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Journal articles on the topic 'Sensors and controls'
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1
Benammar, Mohieddine A., Sabbir H. M. Ahmad, Abderrazak Abdaoui, Hasan Tariq, Farid Touati, Mohammed Al-Hitmi, and Damiano Crescini. "A Smart Rig for Calibration of Gas Sensor Nodes." Sensors 20, no. 8 (April 20, 2020): 2341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20082341.
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Electrochemical gas sensors require regular maintenance to check and secure proper functioning. Standard procedures usually involve testing and recalibration of the sensors, for which working environments are needed. Periodic calibration is therefore necessary to ensure reliable and accurate measurements. This paper proposes a dedicated smart calibration rig with a set of novel features enabling simultaneous calibration of multiple sensors. The proposed calibration rig system comprises a gas mixing system, temperature control system, a test chamber, and a process-control PC that controls all calibration phases. The calibration process is automated by a LabVIEW-based platform that controls the calibration environment for the sensor nodes, logs sensor data, and best fit equation based on interpolation for every sensor on the node and uploads it to the sensor node for next deployments. The communication between the PC and the sensor nodes is performed using the same IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee) protocol that the nodes also use in field deployment for air quality measurement. The results presented demonstrate the effectiveness of the sensors calibration rig.
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Mary, McNamara, Segamogaite Ruta, Shaw Pamela, McDermott Christopher, Mazzá Claudia, and Hewamadduma Channa. "THUR 229 Inertial sensors improve traditional gait monitoring in HSP patients." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 89, no. 10 (September 13, 2018): A33.2—A33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2018-abn.115.
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BackgroundHSP is characterised by spasticity and progressive gait impairment. There’s no reliable way to monitor gait deterioration during clinics. Optoelectronic systems have demonstrated differing characteristics between gait of HSP patients and controls. They’re expensive and impractical for use in clinic settings. Inertial sensors haven’t been used to characterise HSP gaitObjectivesStudy use of inertial sensors to identify gait characteristics that differentiate mild HSP patients from controls. To identify a gait based biomarker which can be used to monitor disease progression in a longitudinal study.MethodsNeurological examination, SPRS, Modified Ashworth score, brief pain inventory were undertaken. Instrumented timed up and go (iTUG) and instrumented 10 metre walk tests (i10) wearing an inertial sensor during clinic appointments at 6 month intervals.ResultsGait variables differentiating between patients and controls, including those with mild disease, were identified. Parameters differentiating between patients with SPG4 and SPG7 mutations were found. 8 patients were re-assessed after 6 months. Analysis did not show gait deterioration.ConclusionInertial sensors can detect differences between HSP patients and controls, including those mildly affected. They can also differentiate between patients with different mutations. Further follow up data is needed to assess whether inertial sensors can predict future gait deterioration.
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Pranav Darji, Chirayu. "IoT Based Sensor for Humidity and Temperature Measurement in Smart HVAC Systems." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 9, no. 5 (January 30, 2021): 42–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.e5125.019521.
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The initials HVAC stand for Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning. They describe the functions of an HVAC system. This mechanical system’s design is primarily an attempt to take control of the environmental conditions inside the space of work by controlling and monitoring the temperature of a room through heating and cooling. It also controls the humidity level in that environment by controlling the movement and distribution of air inside the room. For determining the temperature and humidity, costly sensors are required. These sensors are the traditional mechanical sensors which can’t offer any additional services like cloud support, data storage, etc. Hence here I am proposing an IoT based sensor with cloud data storage using Arduino-Uno development board, ESP8266 and Thingspeak cloud. This sensor is economical and supports automatic reading and controlling of the humidity and temperature and sends this data to a secured server and thus monitors and controls the temperature and humidity of the system.
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Porciuncula, Franchino, Paula Wasserman, Karen S. Marder, and Ashwini K. Rao. "Quantifying Postural Control in Premanifest and Manifest Huntington Disease Using Wearable Sensors." Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 34, no. 9 (July 16, 2020): 771–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545968320939560.
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Background. Impairments in postural control in Huntington disease (HD) have important consequences for daily functioning. This observational study systematically examined baseline postural control and the effect of sensory attenuation and sensory enhancement on postural control across the spectrum of HD. Methods. Participants (n = 39) included healthy controls and individuals in premanifest (pHD) and manifest stages (mHD) of HD. Using wearable sensors, postural control was assessed according to (1) postural set (sit vs stand), (2) sensory attenuation using clinical test of sensory integration, and (3) sensory enhancement with gaze fixation. Outcomes included sway smoothness, amplitude, and frequency. Results. Based on postural set, pHD reduced postural sway in sitting relative to standing, whereas mHD had pronounced sway in standing and sitting, highlighting a baseline postural deficit. During sensory attenuation, postural control in pHD deteriorated relative to controls when proprioceptive demands were high (eyes closed on foam), whereas mHD had significant deterioration of postural control when proprioception was attenuated (eyes open and closed on foam). Finally, gaze fixation improved sway smoothness, amplitude, and frequency in pHD; however, no benefit was observed in mHD. Conclusions. Systematic examination of postural control revealed a fundamental postural deficit in mHD, which further deteriorates when proprioception is challenged. Meanwhile, postural deficits in pHD are detectable when proprioceptive challenge is high. Sensory enhancing strategies using gaze fixation to benefit posture may be useful when introduced well before motor diagnosis. These findings encourage further examination of wearable sensors as part of routine clinical assessments in HD.
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SANTANA, JUAN, and RICHARD VAN DEN HOVEN. "A CAPACITIVE MEMs VERILOGA-BASED SENSOR SYSTEM FOR BUILDING INTEGRITY MONITORING." International Journal of Information Acquisition 08, no. 02 (June 2011): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219878911002409.
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A capacitive MEMS Ultra-Low-Power readout for accelerometers and strain sensors using VerilogA models is presented. The VerilogA model of the accelerometers and strain sensors allows the simulation of a system in a half-bridge configuration. The gain of the system is controlled by integrating pulses from the excitation voltage which accurately controls the Signal-to-Noise ratio. A Figure-of-Merit of [Formula: see text] was achieved for a sensor range of ±2.0 g and ±20,000 με over a 100 Hz bandwidth. Residual motion artefacts are also canceled by the system.
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Borkar, Mohit. "Bolt-on Autonomous E-Vehicle System." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 30, 2021): 3924–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35888.
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In this research we have undertaken the task to design and develop a Level - 3 bolt-on autonomous electric vehicle system, which includes lateral and longitudinal controls which means speed and steering. The paper includes the sensors used for obstacle detection and planning in the autonomous vehicle system, and how using stereo cameras reduces the number of sensors needed to be used in the sensor suite. The Autonomous system will be retro-fitted on any existing electric vehicle to make it autonomous and thus increasing its product life cycle.
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Kuchmenko and Lvova. "A Perspective on Recent Advances in Piezoelectric Chemical Sensors for Environmental Monitoring and Foodstuffs Analysis." Chemosensors 7, no. 3 (August 26, 2019): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors7030039.
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This paper provides a selection of the last two decades publications on the development and application of chemical sensors based on piezoelectric quartz resonators for a wide range of analytical tasks. Most of the attention is devoted to an analysis of gas and liquid media and to industrial processes controls utilizing single quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensors, bulk acoustic wave (BAW) sensors, and their arrays in e-nose systems. The unique opportunity to estimate several heavy metals in natural and wastewater samples from the output of a QCM sensor array highly sensitive to changes in metal ion activity in water vapor is shown. The high potential of QCM multisensor systems for fast and cost-effective water contamination assessments “in situ” without sample pretreatment is demonstrated.
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Angelini, Lorenza, William Hodgkinson, Craig Smith, Jessie Moorman Dodd, Basil Sharrack, Claudia Mazzà, and David Paling. "Wearable sensors can reliably quantify gait alterations associated with disability in people with progressive multiple sclerosis in a clinical setting." Journal of Neurology 267, no. 10 (May 28, 2020): 2897–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00415-020-09928-8.
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Abstract Gait disability in people with progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) is difficult to quantify using existing clinical tools. This study aims to identify reliable and objective gait-based biomarkers to monitor progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) in clinical settings. During routine clinical visits, 57 people with secondary progressive MS and 24 healthy controls walked for 6 minutes wearing three inertial motion sensors. Fifteen gait measures were computed from the sensor data and tested for between-session reliability, for differences between controls and people with moderate and severe MS disability, and for correlation with Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores. The majority of gait measures showed good to excellent between-session reliability when assessed in a subgroup of 23 healthy controls and 25 people with MS. These measures showed that people with MS walked with significantly longer step and stride durations, reduced step and stride regularity, and experienced difficulties in controlling and maintaining a stable walk when compared to controls. These abnormalities significantly increased in people with a higher level of disability and correlated with their EDSS scores. Reliable and objective gait-based biomarkers using wearable sensors have been identified. These biomarkers may allow clinicians to quantify clinically relevant alterations in gait in people with progressive MS within the context of regular clinical visits.
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Li, Tao, Bao Hua Bai, and Xue Jun Pi. "A Low Power Wireless Sensor Network Based on ZigBee for Data Acquisition." Applied Mechanics and Materials 380-384 (August 2013): 3556–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.380-384.3556.
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This paper presents a low power ZigBee sensor network for use in data acquisition fields. The network consists of end devices with sensors, routers that propagate the network over larger distances, and a coordinator that communicates with the computer, which in turns illustrates the data and controls the entire system. The end devices provide data from the sensors to the personal computer, at variable time points determined by the central node. As part of the investigation, extensive studies were performed to reduce the data packets loss. The algorithm developed at the end devices and the coordinator for this purpose is described in detail. Finally, the circuit that drives the humidity sensor, which contributes reducing power consumption and increasing the systems life time, is presented.
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Widodo, Slamet, M. Miftakul Amin, and Adi Sutrisman. "The Design of The Monitoring Tools Of Clean Air Condition And Dangerous Gas CO, CO2 CH4 In Chemical Laboratory By Using Fuzzy Logic Based On Microcontroller." E3S Web of Conferences 31 (2018): 10008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183110008.
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There are many phenomena that human are exposed to toxins from certain types such as of CO2, CO2 and CH4 gases. The device used to detect large amounts of CO, CO2, and CH4 gas in air in enclosed spaces using MQ 135 gas sensors of different types based on the three sensitivity of the Gas. The results of testing the use of sensors MQ 135 on the gas content of CO, CO2 and CH4 received by the sensor is still in the form of ppm based on the maximum ppm detection range of each sensor. Active sensor detects CO 120 ppm gas, CO2 1600 ppm and CH4 1ppm "standby 1" air condition with intermediate rotary fan. Active sensor detects CO 30 ppm gas, CO2 490 ppm and CH4 7 ppm "Standby 2" with low rotating fan output. Fuzzy rulebase logic for motor speed when gas detection sensor CO, CO2, and CH4 output controls the motion speed of the fan blower. Active sensors detect CO 15 ppm, CO2 320 ppm and CH4 45 ppm "Danger" air condition with high fan spin fan. At the gas level of CO 15 ppm, CO2 390 ppm and CH4 3 ppm detect "normal" AC sensor with fan output stop spinning.
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Li, Shuheng, Dezhi Hong, and Hongning Wang. "Relation Inference among Sensor Time Series in Smart Buildings with Metric Learning." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 04 (April 3, 2020): 4683–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i04.5900.
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Smart Building Technologies hold promise for better livability for residents and lower energy footprints. Yet, the rollout of these technologies, from demand response controls to fault detection and diagnosis, significantly lags behind and is impeded by the current practice of manual identification of sensing point relationships, e.g., how equipment is connected or which sensors are co-located in the same space. This manual process is still error-prone, albeit costly and laborious.We study relation inference among sensor time series. Our key insight is that, as equipment is connected or sensors co-locate in the same physical environment, they are affected by the same real-world events, e.g., a fan turning on or a person entering the room, thus exhibiting correlated changes in their time series data. To this end, we develop a deep metric learning solution that first converts the primitive sensor time series to the frequency domain, and then optimizes a representation of sensors that encodes their relations. Built upon the learned representation, our solution pinpoints the relationships among sensors via solving a combinatorial optimization problem. Extensive experiments on real-world buildings demonstrate the effectiveness of our solution.
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Kalas, David, Silvan Pretl, Jan Reboun, Radek Soukup, and Ales Hamacek. "Towards Hand Model with Integrated Multichannel Sensor System for Thermal Testing of Protective Gloves." Periodica Polytechnica Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 62, no. 4 (November 13, 2018): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppee.13264.
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This paper deals with the development of a temperature sensor system consisting of multiple temperature sensors integrated into a model of a human hand and a system for data collection, processing and 3D visualization. The measuring part of the system uses temperature sensors TMP05, which enable daisy chain serial connection. The individual chains are then connected to the microprocessor. The microprocessor controls the temperature measurement and sends data to the computer, where data is processed, evaluated and visualized. The temperature sensors are mounted on flexible printed circuit boards which are placed into the human hand model and subsequently fixed by a UV curable adhesive. The model of the human hand is designed in accordance with the standard models for the production of rubber gloves and it is made on a 3D printer of polyamide PA6 filled with short carbon fibers. The final version of the system will have approximately two hundred sensors, which will be concentrated mainly in the area of fingers and back of the hand.
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Kim, Marie, Jun Wook Lee, and Hoy Chan Bang. "Research on Middleware in Ubiquitious Sensor Network Envionment." Advanced Materials Research 452-453 (January 2012): 927–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.452-453.927.
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IT infrastructure is evolving in a way to use physical information for providing context-aware services to the users and if necessary, to put some actions on the physical world for reacting appropriately based on perception on the physical world. Ubiquitous sensor network (USN) environment consists of various types of sensors and actuators to perceive and communicate with physical world. USN middleware is the system which collects physical information from various sensors and controls physical world with heterogeneous actuators on behalf of USN services. ETRI has been researching and developing USN middleware and this paper intends to introduce the results and the ongoing project.
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Yadav, Jay Singh. "Automatic Plant Watering System using Arduino Uno and Soil Moisture Sensors." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 15, 2021): 1198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35179.
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Food creation procedures must be improved as a result of fast interest in food. Since India has horticulture as the primary wellspring of creation, legitimate water system plans are to be utilized for a proficient result .It includes two sensors that estimate the temp. and soil moisture levels of environmental factors. The yield of these sensors is given to the ADC and later to the microcontroller. The microcontroller is contrasted with properties and edge estrims and controls the transfer that controls the engine. The configuration is financially save and furthermore moderate. A minimal effort based automatic irrigation framework using a soil moisture sensor is introduced in this paper in which the dirt gives the moisture sensor it yields on the condition of the dirt and subsequently works with the help of the Arduino. Since farming is given a high requirement in the life of the economy, water is the fundamental factor for better horticultural development. Lack of sufficient water and abundance of water causes damage to plants. Therefore we need a powerful and effective innovation for better farming. Water is the core of the water system structure and water scarcity is a developing issue for the farm. The quantity of water should be checked for better efficiency and maintenance of crops. The water guideline for various yields is varied, as water scarcity or excessive water can be harmful for farming. An emotionally supportive network is being created for an irrigation remote sensor based irrigation water guideline. The prefer framework assesses the water requirement for crops based on soil moisture information deposited by some sensor hubs sent to the farm. Mechanization demonstrated time and cost in a way that is an exceptional aid to business, which is more than what a professional visionary can do in all measurements.
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Fisher, Rodney A., and Roger Schlicht. "E-Smart Threat Agent System." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1822, no. 1 (January 2003): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1822-07.
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The Environmental Systems Management, Analysis and Reporting neTwork (E-SMART) was developed as a system of smart sensors; active controls; and data acquisition, data reduction, and adaptive decision software to sample, analyze, and report on environmental contamination and cleanup activities on an installation. The prototype system was installed and demonstrated and is operating at Tinker Air Force Base (AFB), Oklahoma. The system is based on ANSI/EIA-709.1-A networking protocol originally developed for building environmental systems automation and process control. Sensor interfaces have been developed that allow E-SMART to network commercial off-the-shelf “smart” or “dumb” environmental sensors, new innovative sensors, or both. The network architecture can support communications media connections via wire, radio frequency, fiber optics, and so on. The system has been on line at Tinker AFB since 1998 and originally consisted of about 100 sensors and has a present array of 30 sensors, measuring up to six variables each. Most recently, development has begun to expand the E-SMART sensor suite to include threat-agent sensors: E-SMART → E-SMART Threat Agent (E-SMART TA). This effort is integrating online chemical and biological sensors and monitoring systems to demonstrate an E-SMART TA system to enhance protection, warning, and response. The emphasis is on maximizing adaptability and flexibility by accepting the widest possible variety of toxic industrial chemical and material and chemical and biological agent sensors (current, emerging, and future), responding to a wide range of deployment and employment requirements, having the capability to incorporate existing and future analysis models, and providing data sharing and interoperability across all users, U.S. Department of Defense and civilian.
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Jiang, Yi Cheng, and Guang Zeng. "The Design and Implementation of the Automobile Wiper Test System Based on Hall Sensor and LIN Bus." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 2175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.2175.
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The most basic functions of wiper test system for modern high-grade cars are to provide accurate measurement of swing times of the wipers and real-time control of LIN wiper motor. In this paper, the design of a wiper test system composed of Hall sensor, LIN bus and MCU has been developed based on the research on Hall sensor and LIN bus. In the system, MCU is used to collect information of the swing counting sensors and controls the LIN motor. USB bus is chosen to interconnect the embedded system and the computer and counting sensors are responsible for wiper swing counting. Tests and actual operation showed that the wiper test system proposed in this paper is feasible, which offered automated wiper test and ensured quality of wipers. The system is of high practical application value.
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Schwartzkopf, Steven H. "ESTABLISHMENT OF COMPUTER-BASED ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1181g—1181. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1181g.
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The use of computerized environmental control systems for greenhouses and plant growth chambers is increasing in frequency. Computerized systems provide the potential for more accurate environmental control, while at the same time allowing changes to be made more easily than with hard-wired mechanical control systems. The ease of changing allows switching sensor types, relocating sensors and resetting control parameters without significantly affecting the overall system design. Another advantage of computerized control systems is that they provide a method for recording environmental data as they simultaneously implement their programmed control algorithms. This data can subsequently be transferred to other computers for further processing and analysis. Computerized controls also support the possibility of implementing environmental control based on either mathematical models which simulate plant growth, or on actual monitored plant performance data such as nutrient uptake or leaf temperature. This paper discusses in detail these and other advantages of using computerized environmental control systems, as well as describing the problems and disadvantages associated with their implementation and use.
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Evers, Luc JW, Yordan P. Raykov, Jesse H. Krijthe, Ana Lígia Silva de Lima, Reham Badawy, Kasper Claes, Tom M. Heskes, Max A. Little, Marjan J. Meinders, and Bastiaan R. Bloem. "Real-Life Gait Performance as a Digital Biomarker for Motor Fluctuations: The Parkinson@Home Validation Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 10 (October 9, 2020): e19068. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/19068.
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Background Wearable sensors have been used successfully to characterize bradykinetic gait in patients with Parkinson disease (PD), but most studies to date have been conducted in highly controlled laboratory environments. Objective This paper aims to assess whether sensor-based analysis of real-life gait can be used to objectively and remotely monitor motor fluctuations in PD. Methods The Parkinson@Home validation study provides a new reference data set for the development of digital biomarkers to monitor persons with PD in daily life. Specifically, a group of 25 patients with PD with motor fluctuations and 25 age-matched controls performed unscripted daily activities in and around their homes for at least one hour while being recorded on video. Patients with PD did this twice: once after overnight withdrawal of dopaminergic medication and again 1 hour after medication intake. Participants wore sensors on both wrists and ankles, on the lower back, and in the front pants pocket, capturing movement and contextual data. Gait segments of 25 seconds were extracted from accelerometer signals based on manual video annotations. The power spectral density of each segment and device was estimated using Welch’s method, from which the total power in the 0.5- to 10-Hz band, width of the dominant frequency, and cadence were derived. The ability to discriminate between before and after medication intake and between patients with PD and controls was evaluated using leave-one-subject-out nested cross-validation. Results From 18 patients with PD (11 men; median age 65 years) and 24 controls (13 men; median age 68 years), ≥10 gait segments were available. Using logistic LASSO (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) regression, we classified whether the unscripted gait segments occurred before or after medication intake, with mean area under the receiver operator curves (AUCs) varying between 0.70 (ankle of least affected side, 95% CI 0.60-0.81) and 0.82 (ankle of most affected side, 95% CI 0.72-0.92) across sensor locations. Combining all sensor locations did not significantly improve classification (AUC 0.84, 95% CI 0.75-0.93). Of all signal properties, the total power in the 0.5- to 10-Hz band was most responsive to dopaminergic medication. Discriminating between patients with PD and controls was generally more difficult (AUC of all sensor locations combined: 0.76, 95% CI 0.62-0.90). The video recordings revealed that the positioning of the hands during real-life gait had a substantial impact on the power spectral density of both the wrist and pants pocket sensor. Conclusions We present a new video-referenced data set that includes unscripted activities in and around the participants’ homes. Using this data set, we show the feasibility of using sensor-based analysis of real-life gait to monitor motor fluctuations with a single sensor location. Future work may assess the value of contextual sensors to control for real-world confounders.
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Volden, T., J. Goldowsky, N. Schmid, and V. Revol. "Portable Systems for Metered Dispensing of Aggressive Liquids." SLAS TECHNOLOGY: Translating Life Sciences Innovation 23, no. 5 (May 29, 2018): 470–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2472630318775316.
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Precise metering in liquid dispensing applications often requires application-specific solutions due to incompatibilities of the sensor and actuator components with the dispensed liquids. Some reoccurring challenges are aggressive liquids that would damage the sensors or tubing, the need for sterile liquids while the pumps or sensors cannot be sterilized, or media that can clog the sensor channels. Two different dispensing systems are here presented where the dispensing flow rate or volume is indirectly measured through a coupled pressure change or airflow, thus avoiding contact between the sensor and liquid. The controlled pressure-driven dispensing (cPDD) system builds an overpressure in the liquid reservoir by pumping air and controls the opening of the liquid output valve based on the internal pressure development. The FlowCap system uses a liquid pump on the outlet, controlled by the measured inflow of air to the reservoir. Both systems are designed for compactness and portability and offer independent operation, as well as control and communication, over a wireless interface.
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Hoschke, Nigel, Don C. Price, D. Andrew Scott, and W. Lance Richards. "Structural Health Monitoring of Space Vehicle Thermal Protection Systems." Key Engineering Materials 558 (June 2013): 268–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.558.268.
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The thermal protection systems of spacecraft are vulnerable to damage from impacts by foreign objects moving at high velocities. This paper describes a proposed novel structural health monitoring system that will detect, locate and evaluate the damage resulting from such impacts. This system consists of a network of intelligent local agents, each of which controls a network of piezoelectric acoustic emission sensors to detect and locate an impact, and a network of optical fibre Bragg grating sensors to evaluate the effect of the impact damage by means of a thermographic technique. The paper concentrates on two issues that are critical to the successful implementation of the proposed SHM system: measurement of the elastic properties of the thermal protection material, knowledge of which is essential to the design and operation of the acoustic emission sensor network; and investigation of the practical feasibility of a switched network of optical fibre sensors.
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Mishra, Amitabh, Thomas Reichherzer, Ezhil Kalaimannan, Norman Wilde, and Ruben Ramirez. "Trade-offs involved in the choice of cloud service configurations when building secure, scalable, and efficient Internet-of-Things networks." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 16, no. 2 (February 2020): 155014772090819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147720908199.
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This article focuses on results obtained from two cloud-based models that examine trade-offs between security, scalability, and efficiency of data collection for Internet-of-Things sensor networks. This work can provide insight for Internet-of-Things systems designers in choosing security controls and scalability features when working with cloud services. The results were obtained from a smart home Internet-of-Things prototype system in which data records from in-home sensors are transmitted wirelessly to an in-home hub, which forwards them to a cloud web service for storage and analysis. We consider different configurations and security controls on the wireless (in-home) and on the wired (home-to-web) sides. The configuration on the wireless side includes encrypted or plain-text transmission from the wireless sensors to the in-home hub for probing if software encryption of sensor data adds appreciable delay to the transmission time. The configuration on the wired side includes encryption or plain-text transmission, with or without authentication, with or without scalable cloud services. For each configuration, we measure end-to-end latency, transmission latency, and processing latency at the web service. Results of the experiments on the wired side showed much greater latencies and variability of latencies when using scalable cloud services.
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Baumbick, R. J. "Fiber Optics for Propulsion Control Systems." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 107, no. 4 (October 1, 1985): 851–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3239822.
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The term “fiber optics” means the use of dielectric waveguides to transfer information. In aircraft systems with digital controls, fiber optics has advantages over wire systems because of its inherent immunity to electromagnetic noise (EMI) and electromagnetic pulses (EMP). It also offers a weight benefit when metallic conductors are replaced by optical fibers. To take full advantage of the benefits of optical waveguides, passive optical sensors are also being developed to eliminate the need for electrical power to the sensor. Fiber optics may also be used for controlling actuators on engine and airframe. In this application, the optical fibers, connectors, etc., will be subjected to high temperatures and vibrations. This paper discusses the use of fiber optics in aircraft propulsion systems, together with the optical sensors and optically controlled actuators being developed to take full advantage of the benefits which fiber optics offers. The requirements for sensors and actuators in advanced propulsion systems are identified. The benefits of using fiber optics in place of conventional wire systems are discussed as well as the environmental conditions under which the optical components must operate. Work being done under contract to NASA Lewis on optical and optically activated actuators sensors for propulsion control systems is presented.
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., Saida. "Solar Irrigation System, Auto Fencing, Monitoring and Control using IOT." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 20, 2021): 1734–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35354.
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Agricultural strategies are changing quickly as a result of late advances in sustainable power innovation. The new headways in environmentally friendly power can be adequately utilized in the agribusiness area to decrease reliance on regular harvests water system procedures and petroleum derivatives. The Solar-Powered Smart Irrigation System intends to give an IoT arrangement in computerizing the watering interaction utilizing an Arduino-based microcontroller and sensors. It is an energy proficient and eco-accommodating framework that produces power from the photovoltaic cells to supply water to the plants from the water siphons. The watering cycle is driven by the dampness substance of the dirt utilizing sensors. Edge limit are set for soil dampness sensor to guarantee productive and viable utilization of water asset. The fundamental microcontroller unit controls the framework at whatever point the sensor is across limit esteem. Likewise, the framework has implicit temperature and dampness sensors to screen the environment condition on the particular climate. Another sensor is carried out to gauge the water tank level which fills in as capacity limit that provisions the water to the framework. With the incorporation of IoT, mechanized water system can be effectively access and distantly checked over the versatile application through a remote specialized gadget. With these shrewd water system procedures, it replaces the customary water system framework that helps decline the manual intercession and mix-ups
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Campillo-Sánchez, Pablo, Juan Antonio Botía, and Jorge Gómez-Sanza. "Development of Sensor Based Applications for the Android Platform: an Approach Based on Realistic Simulation." ADCAIJ: Advances in Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence Journal 2, no. 1 (May 7, 2013): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14201/adcaij2013242328.
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Smart phones are equipped with a wide range of sensors (such as GPS, light, accelerometer, gyroscope, etc.) and allow users to be connected everywhere. These characteristics offer a rich information source for creating context-aware applications. However, testing these applications in the lab, before their deployment, could become a hard task or impossible because of sensors correlation, too wide testing area or an excessive number of people involved. This work aims to solve these problems carrying out the testing in a simulator, simulating the world in which the application user is immersed into. Tester controls her avatar and the avatar has a simulated smart phone that is connected with the user’s smart phone. Applications under test are installed on the real smart phone and are compiled with a library that replaces standard services of the sensors by others that offer data sensor from the simulator (depending on the simulated smart phone context) instead of real world.
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Spector, V. A., and H. Flashner. "Modeling and Design Implications of Noncollocated Control in Flexible Systems." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 112, no. 2 (June 1, 1990): 186–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2896125.
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In this paper we investigate generic properties of structural modeling pertinent to structural control, with emphasis on noncollocated systems. Analysis is performed on a representative example of a pinned-free Euler-Bernoulli beam with distributed sensors. Analysis in the wave number plane highlights the crucial qualitative characteristics common to all structural systems. High sensitivity of the transfer function zeros to errors in model parameters and sensor locations is demonstrated. The existence of finite right half plane zeros in noncollocated systems, along with this high sensitivity, further complicates noncollocated controls design. A numerical method for accurate computation of the transfer function zeros is proposed. Wiener-Hopf factorization is used to compute equivalent delay time, which is important in controls design.
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Kintner-Meyer, Michael. "Opportunities of Wireless Sensors and Controls for Building Operation." Energy Engineering 102, no. 5 (September 2005): 27–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01998590509509441.
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Franke, D. "Sensors and controls in the analysis of distributed systems." Automatica 25, no. 6 (November 1989): 957–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-1098(89)90066-6.
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Rahman, S. M. Mizanoor, and Ryojun Ikeura. "Weight-perception-based fixed and variable admittance control algorithms for unimanual and bimanual lifting of objects with a power assist robotic system." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 15, no. 4 (July 1, 2018): 172988141667813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1729881416678131.
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Weight-perception-based fixed admittance control algorithm and variable admittance control algorithm are proposed for unimanual and bimanual lifting of objects with a power assist robotic system. To include weight perception in controls, the mass parameter for the inertial force is hypothesized as different from that for the gravitational force in the dynamics model for lifting objects with the system. For the bimanual lift, two alternative approaches of force sensor arrangements are considered: a common force sensor and two separate force sensors between object and human hands. Computational models for power assistance, excess in load forces, and manipulation efficiency and precision are derived. The fixed admittance control algorithm is evaluated in a 1-degree-of-freedom power assist robotic system. Results show that inclusion of weight perception in controls produce satisfactory performance in terms of power assistance, system kinematics and kinetics, human–robot interactions, and manipulation efficiency and precision. The fixed admittance control algorithm is then augmented to variable admittance control algorithm as a tool of active compliance to vary the admittance with inertia instead of with gravity. The evaluation shows further improvement in the performance for the variable admittance control algorithm. The evaluation also shows that bimanual lifts outperform unimanual lifts and bimanual lifts with separate force sensors outperform bimanual lifts with a common force sensor. Then, the results are proposed to develop power assist robotic systems for handling heavy objects in industries.
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Benson, Kelly, Jimmy D. Thornton, Douglas L. Straub, E. David Huckaby, and Geo A. Richards. "Flame Ionization Sensor Integrated Into a Gas Turbine Fuel Nozzle." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 127, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1788686.
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Recent advances in lean premix gas turbine combustion have focused primarily on increasing thermodynamic efficiency, reducing emissions, and minimizing combustion dynamics. The practical limitation on increasing efficiency at lower emissions is the onset of combustion instability, which is known to occur near the lean flammability limit. In a laboratory environment there are many sensors available that provide the combustion engineer with adequate information about flame stability, but those sensors are generally too expensive or unreliable for widespread application in the field. As a consequence, engines must be commissioned in the field with adequate stability margin such that normally expected component wear, fuel quality, and environmental conditions will not cause the turbine to experience unstable combustion. Woodward Industrial Controls, in cooperation with the National Energy Technology Laboratory, is developing a novel combustion sensor that is integrated into the fuel nozzle such that low cost and long life are achieved. The sensor monitors flame ionization, which is indicative of air–fuel ratio and most importantly flame stability.
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Wright, Alan D., Lee J. Fingersh, and Mark J. Balas. "Testing State-Space Controls for the Controls Advanced Research Turbine." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 128, no. 4 (July 25, 2006): 506–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2349547.
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Control can improve wind turbine performance by enhancing energy capture and reducing dynamic loads. At the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, we are implementing and testing state-space controls on the controls advanced research turbine (CART), a turbine specifically configured to test advanced controls. We show the design of control systems to regulate turbine speed in region 3 using rotor collective pitch and reduce dynamic loads in regions 2 and 3 using generator torque. These controls enhance damping in the first drive train torsion mode. We base these designs on sensors typically used in commercial turbines. We evaluate the performance of these controls by showing field test results. We also compare results from these modern controllers to results from a baseline controller for the CART. Finally, we report conclusions to this work and outline future studies.
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den Ouden, Olivier F. C., Jelle D. Assink, Cornelis D. Oudshoorn, Dominique Filippi, and Läslo G. Evers. "The INFRA-EAR: a low-cost mobile multidisciplinary measurement platform for monitoring geophysical parameters." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, no. 5 (May 4, 2021): 3301–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3301-2021.
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Abstract. Geophysical studies and real-time monitoring of natural hazards, such as volcanic eruptions or severe weather events, benefit from the joint analysis of multiple geophysical parameters. However, typical geophysical measurement platforms still provide logging solutions for a single parameter, due to different community standards and the higher cost per added sensor. In this work, the Infrasound and Environmental Atmospheric data Recorder (INFRA-EAR) is presented, which has been designed as a low-cost mobile multidisciplinary measurement platform for geophysical monitoring. In particular, the platform monitors infrasound but concurrently measures barometric pressure, accelerations, and wind flow and uses the Global Positioning System (GPS) to position the platform. Due to its digital design, the sensor platform can be readily integrated with existing geophysical data infrastructures and be embedded in geophysical data analysis. The small dimensions and low cost per unit allow for unconventional, experimental designs, for example, high-density spatial sampling or deployment on moving measurement platforms. Moreover, such deployments can complement existing high-fidelity geophysical sensor networks. The platform is designed using digital micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) sensors embedded on a printed circuit board (PCB). The MEMS sensors on the PCB are a GPS, a three-component accelerometer, a barometric pressure sensor, an anemometer, and a differential pressure sensor. A programmable microcontroller unit controls the sampling frequency of the sensors and data storage. A waterproof casing is used to protect the mobile platform against the weather. The casing is created with a stereolithography (SLA) Formlabs 3D printer using durable resin. Thanks to low power consumption (9 Wh over 25 d), the system can be powered by a battery or solar panel. Besides the description of the platform design, we discuss the calibration and performance of the individual sensors.
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Babković, Kalman, László F. Nagy, and Damir Krklješ. "Self-Calibrating Optical Displacement Sensor." Key Engineering Materials 543 (March 2013): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.543.59.
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Commercially available reflective optical sensors can be used as displacement sensors which in turn can be used in vibration monitoring, positioning, force-measurement and other applications. The sensor output depends in all cases on the distance between the component and a suitable reflective surface. In this paper a sensor system applicable to vibration measurement (e.g. monitoring a vibration-generating machine mounted on elastic isolation mountings) is presented where a special mechanism enables the controlled adjustment of the reflective surfaces position. This feature allows continuous operating point adjustment while the sensor measures vibration. On the other hand, during the intervals when the vibration measurement is not active (e.g. the machine is not in use), the system can be used to automatically calibrate the sensor, i.e. to measure the dependence of the optical sensor output from the distance to the reflective surface. This allows accurate measurements under various circumstances: temperature change, optical component replacement, staining of the reflective surface, ingress of dirt etc. The reflective surface adjustment system is controlled by an embedded digital system which also controls the calibration procedure. Range depends largely on the type of reflective sensor. In case of the component TCRT1000 used in the experiments, range is up to 4 mm.
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Srinivas, L., J. Bhavan, K. Janakiram, M. Rupasri, and A. B. Chandrika. "Arduino Based Traffic Monitoring and Controlling System." International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology 6, no. 6 (June 30, 2020): 104–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.46501/ijmtst060622.
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Nowadays, controlling the traffic becomes major issue because of rapid increase in automobiles and also because of large time delays between traffic lights.to optimise this problem we have made a frame work for an intelligent traffic control system. Sometimes higher traffic density at one side of the junction demands longer green time as compared to standard allotment time we, therefore propose here a mechanism in which the time period of green light and red light is assigned on the basis of the density of the traffic present at that time . Once the density is calculated ,the glowing time of a green light is assigned by the help of microcontroller(Arduino). The sensors which are present on sides of the roads will detect the presence of the vehicles and sends the information to the microcontroller where it will decide how long a flank will be open or when to change over the signal light. This project explains you how to control the traffic based on density. In this system, we will use IR sensors to measure the traffic density. We have to arrange one IR sensor for each road, these sensors always sense the traffic on that particular road .All these sensors are interfaced to the microcontroller .Based on these sensors, controller detects the traffic and controls the traffic system.
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Lien, Yu-An S., Carolyn R. Calabrese, Carolyn M. Michener, Elizabeth Heller Murray, Jarrad H. Van Stan, Daryush D. Mehta, Robert E. Hillman, J. Pieter Noordzij, and Cara E. Stepp. "Voice Relative Fundamental Frequency Via Neck-Skin Acceleration in Individuals With Voice Disorders." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 58, no. 5 (October 2015): 1482–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2015_jslhr-s-15-0126.
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Purpose This study investigated the use of neck-skin acceleration for relative fundamental frequency (RFF) analysis. Method Forty individuals with voice disorders associated with vocal hyperfunction and 20 age- and sex-matched control participants were recorded with a subglottal neck-surface accelerometer and a microphone while producing speech stimuli appropriate for RFF. Rater reliabilities, RFF means, and RFF standard deviations derived from the accelerometer were compared with those derived from the microphone. Results RFF estimated from the accelerometer had slightly higher intrarater reliability and identical interrater reliability compared with values estimated with the microphone. Although sensor type and the Vocal Cycle × Sensor and Vocal Cycle × Sensor × Group interactions showed significant effects on RFF means, the typical RFF pattern could be derived from either sensor. For both sensors, the RFF of individuals with vocal hyperfunction was lower than that of the controls. Sensor type and its interactions did not have significant effects on RFF standard deviations. Conclusions RFF can be reliably estimated using an accelerometer, but these values cannot be compared with those collected via microphone. Future studies are needed to determine the physiological basis of RFF and examine the effect of sensors on RFF in practical voice assessment and monitoring settings.
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Littlefair, Paul J., and Abdul Motin. "Lighting controls in areas with innovative daylighting systems: a study of sensor type." Lighting Research & Technology 33, no. 1 (March 2001): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/136578280103300112.
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Innovative daylighting systems often work by redirecting light from the sky and sun onto the ceiling from where it is diffused to light the space. This can cause problems for ceiling mounted photoelectric control sensors. The performances of three types of ceiling sensor were studied in the Building Research Establishment’s mock-up rooms. The window systems included venetian blinds, prismatic film and a light shelf as well as ordinary clear glass. A completely unshielded sensor gave surprisingly stable performance compared with horizontal working plane illuminance. The main exception to this was when direct sunlight reached the sensor itself. Unfortunately the ratio of sensor illuminance to horizontal illuminance was significantly greater under sunny skies than under overcast skies. This could lead to uneven control performance under different sky conditions. An alternative sensor shielded by a darkened tube was also tested. This proved to be very susceptible to the location of patches of sunlight in the space. In a real room it could also be affected by the positions and reflectances of furniture and even occupants. A possible compromise is the use of a partially shielded sensor. This can receive light from all directions except the window. Care is needed in aligning the shield correctly during installation.
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Kumar, Deva Phanindra, and Sourabh Bajaj. "Real Time 3D Anaglyph Image Control Using MEMS Sensors." Advanced Materials Research 403-408 (November 2011): 4157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.403-408.4157.
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3-D Imaging refers to a technique for creating or enhancing the illusion of depth in an image by presenting two offset images separately to the left and right eye of the viewer. Anaglyph generation is one of the most cost effective methods of spectroscopic 3D imaging. Almost all human activities are related to some motion. In this paper we discuss about a method to control realtime anaglyph images based on the movement of MEMS inertial sensors. The aim is to track the movements of the sensor and accordingly build a system that controls anaglyph images simultaneously. A system to control anaglyph images using MEMS was developed at the end of experiment successfully. This can be further enhanced to develop various systems based on motion tracking and image creation, like human body modeling and gesture recognition and also to other 3D imaging techniques.
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Baroiu, Nicuşor, Virgil Gabriel Teodor, and Florin Iftode. "Monitoring a Group of Hydraulic Pumps Connected to the Water Feeding System of a Civil Building." Advanced Engineering Forum 21 (March 2017): 474–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.21.474.
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The paper describes the method that can be used to monitoring of a water feeding system of a civil building and its subsystems, using a graphic interface of a soft-ware pack – SCADA (Supervisory Control and data Acquisition), WinCC Flexible. The effective adjustment of the pressure of the water feeding system implies using specific elements: sensors, execution elements, programmable automatons and monitoring devices. In the paper, also is analysed the situation in which three centrifugal pumps are utilized as execution elements, a pressure sensor – to measure the pressure of the water feeding system of the consumer, three sensors that detect the presence of water in each well and a Siemens programmable automaton, from the SIMATIC S7-300 series, which controls the process and a PC for the acquisition of data and for monitoring. Thus, it presents a schematic system operating water supply, logic operation sequence control, protection, signage and display alarms
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Kang, Sung Jae, Jei Cheong Ryu, Gyoo Suk Kim, and Mu Seong Mun. "Hip Joint Control of PGO for Paraplegics." Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (December 2006): 735–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.735.
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In this study, we developed a fuzzy-logic-controlled PGO (Power Gait Othosis) that controls the flexion and extension of each PGO joint using bio-signals and an FSR sensor. The PGO driving system works to couple the right and left sides of the orthosis by specially-designed hip joints and pelvic section. This driving system consists of the orthosis, sensor, and control system. An air supply system for muscle action is composed of an air compressor, 2-way solenoid valve (MAC, USA), accumulator and pressure sensor. The role of this system is to provide constant “air muscle” with compressed air at the hip joint. With the output signal of the EMG and foot sensors, air muscles assist the flexion of the hip joint during the PGO gait.
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Feulner, M. R., G. J. Hendricks, and J. D. Paduano. "Controls and Diagnostics Committee Best 1994 Paper Award: Modeling for Control of Rotating Stall in High-Speed Multistage Axial Compressors." Journal of Turbomachinery 118, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2836601.
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Using a two-dimensional compressible flow representation of axial compressor dynamics, a control-theoretic input–output model is derived, which is of general utility in rotating stall/surge active control studies. The derivation presented here begins with a review of the fluid dynamic model, which is a two-dimensional stage stacking technique that accounts for blade row pressure rise, loss, and deviation as well as blade row and interblade row compressible flow. This model is extended to include the effects of the upstream and downstream geometry and boundary conditions, and then manipulated into a transfer function form that dynamically relates actuator motion to sensor measurements. Key relationships in this input–output form are then approximated using rational polynomials. Further manipulation yields an approximate model in standard form for studying active control of rotating stall and surge. As an example of high current relevance, the transfer function from an array of jet actuators to an array of static pressure sensors is derived. Numerical examples are also presented, including a demonstration of the importance of proper choice of sensor and actuator locations, as well as a comparison between sensor types. Under a variety of conditions, it was found that sensor locations near the front of the compressor or in the downstream gap are consistently the best choices, based on a quadratic optimization criterion and a specific three-stage compressor model. The modeling and evaluation procedures presented here are a first step toward a rigorous approach to the design of active control systems for high-speed axial compressors.
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Caliandro, Pietro, Carmela Conte, Chiara Iacovelli, Antonella Tatarelli, Stefano Filippo Castiglia, Giuseppe Reale, and Mariano Serrao. "Exploring Risk of Falls and Dynamic Unbalance in Cerebellar Ataxia by Inertial Sensor Assessment." Sensors 19, no. 24 (December 17, 2019): 5571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19245571.
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Background. Patients suffering from cerebellar ataxia have extremely variable gait kinematic features. We investigated whether and how wearable inertial sensors can describe the gait kinematic features among ataxic patients. Methods. We enrolled 17 patients and 16 matched control subjects. We acquired data by means of an inertial sensor attached to an ergonomic belt around pelvis, which was connected to a portable computer via Bluetooth. Recordings of all the patients were obtained during overground walking. From the accelerometric data, we obtained the harmonic ratio (HR), i.e., a measure of the acceleration patterns, smoothness and rhythm, and the step length coefficient of variation (CV), which evaluates the variability of the gait cycle. Results. Compared to controls, patients had a lower HR, meaning a less harmonic and rhythmic acceleration pattern of the trunk, and a higher step length CV, indicating a more variable step length. Both HR and step length CV showed a high effect size in distinguishing patients and controls (p < 0.001 and p = 0.011, respectively). A positive correlation was found between the step length CV and both the number of falls (R = 0.672; p = 0.003) and the clinical severity (ICARS: R = 0.494; p = 0.044; SARA: R = 0.680; p = 0.003). Conclusion. These findings demonstrate that the use of inertial sensors is effective in evaluating gait and balance impairment among ataxic patients.
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Sinaga, Erikson F., Suryanto Wangsa Mulya, and Eka Budiarto. "Implementation of Distance-Measuring System Using Ultrasonic to be used in an Autonomous Human-Following Luggage Robot." ICONIET PROCEEDING 2, no. 3 (February 13, 2019): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33555/iconiet.v2i3.40.
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In this research, ultrasonic sensors are implemented to measure distances for anautonomous human-following luggage robot. The system consists of the luggage robot and thewireless transmitter device which is held by the person acting as a target. The robot is equippedwith two ultrasonic sensors mounted on the top of it, acting only as receivers, two DC motors todrive the robot, and an Arduino board acting as microcontroller. Meanwhile, the transmitterdevice has one ultrasonic sensor. The luggage robot is designed to follow the person byfollowing the signals sent by the transmitter device. In order to determine the direction of thetarget, a microcontroller is used to measure time difference of the signals received by thereceivers mounted on the top of the luggage. A program is developed to compute the directionand distance to where the robot should move according to the transmitter device. Themicrocontroller then controls the motors through the H Bridge to make speed adjustment onboth motors according to the direction of movement.
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Wang, Binluan, Hongzhe Jin, Jie Zhao, Yubin Liu, and Xiufang Liu. "Sensorless Whole-Body Compliance Control of Collaborative Manipulator Based on Haptic Filter and Position Controller." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (May 22, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6682205.
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This study presents a cost-effective sensorless whole-body compliance control strategy for collaborative manipulator. The control strategy realizes decoupled adjustable compliant effects, namely, stiffness, damping, and inertia controls, under a single control framework. The inherent position controller is retained, which ensures a smooth transition between normal position operation and compliance control. The two features can greatly simplify the customization of collaborative manipulator control algorithms. A modified sensorless disturbance observer based on generalized momentum is used to estimate the external torque, and this way eliminates the dependence on the force/torque sensors. Only basic motor position sensors are required. The compliant trajectory generated by the external torque is sufficiently smooth owing to the haptic filter. Various experiments prove that the modified sensorless disturbance observer is effective. The necessity of using the position servo loop for sensorless compliance control is discussed through a comparative experiment. The proposed compliance control strategy is further verified using sensorless and sensor-based disturbance observers.
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Radha, S., G. Josemin Bala, E. Grace Mary Kanaga, and P. Nagabushanam. "Scheduling and adaptive listening approaches in MAC for WSN applications: A survey." Journal of High Speed Networks 26, no. 4 (December 23, 2020): 325–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jhs-200647.
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False data detection, intrusion detection and coverage rate are major challenges in wireless sensor networks (WSN). Scheduling in media access control (MAC) using gateway and relay nodes solve some of the problems. In this paper, we carried out a brief survey on scheduling, delay aware MAC, cooperative communications in MAC, and adaptive listening to keep controlling the energy in sensors. In addition, multichannel MAC and various routing strategy techniques for WSN are discussed. Firefly algorithm for dynamic scheduling pipelined scheduling for linear sensor networks gives better throughput and latency. Heuristic configuration solves the overhearing problem, as node power-based MAC controls power of each node. Based on WSN applications and the performance metrics concentrated, various techniques for MAC are discussed throughout in this paper.
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O’Brien, Megan K., Olivia K. Botonis, Elissa Larkin, Julia Carpenter, Bonnie Martin-Harris, Rachel Maronati, KunHyuck Lee, et al. "Advanced Machine Learning Tools to Monitor Biomarkers of Dysphagia: A Wearable Sensor Proof-of-Concept Study." Digital Biomarkers 5, no. 2 (July 27, 2021): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000517144.
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<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) occurs frequently in patients with neurological disorders and can lead to aspiration, choking, and malnutrition. Dysphagia is typically diagnosed using costly, invasive imaging procedures or subjective, qualitative bedside examinations. Wearable sensors are a promising alternative to noninvasively and objectively measure physiological signals relevant to swallowing. An ongoing challenge with this approach is consolidating these complex signals into sensitive, clinically meaningful metrics of swallowing performance. To address this gap, we propose 2 novel, digital monitoring tools to evaluate swallows using wearable sensor data and machine learning. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Biometric swallowing and respiration signals from wearable, mechano-acoustic sensors were compared between patients with poststroke dysphagia and nondysphagic controls while swallowing foods and liquids of different consistencies, in accordance with the Mann Assessment of Swallowing Ability (MASA). Two machine learning approaches were developed to (1) classify the severity of impairment for each swallow, with model confidence ratings for transparent clinical decision support, and (2) compute a similarity measure of each swallow to nondysphagic performance. Task-specific models were trained using swallow kinematics and respiratory features from 505 swallows (321 from patients and 184 from controls). <b><i>Results:</i></b> These models provide sensitive metrics to gauge impairment on a per-swallow basis. Both approaches demonstrate intrasubject swallow variability and patient-specific changes which were not captured by the MASA alone. Sensor measures encoding respiratory-swallow coordination were important features relating to dysphagia presence and severity. Puree swallows exhibited greater differences from controls than saliva swallows or liquid sips (<i>p</i> < 0.037). <b><i>Discussion:</i></b> Developing interpretable tools is critical to optimize the clinical utility of novel, sensor-based measurement techniques. The proof-of-concept models proposed here provide concrete, communicable evidence to track dysphagia recovery over time. With refined training schemes and real-world validation, these tools can be deployed to automatically measure and monitor swallowing in the clinic and community for patients across the impairment spectrum.
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Kutyakov, V. A., and A. V. Salmina. "METALLOTHIONEINS AS SENSORS AND CONTROLS EXCHANGE OF METALS IN THE CELLS." Bulletin of Siberian Medicine 13, no. 3 (June 28, 2014): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-2014-3-91-99.
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The basic information on the classification, structure, induction and degradation, functions of the protein family – metallothionein (MT), including CNS in health and disease are presented in this review. It was found that four major isoforms of metallothionein perform different biological roles, are localized in dif- ferent tissues. Induction of MT is a universal reaction to the impact of a variety of stress factors. In recent years, understanding of the role of metallothioneins in metal homeostasis in the tissues in normal and pathological conditions have changed significantly. Notes polyfunctionality metallothioneins (transport of metal ions, maintaining redox reactions, tread, signal, modulated and regulatory functions) and their im- pact on basic cellular functions such as proliferation, differentiation, programmed cell death. Further- more, a special role is shown MT in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and neoplastic disorders.Currently, these molecules are increasingly considered as potential targets for therapy of a wide range of diseases and the development of targeted approaches to the regulation of expression of MT – one of the promising areas of pharmacology and toxicology. Stressed the safety of metallothioneins as therapeutic agents.
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MARALDO, DAVID, and RAJ MUTHARASAN. "10-Minute Assay for Detecting Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Ground Beef Samples Using Piezoelectric-Excited Millimeter-Size Cantilever Sensors." Journal of Food Protection 70, no. 7 (July 1, 2007): 1670–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-70.7.1670.
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We detected Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EC) at approximately 10 cells per ml in spiked ground beef samples in 10 min using piezoelectric-excited millimeter-size cantilever (PEMC) sensors. The composite PEMC sensors have a sensing area of 2mm2 and are prepared by immobilizing a polyclonal antibody specific to EC on the sensing surface. Ground beef (2.5 g) was spiked with EC at 10 to 10,000 cells per ml in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). One milliliter of supernatant was removed from the blended samples and used to perform the detection experiments. The total resonant frequency change obtained for the inoculated samples was 138 ± 9, 735 ± 23, 2,603 ± 51, and 7,184 ± 606 Hz, corresponding to EC concentrations of 10, 100, 1,000, and 10,000 cells per ml, respectively. EC was detected in the sample solution within the first 10 min. The responses of the sensor to positive, negative, and buffer controls were 36 ± 6, 27 ± 2, and 2 ± 7 Hz, respectively. Verification of EC attachment was confirmed by low-pH buffer release (PBS-HCl, pH 2.2), microscopy, and second antibody EC binding postdetection. The results indicate that PEMC sensors can reliably detect EC at less than 10 cells per ml in 10 min without sample preparation and with label-free reagents.
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Zhai, Lin Lin, Guang Feng Chen, Xin Wei, and Xi Pei Ma. "Design of Glass Flatness Semi-Automatic Detection System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 341-342 (July 2013): 593–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.341-342.593.
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This article proposed a glass flatness detection system. The systems adopt 16 displacement sensors to detect multiple sample points on the glass surface simultaneously. Detection software controls pneumatic devices to realize glass feeding, clamping while displacement sensors detection. Sensors output the detected displacement values in the form of the analog voltage to the data acquisition card. After the A/D cast, the values will be processed and get the thickness, width, flatness and the parallelism value of the glass. Through comparing with predefined limitation to justify whether the product fulfill the requirement. Test result show that proposed system could greatly improve the efficiency and precision of glasses flatness detection.
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Moldovan, Constantin Catalin, and Ionel Staretu. "Analysis of the Accuracy and Robustness of Kinect Sensor Used with the Scope of Robot Manipulation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 555 (June 2014): 170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.555.170.
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This paper describes in details the evaluation procedure developed in this paper for the measurement of the Kinect sensors accuracy and robustness in the detection process of the user hand and recognizing human hand gestures. Furthermore, the results are transferred to a robotic gripper in virtual environment for visualization. The research started with consideration on the current state of the methods and sensors used for the detection of the hand gestures. It was seen that the detection of human hand and gestures recognition represent an important research study in the field of robotics controls and automation. Through the time, different methods [7, 13] and sensors [12] were developed for the action of detection which became, with the passing of time, better and better, reaching today, a point, when Kinect sensor was constructed as a combination between mature sensor technology and efficient algorithms for detection. The goal of this paper is represented by the analysis, if the XBox 360 (TM) Kinect sensor, developed by Microsoft, is accurate enough to be used as a mean to control a robotic hand in virtual environment. To find this out, the main objectives of this paper represents the measurement of the accuracy of Kinect sensor action for the capture of gestures performed by a human hand in a repeatable manner. As a second objective, in order to be able to visualize the result, the gestures are translated into virtual environment. In order achieve the main scope of this paper, two metrics were defined, according to ISO standard for measurement. Those are: Accuracy/Precision using ISO 5725: 1994 [16] Repeatability - ISO 21748: 2010 [17] The result of the captured hand posture with the highest accuracy are then moved to a robotic hand simulated in virtual environment executing an object grasping and releasing.
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Mohri, K., T. Uchiyama, L. P. Shen, C. M. Cai, and L. V. Panina. "Amorphous wire and CMOS IC-based sensitive micro-magnetic sensors (MI sensor and SI sensor) for intelligent measurements and controls." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 249, no. 1-2 (August 2002): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-8853(02)00558-9.
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Chiang, John Y. L., and Jessica M. Ferrell. "Bile Acids as Metabolic Regulators and Nutrient Sensors." Annual Review of Nutrition 39, no. 1 (August 21, 2019): 175–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-082018-124344.
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Bile acids facilitate nutrient absorption and are endogenous ligands for nuclear receptors that regulate lipid and energy metabolism. The brain–gut–liver axis plays an essential role in maintaining overall glucose, bile acid, and immune homeostasis. Fasting and feeding transitions alter nutrient content in the gut, which influences bile acid composition and pool size. In turn, bile acid signaling controls lipid and glucose use and protection against inflammation. Altered bile acid metabolism resulting from gene mutations, high-fat diets, alcohol, or circadian disruption can contribute to cholestatic and inflammatory diseases, diabetes, and obesity. Bile acids and their derivatives are valuable therapeutic agents for treating these inflammatory metabolic diseases.