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1
Kim, Tae-Hyeong, Gi-Hwan Jo, Hyeong-Seok Yun, Kyung-Su Yun, and Tae-Hyoung Park. "Placement Method of Multiple Lidars for Roadside Infrastructure in Urban Environments." Sensors 23, no. 21 (October 29, 2023): 8808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23218808.
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Sensors on autonomous vehicles have inherent physical constraints. To address these limitations, several studies have been conducted to enhance sensing capabilities by establishing wireless communication between infrastructure and autonomous vehicles. Various sensors are strategically positioned within the road infrastructure, providing essential sensory data to these vehicles. The primary challenge lies in sensor placement, as it necessitates identifying optimal locations that minimize blind spots while maximizing the sensor’s coverage area. Therefore, to solve this problem, a method for positioning multiple sensor systems in road infrastructure is proposed. By introducing a voxel grid, the problem is formulated as an optimization challenge, and a genetic algorithm is employed to find a solution. Experimental findings using lidar sensors are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of this proposed approach.
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Guo, Yixuan, and Gaoyang Liang. "Perceptual Feedback Mechanism Sensor Technology in e-Commerce IoT Application Research." Journal of Sensors 2021 (September 28, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3840103.
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With the development of sensor technology and the Internet of Things (IoT) technology, the trend of miniaturization of sensors has prompted the inclusion of more sensors in IoT, and the perceptual feedback mechanism among these sensors has become particularly important, thus promoting the development of multiple sensor data fusion technologies. This paper deeply analyzes and summarizes the characteristics of sensory data and the new problems faced by the processing of sensory data under the new trend of IoT, deeply studies the acquisition, storage, and query of sensory data from the sensors of IoT in e-commerce, and proposes a ubiquitous storage method for massive sensory data by combining the sensory feedback mechanism of sensors, which makes full use of the storage resources of IoT storage network elements and maximally meets the massive. In this paper, we propose a ubiquitous storage method for massive sensing data, which makes full use of the storage resources of IoT storage network elements to maximize the storage requirements of massive sensing data and achieve load-balanced data storage. In this paper, starting from the overall development of IoT in recent years, the weak link of intelligent information processing is reinforced based on the sensory feedback mechanism of sensor technology.
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Chen, Junru. "Flexible Pressure Sensors and Their Applications." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 44 (April 13, 2023): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v44i.7193.
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The application of flexible pressure sensor is a new type of pressure sensor based on new materials prepared by a nano process. It differs from conventional pressure sensors due to its good flexibility, free bending, small thickness, high sensitivity, and ease of mass production, and is particularly suited for measuring soft surface contact stress. It has several potential applications in smart homes, smart medicine, wearable gadgets, and other domains. The microstructure can not only increase the sensor's sensitivity, but it can also recover the sensor's elastic deformation more quickly, so it has a swift duty. The capacitive flexible pressure sensor will be introduced first, followed by the resistive pressure sensor, and then their practical applications will be discussed. This paper's research will contribute significantly to the study and implementation of flexible pressure sensors. It will contribute significantly to the study and application of flexible pressure sensors.
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Ahmed, Ayam Tawfeek, Ahmed Noori Rashid, and Khalid Shaker. "Localization in Wireless Sensor Network." Webology 19, no. 1 (January 20, 2022): 692–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/web/v19i1/web19049.
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The major problems in a Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is the localization problem, that relates to how an area covers by the sensor nodes. In this study, the problem formulates as the decision problem, that takes the best location for all sensors in the sensor field. Butterfly Optimization Algorithm (BOA), proposes to calculate the estimate locations for all sensors. Simulating the BOA with using number of sensors from 25 to 150 sensors and number of the anchor nodes. The distance between sensors and anchors measures by Received Signal Strength (RSS) so, this strategy is known as RSS-BOA. The obtained results shed that, the performance of the proposed algorithm is more accurate in comparing with BOA approach in the term sensor's location and the average error.
5
HUGHES, KEN, and N. RANGANATHAN. "MODELING SENSOR CONFIDENCE FOR SENSOR INTEGRATION TASKS." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 08, no. 06 (December 1994): 1301–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001494000656.
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This paper addresses the problem of determining the reliability of individual sensors in a multi-sensor robotic system in an unknown environment. The inherent difficulty in this problem is that the decision must be based solely upon the data from the sensors themselves. While some previous research has considered unstructured environments (see Refs. 1 and 2 for examples) little if any consideration has been given to totally unknown environments. This problem has usually been avoided by assuming that the sensors would not provide erroneous data or ignoring sensors when they appeared to provide erroneous data. We believe a more robust solution is to consider each sensor’s performance over time compared to other sensors, and from this determine a measure of confidence in each sensor. This allows sensors which temporarily provide erroneous data to be accommodated. A system which can determine the reliability of its sensors is more robust since it can wisely decide which sensors are most appropriate for a given task and can also determine whether sensor conflicts are the result of poorly performing sensors.
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Tjiptoyuda, Wahyu Pamungkas, Mas Aly Afandi, Sarah Astiti, I. Ketut Agung Enrico, Anis Sirwan Zukhrufi, Rahmat Hardian Putra, and Rohmat. "Research in Electronic Multi-Sensor Accuracy in the Implementation of Soil Fertility Monitoring System Using LoRA." International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology 13, no. 6 (December 31, 2023): 2397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.v13i6.18836.
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The use of electronic sensors to track the nutrients in the soil is an interesting tool for farmers. This has led to the sale of many different kinds of electronic sensors with different levels of accuracy. The accuracy of this electronic sensor was figured out by comparing the results of the sensor's measurements with the results of lab tests done in different ways. This study compares the accuracy of electronic devices used to measure soil nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, electrical conductivity, water pH, and humidity to measurements made in the lab using the ICP-OES (Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy) method. We used three electronic sensors and a transmission system based on LoRA (Long Range) to measure the nutrients in the soil and put the results on our website. The similarities between electronic sensors and laboratory test parameters include the standard deviation, accuracy value, and correlation test between sensors and from the sensors to laboratory test results. The standard deviation parameter test showed a big value between the electronic sensor and the lab test results. However, none of the three used electronic sensors had a standard deviation number that differed greatly from the others. Except for the pH value of the soil, the electronic sensor's accuracy tests for the other five parameters were not very good compared to the lab tests. Also, the sensor correlation test showed a high correlation, while the correlation test between sensor data and lab test results showed a low correlation.
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Tjiptoyuda, Wahyu Pamungkas, Mas Aly Afandi, Sarah Astiti, I. Ketut Agung Enrico, Anis Sirwan Zukhrufi, Rahmat Hardian Putra, and Rohmat. "Research in Electronic Multi-Sensor Accuracy in the Implementation of Soil Fertility Monitoring System Using LoRA." International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology 13, no. 6 (December 31, 2023): 2397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.13.6.18836.
Full textAbstract:
The use of electronic sensors to track the nutrients in the soil is an interesting tool for farmers. This has led to the sale of many different kinds of electronic sensors with different levels of accuracy. The accuracy of this electronic sensor was figured out by comparing the results of the sensor's measurements with the results of lab tests done in different ways. This study compares the accuracy of electronic devices used to measure soil nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, electrical conductivity, water pH, and humidity to measurements made in the lab using the ICP-OES (Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy) method. We used three electronic sensors and a transmission system based on LoRA (Long Range) to measure the nutrients in the soil and put the results on our website. The similarities between electronic sensors and laboratory test parameters include the standard deviation, accuracy value, and correlation test between sensors and from the sensors to laboratory test results. The standard deviation parameter test showed a big value between the electronic sensor and the lab test results. However, none of the three used electronic sensors had a standard deviation number that differed greatly from the others. Except for the pH value of the soil, the electronic sensor's accuracy tests for the other five parameters were not very good compared to the lab tests. Also, the sensor correlation test showed a high correlation, while the correlation test between sensor data and lab test results showed a low correlation.
8
Kim, SangUn, TranThuyNga Truong, JunHyuk Jang, and Jooyong Kim. "The Programmable Design of Large-Area Piezoresistive Textile Sensors Using Manufacturing by Jacquard Processing." Polymers 15, no. 1 (December 25, 2022): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15010078.
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Among wearable e-textiles, conductive textile yarns are of particular interest because they can be used as flexible and wearable sensors without affecting the usual properties and comfort of the textiles. Firstly, this study proposed three types of piezoresistive textile sensors, namely, single-layer, double-layer, and quadruple-layer, to be made by the Jacquard processing method. This method enables the programmable design of the sensor’s structure and customizes the sensor’s sensitivity to work more efficiently in personalized applications. Secondly, the sensor range and coefficient of determination showed that the sensor is reliable and suitable for many applications. The dimensions of the proposed sensors are 20 × 20 cm, and the thicknesses are under 0.52 mm. The entire area of the sensor is a pressure-sensitive spot. Thirdly, the effect of layer density on the performance of the sensors showed that the single-layer pressure sensor has a thinner thickness and faster response time than the multilayer pressure sensor. Moreover, the sensors have a quick response time (<50 ms) and small hysteresis. Finally, the hysteresis will increase according to the number of conductive layers. Many tests were carried out, which can provide an excellent knowledge database in the context of large-area piezoresistive textile sensors using manufacturing by Jacquard processing. The effects of the percolation of CNTs, thickness, and sheet resistance on the performance of sensors were investigated. The structural and surface morphology of coating samples and SWCNTs were evaluated by using a scanning electron microscope. The structure of the proposed sensor is expected to be an essential step toward realizing wearable signal sensing for next-generation personalized applications.
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Zhang, Chang Jie, and Yu Liu. "A Sensor Grouping Method for Industrial Sensor Health Management." Applied Mechanics and Materials 621 (August 2014): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.621.271.
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As many sensor networks have been deployed in industry monitoring area, the focus on sensor data quality has also increased. Sensor networks provide us with process details which we can utilize to help making decisions on process monitoring.In order to make meaningful decisions, the quality of the data produced by sensors must be validated. As we evaluate the status of a specific sensor, we may also regard the status of the related sensors. If a sensor’s data show some abnormal, but the sensors related to it didn’t, we may have much more confidence to believe that the sensor is malfunction. In our early study, the sensors grouping strategy is manual. In this paper, we proposed a sensor grouping algorithm, which combines both PCA decouple method and the K-means cluster method. Finally, a test has been made with real data from an oilfield.
10
Feng, Jiangtao, Jiaqi Geng, Hangyu She, Tao Zhang, Bo Chi, and Jian Pu. "Thermal Stress Simulation and Structure Failure Analyses of Nitrogen–Oxygen Sensors under a Gradual Temperature Field." Energies 15, no. 8 (April 11, 2022): 2799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15082799.
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Nitrogen–oxygen sensors are pivotal for NOX emission detection, and they have been designed as key components in vehicles’ exhaust systems. However, severe thermal stress concentrations during thermal cycling in the sensors create knotty structural damage issues, which are inevitable during the frequent start–stop events of the vehicles. Herein, to illustrate the effect of thermal concentration on a sensor’s structure, we simulated the temperature and stress field of a sensor through finite element analysis. The failure modes of the sensor based on the multilayer structure model were analyzed. Our simulation indicated that the thermal deformation and stress of the sensors increased significantly when the heating temperature in the sensors increased from 200 to 800 °C. High stress regions were located at the joint between the layers and the right angle of the air chamber. These results are consistent with the sensor failure locations that were observed by SEM, and the sensor’s failures mainly manifested in the form of cracks and delamination. The results suggest that both the multilayer interfaces and the shape of the air chamber could be optimized to reduce the thermal stress concentrations of the sensors. It is beneficial to improve the reliability of the sensor under thermal cycling operation.
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Hasegawa, Hiroaki, Yosuke Suzuki, Aiguo Ming, Masatoshi Ishikawa, and Makoto Shimojo. "Robot Hand Whose Fingertip Covered with Net-Shape Proximity Sensor - Moving Object Tracking Using Proximity Sensing -." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 23, no. 3 (June 20, 2011): 328–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2011.p0328.
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Occlusion in several millimeters from an object to be grasped made it difficult for a vision-sensor-based approach to detect relative positioning between this object and robot fingers joint grasping. The proximity sensor we proposed detects the object at a near range very effectively. We developed a thin proximity sensor sheet to cover the 3 fingers of a robot hand. Integrating sensors and hand control, we implemented an objecttracking controller. Using proximity sensory signals, the controller coordinates wrist positioning based on palm proximity sensors and grasping from fingertip sensors, enabling us to track and capture moving objects.
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Giurgiutiu, Victor, and Andrei N. Zagrai. "Characterization of Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensors." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 11, no. 12 (December 2000): 959–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1106/a1hu-23jd-m5au-engw.
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In the beginning, the classical one-dimensional analysis of piezoelectric active sensors is reviewed. The complete derivation for a free-free sensor is then extended to cover the cases of clamped and elastically constrained sensors. An analytical model based on structural vibration theory and theory of piezoelectricity was developed and used to predict the electromechanical (E/M) impedance response, as it would be measured at the piezoelectric active sensor’s terminals. The model considers one-dimensional structures and accounts for both axial and flexural vibrations. The numerical analysis was performed and supported by experimental results. Experiments were conducted on simple beam specimens to support the theoretical investigation, and on thin gauge aluminum plates to illustrate the method’s potential. It was shown that E/M impedance spectrum recorded by the piezoelectric active sensor accurately represents the mechanical response of a structure. It was further proved that the response of the structure is not modified by the presence of the sensor, thus validating the sensor’s non-invasive characteristics. The sensor calibration procedure is outlined and statistical analysis was presented. It was found that PZT active sensors have stable and repeatable characteristics not only in as-received condition, but also while mounted on 1-D or 2-D host structure. It is shown that such sensors, of negligible mass, can be permanently applied to the structure creating a non-intrusive sensor array adequate for on-line automatic structural identification and health monitoring.
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Quelennec, Aurore, Éric Duchesne, Hélène Frémont, and Dominique Drouin. "Source Separation Using Sensor’s Frequency Response: Theory and Practice on Carbon Nanotubes Sensors." Sensors 19, no. 15 (August 2, 2019): 3389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19153389.
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Nowadays, there is an increased demand in integrated sensors for electronic devices. Multi-functional sensors provide the same amount of data using fewer sensors. Carbon nanotubes are non-selectively sensitive to temperature, gas and strain. Thus, carbon nanotubes are perfect candidates to design multi-functional sensors. In our study, we are interested in a dual humidity-temperature sensor. Here, we present a novel method to differentiate at least two sources using the sensor’s frequency responses based on multiwall carbon nanotubes sensors. The experimental results demonstrate that there are temperature- or moisture-invariant frequencies of the impedance magnitude, and their values depend on the sensor’s geometry. The proposed measurement model shows that source-invariant frequencies of the phase can be also determined. In addition, the source separation method is generalized to other materials or sources enabling multi-functional sensors for environment monitoring.
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Skinner, William S., Sunny Zhang, Robert E. Guldberg, and Keat Ghee Ong. "Magnetoelastic Sensor Optimization for Improving Mass Monitoring." Sensors 22, no. 3 (January 22, 2022): 827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22030827.
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Magnetoelastic sensors, typically made of magnetostrictive and magnetically-soft materials, can be fabricated from commercially available materials into a variety of shapes and sizes for their intended applications. Since these sensors are wirelessly interrogated via magnetic fields, they are good candidates for use in both research and industry, where detection of environmental parameters in closed and controlled systems is necessary. Common applications for these sensors include the investigation of physical, chemical, and biological parameters based on changes in mass loading at the sensor surface which affect the sensor’s behavior at resonance. To improve the performance of these sensors, optimization of sensor geometry, size, and detection conditions are critical to increasing their mass sensitivity and detectible range. This work focuses on investigating how the geometry of the sensor influences its resonance spectrum, including the sensor’s shape, size, and aspect ratio. In addition to these factors, heterogeneity in resonance magnitude was mapped for the sensor surface and the effect of the magnetic bias field strength on the resonance spectrum was investigated. Analysis of the results indicates that the shape of the sensor has a strong influence on the emergent resonant modes. Reducing the size of the sensor decreased the sensor’s magnitude of resonance. The aspect ratio of the sensor, along with the bias field strength, was also observed to affect the magnitude of the signal; over or under biasing and aspect ratio extremes were observed to decrease the magnitude of resonance, indicating that these parameters can be optimized for a given shape and size of magnetoelastic sensor.
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Meng, Yunlong, Xinyu Shen, Junyang Xie, Yao Peng, Xiaowen Shao, Feng Yan, and Cheng Yang. "One-Dimensional High-Resolution Wavefront Sensor Enabled by Subwavelength Compound Gratings." Photonics 10, no. 4 (April 7, 2023): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10040420.
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Angle sensors are widely used for wavefront measurements, which is attributed to their integration and robustness. Currently, commercial sensors are available with pixel sizes in the order of wavelengths. However, the spatial resolution of angle sensors still lags far behind. Here, we report a one-dimensional, high-resolution wavefront sensor. It was produced by introducing subwavelength compound gratings above the pixels. The gratings involved could be replaced by the sensor’s intrinsic readout circuitry without additional operation. The experimental results showed that it had a spatial resolution of 1.4 µm, two orders of magnitude higher than that of the Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor. The significant increase in spatial resolution enables angle sensors to reconstruct complex wavefronts accurately.
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Palanisamy, Srinivasan, Muthuramalingam Thangaraj, Khaja Moiduddin, Hisham Alkhalefah, Panagiotis Karmiris-Obratański, and Cheng Siong Chin. "Design, Fabrication, and Optimization of a Printed Ag Nanoparticle-Based Flexible Capacitive Sensor for Automotive IVI Bezel Display Applications." Sensors 23, no. 9 (April 23, 2023): 4211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23094211.
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Since printed capacitive sensors provide better sensing performance, they can be used in automotive bezel applications. It is necessary to fabricate such sensors and apply an optimization approach for choosing the optimal sensor pattern. In the present work, an effort was made to formulate interdigitated pattern-printed Silver (Ag) electrode flexible sensors and adopt the Taguchi Grey Relational (TGR)-based optimization approach to enhance the flexible sensor’s panel for enhanced automobile infotainment applications. The optimization technique was performed to derive better design considerations and analyze the influence of the sensor’s parameters on change in capacitance when touched and production cost. The fabricated flexible printed sensors can provide better sensing properties. A design pattern which integrates an overlap of 15 mm, an electrode line width of 0.8 mm, and an electrode gap 0.8 mm can produce a higher change in capacitance and achieve a lower weight. The overlap has a greater influence on sensor performance owing to its optimization of spatial interpolation.
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Qureshi, Saima, Goran M. Stojanović, Mitar Simić, Varun Jeoti, Najeebullah Lashari, and Farooq Sher. "Silver Conductive Threads-Based Embroidered Electrodes on Textiles as Moisture Sensors for Fluid Detection in Biomedical Applications." Materials 14, no. 24 (December 17, 2021): 7813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14247813.
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Wearable sensors have become part of our daily life for health monitoring. The detection of moisture content is critical for many applications. In the present research, textile-based embroidered sensors were developed that can be integrated with a bandage for wound management purposes. The sensor comprised an interdigitated electrode embroidered on a cotton substrate with silver-tech 150 and HC 12 threads, respectively, that have silver coated continuous filaments and 100% polyamide with silver-plated yarn. The said sensor is a capacitive sensor with some leakage. The change in the dielectric constant of the substrate as a result of moisture affects the value of capacitance and, thus, the admittance of the sensor. The moisture sensor’s operation is verified by measuring its admittance at 1 MHz and the change in moisture level (1–50) µL. It is observed that the sensitivity of both sensors is comparable. The identically fabricated sensors show similar response and sensitivity while wash test shows the stability of sensor after washing. The developed sensor is also able to detect the moisture caused by both artificial sweat and blood serum, which will be of value in developing new sensors tomorrow for smart wound-dressing applications.
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Han, Yan. "The Building of Optical Fiber Network System Using Hetero-Core Fiber Optic Sensors." Advanced Materials Research 571 (September 2012): 342–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.571.342.
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We proposed a novel optical sensory nerve network using pulse switch sensors. The pulse switch sensor generates light loss similar to pulse signals only when ON/OFF states change. Therefore, it has less influence on communications quality compared with conventional switch sensor modules as sensor multiplicity increases. Our simulated results demonstrated that the proposed system can improve sensor multiplicity while maintaining the communications and measuring performance with the same quality as a conventional system by appropriately adjusting the initial loss of the pulse switch sensors. In particular, where ON/OFF time intervals follow exponential distributions with mean values of 5 and 300 s, respectively, the insertion loss of hetero-core segments inserted into pulse switch sensors is 0.3 dB, and the pulse switch sensors have curvature from 0.05 to 0.18. Under these conditions, our enhanced system can increase sensor multiplicity to 23 while maintaining link availability of almost 100%, a distinction error ratio of less than 1%, and a duplicated error ratio of about 0.5%.
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Cao, Yuxuan. "Resent Researches and Applications on Piezoresistive Flexible Pressure Sensor." E3S Web of Conferences 553 (2024): 05006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202455305006.
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Recent developments in piezoresistive flexible pressure sensors have generated a lot of interest because of the possible uses across numerous industries. With a focus on improving sensor performance, this paper covers current developments in the area of piezoresistive flexible pressure sensors. Over the years, there has been a growing interest in improving the capabilities of these sensors, leading researchers to explore various avenues for enhancement. The review highlights two primary areas of research: the optimization of active materials and the enhancement of sensor structures. These areas are actively being investigated to achieve superior sensor performance and overall functionality. In addition to utilizing high-quality materials, optimizing the sensor’s structure is crucial for achieving improved sensitivity, accuracy, and stability. The review also explores the wide range of applications where pressure sensors have made significant contributions, including human motion monitoring, healthcare, and other domains. Flexible and highly sensitive pressure sensors have the potential to revolutionize several sectors and open up new opportunities.
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Suranthiran, Sugathevan, and Suhada Jayasuriya. "Signal Conditioning With Memory-Less Nonlinear Sensors." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 126, no. 2 (June 1, 2004): 284–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1766030.
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Proposed in this paper is an off-line signal conditioning scheme for memoryless nonlinear sensors. In most sensor designs, a linear input-output response is desired. However, nonlinearity is present in one form or another in almost all real sensors and therefore it is very difficult if not impossible to achieve a truly linear relationship. Often sensor nonlinearity is considered a disadvantage in sensory systems because it introduces distortion into the system. Due to the lack of efficient techniques to deal with the issues of sensor nonlinearity, primarily nonlinear sensors tend to be ignored. In this paper, it is shown that there are certain advantages of using nonlinear sensors and nonlinear distortion caused by sensor nonlinearity may be effectively compensated. A recursive algorithm utilizing certain characteristics of nonlinear sensor functions is proposed for the compensation of nonlinear distortion and sensor noise removal. A signal recovery algorithm that implements this idea is developed. Not having an accurate sensor model will result in errors and it is shown that the error can be minimized with a proper choice of a convergence accelerator whereby stability of the developed algorithm is established.
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Shimojima, Koji, Toshio Fukuda, Fumihito Arai, and Hideo Matsuura. "Multi-Sensor Integration System utilizing Fuzzy Inference and Neural Network." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 4, no. 5 (October 20, 1992): 416–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.1992.p0416.
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Sensors are important for recognizing the system state environmental status in the intelligent robotic system. Thus, the sensor integration system (SIS) has been studied in a wide range of applications. In this paper, it is shown that the SIS can expand the measurable region of sensors with higher accuracy by multiple sensors and that operators can use the system as easily as a single high-performance sensor system. Systems which have been reported so far do not have flexibility for changing/replacing sensors. Thus, this paper presents an approach to the SIS with the knowledge data base of sensors, so the proposed SIS has the flexibility for changing/replacing sensors. This system consists of four subsystems: 1) sensors as hardware sensing devices, 2) knowledge data base of sensors (KBS), 3) fuzzy inference, and 4) neural network(NN). This system can estimate the error for the sensor’s measured value by fuzzy inference with KBS. The measured values are integrated by NN. The inferred error and measured value are put into NN. Then, NN’s output gives the integrated value of multiple sensors. The proposed system is shown to be effective through extensive experiments.
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Yu, Jerry. "Deflation-activated receptors, not classical inflation-activated receptors, mediate the Hering-Breuer deflation reflex." Journal of Applied Physiology 121, no. 5 (November 1, 2016): 1041–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00903.2015.
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Many airway sensory units respond to both lung inflation and deflation. Whether those responses to opposite stimuli come from one sensor (one-sensor theory) or more than one sensor (multiple-sensor theory) is debatable. One-sensor theory is commonly presumed in the literature. This article proposes a multiple-sensor theory in which a sensory unit contains different sensors for sensing different forces. Two major types of mechanical sensors operate in the lung: inflation- and deflation-activated receptors (DARs). Inflation-activated sensors can be further divided into slowly adapting receptors (SARs) and rapidly adapting receptors (RARs). Many SAR and RAR units also respond to lung deflation because they contain DARs. Pure DARs, which respond to lung deflation only, are rare in large animals but are easily identified in small animals. Lung deflation-induced reflex effects previously attributed to RARs should be assigned to DARs (including pure DARs and DARs associated with SARs and RARs) if the multiple-sensor theory is accepted. Thus, based on the information, it is proposed that activation of DARs can attenuate lung deflation, shorten expiratory time, increase respiratory rate, evoke inspiration, and cause airway secretion and dyspnea.
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Novais, Jonathan Willian Zangeski, Ana Cristina Hillesheim, Naiara Cristina Fank, Louyse Siqueira Varella Oliveira, Naara Soares dos Santos Brito, Dahiane Dos Santos Oliveira Zangeski, and Bárbara Bella Pereira de Oliveira. "Técnica de Calibração de Sensores Meteorológicos de Temperatura e Umidade Relativa do ar Utilizando um Sensor de Referência." UNICIÊNCIAS 24, no. 1 (February 11, 2021): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/1415-5141.2020v24n1p30-33.
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Em pesquisas ambientais é comum a utilização de mais de um sensor meteorológico para medições, principalmente, para medições espacializadas. Porém pode ocorrer erro na coleta espacializada, quando os sensores são diferentes. Nesse contexto, por meio da regressão linear se pode calibrar as medições dos sensores utilizados em função de um sensor de referência. Assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar uma técnica de calibração de sensores meteorológicos, focado nas variáveis temperatura do ar e umidade relativa do ar, utilizando um sensor de referência, e fazendo a aplicação posterior em campo. Os sensores foram calibrados em ambiente controlado, em que se podia controlar a temperatura do ar e a umidade relativa do ar, de forma a submeter os sensores a uma amplitude maior de variações, variando de 25 ºC a 45 ºC de temperatura do ar e de 20% a 60% de umidade relativa do ar. Os resultados das regressões lineares foram considerados satisfatórios, uma vez que todos os coeficientes angulares e lineares foram considerados significativos e o menor coeficiente de determinação (R²) foi de 0,91. Após a calibração foram feitas medidas meteorológicas no Parque das Águas, Cuiabá-MT, de modo a aplicar as regressões em dados reais. As regressões corrigiram diferenças máximas de 0,9 ºC de temperatura do ar e 8,6% de umidade relativa do ar. Conclui-se que a metodologia é válida para a calibração de sensores diferentes em relação a um sensor de referência, podendo ser uma estratégia interessante para os pesquisadores, que não possuem diversos sensores calibrados.
Palavras-chave: Temperatura do Ar. Umidade Relativa do Ar. Estação Meteorológica. Termohigrômetro.
Abstract
In environmental research it is common to use more than one meteorological sensor for measurements, mainly for spatialized measurements. However, there may be an error in the spatial collection when the sensors are different. In this context, through linear regression, it is possible to calibrate the measurements of the sensors used in function of a reference sensor. Thus, this work aims to present a calibration technique of meteorological sensors, focused on the variables air temperature and the air relative humidity, using a reference sensor, and making the subsequent application in the field. The sensors were calibrated in a controlled environment, in which air temperature and relative humidity could be controlled, in order to subject the sensors to a greater range of variations, ranging from 25 ºC to 45 ºC and 20% at 60% relative humidity. The linear regressions results were considered satisfactory, since all the angular and linear coefficients were considered significant and the lowest determination coefficient (R²) was 0.91. After calibration, meteorological measurements were made in Parque das Águas, Cuiabá-MT, in order to apply the regressions to real data. The regressions corrected maximum differences of 0.9ºC of air temperature and 8.6% of relative air humidity. It is concluded that the methodology is valid for the calibration of different sensors in relation to a reference sensor, which can be an interesting strategy for researchers who do not have several calibrated sensors.
Keywords: Air Temperature. Relative Humidity. Weather Station. Thermohygrometer.
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Pistriţu, Florian, Marin Gheorghe, Marian Ion, Oana Brincoveanu, Cosmin Romanitan, Mirela Petruta Suchea, Paul Schiopu, and Octavian Narcis Ionescu. "On the Development of a New Flexible Pressure Sensor." Micromachines 15, no. 7 (June 29, 2024): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi15070847.
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The rapid advancement of the Internet of Things (IoT) serves as a significant driving force behind the development of innovative sensors and actuators. This technological progression has created a substantial demand for new flexible pressure sensors, essential for a variety of applications ranging from wearable devices to smart home systems. In response to this growing need, our laboratory has developed a novel flexible pressure sensor, designed to offer an improved performance and adaptability. This study aims to present our newly developed sensor, detailing the comprehensive investigations we conducted to understand how different parameters affect its behaviour. Specifically, we examined the influence of the resistive layer thickness and the elastomeric substrate on the sensor’s performance. The resistive layer, a critical component of the sensor, directly impacts its sensitivity and accuracy. By experimenting with varying thicknesses, we aimed to identify the optimal configuration that maximizes sensor efficiency. Similarly, the elastomeric substrate, which provides the sensor’s flexibility, was scrutinized to determine how its properties affect the sensor’s overall functionality. Our findings highlight the delicate balance required between the resistive layer and the elastomeric substrate to achieve a sensor that is both highly sensitive and durable. This research contributes valuable insights into the design and optimization of flexible pressure sensors, paving the way for more advanced IoT applications.
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Dean, Robert N., and Lauren E. Beckingham. "A PCB Sensor for Magnetic Materials." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2019, DPC (January 1, 2019): 001323–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2380-4491-2019-dpc-presentation_tha3_026.
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Printed circuit board (PCB) sensors are a sensor technology where the layout of traces on a PCB has been optimized so that the traces electromagnetically interact with the surrounding environment. These types of sensors can be manufactured at very low cost using standard commercially available low-cost printed circuit board fabrication. Exposed conductive electrodes on the circuit board are useful for measuring the electrical conductivity of the surrounding environment, and these sensors have been used in applications such as salinity measurement and dissolved ion content measurement of aqueous solutions. Insulated interdigitated electrode sensors are useful for capacitively analyzing the surrounding environment, and these sensors have been used to detect the presence of liquid water and to measure the moisture content of substances in physical contact with the sensor. Additionally, by measuring the complex impedance of the capacitive sensor over a wide frequency range, information concerning the chemical composition of the substance in contact with the sensor can be determined. In addition to conducive and capacitive PCB sensors, the third type of PCB sensor would be an inductive sensor. Although it is challenging to realize 3D coils in PCB technology, planar inductors can be realized in a single Cu layer on a PCB, and insulated from the environment using a cover layer of polymeric solder mask. This type of electrode structure can inductively couple with magnetic materials in close proximity to the sensor. A variety of magnetic materials exist, including iron, nickel and cobalt. Additionally, many alloys of these elements are also magnetic. Of particular interest are corrosion products with magnetic properties, such as iron(III) oxide, Fe3O2, also known as common rust. A thin layer of iron(III) oxide powder deposited on the sensor's active area results in a measureable increase in the sensor's inductance. As such, an inductive PCB sensor could be a low-cost option for detecting the presence of some corrosion products in its operating environment.
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Pearlshtien, Daniela Heller, Stefano Pignatti, and Eyal Ben-Dor. "Vicarious CAL/VAL Approach for Orbital Hyperspectral Sensors Using Multiple Sites." Remote Sensing 15, no. 3 (January 29, 2023): 771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15030771.
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The hyperspectral (HSR) sensors Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation (EMIT) of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program (EnMAP) of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) were recently launched. These state-of-the-art sensors have joined the already operational HSR sensors DESIS (DLR), PRISMA (Italian Space Agency), and HISUI (developed by the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry METI and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency JAXA). The launching of more HSR sensors is being planned for the near future (e.g., SBG of NASA, and CHIME of the European Space Agency), and the challenge of monitoring and maintaining their calibration accuracy is becoming more relevant. We proposed two test sites: Amiaz Plain (AP) and Makhtesh Ramon (MR) for spectral, radiometric, and geometric calibration/validation (CAL/VAL). The sites are situated in the arid environment of southern Israel and are in the same overpass coverage. Both test sites have already demonstrated favorable results in assessing an HSR sensor’s performance and were chosen to participate in the EMIT and EnMAP validation stage. We first evaluated the feasibility of using AP and MR as CAL/VAL test sites with extensive datasets and sensors, such as the multispectral sensor Landsat (Landsat5 TM and Landsat8 OLI), the airborne HSR sensor AisaFENIX 1K, and the spaceborne HSR sensors DESIS and PRISMA. Field measurements were taken over time. The suggested methodology integrates reflectance and radiometric CAL/VAL test sites into one operational protocol. The method can highlight degradation in the spectral domain early on, help maintain quantitative applications, adjust the sensor’s radiometric calibration during its mission lifetime, and minimize uncertainties of calibration parameters. A PRISMA sensor case study demonstrates the complete operational protocol, i.e., performance evaluation, quality assessment, and cross-calibration between HSR sensors. These CAL/VAL sites are ready to serve as operational sites for other HSR sensors.
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Umeda, Kazunori, Jun Ota, and Hisayuki Kimura. "Fusion of Multiple Ultrasonic Sensor Data and Image Data for Measuring an Object’s Motion." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 17, no. 1 (February 20, 2005): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2005.p0036.
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Robot sensing requires two types of observation – intensive and wide-angle. We selected multiple ultrasonic sensors for intensive observation and an image sensor for wide-angle observation in measuring a moving object’s motion with sensors in two kinds of fusion – one fusing multiple ultrasonic sensor data and the other fusing the two types of sensor data. The fusion of multiple ultrasonic sensor data takes advantage of object movement from a measurement range of an ultrasonic sensor to another sensor’s range. They are formulated in a Kalman filter framework. Simulation and experiments demonstrate the effectiveness and applicability to an actual robot system.
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Najeh Nemah, Mohammed, Cheng Yee Low, Pauline Ong, and Noor Ayuni Che Zakaria. "Development and Evaluation of a Spot Sensor Glove for the Tactile Prosthetic Hand." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.26 (November 30, 2018): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.26.22139.
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A tactile glove sensory system of the haptic feedback stimulation system for the upper limb prostheses was developed in this work to enable the patients of the upper limb amputation to recover the sense of touch and slippage. The system features six of a spot piezoresistive force sensors of type Quantum tunnelling composites (QTC) with 10 mm diameter, in order to measure the contact pressure between the hand and the objects. Five sensors were distributed on each fingertip and an extra sensor was mounted on the hand’s palm to cover all the critical point and increase the probability of detecting the contact pressure. The tactile glove was fabricated from the plastic glove equipping with a rigid foundation under each pressure sensor. The computer system was programmed to select the instant greatest signal from the six sensors’ signals; in order to create a critical output signal that can be provided to the haptic feedback stimulator. The touch and the slippage detection experimental tests have been done to examine the functionality of the tactile sensory glove for detecting the touch, start of touch, end of touch grasp, and slippage. The testing results showed that the amputees were able to recover the sensation of the contact pressure using a spot sensor tactile glove developed in this work. Â
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Bas, Joan, Taposhree Dutta, Ignacio Llamas Garro, Jesús Salvador Velázquez-González, Rakesh Dubey, and Satyendra K. Mishra. "Embedded Sensors with 3D Printing Technology: Review." Sensors 24, no. 6 (March 19, 2024): 1955. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24061955.
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Embedded sensors (ESs) are used in smart materials to enable continuous and permanent measurements of their structural integrity, while sensing technology involves developing sensors, sensory systems, or smart materials that monitor a wide range of properties of materials. Incorporating 3D-printed sensors into hosting structures has grown in popularity because of improved assembly processes, reduced system complexity, and lower fabrication costs. 3D-printed sensors can be embedded into structures and attached to surfaces through two methods: attaching to surfaces or embedding in 3D-printed sensors. We discussed various additive manufacturing techniques for fabricating sensors in this review. We also discussed the many strategies for manufacturing sensors using additive manufacturing, as well as how sensors are integrated into the manufacturing process. The review also explained the fundamental mechanisms used in sensors and their applications. The study demonstrated that embedded 3D printing sensors facilitate the development of additive sensor materials for smart goods and the Internet of Things.
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Sun, Yifan, Dunzhu Li, Yunhong Shi, Zeena Wang, Saviour I. Okeke, Luming Yang, Wen Zhang, Zihan Zhang, Yanqi Shi, and Liwen Xiao. "Application of 3D Printing Technology in Sensor Development for Water Quality Monitoring." Sensors 23, no. 5 (February 21, 2023): 2366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23052366.
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The development of sensors for water quality monitoring is crucial to protect water quality, aquatic biota and human health. Traditional sensor manufacturing methods have significant drawbacks, such as low fabrication freedom, limited material choice and expensive manufacturing cost. As a possible alternative method, 3D printing technologies are increasingly popular in sensor development due to their high versatility, fast fabrication/modification, powerful processing of different materials and ease of incorporation with other sensor systems. Surprisingly, a systematic review examining the application of 3D printing technology in water monitoring sensors has not yet been conducted. Here, we summarized the development history, market share and advantages/disadvantages of typical 3D printing techniques. Specifically focused on the 3D-printed sensor for water quality monitoring, we then reviewed the applications of 3D printing in the development of sensors’ supporting platform, cell, sensing electrode as well as all-3D-printed sensors. The fabrication materials and processing, and the sensor’s performances regarding detected parameters, response time and detection limit/sensitivity, were also compared and analyzed. Finally, the current drawbacks of 3D-printed water sensors and potential directions for future study were discussed. This review will substantially promote the understanding of 3D printing technology used in water sensor development and benefit the protection of water resources.
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Chen, Tzung-Shi, Jen-Jee Chen, Xiang-You Gao, and Tzung-Cheng Chen. "Mobile Charging Strategy for Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Networks." Sensors 22, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22010359.
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In a wireless sensor network, the sensing and data transmission for sensors will cause energy depletion, which will lead to the inability to complete the tasks. To solve this problem, wireless rechargeable sensor networks (WRSNs) have been developed to extend the lifetime of the entire network. In WRSNs, a mobile charging robot (MR) is responsible for wireless charging each sensor battery and collecting sensory data from the sensor simultaneously. Thereby, MR needs to traverse along a designed path for all sensors in the WRSNs. In this paper, dual-side charging strategies are proposed for MR traversal planning, which minimize the MR traversal path length, energy consumption, and completion time. Based on MR dual-side charging, neighboring sensors in both sides of a designated path can be wirelessly charged by MR and sensory data sent to MR simultaneously. The constructed path is based on the power diagram according to the remaining power of sensors and distances among sensors in a WRSN. While the power diagram is built, charging strategies with dual-side charging capability are determined accordingly. In addition, a clustering-based approach is proposed to improve minimizing MR moving total distance, saving charging energy and total completion time in a round. Moreover, integrated strategies that apply a clustering-based approach on the dual-side charging strategies are presented in WRSNs. The simulation results show that, no matter with or without clustering, the performances of proposed strategies outperform the baseline strategies in three respects, energy saving, total distance reduced, and completion time reduced for MR in WSRNs.
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Takahashi, Takayuki. "Coated Tactile Sensor Using Signal Time Delay Phenomenon." Impact 2019, no. 10 (December 30, 2019): 79–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2019.10.79.
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Tactile sensors measure information arising from the sensor's physical interaction with its environment. There are different types, including force/torque, dynamic and thermal. Many devices require sensors to detect contact with the outside world, much like robots. Dr Takayuki Takahashi is a researcher based in the Department of Symbiotic Systems Science, Fukushima University, Japan. He and his team have developed a tactile sensor that can be sprayed over three-dimensional shapes, called the Spray Coated Tactile Sensor (ScoTacS).
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Petrović, Davor, and Željko Barač. "Different Sensor Systems for the Application of Variable Rate Technology in Permanent Crops." Tehnički glasnik 12, no. 3 (September 25, 2018): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31803/tg-20180213125928.
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The paper presents a review of different sensory systems for trees’ characterization and detection in permanent crops and the detection of plant health status in crop conditions for the purpose of applying the variable application rate. The use of new technologies enables the use of variable inputs in production with the aim of increasing the economic profit and reducing the negative impact on the environment. World trends increasingly emphasize the use of various sensor systems to achieve precision agriculture and apply the following: ultrasonic sensors for the detection of permanent crops; LIDAR (optical) sensors for treetop detection and characterization; infrared sensors with similar characteristics of optical sensors, but with very low cost prices and N - sensors for variable nitric fertilization. The daily development of sensor systems applied in agricultural production improves the performance and quality of the machines they are installed on. With a more intensive use of sensors in agricultural mechanization, their price becomes more acceptable for widespread use by achieving high quality work with respect to the ecological principles of sustainable production.
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Nguyen, Thanh-Hai, Ba-Viet Ngo, Thanh-Nghia Nguyen, and Chi Cuong Vu. "Flexible Pressure Sensors and Machine Learning Algorithms for Human Walking Phase Monitoring." Micromachines 14, no. 7 (July 13, 2023): 1411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14071411.
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Soft sensors are attracting much attention from researchers worldwide due to their versatility in practical projects. There are already many applications of soft sensors in aspects of life, consisting of human-robot interfaces, flexible electronics, medical monitoring, and healthcare. However, most of these studies have focused on a specific area, such as fabrication, data analysis, or experimentation. This approach can lead to challenges regarding the reliability, accuracy, or connectivity of the components. Therefore, there is a pressing need to consider the sensor’s placement in an overall system and find ways to maximize the efficiency of such flexible sensors. This paper proposes a fabrication method for soft capacitive pressure sensors with spacer fabric, conductive inks, and encapsulation glue. The sensor exhibits a good sensitivity of 0.04 kPa−1, a fast recovery time of 7 milliseconds, and stability of 10,000 cycles. We also evaluate how to connect the sensor to other traditional sensors or hardware components. Some machine learning models are applied to these built-in soft sensors. As expected, the embedded wearables achieve a high accuracy of 96% when recognizing human walking phases.
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Syamimi, Nor, and Shuhaida Yahud. "General design criteria for neonatal temperature monitoring sensor using "smart material" conducting polymer development: A review." Applied Research and Smart Technology (ARSTech) 2, no. 1 (June 23, 2021): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/arstech.v2i1.185.
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Surface thermistors are being currently used in patient monitoring, including temperature monitoring among neonates. However, these thermistors are reported as being mechanically rigid. This review article aims to provide researchers with a guide to better design a flexible neonatal temperature monitoring sensor. A literature search was conducted to obtain available literature on temperature sensors with specific attention to designing flexible temperature sensors. The achievement of a flexible type thermistor for neonates requires a basic understanding of the thermistor. Also, the conducting polymer material being used and the rationale for their placement. The updated technology in thermistors should be made flexible for the ease of neonates during monitoring. Careful considerations for the design and conduct of flexible temperature sensor research as outlined in this review would help to enhance the quality and comparability of future research studies. Considerations for efficient neonatal temperature monitoring and protection include accuracy, sensor's size, weight, material, and sensor placement. Flexible sensors could be the alternative to conventional bulky and stiff temperature sensors.
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Kitazono, Yuhki, Shota Nakashima, Li Feng Zhang, and Serikawa Seiichi. "Proposal of an Optical Linear Sensor Using One-Side Frosted Glass." Applied Mechanics and Materials 36 (October 2010): 370–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.36.370.
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Sensors that detect the distance and the position of an object are used in a lot of fields. Among of them, the sensors that measure the shift value of an object are a large scale system, furthermore, an accurate mounting of these sensors is required. To solve these problems, this paper proposes an optical linear sensor using one-side frosted glass. This sensor can detect the position of the light irradiation point only by putting it directly on the target. For a parallel light, it is irrelevant to the distance between this sensor and the source of light because the size of light beam is unchanged according to the distance. This sensor assumes that the sensor’s surface irradiated roughly vertical with the light, and does not need a high accurate mounting. Therefore, it can be easily used.
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Srivastava, Pragati, Sushil Chandra, Rajeev Sonkar, Mr Sanghmitra, and Miss Ayushi. "Development of Android-Based Mobile Application Using Gyroscope Sensor." International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer Science & Technology 10, no. 6 (2022): 138–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.55524/ijircst.2022.10.6.21.
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The idea of this project comes into the picture from various uses of sensors that are present in our surroundings. So, we can actually play with them by using two or more sensor mechanisms that end up as new inventions. Therefore, we are keen to look forward to one of the highly scoped and well-furnished sensors i.e., Gyroscope Sensor with an element of Light Sensor. This sensor is capable of measuring the orientation of the body and the angular velocity of the object. In our android project, we embedded the flashlight feature in the Gyro sensor’s angle alteration logic. This mechanism successfully leads to the flashlight of the camera getting ON & OFF when the device is tilted or shifted along the reference angle. This collaboration of sensors plays an important role for a device that does not have that feature.
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Gupta, Anju, and R. K. Bathla. "Energy Efficient Opportunistic Sensing Management in Fog Cloud Environment." International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing 10, no. 10 (October 30, 2021): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.47760/ijcsmc.2021.v10i10.004.
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With so many people now wearing mobile devices with sensors (such as smartphones), utilizing the immense capabilities of these business mobility goods has become a prospective skill to significant behavioural and ecological sensors. A potential challenge for pervasive context assessment is opportunistic sensing, has been effectively used to a wide range of applications. The sensor cloud combines cloud technology with a wireless sensor, resulting in a scalable and cost-effective computing platform for real-time applications. Because the sensor's battery power is limited and the data centre’s servers consume a significant amount of energy to supply storage, a sensor cloud must be energy efficient. This study provides a Fog-based semantic for enabling these kinds of technologies quickly and successfully. The suggested structure is comprised of fundamental algorithms to help set up and coordinate the fog sensing jobs. It creates effective multihop routes for coordinating relevant devices and transporting acquired sensory data to fog sinks. It was claimed that energy-efficient sensor cloud approaches were categorized into different groups and that each technology was examined using numerous characteristics. The outcomes of a series of thorough test simulation in NS3 to define the practicality of the created console, as well as the proportion of each parameter utilized for each technology, are computed.
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Yan, Hua, Xiu Kun Ning, and Ying Gang Zhou. "A Comparative Study on Two Kinds of 3D Direct Capacitance Imaging Sensors." Advanced Materials Research 204-210 (February 2011): 1310–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.204-210.1310.
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Two kinds of sensor structures for 3D direct capacitance imaging are presented. 12 electrodes are arranged in three planes each with four electrodes. Every four electrodes on each plane are rotated 45° (sensor 1) or 0° (sensor 2) with reference to the previous. A comparative study between the two sensors shows that although the difference in sensor’s sensitivities and outputs is obvious, the difference in reconstruction images isn’t apparent, at least for some permittivity distribution. The output range of sensor 1 is smaller than that of sensor 2, thus sensor 1 is better than sensor 2 in terms of the design of a capacitance measuring circuit. Both sensors can achieve 3D direct capacitance imaging with a good axial resolution.
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Bosse, Stefan, and Uwe Engel. "Augmented Virtual Reality: Combining Crowd Sensing and Social Data Mining with Large-Scale Simulation Using Mobile Agents for Future Smart Cities." Proceedings 4, no. 1 (November 14, 2018): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsa-5-05762.
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Augmented reality is well known for extending the real world by adding computer-generated perceptual information and overlaid sensory information. In contrast, simulation worlds are commonly closed and rely on artificial sensory information generated by the simulator program or using data collected off-line. In this work, a new simulation paradigm is introduced, providing augmented virtuality by integrating crowd sensing and social data mining in simulation worlds by using mobile agents. The simulation world interacts with real world environments, humans, machines, and other virtual worlds in real-time. Mobile agents are closely related to bots that can interact with humans via chat blogs. Among the mining of physical sensors (temperature, motion, position, light, …), mobile agents can perform Crowd Sensing by participating in question–answer dialogs via a chat blog provided by a WEB App that can be used by the masses. Additionally, mobile agents can act as virtual sensors (offering data exchanged with other agents). Virtual sensors are sensor aggregators performing sensor fusion in a spatially region.
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Yang, Le, Han Wang, Jiajian Zheng, Xin Duan, and Qishuo Cheng. "Research and Application of Visual Object Recognition System Based on Deep Learning and Neural Morphological Computation." International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology 2, no. 1 (March 4, 2024): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.62051/ijcsit.v2n1.02.
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The development of advanced optoelectronic vision sensors for high-level image recognition and data preprocessing is poised to accelerate the progress of machine vision and mobile electronic technology. Compared to traditional sensory computing methods, such as analog-to-digital signal conversion and digital logic computation tasks (i.e., Von Neumann computing), neural morphological vision computing can significantly improve energy efficiency and data processing speed by minimizing unnecessary raw data transmission between front-end photosensitive sensors and back-end processors. Neural morphological vision sensors are typically designed for tasks such as denoising, edge enhancement, spectral filtering, and visual information recognition. These methods can be categorized into approaches using near-sensor and sensor-internal computing processors based on whether preprocessing can be performed in situ. In near-sensor computing approaches, the image sensor for capturing visual information and the memory computing processor for preprocessing captured images are separate. A memory computing processor can simultaneously perform memory and computing tasks based on analog memory functions. Neural morphological vision sensors for in-sensor computing can be constructed using single-element image sensors, enabling both the reception of visual information and the execution of memory computing processes to be achieved in the same device. This represents an ideal scenario for future artificial intelligence machines and mobile electronic devices in visual computing systems.
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Wang, Xihui, Kerry Maize, Ye Mi, Ali Shakouri, George T. C. Chiu, and Jan P. Allebach. "Thin-film Nitrate Sensor Performance Prediction Based on Preprocessed Sensor Images." Electronic Imaging 2021, no. 16 (January 18, 2021): 341–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2021.16.color-341.
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Automating the assessment of sensor quality in the production of thin-film nitrate sensors can yield significant advantages. Currently, the inspection process is extremely time and labor intensive, requiring technicians to manually examine sensors from each batch to determine their performance. Not only is manually examining sensors costly, it also takes days to conclude the results. It is possible to utilize image based learning approach to entirely automate the quality assessment process by accurately predicting the performance of every sensor; this allows for instant performance analysis and rapid changes to the fabrication parameters.The fabrication parameters will directly control the thickness of the ion-selective membrane (ISM) of the nitrate sensor. The thickness of the ISM directly affects the texture on the sensor’s surface. Because of the reliable correlation between sensor performance and sensor surface texture, it allows us to use learning methods to predict sensor performance through images instead of direct measurements.We propose a method to predict sensor quality using noncontact sensor images through a series of image processing techniques followed by machine and deep learning.
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Duan, Xiu Sheng, and Jing Xiao. "Research Status and Development of the Circuit System of Giant Magneto-Impedance Sensor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 494-495 (February 2014): 951–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.494-495.951.
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Giant Magneto-Impedance (GMI) sensor is a new type of magnetic sensors. Comparing with traditional sensors, GMI sensor has the advantages of high sensitivity, good reliability, wide measuring range and small size and is potential in resisting harsh environment. In the paper, circuit systems both in overseas and domestic researches are analyzed, shortcomings of the systems are pointed out and some improvement ideas are presented. At last, elaborate the development trends of GMI sensor's circuit system to find a practical solution for data processing technology.
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Agrawaal, Harsshit, Courtney Jones, and J. E. Thompson. "Personal Exposure Estimates via Portable and Wireless Sensing and Reporting of Particulate Pollution." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3 (January 29, 2020): 843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030843.
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Low-cost, portable particle sensors (n = 3) were designed, constructed, and used to monitor human exposure to particle pollution at various locations and times in Lubbock, TX. The air sensors consisted of a Sharp GP2Y1010AU0F dust sensor interfaced to an Arduino Uno R3, and a FONA808 3G communications module. The Arduino Uno was used to receive the signal from calibrated dust sensors to provide a concentration (µg/m3) of suspended particulate matter and coordinate wireless transmission of data via the 3G cellular network. Prior to use for monitoring, dust sensors were calibrated against a reference aerosol monitor (RAM-1) operating independently. Sodium chloride particles were generated inside of a 3.6 m3 mixing chamber while the RAM-1 and each dust sensor recorded signals and calibration was achieved for each dust sensor independently of others by direct comparison with the RAM-1 reading. In an effort to improve the quality of the data stream, the effect of averaging replicate individual pulses of the Sharp sensor when analyzing zero air has been studied. Averaging data points exponentially reduces standard deviation for all sensors with n < 2000 averages but averaging produced diminishing returns after approx. 2000 averages. The sensors exhibited standard deviations for replicate measurements of 3–6 µg/m3 and corresponding 3σ detection limits of 9–18 µg/m3 when 2000 pulses of the dust sensor LED were averaged over an approx. 2 min data collection/transmission cycle. To demonstrate portable monitoring, concentration values from the dust sensors were sent wirelessly in real time to a ThingSpeak channel, while tracking the sensor’s latitude and longitude using an on-board Global Positioning System (GPS) sensor. Outdoor and indoor air quality measurements were made at different places and times while human volunteers carried sensors. The measurements indicated walking by restaurants and cooking at home increased the exposure to particulate matter. The construction of the dust sensors and data collected from this research enhance the current research by describing an open-source concept and providing initial measurements. In principle, sensors can be massively multiplexed and used to generate real-time maps of particulate matter around a given location.
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Pargar, Farhad, Hristo Kolev, Dessi A. Koleva, and Klaas van Breugel. "Potentiometric Response of Ag/AgCl Chloride Sensors in Model Alkaline Medium." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (June 28, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8135492.
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The stability and reproducibility of an Ag/AgCl sensors’ response in an alkaline medium are important for the application of these sensors in cementitious materials. The sensors’ response, or their open circuit potential (OCP), reflects a dynamic equilibrium at the sensor/environment interface. The OCP response in an alkaline medium is affected by the presence of hydroxide ions. The interference of hydroxide ions leads to inaccuracies or a delay in the sensors’ response to a certain chloride content. In this article, the potentiometric response (or OCP evolution) of the chloride sensors is measured in model solutions, resembling the concrete pore water. The scatter of the sensors’ OCP is discussed with respect to the interference of hydroxide ions at varying chloride concentration in the medium. The deviation of the sensor’s response from its ideal performance (determined by the Nernst law) is attributed to dechlorination of the AgCl layer and the formation of Ag2O on the sensor’s surface. Results from the surface XPS analysis of the AgCl layer before and after treatment in alkaline medium confirm these observations in view of chemical transformation of AgCl to Ag2O.
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He, Gonghan, Yingping He, Lida Xu, Lanlan Li, Lingyun Wang, Zhenyin Hai, and Daoheng Sun. "La(Ca)CrO3-Filled SiCN Precursor Thin Film Temperature Sensor Capable to Measure up to 1100 °C High Temperature." Micromachines 14, no. 9 (August 31, 2023): 1719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14091719.
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Thin-film sensors are regarded as advanced technologies for in situ condition monitoring of components operating in harsh environments, such as aerospace engines. Nevertheless, these sensors encounter challenges due to the high-temperature oxidation of materials and intricate manufacturing processes. This paper presents a simple method to fabricate high temperature-resistant oxidized SiCN precursor and La(Ca)CrO3 composite thin film temperature sensors by screen printing and air annealing. The developed sensor demonstrates a broad temperature response ranging from 200 °C to 1100 °C with negative temperature coefficients (NTC). It exhibits exceptional resistance to high-temperature oxidation and maintains performance stability. Notably, the sensor’s resistance changes by 3% after exposure to an 1100 °C air environment for 1 h. This oxidation resistance improvement surpasses the currently reported SiCN precursor thin-film sensors. Additionally, the sensor’s temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) can reach up to −7900 ppm/°C at 200 °C. This strategy is expected to be used for other high-temperature thin-film sensors such as strain gauges, heat flux sensors, and thermocouples. There is great potential for applications in high-temperature field monitoring.
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Yi, Zhenxiang, Yishan Wang, Ming Qin, and Qingan Huang. "Research on Dust Effect for MEMS Thermal Wind Sensors." Sensors 23, no. 12 (June 13, 2023): 5533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23125533.
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This communication investigated the dust effect on microelectromechanical system (MEMS) thermal wind sensors, with an aim to evaluate performance in practical applications. An equivalent circuit was established to analyze the temperature gradient influenced by dust accumulation on the sensor’s surface. The finite element method (FEM) simulation was carried out to verify the proposed model using COMSOL Multiphysics software. In experiments, dust was accumulated on the sensor’s surface by two different methods. The measured results indicated that the output voltage for the sensor with dust on its surface was a little smaller than that of the sensor without dust at the same wind speed, which can degrade the measurement sensitivity and accuracy. Compared to the sensor without dust, the average voltage was reduced by about 1.91% and 3.75% when the dustiness was 0.04 g/mL and 0.12 g/mL, respectively. The results can provide a reference for the actual application of thermal wind sensors in harsh environments.
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Bahatskji, Oleksiy, and Valentyn Bahatskji. "Review and Analysis of the Characteristics of IoT Sensors." Cybernetics and Computer Technologies, no. 4 (December 4, 2023): 62–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.34229/2707-451x.23.4.8.
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Internet of things (IoT) is the concept of data transmission network between physical objects ("things"), equipped with built-in tools and technologies for interaction with each other or with the environment. The work is devoted to the inspection and analysis of sensors, how the IoT systems are associated with environmental objects. IOT uses a wide class of measurement tools, from elementary sensors (eg, temperature, pressure, light), consumption metering devices (such as intellectual meters) to complex integrated measuring systems. The parameters of 30 types of sensors for IoT are given, 2 of them of the type of temperature and humidity sensors, 2 type of pressure sensors, 13 sensors that measure the flow and amount of gas or liquid, 2 type of accelerometers, 10 approach and movement sensors and 1 noise sensor. Among them are 4 sensors for wireless sensory networks (WSM), a single-time medical sensor for internal blood pressure measurement, calorimetric, vortex and electromagnetic flow sensors and gas or fluid, accelerometer, and memes of memes, and e-memometers, and electromagnetic measurement motion, a device of measuring noise level in the range of sound vibrations. For some sensors, there are no metrological characteristics at all, at best there is only a range of measurements and resolution. The resolution ranges from 8 bits to 16 bits with a signal sampling rate from 0.5 Hz to 48 kHz. There is even a LDC1612 digital induction chip with 28 bits. WSM sensors are designed to work with DigiMesh, LoraWan and Arduino, Raspberry. Many sensors use outdated RS 232, RS 432, I2C. Keywords: internet of things, network, review, analysis, sensors, objects, metrology.
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Singh, Ravinder, and Kuldeep Singh Nagla. "Comparative analysis of range sensors for the robust autonomous navigation – a review." Sensor Review 40, no. 1 (October 29, 2019): 17–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-01-2019-0029.
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Purpose The purpose of this research is to provide the necessarily and resourceful information regarding range sensors to select the best fit sensor for robust autonomous navigation. Autonomous navigation is an emerging segment in the field of mobile robot in which the mobile robot navigates in the environment with high level of autonomy by lacking human interactions. Sensor-based perception is a prevailing aspect in the autonomous navigation of mobile robot along with localization and path planning. Various range sensors are used to get the efficient perception of the environment, but selecting the best-fit sensor to solve the navigation problem is still a vital assignment. Design/methodology/approach Autonomous navigation relies on the sensory information of various sensors, and each sensor relies on various operational parameters/characteristic for the reliable functioning. A simple strategy shown in this proposed study to select the best-fit sensor based on various parameters such as environment, 2 D/3D navigation, accuracy, speed, environmental conditions, etc. for the reliable autonomous navigation of a mobile robot. Findings This paper provides a comparative analysis for the diverse range sensors used in mobile robotics with respect to various aspects such as accuracy, computational load, 2D/3D navigation, environmental conditions, etc. to opt the best-fit sensors for achieving robust navigation of autonomous mobile robot. Originality/value This paper provides a straightforward platform for the researchers to select the best range sensor for the diverse robotics application.
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Li, Bo, Lifan Meng, Hongyu Wang, Jing Li, and Chunmei Liu. "Rapid prototyping eddy current sensors using 3D printing." Rapid Prototyping Journal 24, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-07-2016-0117.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the process of rapid prototyping eddy current sensors using 3D printing technology. Making full use of the advantages of 3D printing, the authors study on a new method for fabrication of an eddy current sensor. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the authors establish a 3D model using SolidWorks. And the eddy current sensor is printed by the fused deposition modeling method. Findings Measurement results show that the 3D printing eddy current sensor has a wider linear measurement range and better linearity than the traditional manufacturing sensor. Compared to traditional eddy current sensor fabrication method, this 3D printed sensor can be fabricated at a lower cost, and the fabrication process is more convenient and faster. Practical implications This demonstrated 3D printing process can be applied to the 3D printing of sensors of more sophisticated structures that are difficult to fabricate using conventional techniques. Originality/value In this work, the process of rapid prototyping eddy current sensors using 3D printing is presented. Sensors fabricated with the 3D printing possess lots of merits than traditional manufactures. 3D printed sensors can be customized according to the configuration of the overall system, thus reducing the demand of sensor's rigid mounting interfaces. The 3D printing also reduce design costs as well as shortens the development cycle. This allows for quick translation of a design from concept to a useful device.