Academic literature on the topic 'Sensors'
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Journal articles on the topic "Sensors"
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Kim, Tae-Hyeong, Gi-Hwan Jo, Hyeong-Seok Yun, Kyung-Su Yun, and Tae-Hyoung Park. "Placement Method of Multiple Lidars for Roadside Infrastructure in Urban Environments." Sensors 23, no. 21 (2023): 8808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23218808.
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Sensors on autonomous vehicles have inherent physical constraints. To address these limitations, several studies have been conducted to enhance sensing capabilities by establishing wireless communication between infrastructure and autonomous vehicles. Various sensors are strategically positioned within the road infrastructure, providing essential sensory data to these vehicles. The primary challenge lies in sensor placement, as it necessitates identifying optimal locations that minimize blind spots while maximizing the sensor’s coverage area. Therefore, to solve this problem, a method for positioning multiple sensor systems in road infrastructure is proposed. By introducing a voxel grid, the problem is formulated as an optimization challenge, and a genetic algorithm is employed to find a solution. Experimental findings using lidar sensors are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of this proposed approach.
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Guo, Yixuan, and Gaoyang Liang. "Perceptual Feedback Mechanism Sensor Technology in e-Commerce IoT Application Research." Journal of Sensors 2021 (September 28, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3840103.
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With the development of sensor technology and the Internet of Things (IoT) technology, the trend of miniaturization of sensors has prompted the inclusion of more sensors in IoT, and the perceptual feedback mechanism among these sensors has become particularly important, thus promoting the development of multiple sensor data fusion technologies. This paper deeply analyzes and summarizes the characteristics of sensory data and the new problems faced by the processing of sensory data under the new trend of IoT, deeply studies the acquisition, storage, and query of sensory data from the sensors of IoT in e-commerce, and proposes a ubiquitous storage method for massive sensory data by combining the sensory feedback mechanism of sensors, which makes full use of the storage resources of IoT storage network elements and maximally meets the massive. In this paper, we propose a ubiquitous storage method for massive sensing data, which makes full use of the storage resources of IoT storage network elements to maximize the storage requirements of massive sensing data and achieve load-balanced data storage. In this paper, starting from the overall development of IoT in recent years, the weak link of intelligent information processing is reinforced based on the sensory feedback mechanism of sensor technology.
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Chen, Junru. "Flexible Pressure Sensors and Their Applications." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 44 (April 13, 2023): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v44i.7193.
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The application of flexible pressure sensor is a new type of pressure sensor based on new materials prepared by a nano process. It differs from conventional pressure sensors due to its good flexibility, free bending, small thickness, high sensitivity, and ease of mass production, and is particularly suited for measuring soft surface contact stress. It has several potential applications in smart homes, smart medicine, wearable gadgets, and other domains. The microstructure can not only increase the sensor's sensitivity, but it can also recover the sensor's elastic deformation more quickly, so it has a swift duty. The capacitive flexible pressure sensor will be introduced first, followed by the resistive pressure sensor, and then their practical applications will be discussed. This paper's research will contribute significantly to the study and implementation of flexible pressure sensors. It will contribute significantly to the study and application of flexible pressure sensors.
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Ahmed, Ayam Tawfeek, Ahmed Noori Rashid, and Khalid Shaker. "Localization in Wireless Sensor Network." Webology 19, no. 1 (2022): 692–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/web/v19i1/web19049.
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The major problems in a Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is the localization problem, that relates to how an area covers by the sensor nodes. In this study, the problem formulates as the decision problem, that takes the best location for all sensors in the sensor field. Butterfly Optimization Algorithm (BOA), proposes to calculate the estimate locations for all sensors. Simulating the BOA with using number of sensors from 25 to 150 sensors and number of the anchor nodes. The distance between sensors and anchors measures by Received Signal Strength (RSS) so, this strategy is known as RSS-BOA. The obtained results shed that, the performance of the proposed algorithm is more accurate in comparing with BOA approach in the term sensor's location and the average error.
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HUGHES, KEN, and N. RANGANATHAN. "MODELING SENSOR CONFIDENCE FOR SENSOR INTEGRATION TASKS." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 08, no. 06 (1994): 1301–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001494000656.
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This paper addresses the problem of determining the reliability of individual sensors in a multi-sensor robotic system in an unknown environment. The inherent difficulty in this problem is that the decision must be based solely upon the data from the sensors themselves. While some previous research has considered unstructured environments (see Refs. 1 and 2 for examples) little if any consideration has been given to totally unknown environments. This problem has usually been avoided by assuming that the sensors would not provide erroneous data or ignoring sensors when they appeared to provide erroneous data. We believe a more robust solution is to consider each sensor’s performance over time compared to other sensors, and from this determine a measure of confidence in each sensor. This allows sensors which temporarily provide erroneous data to be accommodated. A system which can determine the reliability of its sensors is more robust since it can wisely decide which sensors are most appropriate for a given task and can also determine whether sensor conflicts are the result of poorly performing sensors.
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Tjiptoyuda, Wahyu Pamungkas, Mas Aly Afandi, Sarah Astiti, et al. "Research in Electronic Multi-Sensor Accuracy in the Implementation of Soil Fertility Monitoring System Using LoRA." International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology 13, no. 6 (2023): 2397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.v13i6.18836.
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The use of electronic sensors to track the nutrients in the soil is an interesting tool for farmers. This has led to the sale of many different kinds of electronic sensors with different levels of accuracy. The accuracy of this electronic sensor was figured out by comparing the results of the sensor's measurements with the results of lab tests done in different ways. This study compares the accuracy of electronic devices used to measure soil nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, electrical conductivity, water pH, and humidity to measurements made in the lab using the ICP-OES (Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy) method. We used three electronic sensors and a transmission system based on LoRA (Long Range) to measure the nutrients in the soil and put the results on our website. The similarities between electronic sensors and laboratory test parameters include the standard deviation, accuracy value, and correlation test between sensors and from the sensors to laboratory test results. The standard deviation parameter test showed a big value between the electronic sensor and the lab test results. However, none of the three used electronic sensors had a standard deviation number that differed greatly from the others. Except for the pH value of the soil, the electronic sensor's accuracy tests for the other five parameters were not very good compared to the lab tests. Also, the sensor correlation test showed a high correlation, while the correlation test between sensor data and lab test results showed a low correlation.
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Tjiptoyuda, Wahyu Pamungkas, Mas Aly Afandi, Sarah Astiti, et al. "Research in Electronic Multi-Sensor Accuracy in the Implementation of Soil Fertility Monitoring System Using LoRA." International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology 13, no. 6 (2023): 2397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.13.6.18836.
Full textAbstract:
The use of electronic sensors to track the nutrients in the soil is an interesting tool for farmers. This has led to the sale of many different kinds of electronic sensors with different levels of accuracy. The accuracy of this electronic sensor was figured out by comparing the results of the sensor's measurements with the results of lab tests done in different ways. This study compares the accuracy of electronic devices used to measure soil nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, electrical conductivity, water pH, and humidity to measurements made in the lab using the ICP-OES (Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy) method. We used three electronic sensors and a transmission system based on LoRA (Long Range) to measure the nutrients in the soil and put the results on our website. The similarities between electronic sensors and laboratory test parameters include the standard deviation, accuracy value, and correlation test between sensors and from the sensors to laboratory test results. The standard deviation parameter test showed a big value between the electronic sensor and the lab test results. However, none of the three used electronic sensors had a standard deviation number that differed greatly from the others. Except for the pH value of the soil, the electronic sensor's accuracy tests for the other five parameters were not very good compared to the lab tests. Also, the sensor correlation test showed a high correlation, while the correlation test between sensor data and lab test results showed a low correlation.
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Kim, SangUn, TranThuyNga Truong, JunHyuk Jang, and Jooyong Kim. "The Programmable Design of Large-Area Piezoresistive Textile Sensors Using Manufacturing by Jacquard Processing." Polymers 15, no. 1 (2022): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15010078.
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Among wearable e-textiles, conductive textile yarns are of particular interest because they can be used as flexible and wearable sensors without affecting the usual properties and comfort of the textiles. Firstly, this study proposed three types of piezoresistive textile sensors, namely, single-layer, double-layer, and quadruple-layer, to be made by the Jacquard processing method. This method enables the programmable design of the sensor’s structure and customizes the sensor’s sensitivity to work more efficiently in personalized applications. Secondly, the sensor range and coefficient of determination showed that the sensor is reliable and suitable for many applications. The dimensions of the proposed sensors are 20 × 20 cm, and the thicknesses are under 0.52 mm. The entire area of the sensor is a pressure-sensitive spot. Thirdly, the effect of layer density on the performance of the sensors showed that the single-layer pressure sensor has a thinner thickness and faster response time than the multilayer pressure sensor. Moreover, the sensors have a quick response time (<50 ms) and small hysteresis. Finally, the hysteresis will increase according to the number of conductive layers. Many tests were carried out, which can provide an excellent knowledge database in the context of large-area piezoresistive textile sensors using manufacturing by Jacquard processing. The effects of the percolation of CNTs, thickness, and sheet resistance on the performance of sensors were investigated. The structural and surface morphology of coating samples and SWCNTs were evaluated by using a scanning electron microscope. The structure of the proposed sensor is expected to be an essential step toward realizing wearable signal sensing for next-generation personalized applications.
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Zhang, Chang Jie, and Yu Liu. "A Sensor Grouping Method for Industrial Sensor Health Management." Applied Mechanics and Materials 621 (August 2014): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.621.271.
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As many sensor networks have been deployed in industry monitoring area, the focus on sensor data quality has also increased. Sensor networks provide us with process details which we can utilize to help making decisions on process monitoring.In order to make meaningful decisions, the quality of the data produced by sensors must be validated. As we evaluate the status of a specific sensor, we may also regard the status of the related sensors. If a sensor’s data show some abnormal, but the sensors related to it didn’t, we may have much more confidence to believe that the sensor is malfunction. In our early study, the sensors grouping strategy is manual. In this paper, we proposed a sensor grouping algorithm, which combines both PCA decouple method and the K-means cluster method. Finally, a test has been made with real data from an oilfield.
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Feng, Jiangtao, Jiaqi Geng, Hangyu She, Tao Zhang, Bo Chi, and Jian Pu. "Thermal Stress Simulation and Structure Failure Analyses of Nitrogen–Oxygen Sensors under a Gradual Temperature Field." Energies 15, no. 8 (2022): 2799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15082799.
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Nitrogen–oxygen sensors are pivotal for NOX emission detection, and they have been designed as key components in vehicles’ exhaust systems. However, severe thermal stress concentrations during thermal cycling in the sensors create knotty structural damage issues, which are inevitable during the frequent start–stop events of the vehicles. Herein, to illustrate the effect of thermal concentration on a sensor’s structure, we simulated the temperature and stress field of a sensor through finite element analysis. The failure modes of the sensor based on the multilayer structure model were analyzed. Our simulation indicated that the thermal deformation and stress of the sensors increased significantly when the heating temperature in the sensors increased from 200 to 800 °C. High stress regions were located at the joint between the layers and the right angle of the air chamber. These results are consistent with the sensor failure locations that were observed by SEM, and the sensor’s failures mainly manifested in the form of cracks and delamination. The results suggest that both the multilayer interfaces and the shape of the air chamber could be optimized to reduce the thermal stress concentrations of the sensors. It is beneficial to improve the reliability of the sensor under thermal cycling operation.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sensors"
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Doepke, Amos. "Development of electrochemical sensors and sensor systems." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1337957955.
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Parrilla, Pons Marc. "New Electrochemical Sensors for Decentralized Analysis." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/396297.
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Nous sensors electroquímics per a analisis decentralitzats és una tesis que emmarca diferents aspectes del desenvolupament de sensors potenciomètrics, des de la seva fabricació, el diseny adequat, i finalment, la seva aplicabilitat en escenaris reals. En el context actual, l'evolució de la tecnologia, especialment l'aparició a nivell global d'internet, i la disponibilitat d'aquesta a baix cost han permès la creació d'eines que ens permeten connectar el món físic i, en el cas d'aquesta tesis, el món químic a la xarxa. Aquesta connexió aporta un nou grau dins l'escala de valor per a la societat actual. Concretament, aquesta aportació tecnològica va adreçada a superar els nous reptes de l'actualitat, com poden ser la sostenibilitat del sistema sanitari a causa de l'embelliment de la societat, el control medioambiental, així com també mantenir la seguretat per a la societat del benestar del futur. Així doncs, aquesta tesis presenta solucions efectives per al desenvolupament d'eines de captació d'informació que serviràn per nudrir a la societat de major coneixement. Conseqüentment, produint nous negocis al voltant, de la fabricació, processament i creació de valor entorn a aquestes dades. La recerca i desenvolupament de sensors potenciomètrics integrats a la roba per detectar els nivells d'electròlits i sensors senzills de paper per a la determinació de biomolècules, com la glucosa, són alguns dels objectius aconseguits en aquesta tesis. A més a més, sensors integrats en globus permeten l'estudi de les seves propietats mecàniques i electroquímiques, així com també, aporten noves solucions a problemes reals. Totes aquestes aplicacions serveixen de portals de captació d'informació química cap a la integració dins la nova societat de la informació.<br>Nuevos sensores electroquímicos para analisis decentralizados es una tesis que enmarca diferentes aspectos del desarrollo de sensores potenciométricos, desde su fabricación, el diseño adecuado, i finalmente, su aplicabilidad en escenarios reales. En el contexto actual, la evolución de la tecnología, especialmente la aparición a nivel global de internet, y la disponibilidad de esta a bajo coste han permitido la creación de herramientas que nos permiten conectar el mundo físico y, en el caso de esta tesis, el mundo químico a la red. Esta conexión aporta un nuevo grado dentro la escala de valor para la sociedad actual. Concretamente, esta aportación tecnológica va dirigida a superar los nuevos retos de la actualidad, como pueden ser la sostenibilidad del sistema sanitario a causa del envejecimiento de la poblacion, el control medioambiental, así como también mantener la seguridad para la sociedad del bienestar del futuro. Entonces, esta tesis presenta soluciones efectivas para el desarrollo de herramientas de captación de información que servirán para nutrir a la sociedad de un mayor conocimiento. Por consiguiente, produciendo nuevos negocios alrededor, de la fabricación, procesado i creación de valor en los datos obtenidos. La investigación y desarrollo de sensores potenciométricos integrados en la ropa para detectar los niveles de electrolitos y sensores simples en papel para la determinación de biomoléculas, como la glucosa, son algunos de los objetivos conseguidos en esta tesis. Además, sensores integrados en globos permiten el estudio de sus propiedades mecánicas y electroquímicas, así como, aportando nuevas soluciones a problemas reales. Todas estas aplicaciones sirven de portales de captación de información química hacia la integración dentro de la nueva sociedad de la información.<br>ew Electrochemical Sensors for Decentralized Analysis is a thesis that wisely discuss the developments of potentiometric sensors, from the fabrication step, the use of a suitable design, to the applicability in real scenarios. Nowadays, the evolution of technology, specially the creation of the global internet network, and the low-cost availability of such technology have allowed the development of tools that connect the physical world and, addressed in this thesis, the chemical world into the network. This connection adds a new level in the value chain for the present society. Precisely, this technology approach is focus on circumvent new present challenges of society. For instance, sustainability of the healthcare system caused by the population aging, environmental monitoring, as well as, keep security and safety to the welfare of society of the future. Therefore, this thesis presents successful solutions for the development of tools to gather chemical information. This information will nurture society with high-value knowledge. Accordingly, new business development from, sensing products, data treatment and information management are going to be created. Research and development of potentiometric sensors integrated into garments for electrolyte detection and simple sensors built in paper for biomolecules determination, such as glucose, and liquid monitoring, such as sweat, are some of the accomplished objectives from this thesis. Furthermore, balloon-embedded sensors allow the study of the mechanical and electrochemical properties of the electrodes, as well as, contributing with new solutions to real problems. All the applications developed in this thesis are utilized as gateways for chemical information acquisition towards the integration into the new information society.
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Gong, Li. "Universal sensor interface chip solution for wireless sensors." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-107738.
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In recent years wireless sensor network (WSN) is introduced in the fresh food tracking area as a promising solution to monitor the food transportation process. The widely applications of WSN are demanding a Universal Sensor Interface (USI) that is able to support large numbers of sensors, including gas sensors, force sensors, temperature sensors, water quality sensors, etc. In this thesis, the Universal Sensor Interface (USI) based on Programmable System on Chip (PSoC) from Cypress is presented and discussed. Multiple sensor interfaces are implemented in PSoC therefore a "sensor interface design library" is established. The dynamic reconfiguration, which is a key feature of USI, is also demonstrated. It allows USI to support multiple sensors in a time division fashion by in-circuit and run-time reconfiguration. Part of the sensor interfaces are tested and evaluated, proving both the hardware and software design. Finally the conclusion is made and future work is discussed as a guidance of the follow up work.
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Barro, Alessandro. "Indirect TPMS improvement: sensor fusion with ultrasound parking sensors." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/23765/.
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Pre-feasibility analysis on the optimization of the performance of the indirect tyre pressure monitoring system through a sensor fusion with a new generation of ultrasound parking sensors: from the idea to the development of macro project specifications and macro business case, with definition of the possible new scenario in
terms of performance, costs and perceived quality
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Udina, Oliva Sergi. "Smart Chemical Sensors: Concepts and Application." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/84079.
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This PhD thesis introduces basic concepts of smart chemical sensors design, which are afterwards applied to a particular application: the analysis of natural gas.
The thesis addresses thus two sets of objective, a first set of objectives related to the conceptual design of a smart chemical sensor using smart sensor standards:
- The design of an optimal smart chemical sensor architecture
- The novel combination in a working prototype of the highly complementary smart sensor standards IEEE-1451 and BS-7986
A second set of objectives is directly related to the selected application. Natural gas quality control. Natural gas is an energy source of major importance in the world energy supply, its quality control is increasingly important due to its origin-dependent properties and the progressive liberalization of the energy market. The objectives related to this application are:
- To solve the natural gas quality analysis problem by using a lower cost approach taking advantage of MEMS technology, smart sensor features, and embedded intelligent signal processing.
- To select suitable sensing technologies and associated signal processing.
An overall goal addressed by the PhD Thesis is in the end the reporting of a working smart sensor prototype implementing all the smart sensor features, MEMS based natural gas analysis and advanced signal processing as a demonstration of a novel low-cost and high speed natural gas analyzer.
The thesis covers this research along 7 chapters, introducing the concepts and application in chapters 1 and 2, the objectives in chapter 3, the simulation of a proposed MEMS sensor approach in chapter 4, the description of the advanced signal processing approach adopted in chapter 5, the description of the electronics and engineering of the smart natural gas analyzer prototype in chapter 6, and finally the conclusions of the work in chapter 7.<br>La tesis introduce conceptos básicos sobre el diseño de sensores químicos inteligentes, en particular presenta los estándares propuestos IEEE-1451 y BS-7986, y elabora una propuesta para el diseño óptimo de dichos sensores químicos inteligentes.
Se implementa la propuesta de diseño para una aplicación concreta, el análisis de gas natural. Además de la aplicación de los conceptos sobre sensores químicos inteligentes se pretende además diseñar un analizador compacto, rápido y de bajo coste, para ello se estudia el uso de un microsensor termoeéctrico como sensor principal del analizador. Una vez probada su viabilidad se implementan ambos conceptos (sensores inteligentes y microsensor termoeléctrico) en un prototipo funcional validado en laboratorio.
Como resultado se obtiene una propuesta para el diseño de sensores químicos inteligentes basada en estándares, y por otro lado se presenta un nuevo analizador de gas natural, más rápido y compacto que los existentes. Los resultados obtenidos originan diversas publicaciones en revistas así como dos patentes de método y sistema.
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Benton, Erin Nicole. "Development and Testing of Gold(I) and Europium(III) Based Sensors for Environmental Applications." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2019. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1505138/.
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This dissertation focuses on the development, characterization, and analysis of luminescent materials and coatings for sensing applications, including CO2, heavy metals, and silver. Chapter 2 involves the use of a gold(I) pyrazolate trimer that is able to detect silver ions with an AgNP medium. Detection of silver is vital, because there is an influx of silver into our environment caused by the increased use of AgNP. Therefore, having a sensor that is able to differentiate between and detect only Ag ions is an important first step to solving the toxicity mystery of AgNPs. Chapter 3 focuses on the development of sensor coatings containing a Eu(III) based luminescent system for sensing dissolved CO2 without the aid of an absorption-based dye. It is well-known that monitoring CO2 levels in our environment is important since even at low concentrations it can cause adverse health effects to the human body. This work demonstrates a pH-sensitive Eu complex being used directly as a CO2 sensor without the aid of any other absorption-based dye. Chapter 4 explores the idea of developing a heavy metal sensor for lead and its ability to detect lead in wide concentration range upon changing the pH of the medium and the polymer matrix. Different heavy metals have toxicity at different concentrations, therefore, being able to change the dynamic range of the sensor is advantageous. This research is the first step towards developing a luminescent Pb sensor with a tunable dynamic range.
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Gonçalves, Vanessa Cristina. "Síntese e caracterização de derivados do politiofeno para utilização em sensores." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/88/88131/tde-12052010-154710/.
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Os polímeros conjugados, principalmente da classe dos politiofenos, despontaram como materiais alternativos para a obtenção de camadas quimicamente seletivas em sensores de gases. Dentre as principais vantagens desses materiais estão a possibilidade de obtenção de dispositivos sensores que operem à temperatura ambiente e a diversidade de materiais. Assim, por exemplo, com uma simples modificação da cadeia lateral do politiofeno pode-se obter materiais com diferentes afinidades químicas, o que pode contribuir para a melhora da seletividade desses dispositivos. A seletividade e a sensibilidade são as maiores limitações práticas dos sensores de gases que utilizam os polímeros conjugados como camadas sensoras. Neste trabalho, diferentes derivados do politiofeno foram sintetizados via polimerização oxidativa com cloreto férrico e caracterizados químico-estruturalmente por FTIR, RMN 1H, HPSEC e análise térmica (TG). Filmes desses polímeros foram obtidos pelas técnicas spin-coating e casting, sendo que a escolha da técnica de preparo foi baseada na solubilidade desses polímeros em clorofórmio. Foi demonstrado que as características superficiais e as propriedades de absorção no Uv-vis e de emissão dos filmes desses politiofenos são influenciadas pelos tipos de cadeias laterais presentes nesses polímeros. Esses filmes foram também utilizados no estudo das suas propriedades sensoras óticas e elétricas para a detecção de VOCs e umidade, sendo demonstrado que os sensores óticos são menos sensíveis aos analitos propostos do que os sensores elétricos, apresentando valores de sensibilidades no intervalo de 10-7 a 10-5 ppm-1, respectivamente, com algumas exceções. As respostas de ambos os tipos de sensores contendo PHT foram qualitativamente e quantitativamente reprodutíveis, entretanto, as características de reprodutibilidade dos sensores elétricos de PHT apresentaram grande influência das condições elétricas iniciais de seus filmes. Diferentes padrões de detecção foram apresentados para as detecções óticas e elétricas de um determinado polímero, demonstrando que estes polímeros são bons candidatos para serem utilizados como camadas ativas em dispositivos de detecção de VOCs (compostos orgânicos voláteis).<br>The conjugated polymers, especially polythiophenes, have emerged as alternative materials to obtain chemically selective layers in gas sensors. The main advantages of these materials are the possibility of obtaining sensing devices that operate at room temperature and the diversity of materials. For example, a simple modification of the side chain of polythiophene can provide materials with different chemical affinities, which can contribute to the improvement of the selectivity of these devices. The selectivity and sensitivity are the main practical limitations of the gas sensors containing conjugated polymers as sensing layers. In this study, different polythiophene derivatives have been synthesized by oxidative polymerization with ferric chloride and characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, HPSEC and thermal analysis (TG). Films of these polymers have been obtained by spin-coating techniques and casting, depending on their solubility in chloroform. It has been shown that the surface characteristics and the properties of absorption in the UV-vis and the emission of the films of these polythiophene derivatives are dependent on the type of side chain attached to the thiophene ring. These films have been used in the study of their optical and electrical sensing properties of VOCs and humidity, and it has been demonstrated that optical sensors are less sensitive to these analytes than the electrical ones. Their fractional sensitivities are 10-7 and 10-5 ppm-1, respectively, with some exceptions. The responses of such sensors have been qualitatively and quantitatively reproducible, however, the responses of electrical sensors showed influence of the initial electrical characteristics of the films. Different detections patterns were showed for optical and electrical detections of a particular polymer, showing that these polymers are good candidates to be used as active layers in sensing devices to detect VOCs.
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Manna, Maria. "3D Sensors for the ATLAS HL-LHC Pixel Upgrade and Future Colliders." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673872.
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Aquesta tesi tracta el desenvolupament, la fabricació i la caracterització de
detectors de silici 3D fabricats al Centre Nacional de Microelectrònica
(IMB-CNM) de Barcelona. Degut a l’actualització del High Luminosity-
LHC del detector ATLAS i el possible Future Circular Collider, és necessària
una investigació exhaustiva dels detectors de píxels 3D, utilitzats com
sensors de traça de partícules. Cal avaluar les capacitats
del detector i s’ha de desenvolupar una nova generació de dispositius que
sigui capaç de complir amb els estrictes requisits dels col·lisionadors més
potents. Els detectors de píxels 3D, ja emprats en Inserible B-Layer
(IBL) i en l’ATLAS Forward Proton (AFP) (tots dos instal·lats en el detector
ATLAS), es van fabricar amb tecnologia de doble cara amb una cel·la de píxel
de 50x250 μm2 i gruix de 230 μm. La nova generació de sensors 3D
per al detector Inner Tracker (ITK) d’ATLAS es fabricarà en tecnologia
d’una sola cara amb cel·les de píxels de 50x50 μm2 i 25x100 μm2 i un
gruix de 150 μm. La disminució de la mida dels píxels ve dictada
per motius d’ocupació i té com a objectiu millorar la resolució espacial.
Al passar de la primera (detectors 3D fabricats amb tecnologia de doble cara)
a la nova generació (detectors 3D fabricats amb tecnologia d’una sola cara), es va produir un lot de I+D
amb oblies de 230 μm de gruix i amb cel·les de píxels més petites;
una investigació dels detectors de silici 3D irradiats a fluències com
les esperades per al ITK és el tema de el capítol 3. A continuació, els
capítols 4 i 5 estan dedicats als passos més importants per a la fabricació
dels detectors en tecnologia d’una sola cara que es descriu en
el capítol 6. Es presenten els detectors de píxels 3D amb nou disseny
i la caracterització elèctrica es realitza a nivell d’oblia. Finalment, els
dispositius pertanyents a les dues generacions són irradiats a fluències
extremes i es presenta una primera investigació com a possibles detectors
per a futures instal·lacions de col·lisionadors més potents.<br>Esta tesis está dedicada al desarrollo, a la fabricación y a la caracterización de los
detectores de silicio 3D fabricados el en Centro Nacional de Microelectrónica
(IMB-CNM) de Barcelona. En vista de la actualización de Alta Luminosidad-
LHC del detector ATLAS y el posible Future Circular Collider, una investigación
exhaustiva de los detectores de pixeles 3D, utilizados como sensores de traza de
partículas, es necesaria. Es necesario evaluar las capacidades del detector y
se debe desarrollar una nueva generación de dispositivos que sea capaz de cumplir
con los estrictos requisitos de los colisionadores más potentes.
Los detectores de pixeles 3D, ya empleados en Insertable B-Layer
(IBL) y en ATLAS Forward Proton (AFP) (ambos instalados en el detector ATLAS),
se fabricaron con tecnología de doble cara con una celda de pixel de 50x250 µm2
y un espesor de 230 µm. La nueva generación de sensores 3D para el detector Inner Tracker (ITk) de ATLAS
se fabricará en tecnología de una sola cara con celdas de 50x50 µm2 y 25x100 µm2 y un
grosor de 150 µm. La disminución del tamaño de los píxeles viene dictada
por motivos de ocupación y tiene como objetivo mejorar la resolución y el
nivel de tolerancia a la radiación. Al pasar de la primera (detectores 3D
fabricados con tecnología de doble cara) a la nueva generación (detectores
3D fabricados con tecnología de una sola cara), se produjo un lote de I+D
con obleas de 230 µm de espesor y con celdas de pixeles más pequeñas;
una investigación de los detectores de silicio 3D irradiados a fluencias como
las esperadas para el ITk es el tema del capítulo 3. A continuación, los
capítulos 4 y 5 están dedicados a los pasos más importantes para la fabricación
de los detectores en tecnología de una sola cara que se describe en
el capítulo 6. Se presentan los detectores de pixeles 3D con nuevo diseño
y la caracterización eléctrica se realiza a nivel de oblea. Finalmente, los
dispositivos pertenecientes a las dos generaciones son irradiados a fluencias
extremas y se presenta una primera investigación como posibles detectores
para futuras instalaciones de colisionadores más potentes.<br>This thesis is devoted to the development, fabrication and characterisation
of the 3D silicon detectors fabricated at the Centro Nacional de Microelectronica
(IMB-CNM) in Barcelona. In the view of the High Luminosity-LHC
upgrade of the ATLAS detector and the possible Future Circular Collider,
a thorough investigation of the 3D pixel detectors, used as a tracking sensors,
is necessary. The detector capabilities have to be evaluated and a
new generation of devices that is able to fulfill the stringent requirements
of the more powerful colliders must be developed. The 3D pixel detectors,
already employed in Insertable B-Layer (IBL) and in ATLAS Forward Proton
(AFP) (both installed in ATLAS detector), were fabricated in double
sided technology with a pixel cell of 50x250 µm2 and thickness of 230 µm.
The new 3D sensor generation for the Inner Tracker (ITk) of ATLAS detector
upgrade will be fabricated in single sided technology with pixel cells of
50x50 µm2 and 25x100 µm2 and thickness of 150 µm. The decrease of the
pixel dimensions are dictated by occupancy reasons and aims to improve
the resolution and the level of the radiation tolerance. In going from the
_rst (3D detectors fabricated in double sided technology) to the novel generation
(3D detectors fabricated in single sided technology), a R&D batch of
230 µm thick wafers with smaller pixel cells was produced; an investigation
of the 3D silicon detectors irradiated at fuences such as those expected for
the ITk is the subject of chapter 3. Following that, chapters 4 and 5 are
devoted to the more important steps for the manufacturing the detectors in
single sided technology which is described in chapter 6. The 3D pixel detectors
with new design are presented and the electrical characterisation is
performed at the wafer level. Finally, the devices belonging to the two generations
are irradiated at extreme fuences and first investigation as possible
tracking detectors for future more powerful collider facilities is presented.<br>Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Física
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Vera, Carrasco Luciano. "Sensory quality control of alcoholic beverages using fast chemical sensors." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9061.
Full textAbstract:
Control de calidad sensorial de bebidas alcohólicas utilizando rápidos sensores químicos<br/>En la presente tesis Doctoral, han sido aplicados dos sensores artificiales para el análisis de<br/>bebidas alcohólicas: la nariz electrónica basada en la espectrometría de masas (MS) y la lengua<br/>electrónica basada en la espectroscopía infrarroja con transformada de Fourier (FTIR). El<br/>propósito fue desarrollar nuevas estrategias para analizar la autenticidad de estos productos,<br/>desde un punto de vista sensorial, por medio de técnicas las espectrales antes mencionadas.<br/>Adicionalmente, ha sido utilizado un espectrofotómetro UV-visible como ojo electrónico. El<br/>trabajo presentado pretende ser un avance significativo hacia el desarrollo de un catador<br/>electrónico mediante la fusión de los tres sensores químicos: nariz electrónica, lengua<br/>electrónica y ojo electrónico.<br/>Sensory quality control of alcoholic beverages using fast chemical sensors<br/>In the present Doctoral Thesis, two chemical artificial sensors are applied to the analysis of<br/>alcoholic beverages: the Mass Spectrometry (MS)-based electronic-noses and Fourier<br/>transform infrared (FTIR)-based electronic-tongue. The aim was developing new strategies to<br/>test the authenticity of these products, from a sensory point of view, by means of the spectral<br/>techniques above mentioned. Additionally, has been used an UV-visible spectrophotometer as<br/>electronic eye. The work presented wants to be a significant advance towards the development<br/>of an electronic taster through the fusion of three chemical sensors: electronic nose, electronic<br/>tongue and electronic eye.
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Arvidsson, Erik. "Trådlösa sensorer för fuktindikering : Mosture indication with wireless sensors." Thesis, KTH, Byggvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-93797.
Full textAbstract:
Användandet av trådlösa sensorer inom byggindustrin är relativt nytt. Sensible solutions AB har utvecklat en produkt för fuktindikering som kan användas i t.ex. lätta utfackningsväggar. Systemet bygger på att två stycken passiva RFID-taggar fästs på ett kort med ett mellanrum så att inte taggarna stör varandra. Den ena är täckt med en fuktabsorberande pappersbit som tar upp fukt ur den omgivande luften medan den andra är öppen mot omgivande luft. Sensorerna avläses med en RFID-läsare som sänder ut signaler tills ett svar erhålls från båda taggarna. Den fuktiga taggen kommer att kräva en större signalstyrka för att avläsas än den torra på grund av förändringar i dess resonansfrekvens då taggen blivit fuktig. Då det krävs olika signalstyrkor för att ladda upp vardera taggen kan differensen mellan de båda användas som en fuktindikator. Sensorerna är relativt billiga och skulle kunna användas i stora mängder för att tidigt upptäcka läckage, eller höga fuktnivåer. Inom detta examensarbete har tester utförts för att avgöra hur tillförlitliga sensorerna är med avseende på avstånd och riktningar till avläsningsenheten samt inbördes avstånd mellan flera sensorer. Sensorerna har fått acklimatiseras i behållare med olika saltlösningar som ger relativa fuktigheter mellan 12-97 %. De har sedan blivit avlästa för att avgöra hur värdena av differensen i signalstyrka varierar med relativ fuktighet. Fördelar och begränsningar med metoden har undersökts dels genom litteraturstudier och dels genom de utförda testerna. Testerna visar att metoden är känslig för avstånd och riktningar. Dock beror troligtvis inte detta på sensorerna utan att den avläsningsenhet som används i dagsläget har en del begränsningar. Metoden kräver att någon avläser de manuellt på byggarbetsplatsen, t.ex. en platschef. I dagsläget finns endast en gräns för att avgöra om det är torrt eller fuktigt. Gränsen är 5 dBm skillnad mellan signalstyrkan för att ladda upp den fuktiga respektive den torra taggen. Testerna som gjorts inom detta examensarbete har visat att fuktigare luft innebär en större skillnad i signalstyrka mellan den öppna (referenstaggen) och den inneslutna taggen. Vid avläsning krävs att avläsningsenheten är riktad rakt mot kortet för att “korrekta” värden ska erhållas. En ny, bättre avläsningsenhet kommer att börja användas under februari 2012. Därmed kommer en ny uppgradering av den kritiska fuktnivån. ii<br>The using of RFID-sensors in the Building industri is relatively new. Sensible solutions AB have developed a product for moisture indication in for example light weight exterior walls. The system is built upon one pair of passive RFIDtags placed on a card with a space between them so that the tags don’t disturb one another. One of the tags is covered with a moisture absorbing paper and the other one is left open to the surrounding air. The sensors are read with an RFID-reader which sends out signals until a response is received from both of the tags. The moistened tag requires greater signal strength to be read than the dry one because of changes in its resonance frequency when the tag is covered in moisture. Since different signal strengths are required to read the two tags, the difference between them can be used as a moisture indicator. The sensors are relatively cheap and could therefore be used in great amount to early discover leakage and high moisture levels. Within this master thesis, tests have been made to evaluate how reliable the sensors are in regard to distance between the reader and the sensors, the angle between them and the distance between several different sensors. The sensors have been acclimatized in exicators with different salt solutions which are emitting relative humidity’s between 12-97 %. They have then been read to determine how the values in the difference in signal strength varies with relative humidity. The pros and cons with the method have been studied through literature and the tests made. The tests show that the method is sensitive to distances and angles. However the limitation doesn’t depend on the sensors, but of the reader that is used today. The method requires that someone is reading the sensors manually on the construction site, for instance a construction site manager. Today there is only one limit to determine if it’s dry or damp. The limit is 5 dBm differences in power up level between the damp and the dry tag. The tests made in this thesis shows that a higher moisture level leads to a greater difference in signal strength between reading the open and the covered tag. When reading the sensors it requires that the reader is aimed straight toward the sensor so that “correct” values will be received. A new, better reader will be used in February 2012. Consequently a new upgrade of the critical moisture level will be made. iii
Books on the topic "Sensors"
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Kalantar-zadeh, Kourosh. Sensors. Springer US, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5052-8.
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Compagnone, Dario, Francesco Baldini, Corrado Di Natale, Giovanni Betta, and Pietro Siciliano, eds. Sensors. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09617-9.
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Andò, Bruno, Francesco Baldini, Corrado Di Natale, Giovanna Marrazza, and Pietro Siciliano, eds. Sensors. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55077-0.
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Mukhopadhyay, S. C., and R. Y. M. Huang, eds. Sensors. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69033-7.
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Baldini, Francesco, Arnaldo D’Amico, Corrado Di Natale, et al., eds. Sensors. Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3860-1.
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Andò, Bruno, Francesco Baldini, Corrado Di Natale, et al., eds. Sensors. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04324-7.
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Pigorsch, Enrico, and Ramon Bardolet. Sensors. Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0065-3.
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Dario, Paolo. Sensors and Sensory Systems for Advanced Robots. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988.
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Dario, Paolo, ed. Sensors and Sensory Systems for Advanced Robots. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83410-3.
Full textBook chapters on the topic "Sensors"
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Gutiérrez A., Mario A., Frédéric Vexo, and Daniel Thalmann. "Senses and Sensors." In Stepping into Virtual Reality. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36487-7_7.
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Xu, You-Lin, and Jia He. "Sensors and sensory systems." In Smart Civil Structures. CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315368917-4.
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Durrant-Whyte, Hugh F. "Sensors and Sensor Models." In The Kluwer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science. Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2009-8_3.
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Su, Zhongqing, and Lin Ye. "Sensors and Sensor Networks." In Identification of Damage Using Lamb Waves. Springer London, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-784-4_4.
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Jeong, Wootae. "Sensors and Sensor Networks." In Springer Handbook of Automation. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78831-7_20.
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Bjørnø, Leif. "Ultrasonic Sensors." In Sensors and Sensory Systems for Advanced Robots. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83410-3_15.
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Grandke, Thomas, and Joachim Hesse. "Introduction." In Sensors. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527620128.ch1.
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Tränkler, Hans-Rolf. "Signal Processing." In Sensors. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527620128.ch10.
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Müller, Rudolf. "Multisensor Signal Processing." In Sensors. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527620128.ch11.
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Brignell, John Ernest. "Smart Sensors." In Sensors. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527620128.ch12.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Sensors"
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S, Srivatzen, Kavitha BS, and Sundararajan Asokan. "SU-8 coated etched fiber Bragg grating sensors: A versatile platform for detection of any biomarker using antibody-antigen chemistry." In CLEO: Applications and Technology. Optica Publishing Group, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_at.2024.jtu2a.184.
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Biomarker detection is pivotal in various fields, including healthcare, environmental monitoring, and biotechnology. This work introduces a versatile platform for biomarker detection by utilizing SU-8 negative photoresist coated etched Fiber Bragg Grating (eFBG) sensors in conjunction with antibody-antigen chemistry. The unique combination of FBG sensors and SU-8 coating offers several advantages, including enhanced sensitivity, selectivity, and versatility. In this study, we present the design and fabrication of SU-8 coated FBG sensors optimized for biomarker detection. The SU-8 coating not only provides a stable and biocompatible surface for immobilizing antibodies but also improves the sensor's response to specific antigen binding. As a proof of concept, the detection of concentration of standard antigen is demonstrated by functionalization of the SU-8 coated eFBG sensor with corresponding IgG antibody using EDC/NHS crosslinking chemistry. The reflected Bragg wavelength (lB) of the eFBG sensor is modulated by the added antigen concentration. The dynamic range of the sensor is from 8 pg/ml to 80 ng/ml with average sensitivity of 32.3 pm 10- 1 g-1 ml.
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Reiner, L., and B. Bavarian. "Thin Film Sensors in Corrosion Applications." In CORROSION 2007. NACE International, 2007. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2007-07388.
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Abstract Sensors today are smart, rugged and can accurately measure a wide range of elements and physical parameters. Devices can be integrated and microengineered onto a chip offering high functionality, accuracy and good reliability. By combining CMOS and sensor technologies, a small wireless sensor can deliver broad based corrosion monitoring in crucial applications. Corrosion sensors have been used to detect coating defects and monitor coating degradation. Robustness and longevity were evaluated in various environments to simulate typical usage and storage conditions. Preliminary assessments identified vulnerable areas in the sensor development.
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Veselyi, S., R. Diwan, A. Raman, P. Bhattacharya, and R. U. Lee. "Testing of Sensors for Atmospheric Corrosion." In CORROSION 1998. NACE International, 1998. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1998-98342.
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Abstract Atmospheric corrosion sensors of two types were tested over a period of time at two locations in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The first type was a commercially available sensor based on the principles of galvanic corrosion. The second type of sensors utilizes thin film electrodes of selected metals and the measurements are performed by LPR and Tafel slope methods. The performance and applicability of both types of these sensors are considered and explained.
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Davis, G. D., and C. M. Dacres. "Use of Embedded Corrosion Sensors and Sensor Blankets to Detect Paint Degradation." In CORROSION 2003. NACE International, 2003. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2003-03441.
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Abstract In-situ corrosion sensors based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) have been used to detect coating defects and monitor coating degradation. Three versions of the sensor were evaluated: sensors embedded between the primer and topcoat, sensors permanently attached to the topcoat surface, and sensors mounted on the surface only during the measurement process. Each version offers potential to localize coating defects with the portability of the third version (sensor blanket) providing advantages in inspecting existing structures.
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Fink, K., and J. H. Payer. "Corrosion Sensors for Condensate Corrosivity in Heat Exchangers." In CORROSION 1994. NACE International, 1994. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1994-94330.
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Abstract Sensor technology, particularly that based on microelectronic fabrication methods, can measure properties of condensates in real time and can increase the quantity and quality of information gathered from accelerated testing in the laboratory. The objective of these studies is to develop a series of electrochemical corrosion sensors to measure the corrosivity of condensates formed within heat exchangers and vents of gas furnaces. Corrosion sensors have been developed to measure several corrosion parameters such as pH, time-of-wetness, and temperature. Measurements have been made on a series of simulated and real condensates ranging from aggressive to benign corrosivity. Subsequent testing of the sensors was performed at the American Gas Association Laboratories on gas fired appliances. Data is presented from these tests and related to the corrosion behavior of the heat exchangers. Prototype systems were developed and tested for each type of sensor.
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Suranthiran, Sugathevan, and Suhada Jayasuriya. "Distortion Analysis of Memory-Less Nonlinear Sensors." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-41592.
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Distortion associated with memory-less nonlinear sensors is analyzed and several distortion compensation techniques are presented. Sensor nonlinearity is considered a defect in sensory systems because it introduces distortion into the system. Due to the fact that no efficient technique is available to deal with the issues related sensor nonlinearity, nonlinear primary sensors tend to be ignored. In this paper, we point out that there are certain advantages of using nonlinear sensor and nonlinear distortion caused by sensor nonlinearity may be completely compensated. A robust and efficient signal recovery procedure is derived to facilitate the design of nonlinear sensors. Not having an accurate sensor will result in errors and it is shown that the error can be minimized with a proper choice of a convergence parameter whereby stability of the developed algorithm is established. Simulation results are presented to validate the algorithms developed.
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Lalau-Keraly, Christopher, George Daniel, Joseph Lee, and David Schwartz. "Peel-and-Stick Sensors Powered by Directed RF Energy." In ASME 2017 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems collocated with the ASME 2017 Conference on Information Storage and Processing Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2017-74150.
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PARC, a Xerox Company, is developing a low-cost system of peel-and-stick wireless sensors that will enable widespread building environment sensor deployment with the potential to deliver up to 30% energy savings. The system is embodied by a set of RF hubs that provide power to automatically located sensor nodes, and relay data wirelessly to the building management system (BMS). The sensor nodes are flexible electronic labels powered by rectified RF energy transmitted by an RF hub and can contain multiple printed and conventional sensors. The system design overcomes limitations in wireless sensors related to power delivery, lifetime, and cost by eliminating batteries and photovoltaic devices. Sensor localization is performed automatically by the inclusion of a programmable multidirectional antenna array in the RF hub. Comparison of signal strengths while the RF beam is swept allows for sensor localization, reducing installation effort and enabling automatic recommissioning of sensors that have been relocated, overcoming a significant challenge in building operations. PARC has already demonstrated wireless power and temperature data transmission up to a distance of 20m with less than one minute between measurements, using power levels well within the FCC regulation limits in the 902–928 MHz ISM band. The sensor’s RF energy harvesting antenna achieves high performance with dimensions below 5cm × 9cm.
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Ruggeri, Massimiliano, Giorgio Paolo Massarotti, Luca Belsito, and Alberto Roncaglia. "Indirect Pressure Measurement on Hydraulic Components Through New MEMS Strain Sensors." In ASME/BATH 2017 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpmc2017-4355.
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Sensors are playing a more important role in the modern hydraulic systems. Increasing needs for closed loop controls, high precision measurement, power control and energy monitoring, diagnosis and safety concerns, ask for both pressure and flow acquisition in both industrial and mobile applications. Traditional pressure sensors need specific bored screw for mounting, and both pipes and components must be modified in order to apply pressure sensors. Traditional pressure sensors are related to mini-mess and to oil flow modification in the sensor area. Sensors position in hydraulic circuits or components must be defined at design phase, in order to design the proper screw in desired circuit positions. Most of times sensors result in a efficiency loss in the circuit. Last but not least, the cost of traditional sensors, the need for proper connections for sensors installation and the work needed for sensor placement in machines production phase, could be avoided if sensors could be integrated in smart components. Modern Silicon based technologies offer new solutions for a less invasive pressure measurement. Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) Technology is suitable to design new sensors for indirect pressure measurement. Also traditional technologies, coupled with modern electronics could offer solutions that were not enough precise 10 years ago, but presenting some tricks to be solved accurately. The paper presents the first experimental results of the early stage of application of a MEMS strain gauge sensor application on components, where hydraulic pressure is measured through the component strain due to internal pressure force and component deformation. New sensors called Double Ended Tuning Fork (DETF) MEMS Resonant Extensometer sensor, based on a silicon diapason made in void environment in a system on chip will be applied at components due to the sensor’s sensitivity and precision that can reach the 0,15 nε/ε. At the same time the paper will show that pipes offer a deformation function of the mechanical characteristics and that the pressure effect is causing a deformation that can be even too high for the MEMS sensor. The strain position sensor and component deformation are also proved by the FEM analysis in order to validate both pressure measurement and FEM analysis in respect to test bench results applied to the sensor strain acquisition.
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Miyata, Masashi, Hironari Takehara, Kota Shikama, Naru Nemoto, Jun Ohta, and Toshikazu Hashimoto. "Filter-free Color Image Sensors with a Full-color-sorting Metalens Array." In CLEO: QELS_Fundamental Science. Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_qels.2022.fm1b.8.
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We present a filter-free color image sensor utilizing a full-color-sorting metalens array. Our demonstration shows the sensor’s ability to create high-quality color images while enhancing pixel-signal levels compared with those of conventional image sensors.
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Schoen, Marco P. "Dynamic Compensation of Intelligent Sensors." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-42275.
Full textAbstract:
Commercial sensors have generally, due to their own characteristics, some undesirable influences on the measured quantity and its precision. In particular, the dynamic characteristics can be reflected on to the measured quantity and lead to false or delayed interpretation of the underlying physical process. The quality and therefore the cost of the sensor is often tied with the dynamic performance of these instruments. Intelligent sensors are able to adapt to changing environments, calibrate themselves, and predict the pattern of the future signal. This paper presents algorithms to improve the dynamic performance of sensors, identify the dynamic characteristics of the sensor, and to predict the future pattern of the measured quantity. In particular, two inverse filters are proposed for the improvement of the sensors dynamic performance. One filter incorporates an optimal constant feedback gain that reduces the computational cost and increases the accuracy. A system identification method is used to identify the sensor’s dynamic properties and allows for adaptation of the inverse filter’s parameters. This identification algorithm computes the optimum input to the system i.e. the sensor. The optimization is based on the inverse correlation matrix of the information matrix. A genetic algorithm is used to perform both optimizations, for the computation of the optimal input, and for the optimal constant feedback gain. In addition, a predictive filter formulation is given that is based on the identified system. Simulation results indicate that both inverse filters are capable of recovering the original or true signal. The second filter shows superiority in terms of convergence, lower computational cost, and lower error due to its optimized parameters. The predictive filter indicates good working accuracy for the signal prediction.
Reports on the topic "Sensors"
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Davidson, Susannah, Jaime Miranda Ramirez, Atalia Matos Aguiar, et al. Smart sensors to reduce installation solid waste. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2024. https://doi.org/10.21079/11681/49503.
Full textAbstract:
Sensors were deployed by the research team in interior waste bins at Army installation buildings to collect data on waste generation at the source. The sensors were designed to provide granular data on waste generation that stakeholders can use to make informed decisions about solid waste man-agement. Each sensor costs about $300 to fabricate, but bulk fabrication may bring costs down. Sensors were deployed at dining facilities, offices, and barracks, which typically had higher waste volumes. Dining facilities were deemed to be the most useful application because at the other buildings, waste management either varies significantly or much of the waste is carried out directly to exterior waste bins. This technology shows promise but could be improved in areas such as sensor fit, sensor robustness, battery life, data storage, and clock accuracy. The highest return on investment would be found in areas with high costs for waste hauling and landfills. In areas with low waste management costs, this technology may not result in costs savings.
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Claus, Ana, Borzooye Jafarizadeh, Azmal Huda Chowdhury, Neziah Pala, and Chunlei Wang. Testbed for Pressure Sensors. Florida International University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25148/mmeurs.009771.
Full textAbstract:
Currently, several studies and experiments are being done to create a new generation of ultra-low-power wearable sensors. For instance, our group is currently working towards the development of a high-performance flexible pressure sensor. However, with the creation of new sensors, a need for a standard test method is necessary. Therefore, we opted to create a standardized testbed to evaluate the pressure applied to sensors. A pulse wave is generated when the heart pumps blood causing a change in the volume of the blood vessel. In order to eliminate the need of human subjects when testing pressure sensors, we utilized polymeric material, which mimics human flesh. The goal is to simulate human pulse by pumping air into a polymeric pocket which s deformed. The project is realized by stepper motor and controlled with an Arduino board. Furthermore, this device has the ability to simulate pulse wave form with different frequencies. This in turn allows us to simulate conditions such as bradycardia, tachycardia, systolic pressure, and diastolic pressure.
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Bendikov, Michael, and Thomas C. Harmon. Development of Agricultural Sensors Based on Conductive Polymers. United States Department of Agriculture, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7591738.bard.
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In this 1-year feasibility study, we tried polymerization of several different monomers, commercial as well as novel, specially designed and synthesized for this project in the presence of the nitrate ion to produce imprinted conductive polymers. Polymers 1 and 2 (shown below) produced a response to nitrate, but one inferior to that produced by a polypyrrole (Ppy)-based sensor (which we demonstrated prior to this study). Thus, we elected to proceed with improving the stability of the Ppy-based sensor. In order to improve stability of the Ppy-based sensor, we created a two-layer design which includes nitrate-doped Ppy as an inner layer, and nitrate-doped PEDOT as the outer layer. PEDOT is known for its high environmental stability and conductivity. This design has demonstrated promise, but is still undergoing optimization and stability testing. Previously we had failed to create nitrate-doped PEDOT in the absence of a Ppy layer. Nitrate-doped PEDOT should be very promising for sensor applications due to its high stability and exceptional sensing properties as we showed previously for sensing of perchlorate ions (by perchlorate-doped PEDOT). During this year, we have succeeded in preparing nitrate-doped PEDOT (4 below) by designing a new starting monomer (compound 3 below) for polymerization. We are currently testing this design for nitrate sensing. In parallel with the fabrication design studies, we fabricated and tested nitrate-doped Ppy sensors in a series of flow studies under laboratory and field conditions. Nitrate-doped Ppy sensors are less stable than is desirable but provide excellent nitrate sensing characteristics for the short-term experiments focusing on packaging and deployment strategies. The fabricated sensors were successfully interfaced with a commercial battery-powered self-logging (Onset Computer Hobo Datalogger) and a wireless data acquisition and transmission system (Crossbow Technologies MDA300 sensor interface and Mica2 wireless mote). In a series of flow-through experiments with water, the nitrate-doped Ppy sensors were exposed to pulses of dissolved nitrate and compared favorably with an expensive commercial sensor. In 24-hour field tests in both Merced and in Palmdale, CA agricultural soils, the sensors responded to introduced nitrate pulses, but with different dynamics relative to the larger commercial sensors. These experiments are on-going but suggest a form factor (size, shape) effect of the sensor when deployed in a porous medium such as soil. To fill the need for a miniature reference electrode, we identified and tested one commercial version (Cypress Systems, ESA Mini-reference electrode) which works well but is expensive ($190). To create an inexpensive miniature reference electrode, we are exploring the use of AgCl-coated silver wire. This electrode is not a “true” reference electrode; however, it can calibrated once versus a commercial reference electrode at the time of deployment in soil. Thus, only one commercial reference electrode would suffice to support a multiple sensor deployment.
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Saligrama, Venkatesh. Smart Distributed Sensor Fields: Algorithms for Tactical Sensors. Defense Technical Information Center, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada594998.
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Beiker, Sven. Next-generation Sensors for Automated Road Vehicles. SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2023003.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">This follow-up report to the inaugural SAE EDGE Research Report on “Unsettled Topics Concerning Sensors for Automated Road Vehicles” reviews the progress made in automated vehicle (AV) sensors over the past four to five years. Additionally, it addresses persistent disagreement and confusion regarding certain terms for describing sensors, the different strengths and shortcomings of particular sensors, and procedures regarding how to specify and evaluate them.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph"><b>Next-gen Automated Road Vehicle Sensors</b> summarizes current trends and debates (e.g., sensor fusion, embedded AI, simulation) as well as future directions and needs.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph"><a href="https://www.sae.org/publications/edge-research-reports" target="_blank">Click here to access the full SAE EDGE</a><sup>TM</sup><a href="https://www.sae.org/publications/edge-research-reports" target="_blank"> Research Report portfolio.</a></div></div>
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Johra, Hicham. Assembling temperature sensors: thermocouples and resistance temperature detectors RTD (Pt100). Department of the Built Environment, Aalborg University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/aau449755797.
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Temperature is one of the most common physical quantities (measurand) to be measured in experimental investigations, monitoring and control of building indoor environment, thermal comfort and building energy performance. The most common temperature sensors are the thermocouples and the resistance temperature detectors (RTDs). These analog sensors are cheap, accurate, durable and easy to replace or to repair. The cable of these sensors can easily be shortened or extended. These sensors have a simple, monotonic and stable correlation between the sensor’s temperature and their resistance/voltage output, which makes them ideal for temperature measurement with electronic logging equipment. This technical report aims at providing clear guidelines about how to assemble and mount type-K thermocouples and Pt100 RTDs. These are the most common temperature sensors used in the Laboratory of Building Energy and Indoor Environment at the Department of the Built Environment of Aalborg University.
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Falconer, David G. L51774 Remote Sensing of Hazardous Ground Movement about Buried Gas Transmission Lines. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011973.
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Reviews the available sensors for monitoring hazardous ground movement. Our review was limited to airborne and spaceborne sensors for access, performance, and productivity considerations. It was observed that certain ground movement is comparatively localized, e.g., earthquake faulting, while other activity may extend for thousands of kilometers, e.g., frost heave. Accordingly, we have considered two operating modes for the sensor-platform system, namely, site-by-site and continuous corridor. To determine the suitability of the candidate sensors for pipeline monitoring, we have assessed the expected performance, operational aspects, and cost of each sensor-platform combination as a function of operating mode. Finally, we have developed a business model for (1) operation of the recommended sensor systems by fee-for-service contractors; (2) analysis of the collected data by image-analysis specialists; and (3) use of the survey products by pipeline engineers.
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Carey, P., V. Hamilton, P. Mendoza, et al. Chemical sensors. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5168348.
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Hubbard, C. W., and R. L. Gordon. Chemical sensors. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6804195.
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Olsen. PR-179-07200-R01 Evaluation of NOx Sensors for Control of Aftertreatment Devices. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010985.
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Emissions reduction through exhaust aftertreatment is becoming more common. It is likely to play an important role in meeting new emissions regulations in the future. Currently, the predominate aftertreatment technology for NOX reduction in lean burn natural gas engines appears to be selective catalytic reduction (SCR). In SCR, a reducing agent is injected into the exhaust upstream of a catalyst. Supplying the optimal quantity of reagent is critical to effective application of SCR. If too little reagent is supplied then the NOx reduction efficiency may be too low. If too much reagent is provided then the ammonia slip may be too high. Control of reagent injection is an area where improvements could be made. In many current SCR systems, the rate of reagent injection is determined by engine loading. The relationship between engine loading and engine out NOX emission is determined during SCR system commissioning, and assumed to remain constant. Ideally, NOX emissions would be measured and used as feedback to the SCR system. It may also be advantageous to employ transient reagent injection based on time dependent variations in NOX mass flow in the exhaust. This would be possible with a fast response NOx sensor. Close loop engine control is an area of increasing importance. As regulatory emissions levels are reduced, compliance margins generally decrease. Precise control of air/fuel ratio and ignition timing become more critical. Cylinder-to-cylinder control of air/fuel ratio, ignition timing, and IMEP are also important. Advanced sensors are an enabling technology for more precise engine control. Ion sensing is an example of a technology that potentially can improve cylinder balancing and ignition timing. Cylinder-to-cylinder air/fuel ratio can be accomplished in several different ways. One approach would be to install individual sensors in the exhaust manifold, one for each cylinder. Ceramic based sensors (O2 and NOx) may be reliable enough at exhaust port temperatures. They are typically used in the exhaust of 4-stroke cycle engines, which have higher exhaust temperatures than 2-stroke cycle engines. Ceramic based NOx sensors have been under development for use, primarily, in Lean NOx Traps (LNTs). This technology is expected to be used on over-the-road Diesel truck engines in 2010. Therefore, the research effort has momentum. This provides an opportunity to capitalize on the efforts of another industry. In this project a NOx sensor will be evaluated using the SCR slipstream system on the GMV-4TF. The basic tasks are: 1. Identify commercial NOx sensors and procure most promising sensor 2. Design and modification of SCR slipstream system to accept sensors 3. Installation of sensors, sensor electronics, and data logging hardware and software 4. Sensor evaluation during SCR slipstream testing.