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Boroditsky, Lera, and Michael Ramscar. "The Roles of Body and Mind in Abstract Thought." Psychological Science 13, no. 2 (March 2002): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00434.
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How are people able to think about things they have never seen or touched? We demonstrate that abstract knowledge can be built analogically from more experience-based knowledge. People's understanding of the abstract domain of time, for example, is so intimately dependent on the more experience-based domain of space that when people make an air journey or wait in a lunch line, they also unwittingly (and dramatically) change their thinking about time. Further, our results suggest that it is not sensorimotor spatial experience per se that influences people's thinking about time, but rather people's representations of and thinking about their spatial experience.
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Loeffler, Jonna, Markus Raab, and Rouwen Cañal-Bruland. "Walking Back to the Future." Experimental Psychology 64, no. 5 (September 2017): 346–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000377.
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Abstract. Embodied cognition frameworks suggest a direct link between sensorimotor experience and cognitive representations of concepts ( Shapiro, 2011 ). We examined whether this holds also true for concepts that cannot be directly perceived with the sensorimotor system (i.e., temporal concepts). To test this, participants learned object-space (Exp. 1) or object-time (Exp. 2) associations. Afterwards, participants were asked to assign the objects to their location in space/time meanwhile they walked backward, forward, or stood on a treadmill. We hypothesized that walking backward should facilitate the online processing of “behind”/“past”-related stimuli, but hinder the processing of “ahead”/“future”-related stimuli, and a reversed effect for forward walking. Indeed, “ahead”- and “future”-related stimuli were processed slower during backward walking. During forward walking and standing, stimuli were processed equally fast. The results provide partial evidence for the activation of specific spatial and temporal concepts by whole-body movements and are discussed in the context of movement familiarity.
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Grasso, Camille L., Johannes C. Ziegler, Jennifer T. Coull, and Marie Montant. "Embodied time: Effect of reading expertise on the spatial representation of past and future." PLOS ONE 17, no. 10 (October 27, 2022): e0276273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276273.
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How do people grasp the abstract concept of time? It has been argued that abstract concepts, such as future and past, are grounded in sensorimotor experience. When responses to words that refer to the past or the future are either spatially compatible or incompatible with a left-to-right timeline, a space-time congruency effect is observed. In the present study, we investigated whether reading expertise determines the strength of the space-time congruency effect, which would suggest that learning to read and write drives the effect. Using a temporal categorization task, we compared two types of space-time congruency effects, one where spatial incongruency was generated by the location of the stimuli on the screen and one where it was generated by the location of the responses on the keyboard. While the first type of incongruency was visuo-spatial only, the second involved the motor system. Results showed stronger space-time congruency effects for the second type of incongruency (i.e., when the motor system was involved) than for the first type (visuo-spatial). Crucially, reading expertise, as measured by a standardized reading test, predicted the size of the space-time congruency effects. Altogether, these results reinforce the claim that the spatial representation of time is partially mediated by the motor system and partially grounded in spatially-directed movement, such as reading or writing.
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Deng, Yu, Jixue Yang, Li Wang, and Yaokai Chen. "The Road Less Traveled: How COVID-19 Patients Use Metaphors to Frame Their Lived Experiences." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23 (November 30, 2022): 15979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315979.
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Metaphor provides an important intellectual tool for communication about intense disease experiences. The present study aimed to investigate how COVID-19-infected persons metaphorically frame their lived experiences of COVID-19, and how the pandemic impacts on their mental health burden. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 33 patients afflicted with COVID-19. Metaphor analysis of patient narratives demonstrated that: (1) COVID-19 infection impacted patient conceptualization of themselves and the relationship between the “self” and the body, as well as social relationships. (2) Metaphors relating to physical experience, space and time, and integrative behaviors tended to be used by COVID-19 patients in a negative way, whereas war metaphors, family metaphors, temperature metaphors, and light metaphors were likely to express positive attitudes. (3) Patients preferred to employ conventional metaphors grounded on embodied sensorimotor experiences to conceptualize their extreme emotional experiences. This study has important implications with respect to the therapeutic function of metaphors in clinical communication between healthcare professionals and COVID-19 patients.
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Tolkacheva, Anastasiya, and Ksenia Belogai. "Sensorimotor and Perceptual Processes in Children of Primary School Age with Multiple Developmental Disorders." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Humanities and Social Sciences 2022, no. 3 (October 12, 2022): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2542-1840-2022-6-3-163-171.
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The article focuses on sensorimotor and perceptual processes in primary school children with multiple developmental disorders. The study involved 40 children aged 9–11 with multiple developmental issues. All the participants studied at the Secondary School of Psychological and Pedagogical Support No. 101 (Kemerovo, Russia). The experiment relied on the method developed by N. I. Ozeretskiy and M. O. Gurevich as the main diagnostic tool. The method combines a set of diagnostic tasks aimed at measuring the level of motor and perceptual development in children. The experimental study also included elements of the neuropsychological approach. The authors designed and conducted a series of practice sessions on the development of sensorimotor and perceptual processes. The neuropsychological exercises developed purposeful voluntary actions with objects and materials, improved available sensory experience, increased visual-motor coordination, sharpened the ability to navigate in various physical environments, and improved body control. They facilitated the compensation of residual reflexes, as well as the development of speech and general motor rhythmization. The exercises involved orthopedic mats, massage balls, tasks on visual-motor perception and integration, Balametrics cerebellar stimulation, etc. Statistic results showed a positive trend in the sensorimotor and perceptual processes, except for complex forms of space and time perception.
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Jajdelska, Elspeth. "Being there yet not there: why don’t embodied responses to literary texts jar with one another?" Journal of Literary Semantics 45, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jls-2016-0002.
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AbstractLanguage and literature can stimulate the embodied resources of perception. I argue that there is a puzzle about why we experience sequences of these embodied responses as integrated and coherent, even though they are not anchored in space and time by a perceiving body. Some successions of embodied representations would even be impossible in real world experience, yet they can still be experienced as coherent and flowing in response to verbal texts. One possibility is that embodied responses to language are fleeting; they need not be integrated because they do not depend on, or relate to, one another as they would in perception. Yet it is the potential for embodied representations to linger and connect with one another which underlies new and persuasive embodied literary theories of vividness, narrative coherence and metaphor comprehension. Another possibility is that readers anchor their embodied representations in a notional human body, one endowed with superhuman powers, such as omniscience. But this account relies on implausible, post hoc explanations. A third possibility is that integrating embodied representations produced by language need be no more problematic than integrating the deceptively patchy information harvested from the environment by perception, information which gives rise to an experience of the world in rich and continuous detail. Real world perceptual cues, however, sparse though they might be, are still integrated through grounding in specific points in time and space. To explain the integration of embodied effects, I draw on sensorimotor theories of perception, and on Clark’s suggestion (1997,
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Albert, Scott T., and Reza Shadmehr. "Estimating properties of the fast and slow adaptive processes during sensorimotor adaptation." Journal of Neurophysiology 119, no. 4 (April 1, 2018): 1367–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00197.2017.
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Experience of a prediction error recruits multiple motor learning processes, some that learn strongly from error but have weak retention and some that learn weakly from error but exhibit strong retention. These processes are not generally observable but are inferred from their collective influence on behavior. Is there a robust way to uncover the hidden processes? A standard approach is to consider a state space model where the hidden states change following experience of error and then fit the model to the measured data by minimizing the squared error between measurement and model prediction. We found that this least-squares algorithm (LMSE) often yielded unrealistic predictions about the hidden states, possibly because of its neglect of the stochastic nature of error-based learning. We found that behavioral data during adaptation was better explained by a system in which both error-based learning and movement production were stochastic processes. To uncover the hidden states of learning, we developed a generalized expectation maximization (EM) algorithm. In simulation, we found that although LMSE tracked the measured data marginally better than EM, EM was far more accurate in unmasking the time courses and properties of the hidden states of learning. In a power analysis designed to measure the effect of an intervention on sensorimotor learning, EM significantly reduced the number of subjects that were required for effective hypothesis testing. In summary, we developed a new approach for analysis of data in sensorimotor experiments. The new algorithm improved the ability to uncover the multiple processes that contribute to learning from error. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Motor learning is supported by multiple adaptive processes, each with distinct error sensitivity and forgetting rates. We developed a generalized expectation maximization algorithm that uncovers these hidden processes in the context of modern sensorimotor learning experiments that include error-clamp trials and set breaks. The resulting toolbox may improve the ability to identify the properties of these hidden processes and reduce the number of subjects needed to test the effectiveness of interventions on sensorimotor learning.
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Mitrokhin, A., P. Sutor, C. Fermüller, and Y. Aloimonos. "Learning sensorimotor control with neuromorphic sensors: Toward hyperdimensional active perception." Science Robotics 4, no. 30 (May 15, 2019): eaaw6736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.aaw6736.
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The hallmark of modern robotics is the ability to directly fuse the platform’s perception with its motoric ability—the concept often referred to as “active perception.” Nevertheless, we find that action and perception are often kept in separated spaces, which is a consequence of traditional vision being frame based and only existing in the moment and motion being a continuous entity. This bridge is crossed by the dynamic vision sensor (DVS), a neuromorphic camera that can see the motion. We propose a method of encoding actions and perceptions together into a single space that is meaningful, semantically informed, and consistent by using hyperdimensional binary vectors (HBVs). We used DVS for visual perception and showed that the visual component can be bound with the system velocity to enable dynamic world perception, which creates an opportunity for real-time navigation and obstacle avoidance. Actions performed by an agent are directly bound to the perceptions experienced to form its own “memory.” Furthermore, because HBVs can encode entire histories of actions and perceptions—from atomic to arbitrary sequences—as constant-sized vectors, autoassociative memory was combined with deep learning paradigms for controls. We demonstrate these properties on a quadcopter drone ego-motion inference task and the MVSEC (multivehicle stereo event camera) dataset.
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Lachmair, Martin, Susana Ruiz Fernandez, Nils-Alexander Bury, Peter Gerjets, Martin H. Fischer, and Otmar L. Bock. "How Body Orientation Affects Concepts of Space, Time and Valence: Functional Relevance of Integrating Sensorimotor Experiences during Word Processing." PLOS ONE 11, no. 11 (November 3, 2016): e0165795. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165795.
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Zarahn, Eric, Gregory D. Weston, Johnny Liang, Pietro Mazzoni, and John W. Krakauer. "Explaining Savings for Visuomotor Adaptation: Linear Time-Invariant State-Space Models Are Not Sufficient." Journal of Neurophysiology 100, no. 5 (November 2008): 2537–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90529.2008.
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Adaptation of the motor system to sensorimotor perturbations is a type of learning relevant for tool use and coping with an ever-changing body. Memory for motor adaptation can take the form of savings: an increase in the apparent rate constant of readaptation compared with that of initial adaptation. The assessment of savings is simplified if the sensory errors a subject experiences at the beginning of initial adaptation and the beginning of readaptation are the same. This can be accomplished by introducing either 1) a sufficiently small number of counterperturbation trials (counterperturbation paradigm [ CP]) or 2) a sufficiently large number of zero-perturbation trials (washout paradigm [ WO]) between initial adaptation and readaptation. A two-rate, linear time-invariant state-space model (SSMLTI,2) was recently shown to theoretically produce savings for CP. However, we reasoned from superposition that this model would be unable to explain savings for WO. Using the same task (planar reaching) and type of perturbation (visuomotor rotation), we found comparable savings for both CP and WO paradigms. Although SSMLTI,2 explained some degree of savings for CP it failed completely for WO. We conclude that for visuomotor rotation, savings in general is not simply a consequence of LTI dynamics. Instead savings for visuomotor rotation involves metalearning, which we show can be modeled as changes in system parameters across the phases of an adaptation experiment.
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Lipiński, Kamil. "Obraz przestrzeni dowolnej według Gilles’a Deleuze’a." Przestrzenie Teorii, no. 31 (December 6, 2019): 262–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pt.2019.31.14.
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The subject matter of the article is Gilles Deleuze’s considerations on the concept of “any-space whatever” and its application in the cinema and the theater. This space is an outcome of the sensorimotor crisis as the development of Henri Bergson’s conception of duration to determine the potential transformations of modern cinema in the post-war period. It is expressed by a potential singularity that finds its locus in pure optical and sound situations. This conception reveals the correlation between the real and virtual connections defined by a genetic sign which relies upon differentiation. As a space characterized by an affection – image is experienced from its inside to define both disjoint and empty spaces. Such affect often emerges in a range of colors to outline the places marked by emptiness. It is strictly associated with “geometrical” orientation actualizing itself via the qualisign. Thus, this article defines the space in terms of the circuit of virtuality and actuality in time-image which crystallizes both in the cinema and TV dramas of potential exhaustion of three languages in theater performances. Namely, the first one is disruptive and enumerative; the second language consists of voices and combinative flows and the third one reunites the previous ones as the language of images, sounds, and coloring which is a movement between words.
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Ohgi, Shohei, Satoru Morita, Kek Khee Loo, and Chihiro Mizuike. "Time Series Analysis of Spontaneous Upper-Extremity Movements of Premature Infants With Brain Injuries." Physical Therapy 88, no. 9 (September 1, 2008): 1022–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20070171.
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Background and Purpose Comparisons of spontaneous movements of premature infants with brain injuries and those without brain injuries can provide insights into normal and abnormal processes in the ontogeny of motor development. In this study, the characteristics of spontaneous upper-extremity movements of premature infants with brain injuries and those without brain injuries were examined with time series analysis. Subjects Participants were 7 premature infants with brain injuries and 7 matched, low-risk, premature infants at the age of 1 month after term. Methods A triaxial accelerometer was used to measure upper-extremity limb acceleration in 3-dimensional space. Acceleration signals were recorded from the right wrist when the infant was in an active, alert state and lying in the supine position. The recording time was 200 seconds. The acceleration signal was sampled at a rate of 200 Hz. The acceleration time series data were analyzed by nonlinear analysis as well as linear analysis. Results The nonlinear time series analysis indicated that spontaneous movements of premature infants have nonlinear, chaotic, dynamic characteristics. The movements of the infants with brain injuries were characterized by larger dimensionality, and they were more unstable and unpredictable than those of infants without brain injuries. Discussion and Conclusion As determined by nonlinear analysis, the spontaneous movements of the premature infants with brain injuries had the characteristics of increased disorganization compared with those of the infants without brain injuries. Infants with brain injuries may manifest problems with self-organization as a function of the coordination of subsystems. Physical therapists should be able to support interactions among the subsystems and promote self-organization of motor learning through the individualized provision of various sensorimotor experiences for infants.
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Bridgeman, Bruce. "Violations of sensorimotor theories of visual experience." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27, no. 6 (December 2004): 904–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x04300208.
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Although the sensorimotor account is a significant step forward, it cannot explain experiences of entoptic phenomena that violate normal sensorimotor contingencies but nonetheless are perceived as visual. Nervous system structure limits how they can be interpreted. Neurophysiology, combined with a sensorimotor theory, can account for space constancy by denying the existence of permanent representations of states that must be corrected or updated.
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Aytekin, Murat, Cynthia F. Moss, and Jonathan Z. Simon. "A Sensorimotor Approach to Sound Localization." Neural Computation 20, no. 3 (March 2008): 603–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.2007.12-05-094.
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Sound localization is known to be a complex phenomenon, combining multisensory information processing, experience-dependent plasticity, and movement. Here we present a sensorimotor model that addresses the question of how an organism could learn to localize sound sources without any a priori neural representation of its head-related transfer function or prior experience with auditory spatial information. We demonstrate quantitatively that the experience of the sensory consequences of its voluntary motor actions allows an organism to learn the spatial location of any sound source. Using examples from humans and echolocating bats, our model shows that a naive organism can learn the auditory space based solely on acoustic inputs and their relation to motor states.
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Laflaquière, Alban, J. Kevin O’Regan, Bruno Gas, and Alexander Terekhov. "Discovering space — Grounding spatial topology and metric regularity in a naive agent’s sensorimotor experience." Neural Networks 105 (September 2018): 371–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2018.06.001.
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Reavey, Paula. "Scenic memory: Experience through time–space." Memory Studies 10, no. 2 (January 25, 2017): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750698016683844.
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Stupacher, Jan. "The experience of flow during sensorimotor synchronization to musical rhythms." Musicae Scientiae 23, no. 3 (July 20, 2019): 348–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1029864919836720.
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Sensorimotor integration tasks, such as body movements in time with music, can foster the experience of flow – a pleasurable state of full engagement and concentration occurring during a seemingly effortless and automatic activity. As it can be argued that both music and flow are embodied phenomena, perception-action coupling might be the core of the intimate relationship between flow and music. The current study examines the relationship between the subjective experience of flow and sensorimotor synchronization accuracy/stability in a finger-tapping task with music. In a between-subjects design, participants tapped in time with the beat of music clips with either low, medium, or high rhythmic complexity. After the tapping task, they rated their flow state on the Flow Short Scale with the two subscales fluency of performance and absorption by activity. Tapping accuracy and stability were assessed by the circular variance and the SD of inter-tap-intervals (ITIs), respectively. Both tapping accuracy and stability were significantly correlated with fluency of performance for music clips with medium and high rhythmic complexity, but not for music clips with low rhythmic complexity. No significant correlations were found between tapping accuracy/stability and absorption by activity. The findings add to evidence that perception-action coupling plays a key role in explaining the relationship between flow experience and musical activities. They also suggest that absorption by activity is not as relevant to the experience of flow during musical activities as one might initially assume.
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Montemayor, Carlos, and Marc Wittmann. "The Illusions of Time Passage: Why Time Passage Is Real." Philosophies 7, no. 6 (December 10, 2022): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies7060140.
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The passage of time pertains to the dynamic happening of anticipated future events merging into a present actuality and subsequently becoming the past. Philosophers and scientists alike often endorse the view that the passage of time is an illusion. Here we instead account for the phenomenology of time passage as a real psycho-biological phenomenon. We argue that the experience of time passage has a real and measurable basis as it arises from an internal generative model for anticipating upcoming events. The experience of passage is not merely a representation by a passive recipient of sensory stimulation but is generated by predictive processes of the brain and proactive sensorimotor activity of the whole body. Although some philosophical approaches to time consider some psycho-biological evidence, the biological basis of the passage of time has not been examined in detail from a thorough scientific perspective. This paper proposes to remedy this omission.
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Bruderer, Alison G., D. Kyle Danielson, Padmapriya Kandhadai, and Janet F. Werker. "Sensorimotor influences on speech perception in infancy." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 44 (October 12, 2015): 13531–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1508631112.
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The influence of speech production on speech perception is well established in adults. However, because adults have a long history of both perceiving and producing speech, the extent to which the perception–production linkage is due to experience is unknown. We addressed this issue by asking whether articulatory configurations can influence infants’ speech perception performance. To eliminate influences from specific linguistic experience, we studied preverbal, 6-mo-old infants and tested the discrimination of a nonnative, and hence never-before-experienced, speech sound distinction. In three experimental studies, we used teething toys to control the position and movement of the tongue tip while the infants listened to the speech sounds. Using ultrasound imaging technology, we verified that the teething toys consistently and effectively constrained the movement and positioning of infants’ tongues. With a looking-time procedure, we found that temporarily restraining infants’ articulators impeded their discrimination of a nonnative consonant contrast but only when the relevant articulator was selectively restrained to prevent the movements associated with producing those sounds. Our results provide striking evidence that even before infants speak their first words and without specific listening experience, sensorimotor information from the articulators influences speech perception. These results transform theories of speech perception by suggesting that even at the initial stages of development, oral–motor movements influence speech sound discrimination. Moreover, an experimentally induced “impairment” in articulator movement can compromise speech perception performance, raising the question of whether long-term oral–motor impairments may impact perceptual development.
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Petrenko, M. I., K. I. Pavlov, A. V. Syrtsev, A. N. Archimuk, V. N. Mukhin, and V. N. Sysoev. "Physiological characteristics of cognitive functions of cadets with military-training experience." Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy 21, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/brmma25939.
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Investigation of physiological mechanisms of cognitive functions and efficiency of cognitive activity is the major problem of military service psychophysiology. We have studied the effect of military-training experience on cognitive functions, heart rate variability and bioelectrical activity of sensorimotor cortex of cadets. Cadets with military-training experience from Suvorov Military (quantity of errors in Shulte’s test (0,16±0,57) in comparison with the cadets without military-training experience (0,54±1,08) (F=4,7; p=0,03). Cadets from Suvorov Military School had a higher quantity of false start (46,36±17,68) and lower quantity of retardation (86,39±17,44) on visual stimulus of test «Reaction on moving object». Cadets without military-training experience had quantity of false start - 38,04±18,95 (F=5,8; p=0,02) and quantity of retardation - 100,48±20,37 (F=15,1; p=0,001). Cadets with military-training experience solved a lower quantity of tasks in the test «Hours with rotation» (26,18±6,71) in comparison with the cadets without military-training experience (29,10±7,89; F=4,3; p=0,04). The maximum time of solving one task at cadets with military-training experience is more (38,07±10,66 sec) than at cadets without military-training experience (34,07±10,57 sec; F=4,0; p=0,05). Cadets with military-training experience had lower heart rate, the higher standard deviation of R-R-intervals and variation range, high level of relative power in the high-frequency spectral bound. They had high activity of sensorimotor cortex of right cerebral hemisphere in the tests with the switching of attention and had low activity of sensorimotor cortex of left cerebral hemisphere in the test with arithmetic tasks.
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Narain, Devika, Robert J. van Beers, Jeroen B. J. Smeets, and Eli Brenner. "Sensorimotor priors in nonstationary environments." Journal of Neurophysiology 109, no. 5 (March 1, 2013): 1259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00605.2012.
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In the course of its interaction with the world, the human nervous system must constantly estimate various variables in the surrounding environment. Past research indicates that environmental variables may be represented as probabilistic distributions of a priori information (priors). Priors for environmental variables that do not change much over time have been widely studied. Little is known, however, about how priors develop in environments with nonstationary statistics. We examine whether humans change their reliance on the prior based on recent changes in environmental variance. Through experimentation, we obtain an online estimate of the human sensorimotor prior (prediction) and then compare it to similar online predictions made by various nonadaptive and adaptive models. Simulations show that models that rapidly adapt to nonstationary components in the environments predict the stimuli better than models that do not take the changing statistics of the environment into consideration. We found that adaptive models best predict participants' responses in most cases. However, we find no support for the idea that this is a consequence of increased reliance on recent experience just after the occurrence of a systematic change in the environment.
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McKay, J. Lucas, Kimberly C. Lang, Sistania M. Bong, Madeleine E. Hackney, Stewart A. Factor, and Lena H. Ting. "Abnormal center of mass feedback responses during balance: A potential biomarker of falls in Parkinson’s disease." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 27, 2021): e0252119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252119.
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Although Parkinson disease (PD) causes profound balance impairments, we know very little about how PD impacts the sensorimotor networks we rely on for automatically maintaining balance control. In young healthy people and animals, muscles are activated in a precise temporal and spatial organization when the center of body mass (CoM) is unexpectedly moved that is largely automatic and determined by feedback of CoM motion. Here, we show that PD alters the sensitivity of the sensorimotor feedback transformation. Importantly, sensorimotor feedback transformations for balance in PD remain temporally precise, but become spatially diffuse by recruiting additional muscle activity in antagonist muscles during balance responses. The abnormal antagonist muscle activity remains precisely time-locked to sensorimotor feedback signals encoding undesirable motion of the body in space. Further, among people with PD, the sensitivity of abnormal antagonist muscle activity to CoM motion varies directly with the number of recent falls. Our work shows that in people with PD, sensorimotor feedback transformations for balance are intact but disinhibited in antagonist muscles, likely contributing to balance deficits and falls.
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Antonacopoulou, Elena P. "The experience of learning in space and time." Prometheus 32, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08109028.2014.945286.
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Troscianko, Emily. "Kafkaesque worlds in real time." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 19, no. 2 (April 27, 2010): 151–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963947010362913.
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We read in a linear fashion, page by page, and we seem also to experience the world around us thus, moment by moment. But research on visual perception shows that perceptual experience is not pictorially representational: it does not consist in a linear, cumulative, totalizing process of building up a stream of internal picture-like representations. Current enactive, or sensorimotor, theories describe vision and imagination as operating through interactive potentiality. Kafka’s texts, which evoke perception as non-pictorial, provide scope for investigating the close links between vision and imagination in the context of the reading of fiction. Kafka taps into the fundamental perceptual processes by which we experience external and imagined worlds, by evoking fictional worlds through the characters’ perceptual enaction of them. The temporality of Kafka’s narratives draws us in by making concessions to how we habitually create ‘proper’, linear narratives out of experience, as reflected in traditional Realist narratives. However, Kafka also unsettles these processes of narrativization, showing their inadequacies and superfluities. Kafka’s works engage the reader’s imagination so powerfully because they correspond to the truth of perceptual experience, rather than merely to the fictions we conventionally make of it. Yet these texts also unsettle because we are unused to thinking of the real world as being just how these truly realistic, Kafkaesque worlds are: inadmissible of a complete, linear narrative, because always emerging when looked for, just in time.
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Mathias, Brian, Barbara Tillmann, and Caroline Palmer. "Sensory, Cognitive, and Sensorimotor Learning Effects in Recognition Memory for Music." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 28, no. 8 (August 2016): 1111–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00958.
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Recent research suggests that perception and action are strongly interrelated and that motor experience may aid memory recognition. We investigated the role of motor experience in auditory memory recognition processes by musicians using behavioral, ERP, and neural source current density measures. Skilled pianists learned one set of novel melodies by producing them and another set by perception only. Pianists then completed an auditory memory recognition test during which the previously learned melodies were presented with or without an out-of-key pitch alteration while the EEG was recorded. Pianists indicated whether each melody was altered from or identical to one of the original melodies. Altered pitches elicited a larger N2 ERP component than original pitches, and pitches within previously produced melodies elicited a larger N2 than pitches in previously perceived melodies. Cortical motor planning regions were more strongly activated within the time frame of the N2 following altered pitches in previously produced melodies compared with previously perceived melodies, and larger N2 amplitudes were associated with greater detection accuracy following production learning than perception learning. Early sensory (N1) and later cognitive (P3a) components elicited by pitch alterations correlated with predictions of sensory echoic and schematic tonality models, respectively, but only for the perception learning condition, suggesting that production experience alters the extent to which performers rely on sensory and tonal recognition cues. These findings provide evidence for distinct time courses of sensory, schematic, and motoric influences within the same recognition task and suggest that learned auditory–motor associations influence responses to out-of-key pitches.
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Carel, Christophe, Isabelle Loubinoux, Kader Boulanouar, Claude Manelfe, Olivier Rascol, Pierre Celsis, and François Chollet. "Neural Substrate for the Effects of Passive Training on Sensorimotor Cortical Representation: A Study with Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Healthy Subjects." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 20, no. 3 (March 2000): 478–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004647-200003000-00006.
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Repetitive passive movements are part of most rehabilitation procedures, especially in patients with stroke and motor deficit. However, little is known about the consequences of repeated proprioceptive stimulations on the intracerebral sensorimotor network in humans. Twelve healthy subjects were enrolled, and all underwent two functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) sessions separated by a 1-month interval. Passive daily movement training was performed in six subjects during the time between the two fMRI sessions. The other six subjects had no training and were considered as the control group. The task used during fMRI was calibrated repetitive passive flexion-extension of the wrist similar to those performed during training. The control task was rest. The data were analyzed with SPM96 software. Images were realigned, smoothed, and put into Talairach's neuroanatomical space. The time effect from the repetition of the task was assessed in the control group by comparing activation versus rest in the second session with activation versus rest in the first session. This time effect then was used as null hypothesis to assess the training effect alone in our trained group. Passive movements compared with rest showed activation of most of the cortical areas involved in motor control (i.e., contralateral primary sensorimotor cortex, supplementary motor area [SMA], cingulum, Brodmann area 40, ipsilateral cerebellum). Time effect comparison showed a decreased activity of the primary sensorimotor cortex and SMA and an increased activity of ipsilateral cerebellar hemisphere, compatible with a habituation effect. Training brought about an increased activity of contralateral primary sensorimotor cortex and SMA. A redistribution of SMA activity was observed. The authors demonstrated that passive training with repeated proprioceptive stimulation induces a reorganization of sensorimotor representation in healthy subjects. These changes take place in cortical areas involved in motor preparation and motor execution and represent the neural basis of proprioceptive training, which might benefit patients undergoing rehabilitative procedures.
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Winkielman, Piotr, Seana Coulson, and Paula Niedenthal. "Dynamic grounding of emotion concepts." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1752 (June 18, 2018): 20170127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0127.
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Emotion concepts are important. They help us to understand, experience and predict human behaviour. Emotion concepts also link the realm of the abstract with the realm of bodily experience and actions. Accordingly, the key question is how such concepts are created, represented and used. Embodied cognition theories hold that concepts are grounded in neural systems that produce experiential and motor states. Concepts are also contextually situated and thus engage sensorimotor resources in a dynamic, flexible way. Finally, on that framework, conceptual understanding unfolds in time, reflecting embodied as well as linguistic and cultural influences. In this article, we review empirical work on emotion concepts and show how it highlights their grounded, yet dynamic and context-sensitive nature. The conclusions are consistent with recent developments in embodied cognition that allow concepts to be linked to sensorimotor systems, yet be flexibly sensitive to current representational and action needs. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Varieties of abstract concepts: development, use and representation in the brain’.
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Turnbull, Sharon. "Perceptions and experience of time‐space compression and acceleration." Journal of Managerial Psychology 19, no. 8 (December 2004): 809–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683940410568275.
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Stupacher, Jan, Michael J. Hove, and Petr Janata. "Audio Features Underlying Perceived Groove and Sensorimotor Synchronization in Music." Music Perception 33, no. 5 (June 1, 2016): 571–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2016.33.5.571.
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The experience of groove is associated with the urge to move to a musical rhythm. Here we focus on the relevance of audio features, obtained using music information retrieval (MIR) tools, for explaining the perception of groove and music-related movement. In Study 1 we extracted audio features from clips of real music previously rated on perceived groove. Measures of variability, such as the variance of the audio signal’s RMS curve and spectral flux (particularly in low frequencies), predicted groove ratings. Additionally, we dissociated two forms of event density, showing that an algorithm that emphasizes variability between beats predicted groove ratings better. In Study 2 we manipulated RMS levels and groove category (low, mid, and high groove) to confirm that perceived groove is not a function of loudness. In Study 3 we utilized novel music clips that manipulated the frequency of bass and bass drum (low vs. high) and attack time (short vs. long). Groove ratings and tapping velocities tended to be higher and tapping variability tended to be lower when the bass instruments had lower frequencies. The present findings emphasize the multifaceted nature of groove by linking audio and musical qualities to subjective experience and motor behavior.
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Cohen, Helen S. "Update on the status of rehabilitative countermeasures to ameliorate the effects of long-duration exposure to microgravity on vestibular and sensorimotor function." Journal of Vestibular Research 13, no. 4-6 (December 28, 2003): 405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-2003-134-622.
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This paper is an overview of current research on development of rehabilitative countermeasures to ameliorate the effects of long-term exposure to microgravity on sensorimotor function during space flight. After many years of work we do not yet have operational countermeasures, probably for several reasons: 1) changes in the use of vestibular input are manifested in many ways, 2) due to multiple mechanisms for funding research, investigators doing related research may not coordinate their work, and 3) relatively few scientists work on this problem. The number of investigators and physicians who routinely deal with the functional problems of astronauts and the limitations of working in the space environment is tiny; the number of investigators who are therapists, and who therefore have experience and expertise in developing rehabilitation programs, is miniscule. That's the bad news. The good news is that as a group, we are little but mighty. Therefore, the entire group of investigators can plan to take a more coordinated, collaborative approach than investigators in larger fields. Also, serendipitously, individual research groups have begun approaching different rehabilitative aspects of this problem. If we make a greater effort toward a coordinated, multidimensional approach, guided by rehabilitation concepts, we will be able to provide operational sensorimotor countermeasures when they are needed.
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JAMONE, LORENZO, LORENZO NATALE, FRANCESCO NORI, GIORGIO METTA, and GIULIO SANDINI. "AUTONOMOUS ONLINE LEARNING OF REACHING BEHAVIOR IN A HUMANOID ROBOT." International Journal of Humanoid Robotics 09, no. 03 (September 2012): 1250017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021984361250017x.
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In this paper we describe an autonomous strategy which enables a humanoid robot to learn how to reach for a visually identified object in the 3D space. The robot is a 22-DOF upper-body humanoid with moving eyes, neck, arm and hand. The robot is bootstrapped with limited a-priori knowledge, sufficient to start the interaction with the environment; this interaction allows the robot to learn different sensorimotor mappings, required for reaching. The arm-head forward kinematic model and a visuo-motor inverse model are learned from sensory experience. Learning is performed purely online (without any separation between training and execution) through a goal-directed exploration of the environment. During the learning the robot is also able to build an internal representation of its reachable space.
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Vassal, Matthieu, Céline Charroud, Jérémy Deverdun, Emmanuelle Le Bars, François Molino, Francois Bonnetblanc, Anthony Boyer, et al. "Recovery of functional connectivity of the sensorimotor network after surgery for diffuse low-grade gliomas involving the supplementary motor area." Journal of Neurosurgery 126, no. 4 (April 2017): 1181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2016.4.jns152484.
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OBJECTIVE The supplementary motor area (SMA) syndrome is a well-studied lesional model of brain plasticity involving the sensorimotor network. Patients with diffuse low-grade gliomas in the SMA may exhibit this syndrome after resective surgery. They experience a temporary loss of motor function, which completely resolves within 3 months. The authors used functional MRI (fMRI) resting state analysis of the sensorimotor network to investigate large-scale brain plasticity between the immediate postoperative period and 3 months' follow-up. METHODS Resting state fMRI was performed preoperatively, during the immediate postoperative period, and 3 months postoperatively in 6 patients with diffuse low-grade gliomas who underwent partial surgical excision of the SMA. Correlation analysis within the sensorimotor network was carried out on those 3 time points to study modifications of its functional connectivity. RESULTS The results showed a large-scale reorganization of the sensorimotor network. Interhemispheric connectivity was decreased in the postoperative period, and increased again during the recovery process. Connectivity between the lesion side motor area and the contralateral SMA rose to higher values than in the preoperative period. Intrahemispheric connectivity was decreased during the immediate postoperative period and had returned to preoperative values at 3 months after surgery. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm the findings reported in the existing literature on the plasticity of the SMA, showing large-scale modifications of the sensorimotor network, at both inter- and intrahemispheric levels. They suggest that interhemispheric connectivity might be a correlate of SMA syndrome recovery.
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Softky, William, and Criscillia Benford. "Sensory Metrics of Neuromechanical Trust." Neural Computation 29, no. 9 (September 2017): 2293–351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00988.
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Today digital sources supply a historically unprecedented component of human sensorimotor data, the consumption of which is correlated with poorly understood maladies such as Internet addiction disorder and Internet gaming disorder. Because both natural and digital sensorimotor data share common mathematical descriptions, one can quantify our informational sensorimotor needs using the signal processing metrics of entropy, noise, dimensionality, continuity, latency, and bandwidth. Such metrics describe in neutral terms the informational diet human brains require to self-calibrate, allowing individuals to maintain trusting relationships. With these metrics, we define the trust humans experience using the mathematical language of computational models, that is, as a primitive statistical algorithm processing finely grained sensorimotor data from neuromechanical interaction. This definition of neuromechanical trust implies that artificial sensorimotor inputs and interactions that attract low-level attention through frequent discontinuities and enhanced coherence will decalibrate a brain's representation of its world over the long term by violating the implicit statistical contract for which self-calibration evolved. Our hypersimplified mathematical understanding of human sensorimotor processing as multiscale, continuous-time vibratory interaction allows equally broad-brush descriptions of failure modes and solutions. For example, we model addiction in general as the result of homeostatic regulation gone awry in novel environments (sign reversal) and digital dependency as a sub-case in which the decalibration caused by digital sensorimotor data spurs yet more consumption of them. We predict that institutions can use these sensorimotor metrics to quantify media richness to improve employee well-being; that dyads and family-size groups will bond and heal best through low-latency, high-resolution multisensory interaction such as shared meals and reciprocated touch; and that individuals can improve sensory and sociosensory resolution through deliberate sensory reintegration practices. We conclude that we humans are the victims of our own success, our hands so skilled they fill the world with captivating things, our eyes so innocent they follow eagerly.
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Patané, Ivan, Alessandro Farnè, and Francesca Frassinetti. "Prismatic Adaptation Induces Plastic Changes onto Spatial and Temporal Domains in Near and Far Space." Neural Plasticity 2016 (2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3495075.
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A large literature has documented interactions between space and time suggesting that the two experiential domains may share a common format in a generalized magnitude system (ATOM theory). To further explore this hypothesis, here we measured the extent to which time and space are sensitive to the same sensorimotor plasticity processes, as induced by classical prismatic adaptation procedures (PA). We also exanimated whether spatial-attention shifts on time and space processing, produced through PA, extend to stimuli presented beyond the immediate near space. Results indicated that PA affected both temporal and spatial representations not only in the near space (i.e., the region within which the adaptation occurred), but also in the far space. In addition, both rightward and leftward PA directions caused opposite and symmetrical modulations on time processing, whereas only leftward PA biased space processing rightward. We discuss these findings within the ATOM framework and models that account for PA effects on space and time processing. We propose that the differential and asymmetrical effects following PA may suggest that temporal and spatial representations are not perfectly aligned.
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Gambrill, Abigail C., Regina L. Faulkner, and Hollis T. Cline. "Experience-dependent plasticity of excitatory and inhibitory intertectal inputs in Xenopus tadpoles." Journal of Neurophysiology 116, no. 5 (November 1, 2016): 2281–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00611.2016.
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Communication between optic tecta/superior colliculi is thought to be required for sensorimotor behaviors by comparing inputs across the midline; however, the development of and the role of visual experience in the function and plasticity of intertectal connections are unclear. We combined neuronal labeling, in vivo time-lapse imaging, and electrophysiology to characterize the structural and functional development of intertectal axons and synapses in Xenopus tadpole optic tectum. We find that intertectal connections are established early during optic tectal circuit development. We determined the neurotransmitter identity of intertectal neurons using both rabies virus-mediated tracing combined with post hoc immunohistochemistry and electrophysiology. Excitatory and inhibitory intertectal neuronal somata are similarly distributed throughout the tectum. Excitatory and inhibitory intertectal axons are structurally similar and elaborate broadly in the contralateral tectum. We demonstrate that intertectal and retinotectal axons converge onto tectal neurons by recording postsynaptic currents after stimulating intertectal and retinotectal inputs. Cutting the intertectal commissure removes synaptic responses to contralateral tectal stimulation. In vivo time-lapse imaging demonstrated that visual experience drives plasticity in intertectal bouton size and dynamics. Finally, visual experience drives the maturation of excitatory intertectal inputs by increasing AMPA-to- N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) ratios, comparable to experience-dependent maturation of retinotectal inputs, and coordinately increases intertectal GABA receptor-mediated currents. These data indicate that visual experience regulates plasticity of excitatory and inhibitory intertectal inputs, maintaining the balance of excitatory to inhibitory intertectal input. These studies place intertectal inputs as key players in tectal circuit development and suggest that they may play a role in sensory information processing critical to sensorimotor behaviors.
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Mark, D. M., and A. U. Frank. "Experiential and Formal Models of Geographic Space." Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 23, no. 1 (February 1996): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/b230003.
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In this paper human experience and perception of phenomena and relations in space are studied. This focus is in contrast to previous work where space and spatial relations were examined as objective phenomena of the world. This study leads in turn to a goal: to identify models of space that can be used both in cognitive science and in the design and implementation of geographic information systems (GISs). Experiential models of the world are based on sensorimotor and visual experiences with environments, and form in individual minds, as the associated bodies and senses experience their worlds. Formal models consist of axioms expressed in a formal language, together with mathematical rules to infer conclusions from these axioms. In this paper we will review both types of models, considering each to be an abstraction of the same ‘real world’. The review of experiential models is based primarily on recent developments in cognitive science, expounded by Rosch, Johnson, Talmy, and especially Lakoff. In these models it is suggested that perception and cognition are driven by image-schemata and other mental models, often language-based. Cross-cultural variations are admitted and even emphasized. The ways in which people interact with small-scale (‘tabletop’) spaces filled with everyday objects are in sharp contrast to the ways in which they experience geographic (large-scale) spaces during wayfinding and other spatial activities. We then address the issue of the ‘objective’ geometry of geographic space. If objectivity is defined by measurement, this leads to a surveyor's view and a near-Euclidean geometry. These models are then related to issues in the design of GISs. To be implemented on digital computers, geometric concepts and models must be formalized. The idea of a formal geometry of natural language is discussed and some aspects of it are presented. Formalizing the links between cognitive categories and models on the one hand and between geometry and computer representations on the other are key elements in the research agenda.
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Crittenden, Cole. "The Dramatics of Time." KronoScope 5, no. 2 (2005): 193–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852405774858753.
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AbstractArt has as many definitions as it has practitioners, but one function of art is to help us understand the human experience, regardless of how our definitions of that experience differ. And since time is experience, art is particularly well-suited to treat it. Along with space, time, as a basic category of human experience, is, therefore, a basic category of artistic inquiry. Space is the primary focus of the visual arts, whereas music is an art form in time. Literature, however, always deals with both, and nowhere is this more apparent than in drama, where the time and space of the literary text are realized in the real time and real space of the performed text. Yet despite the widespread interest in time in much twentieth-century literary theory, the unique potential for the investigation of experiential time in drama has gone largely ignored. The purpose of this article is to address that curious absence, first by looking at the ways existing theories approach literary time (and largely fail to approach dramatic time), and then by discussing the generic and performative characteristics of drama (especially Russian drama, since that is the tradition with which I am most familiar) that make it in many ways the ideal art form in which to investigate time.
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Heine, Steven. "Ideal Time and Utopian Space in the Chan Pivot Experience." Journal of Chinese Philosophy 42, no. 5 (March 1, 2015): 454–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15406253-04205003.
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Chan Buddhist philosophy as expressed in the Blue Cliff Record and related gongan case commentarial literature is primarily based on the notion of the instantaneous pivot moment, in which a master creates a profound turnaround experience reflecting his own liberation so as to reveal the deficient tendencies of his dialogue partner in a way that leads both parties to enhance their spiritual awareness. What are the implications of the pivot experience for understanding the overall Chan view of time and space? From the standpoint of temporality, Chan emphasizes the unity of momentary experience and continuity unbound yet not oblivious to sequential limitations. In terms of spatiality, the Chan pivot is a universal experience but is realized in particular manifestations of natural phenomena as perceived by an awakened observer.
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Starikova, A. V. "Space-time approach in social geography: foreign and Russian experience." Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya., no. 6 (July 30, 2015): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15356/0373-2444-2014-6-17-29.
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Boada, F. E., D. C. Noll, and A. L. Vazquez. "K-Space Design for Real Time Volumetric fMRI: Initial Experience." NeuroImage 7, no. 4 (May 1998): S565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(18)31398-3.
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Hall, Mark Andrew. "A Space in Time: The Experience of Difference in Segalen'sStèles." Contemporary French and Francophone Studies 15, no. 4 (September 2011): 443–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17409292.2011.594277.
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Aguila, Almond. "Time and Space on Skype: Families Experience Togetherness While Apart." Explorations in Media Ecology 10, no. 3 (July 10, 2012): 303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/eme.10.3-4.303_1.
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Heine, Steven. "Ideal Time and Utopian Space in the Chan Pivot Experience." Journal of Chinese Philosophy 42 (December 2015): 454–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-6253.12217.
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Shoval, Noam, Yonatan Schvimer, and Maya Tamir. "Real-Time Measurement of Tourists’ Objective and Subjective Emotions in Time and Space." Journal of Travel Research 57, no. 1 (February 16, 2017): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287517691155.
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The examination of tourists’ experiences is an essential subject in tourism scholarship. This study presents novel methods by which spatio-temporal data can be combined with physiological measures of emotion and semantic contextual information in order to obtain a comprehensive and integrative understanding of tourists’ experience in time and space. Four data collection techniques were combined and applied to a sample of 68 tourists in Jerusalem: high-resolution locational data, real-time surveying techniques using the experience sampling method, physiological measures of emotion (electrodermal activity), and traditional surveying techniques. We present methods for using these techniques in exploring data on the individual level, comparing pairs of individuals, and examining a sample, providing insight both on the individual’s personal experience and, more broadly, on the emotional characteristics of locations and tourist attractions in a city. Theoretical and methodological implications as well as the limitations of these techniques are discussed.
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Battal, Ceren, Valeria Occelli, Giorgia Bertonati, Federica Falagiarda, and Olivier Collignon. "General Enhancement of Spatial Hearing in Congenitally Blind People." Psychological Science 31, no. 9 (August 26, 2020): 1129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797620935584.
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Vision is thought to support the development of spatial abilities in the other senses. If this is true, how does spatial hearing develop in people lacking visual experience? We comprehensively addressed this question by investigating auditory-localization abilities in 17 congenitally blind and 17 sighted individuals using a psychophysical minimum-audible-angle task that lacked sensorimotor confounds. Participants were asked to compare the relative position of two sound sources located in central and peripheral, horizontal and vertical, or frontal and rear spaces. We observed unequivocal enhancement of spatial-hearing abilities in congenitally blind people, irrespective of the field of space that was assessed. Our results conclusively demonstrate that visual experience is not a prerequisite for developing optimal spatial-hearing abilities and that, in striking contrast, the lack of vision leads to a general enhancement of auditory-spatial skills.
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Song, Bingbing, Yanlin Wang, and Fang Li. "The Visualization Representation of Space-Time-Path in The Space-Time-Cube." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 906, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/906/1/012030.
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Abstract Map is a traditional visualization tool to represent distribution and interaction of spatial objects or spatial phenomenon. However, with the continuous development of acquisition and processing technologies for spatio-temporal data, traditional map can hardly meet the visualization requirement for this type of data. In other words, the dynamic information about spatial object or phenomenon cannot be expressed fully by traditional map. The Space-Time-Cube (STC), as a three-dimensional visualization environment, whose base represents the two-dimensional geographical space and whose height represents the temporal dimension, can simultaneously represent the spatial distribution as well as the temporal changes of spatio-temporal data. For some spatial object or phenomenon, its moving trajectory can be visualized in STC as a Space-Time-Path (STP), by which the speed and state of motion can be clearly reflected. Noticeably, the problem of visual clutter about STP is inevitably due to the complexity of three-dimensional visualization. In order to reduce the impact of visual clutter, this paper discusses different aspects about visualization representation of STP in the STC. The multiple scales representation and the multiple views display can promote interactive experience of users, and the application of different visual variables can help to represent different kinds of attribute information of STP. With the visualization of STP, spatio-temporal changes and attributive characters of spatial object or phenomenon can be represented and analysed.
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Romanenko, V., Y. Tropin, and v. Shandrigos. "Features of the manifestation of sensorimotor reactions of taekwondo fighters of different ages and qualifications." Єдиноборства, no. 3(25) (June 1, 2022): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15391/ed.2022-3.06.
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Purpose: to determine the features of the manifestation of sensorimotor reactions of taekwondo fighters of different ages and qualifications. Material and methods. In this study, the following methods were used: theoretical analysis and generalization of scientific and methodological literature; pedagogical observation; instrumental method; mathematical and statistical research methods. The study involved three groups of taekwondo fighters of different ages and qualifications, representatives of the Vulkan Sports and Youth Sports School of the Cherkasy City Council, taekwondo department (n=42). All athletes were divided into three groups: the first group 7,5±0,14 years old (n=14, 8-6 Gup), the second group 10,1±0,23 years old (n=14, 5-3 Gup), the third group 13,4±0,28 years (n=14, 2 Gup – 1 Dan). Results: based on the analysis of scientific and methodological information, Internet sources and generalization of advanced practical experience, it was revealed that the objective criteria for the current functional state of the central nervous system are indicators of sensorimotor reactions of varying degrees of complexity. The time of sensorimotor reactions is one of the simplest, accessible and at the same time quite accurate neurophysiological indicator that reflects the dynamics of the speed of nervous processes and their switching, motor coordination, general performance and activity of the central nervous system in athletes of all ages. To determine the level of manifestation of sensorimotor reactions, a set of special programs for tablet computers under the guidance of iOS was used. The results of the sensorimotor reactions of athletes were obtained, which were studied using the following tests: TestSTMemory (volume of perception and duration of the test); Reaction SM Dual (number of clicks with right and left hand); Reaction RC (difference in the number of clicks under the influence of knocking signals and without them with the right and left hand); Reaction RMO (reaction time to a moving object); Size test (response time to a change in the size of the object); TappingPro (number and duration of pressing during the test). Conclusions. It has been established that the level of complex sensorimotor reactions is of great practical importance for combatants. A high level of manifestation of sensorimotor reactions allows you to quickly master the technical and tactical actions, effectively solve the tasks in a competitive duel. According to the results of the study, athletes older in age and higher in qualification have more developed (p<0,05) sensorimotor reactions, which is due to both physiological age-related changes and the tasks that combatants solve in the course of training and competitive activities. Analysis of the results of the study made it possible to determine some features of the manifestation of sensorimotor reactions. Thus, sportsmen of 9-11 years old showed a statistically significant (p<0,05) improvement in results compared to sportsmen of 7-8 years old, mainly in tests characterizing the manifestation of speed and coordination abilities. Athletes aged 12-14 showed a statistically significant (p<0,05) improvement in results compared to athletes aged 9-11, mainly in tests characterizing the manifestation of coordination abilities and specific perceptions. The dynamics of these changes is a reflection of the direction of the training process in the groups and taekwondo athletes who participated in the study. Keywords: sensorimotor reactions, age groups, young athletes, taekwondo
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Wackermann, Jiří. "Inner and Outer Horizons of Time Experience." Spanish Journal of Psychology 10, no. 1 (May 2007): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600006284.
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Human experience of temporal durations exhibits a multi-regional structure, with more or less distinct boundaries, or horizons, on the scale of physical duration. The inner horizons are imposed by perceptual thresholds for simultaneity (≈ 3 ms) and temporal order (≈ 30 ms), and are determined by the dynamical properties of the neural substrate integrating sensory information. Related to the inner horizon of experienced time are perceptual or cognitive “moments.” Comparative data on autokinetic times suggest that these moments may be relatively invariant (≈ 102 ms) across a wide range of species. Extension of the “sensible present” (≈ 3 s) defines an intermediate horizon, beyond which the generic experience of duration develops. The domain of immediate duration experience is delimited by the ultimate outer horizon at about ≈102 s, as evidenced by analysis of duration reproduction experiments (reproducibility horizon), probably determined by relaxation times of “neural accumulators.” Beyond these phenomenal horizons, time is merely cognitively (re)constructed, not actually experienced or “perceived,” a fact that is frequently ignored by contemporary time perception research. The nyocentric organization of time experience shows an interesting analogy with the egocentric organization of space, suggesting that structures of subjective space and time are derived from active motion as a common experiential basis.
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Malyshevskaya, A. S., F. Gallо, M. Y. Pokhoday, P. V. Kotrelev, and Yu Yu Shtyrov. "Spatial conceptual mapping of words with temporal semantics." Современная зарубежная психология 11, no. 3 (2022): 140–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/jmfp.2022110313.
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Unlike concrete words related to sensory perception (e.g., hear, sun), abstract words (including the words with temporal semantics, e.g., year, tomorrow) do not have direct embodied sensory correlates. Nevertheless, existing research indicates that abstract concepts’ representations make regular reference to sensorimotor processes, e.g., visual perception. For example, regular expressions such as “the future is ahead” or “the flow of time” are common in different languages reflecting a relatively universal nature of space-time correspondences. Moreover, these regular correspondences are commonly demonstrated in experimental studies; for example — by registering attentional displacement during processing of past and future related words. Here, the main theoretical approaches as well as existing experimental data documenting neurocognitive foundations of space-time representations are reviewed. A detailed overview of research on spatial-conceptual mapping of time concepts in three-dimensional visual space is offered. We also consider features of space-time associations that reflect linguistic and socio-cultural differences. In conclusion, the main areas of current and future that will allow an integration of the existing data within a common theoretical framework are defined.
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McDougle, Samuel D., Krista M. Bond, and Jordan A. Taylor. "Implications of plan-based generalization in sensorimotor adaptation." Journal of Neurophysiology 118, no. 1 (July 1, 2017): 383–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00974.2016.
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Generalization is a fundamental aspect of behavior, allowing for the transfer of knowledge from one context to another. The details of this transfer are thought to reveal how the brain represents what it learns. Generalization has been a central focus in studies of sensorimotor adaptation, and its pattern has been well characterized: Learning of new dynamic and kinematic transformations in one region of space tapers off in a Gaussian-like fashion to neighboring untrained regions, echoing tuned population codes in the brain. In contrast to common allusions to generalization in cognitive science, generalization in visually guided reaching is usually framed as a passive consequence of neural tuning functions rather than a cognitive feature of learning. While previous research has presumed that maximum generalization occurs at the instructed task goal or the actual movement direction, recent work suggests that maximum generalization may occur at the location of an explicitly accessible movement plan. Here we provide further support for plan-based generalization, formalize this theory in an updated model of adaptation, and test several unexpected implications of the model. First, we employ a generalization paradigm to parameterize the generalization function and ascertain its maximum point. We then apply the derived generalization function to our model and successfully simulate and fit the time course of implicit adaptation across three behavioral experiments. We find that dynamics predicted by plan-based generalization are borne out in the data, are contrary to what traditional models predict, and lead to surprising implications for the behavioral, computational, and neural characteristics of sensorimotor adaptation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The pattern of generalization is thought to reveal how the motor system represents learned actions. Recent work has made the intriguing suggestion that maximum generalization in sensorimotor adaptation tasks occurs at the location of the learned movement plan. Here we support this interpretation, develop a novel model of motor adaptation that incorporates plan-based generalization, and use the model to successfully predict surprising dynamics in the time course of adaptation across several conditions.