as the description of language resources, functions and genreforming features of sensory vocabulary and its role in the comprehension of reality. On the other hand, the article complements the description of traditional genre-forming features. The analysis of sensory aspects of genres is carried out in two directions. The first direction implies collecting and systematisation of a particular language resources through reference to samples of fiction genres (e. g. poem and guide book), while the second one takes into account genre specificity, the sensory framing of which is linked with the categories of emotionalism, suggestion and evaluation (as exemplified by the samples of non-fiction genres of academic discourse, guide book and, partially, poem). In different types of discourse sensory cognition is realised in different ways. Lexically it takes the form of single words and phrases which semantically appeal to the sensory experience as well as the form of a sensory (perceptual) metaphor based on physical cognition and interfering with the emotional, cognitive and intellectual spheres. The range of modes of perception varies from a rich collection characteristic of fiction genres and appears to be in keeping with the traditional five-member model to modes corresponding to visual, hearing, tactile and body perceptions in non-fiction genres. The latter make it possible to trace links between inferential and sensory modes of perception.
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Bezzubova, Elena, and Gordon Globus. "Underconstraint and overconstraint in psychiatry." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27, no. 6 (December 2004): 788–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x04230187.
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Hallucination lies at an intriguing border between psychiatry and philosophy. Although Behrendt & Young (B&Y) tie their proposal to Kantian transcendental idealism, other philosophical positions are equally consistent. Cognition is underconstrained by reality not only in hallucination but also in autism and dreaming. Sensory underconstraint is insufficient to encompass schizophrenia. There is also a breakdown in integrative capacity on the cognitive side. From a wider clinical perspective than schizophrenia, there can be underconstraint or overconstraint in sensory and cognitive functionalities.
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Geary, David C. "Mitochondrial Functioning and the Relations among Health, Cognition, and Aging: Where Cell Biology Meets Cognitive Science." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 7 (March 30, 2021): 3562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073562.
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Cognitive scientists have determined that there is a set of mechanisms common to all sensory, perceptual, and cognitive abilities and correlated with age- and disease-related declines in cognition. These mechanisms also contribute to the development and functional coherence of the large-scale brain networks that support complex forms of cognition. At the same time, these brain and cognitive patterns are correlated with myriad health outcomes, indicating that at least some of the underlying mechanisms are common to all biological systems. Mitochondrial functions, including cellular energy production and control of oxidative stress, among others, are well situated to explain the relations among the brain, cognition, and health. Here, I provide an overview of the relations among cognitive abilities, associated brain networks, and the importance of mitochondrial energy production for their functioning. These are then linked to the relations between cognition, health, and aging. The discussion closes with implications for better integrating research in cognitive science and cell biology in the context of developing more sensitive measures of age- and disease-related declines in cognition.
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Wettstein, Markus, Hans-Werner Wahl, and Vera Heyl. "Cognition–Well-Being Relations in Old Age." GeroPsych 28, no. 3 (January 2015): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/a000131.
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Abstract. We examine whether sensory impairment moderates the association between cognitive performance and well-being and, if so, whether such a moderation effect is due to a mediating mechanism via everyday competence in sensory-impaired individuals. Our sample consisted of visually-impaired (VI, n = 121), hearing-impaired (HI, n = 116), and sensory-unimpaired older adults (UI, n = 150), with a mean age of 82.50 years (SD = 4.71 years). Multiple measures of well-being (life satisfaction, affect, loneliness) as well as several established tests of cognitive performance were included. We found stronger relationships between cognitive performance and well-being in the HI and VI group than in UI individuals. Furthermore, the relationship was mostly mediated by everyday competence both in VI and HI older adults.
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Gjelsvik, Bergljot, Darko Lovric, and J. Mark G. Williams. "Embodied cognition and emotional disorders." Journal of Experimental Psychopathology 9, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): pr.035714. http://dx.doi.org/10.5127/pr.035714.
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Research into embodied cognition (EC) in cognitive neuroscience and psychology has risen exponentially over the last 25 years, covering a vast area of research; from understanding how ability to judge speech sounds depends on an intact motor cortex, to why people perceive hills as steeper when carrying a heavy backpack. Although there are many theories addressing these phenomena, increasing evidence across EC studies suggests simulation (i.e., re-enactment of the motor-sensory aspects of meaning) as an important basis of knowledge. The authors 1) review evidence for the EC paradigm’s claim to simulation effects in cognition, suggesting that simulation exists within a “distributed plus hub” model, 2) discuss the implications of simulation for the understanding of cognitive dysfunctions in emotional disorders, particularly depression, 3) suggest that emotional disorders arises as a result of failed simulation processes, hypothesizing that semantic processing reactivates motor-sensory simulations previously associated with low mood ( enactment/re-enactment networks), and that truncation of such simulation by means of over-use of language-based, abstract processing, motivated by a wish to reduce the affective disturbance associated with episodic, embodied representations, maintains psychopathology, 4) review evidence for effects of truncated simulation on emotional pathology, and 5) discuss the relevance of EC to treatments of emotional pathology.
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Bourgine, Paul, and John Stewart. "Autopoiesis and Cognition." Artificial Life 10, no. 3 (June 2004): 327–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/1064546041255557.
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This article revisits the concept of autopoiesis and examines its relation to cognition and life. We present a mathematical model of a 3D tesselation automaton, considered as a minimal example of autopoiesis. This leads us to a thesis T1: “An autopoietic system can be described as a random dynamical system, which is defined only within its organized autopoietic domain.” We propose a modified definition of autopoiesis: “An autopoietic system is a network of processes that produces the components that reproduce the network, and that also regulates the boundary conditions necessary for its ongoing existence as a network.” We also propose a definition of cognition: “A system is cognitive if and only if sensory inputs serve to trigger actions in a specific way, so as to satisfy a viability constraint.” It follows from these definitions that the concepts of autopoiesis and cognition, although deeply related in their connection with the regulation of the boundary conditions of the system, are not immediately identical: a system can be autopoietic without being cognitive, and cognitive without being autopoietic. Finally, we propose a thesis T2: “A system that is both autopoietic and cognitive is a living system.”
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Peng Fu, Aaron. "The Motion Beyond Sense." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS 17 (February 21, 2020): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jap.v17i.8647.
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This paper first explores the relationship between cognition and motion. Our typical cognitive mode, based on sensory forms, is integrated and, therefore, non-motion in nature. This highlights stability and relativity for practical cognitive needs, but at the same time prevents us from developing cognition of the complete form of motion. The result is a fundamental cognitive barrier for us to understand motion. By discovering the underlying cognitive principles, however, we can revise the cognitive process and redevelop the cognitive mode to meet the purpose of direct cognition of motion. Based on this newly developed cognitive mode, we will learn motion features directly and understand motion laws and principles, to explain natural phenomena and establish wide-range connections between them. These include the underlying principles of motion, gravity, the creation of matter and material forms, universal motion, and spacetime.
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Xiao, Lin. "Gamified Teaching Strategies from the Perspective of Embodied Cognition Theory." International Journal of Education and Humanities 15, no. 1 (July 7, 2024): 153–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/qw7zgp82.
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From the Perspective of Embodied Cognition Theory, cognitive processes are deeply intertwined with bodily interactions and sensory experiences. By integrating this theoretical perspective, the paper proposes a series of gamified teaching strategies. Kinesthetic learning activities, gesture-based learning, augmented reality (AR) environments, interactive storytelling, physical manipulatives, and virtual reality (VR) simulations are explored. These approaches aim to engage multiple sensory modalities and motor functions, fostering a holistic learning experience. The gamified teaching methodologies offers a promising pathway for enhancing educational outcomes. And it makes English teaching more engaging and effective for non-native English learners.
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González, Juan C., Paul Bach-y-Rita, and Steven J. Haase. "Perceptual recalibration in sensory substitution and perceptual modification." Cognitive Technologies and the Pragmatics of Cognition 13, no. 3 (December 20, 2005): 481–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.13.3.05gon.
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This paper analyzes the process of perceptual recalibration (PR) in light of two cases of technologically-mediated cognition: sensory substitution and perceptual modification. We hold that PR is a very useful concept — perhaps necessary — for explaining the adaptive capacity that natural perceptive systems display as they respond to functional demands from the environment. We also survey critically related issues, such as the role of learning, training, and nervous system plasticity in the recalibrating process. Attention is given to the interaction between technology and cognition, and the case of epistemic prostheses is presented as an illustration. Finally, we address the following theoretical issues: (1) the dynamic character of spatial perception; (2) the role of functional demands in perception; (3) the nature and interaction of sensory modalities. We aim to show that these issues may be addressed empirically and conceptually — hence, the usefulness of sensory-substitution and perceptual-modification studies in the analysis of perception, technologically-mediated cognition, and cognition in general.
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Wu, Wen-Yu, Jia-Yu Guo, Ying-Jing Li, and Ying-Liang Sun. "Research on the Design of Virtual Reality Online Education Information Presentation Based on Multi-Sensory Cognition." Inventions 8, no. 2 (April 20, 2023): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inventions8020063.
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The popularity of the online teaching model increased during the COVID-19, and virtual reality online education is now firmly established as a future trend in educational growth. Human–computer interaction and collaboration between virtual models and physical entities, as well as virtual multi-sensory cognition, have become the focus of research in the field of online education. In this paper, we analyze the mapping form of teaching information and cue information on users’ cognition through an experimental system and investigate the effects of the presentation form of online virtual teaching information, the length of the material, users’ memory of the information, and the presentation form of information cues on users’ cognitive performance. The experimental results show that different instructional information and cue presentation designs have significant effects on users’ learning performance, with relatively longer instructional content being more effective and users being more likely to mechanically remember the learning materials. By studying the impact of multi-sensory information presentation on users’ cognition, the output design of instructional information can be optimized, cognitive resources can be reasonably allocated, and learning effectiveness can be ensured, which is of great significance for virtual education research in digital twins.
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Gray, Daniel T., Lavanya Umapathy, Nicole M. De La Peña, Sara N. Burke, James R. Engle, Theodore P. Trouard, and Carol A. Barnes. "Auditory Processing Deficits Are Selectively Associated with Medial Temporal Lobe Mnemonic Function and White Matter Integrity in Aging Macaques." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 5 (March 7, 2020): 2789–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz275.
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Abstract Deficits in auditory function and cognition are hallmarks of normative aging. Recent evidence suggests that hearing-impaired individuals have greater risks of developing cognitive impairment and dementia compared to people with intact auditory function, although the neurobiological bases underlying these associations are poorly understood. Here, a colony of aging macaques completed a battery of behavioral tests designed to probe frontal and temporal lobe-dependent cognition. Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) and visual evoked potentials were measured to assess auditory and visual system function. Structural and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging were then performed to evaluate the microstructural condition of multiple white matter tracts associated with cognition. Animals showing higher cognitive function had significantly better auditory processing capacities, and these associations were selectively observed with tasks that primarily depend on temporal lobe brain structures. Tractography analyses revealed that the fractional anisotropy (FA) of the fimbria-fornix and hippocampal commissure were associated with temporal lobe-dependent visual discrimination performance and auditory sensory function. Conversely, FA of frontal cortex-associated white matter was not associated with auditory processing. Visual sensory function was not associated with frontal or temporal lobe FA, nor with behavior. This study demonstrates significant and selective relationships between ABRs, white matter connectivity, and higher-order cognitive ability.
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Amerini, Fabrizio. "Ockham and Chatton on Intellective Intuition." Vivarium 60, no. 1 (January 19, 2022): 63–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685349-06001001.
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Abstract Intellective intuitive cognition plays a key role in William of Ockham’s philosophy. On many occasions, Walter Chatton argues that this kind of cognition is unnecessary. Chatton has two main arguments for his point. First, he raises doubts about the possibility of distinguishing intellective intuitive cognition from sensory intuitive cognition. The former always arises with the latter, and whatever we can explain through the former, we can explain equally well through the latter. Second, he argues that we cannot separate the intellective intuitive cognition of a singular thing from the cognition of the species of that thing. We cannot intuitively and intellectively cognize a thing without recognizing that thing as a thing of a certain kind. Chatton’s conclusion is that since we can never experience an act of intellective intuitive cognition in itself, it is superfluous to posit this act of cognition. We can explain the singular cognition of an extramental singular simply by making the cognition of its species and the sensory intuitive cognition of it interact with each other.
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Zinn, Pascal O., Ahmed Habib, Hansen Deng, Neslihan Nisa Gecici, Hayat Elidrissy, Yassine Alami Idrissi, Mohammadreza Amjadzadeh, and Natalie Sandel Sherry. "Uncovering Interoceptive Human Insular Lobe Function through Intraoperative Cortical Stimulation—A Review." Brain Sciences 14, no. 7 (June 27, 2024): 646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070646.
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The insular cortex, a critical hub in the brain’s sensory, cognitive, and emotional networks, remains an intriguing subject of study. In this article, we discuss its intricate functional neuroanatomy, emphasizing its pivotal role in processing olfactory information. Through concise exploration, we delve into the insula’s diverse connectivity and its involvement in sensory integration, particularly in olfaction. Stimulation studies in humans reveal compelling insights into the insula’s contribution to the perception of smell, hinting at its broader implications for cognitive processing. Additionally, we explore an avenue of research in which studying olfactory processing via insular stimulation could unravel higher-level cognitive processes. This innovative approach could help give a fresh perspective on the interplay between sensory and cognitive domains, offering valuable insights into the neural mechanisms underlying cognition and emotion. In conclusion, future research efforts should emphasize a multidisciplinary approach, combining advanced imaging and surgical techniques to explore the intricate functions of the human insula. Moreover, awake craniotomies could offer a unique opportunity for real-time observation, shedding light on its neural circuitry and contributions to higher-order brain functions. Furthermore, olfaction’s direct cortical projection enables precise exploration of insular function, promising insights into cognitive and emotional processes. This multifaceted approach will deepen our understanding of the insular cortex and its significance in human cognition and emotion.
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Deal, Jennifer, and Heather Whitson. "Understanding the Sensory Loss–Cognitive Function Relationship in Older Adults: Biomarker or Causal Risk Factor?" Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2920.
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Abstract Sensory impairment in older adults is common, over 55% of Americans 60 years and older have either hearing or vision impairment, and it is linked to accelerated cognitive decline and increased risk of incident dementia in population-based observational studies. However, whether sensory impairment is a marker or a cause of cognitive decline and dementia is unknown. Both sensory impairment and cognitive decline/dementia may be caused by a common underlying pathology (e.g., microvascular disease), or sensory impairment may be a marker of dementia-related pathological changes in the brain. Alternatively, causal mechanisms include increased cognitive load, changes brain structure/function, depression, social isolation and/or reduced activity. This session will investigate the role of sensory impairment in cognitive decline and dementia in older adults and discuss the ramifications of these different possibilities for risk prediction and stratification, and potentially, for disease prevention. The co-occurrence of multiple sensory deficits will be described, and the potential utility of the use of retinal signs as predictive markers for cognitive decline/dementia will be discussed. We will also describe current evidence for both non-causal and causal relationships between sensory impairment and cognition with a focus on hearing impairment. Finally, we will describe the relationship of dual sensory (both hearing and vision) impairment on cognitive performance and dementia in a biracial population-based study.
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Maier, Steven F., and Linda R. Watkins. "The Immune System as a Sensory System." Current Directions in Psychological Science 9, no. 3 (June 2000): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00069.
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The brain and immune system form a bidirectional communication network in which the immune system operates as a sense organ to provide the brain with information about infection and injury, thereby allowing the brain to coordinate a defense. Activated immune cells release proteins called cytokines, which signal the brain by both blood and neural routes. Information that reaches the brain across this sensory channel produces large changes in neural activity, behavior, mood, and cognitive functioning. Appreciation of the functioning of this network may illuminate poorly understood aspects of stress, depression, and intraindividual variability in behavior, mood, and cognition.
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Sommerlatte, Curtis. "Empirical Cognition in the Transcendental Deduction: Kant’s Starting Point and his Humean Problem." Kantian Review 21, no. 3 (October 25, 2016): 437–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1369415416000273.
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AbstractIn this article, I argue that in the sense of greatest epistemological concern for Kant, empirical cognition is ‘rational sensory discrimination’: the identification or differentiation of sensory objects from each other (whether correctly or not), occurring through a capacity of forming judgements (whether correct or not). With this account of empirical cognition, I show how the Transcendental Deduction of the first Critique is most plausibly read as having as its fundamental assumption the thesis that we have empirical cognition, and I provide evidence that Kant understood Hume as granting this assumption.