Journal articles on the topic 'Sensor Performance Characterization'
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Aijazi, A. K., L. Malaterre, L. Trassoudaine, and P. Checchin. "SYSTEMATIC EVALUATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF 3D SOLID STATE LIDAR SENSORS FOR AUTONOMOUS GROUND VEHICLES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B1-2020 (August 6, 2020): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b1-2020-199-2020.
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Abstract. 3D LiDAR sensors play an important part in several autonomous navigation and perception systems with the technology evolving rapidly over time. This work presents the preliminary evaluation results of a 3D solid state LiDAR sensor. Different aspects of this new type of sensor are studied and their data are characterized for their effective utilization for object detection for the application of Autonomous Ground Vehicles (AGV). The paper provides a set of evaluations to analyze the characterizations and performances of such LiDAR sensors. After characterization of the sensor, the performance is also evaluated in real environment with the sensors mounted on top of a vehicle and used to detect and classify different objects using a state-of-the-art Super-Voxel based method. The 3D point cloud obtained from the sensor is classified into three main object classes “Building”, “Ground” and “Obstacles”. The results evaluated on real data, clearly demonstrate the applicability and suitability of the sensor for such type of applications.
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Moreno, Javier, Eduard Clotet, Dani Martínez, Marcel Tresanchez, Tomàs Pallejà, and Jordi Palacín. "Experimental Characterization of the Twin-Eye Laser Mouse Sensor." Journal of Sensors 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4281397.
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This paper proposes the experimental characterization of a laser mouse sensor used in some optical mouse devices. The sensor characterized is called twin-eye laser mouse sensor and uses the Doppler effect to measure displacement as an alternative to optical flow-based mouse sensors. The experimental characterization showed similar measurement performances to optical flow sensors except in the sensitivity to height changes and when measuring nonlinear displacements, where the twin-eye sensor offered better performance. The measurement principle of this optical sensor can be applied to the development of alternative inexpensive applications that require planar displacement measurement and poor sensitivity toz-axis changes such as mobile robotics.
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Lahlalia, Ayoub, Olivier Le Neel, Ravi Shankar, Siegfried Selberherr, and Lado Filipovic. "Enhanced Sensing Performance of Integrated Gas Sensor Devices." Proceedings 2, no. 13 (December 7, 2018): 1508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2131508.
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Semiconducting metal oxide (SMO) gas sensors, dedicated to wearable devices were designed, fabricated, and characterized in terms of power consumption, thermal distribution, and sensing capability. The sensors demonstrate a sensitivity down to ppb-level VOC concentrations at a low power consumption of 10.5 mW. To further enhance the baseline stability and sensing response characteristics at low power consumption, a new sensor structure is proposed. The design implements novel aspects in terms of fabrication and microheater geometry, leading to improved sensor performance which enables new applications for SMO gas sensors. In this work, two designs were analyzed using experimental characterization and simulation. The results of the analyses of the two sensors are comparatively reported.
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Linderman, Lauren E., J. A. Rice, Suhail Barot, B. F. Spencer, and J. T. Bernhard. "Characterization of Wireless Smart Sensor Performance." Journal of Engineering Mechanics 136, no. 12 (December 2010): 1435–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)em.1943-7889.0000187.
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Yulianti, Ian, Ngurah Made Darma Putra, Fianti Fianti, Abu Sahmah Mohd Supa’at, Helvi Rumiana, Siti Maimanah, and Kukuh Eka Kurniansyah. "Characterization of Temperature Response of Asymmetric Tapered-Plastic Optical Fiber-Mach Zehnder Interferometer." Jurnal Penelitian Fisika dan Aplikasinya (JPFA) 10, no. 1 (July 14, 2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jpfa.v10n1.p34-43.
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Temperature measurement is important in various applications; therefore, various temperature sensors have been developed. Due to its advantages, many optical fiber-based temperature sensors have been proposed. The wavelength modulation-based optical sensor is interesting due to high accuracy. However, the complex fabrication process and high cost limit the advantages of the sensors. Therefore, we proposed a simple and low-cost Mach Zehnder interferometer (MZI) sensor using step-index plastic optical fiber (SI-POF). Performance characterization of the sensor to temperature variation is presented. The sensor consists of two tapers at several distances, forming an interferometer. The first taper was designed to be steep to allow excitation of cladding modes, while the second taper was gradual to suppress power loss. Characterizations were done in terms of sensitivity, hysteresis, and repeatability by analyzing the output spectrums recorded by the spectrometer at various environment temperatures, 35oC to 85oC, with an increment of 10oC. The results showed that the sensor has a sensitivity of 0.0431 nm/oC and a correlation coefficient of 0.9965. Hysteresis of 6.9×10-3 was observed. In terms of repeatability, the sensor shows a maximum deviation, ±3oC, which was mainly resulted from the fluctuation of the oven temperature. Despite its high deviation, the sensor has advantages of simple fabrication, low cost, robust, and low power loss, which make it a good candidate for temperature sensors.
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Tsung, Tsing Tshih, Lee Long Han, Liang Chia Chen, and Ho Chang. "Performance Characterization of Pressure Sensors Using an Improved Pressure Square Wave Generator." Key Engineering Materials 295-296 (October 2005): 533–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.295-296.533.
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The purpose of this paper is to analyze and compare the dynamic characteristics of various structure pressure sensors using the Improved Pressure Square Wave Generator (IPSWG). The developed IPSWG is a signal generator that creates pressure square waves as an excitation source. The dynamic characteristics of pressure sensor in hydraulic systems can be measured and evaluated effectively due to the high excitation energy. The method is also useful for dynamic testing and characterization for a high frequency range, which cannot be performed by the traditional methods, such as the hammer kit excitation, sweeping frequency pressure wave, and random frequency wave. Result shows that piezoelectric sensors (quartz) have a largest gain margin and overshoot. The strain gauge sensor has a smaller gain margin and overshoot. The piezoelectric sensor is more suitable for measuring dynamic pressure.
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Schober, Sebastian A., Yosra Bahri, Cecilia Carbonelli, and Robert Wille. "Neural Network Robustness Analysis Using Sensor Simulations for a Graphene-Based Semiconductor Gas Sensor." Chemosensors 10, no. 5 (April 21, 2022): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10050152.
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Despite their advantages regarding production costs and flexibility, chemiresistive gas sensors often show drawbacks in reproducibility, signal drift and ageing. As pattern recognition algorithms, such as neural networks, are operating on top of raw sensor signals, assessing the impact of these technological drawbacks on the prediction performance is essential for ensuring a suitable measuring accuracy. In this work, we propose a characterization scheme to analyze the robustness of different machine learning models for a chemiresistive gas sensor based on a sensor simulation model. Our investigations are structured into four separate studies: in three studies, the impact of different sensor instabilities on the concentration prediction performance of the algorithms is investigated, including sensor-to-sensor variations, sensor drift and sensor ageing. In a further study, the explainability of the machine learning models is analyzed by applying a state-of-the-art feature ranking method called SHAP. Our results show the feasibility of model-based algorithm testing and substantiate the need for the thorough characterization of chemiresistive sensor algorithms before sensor deployment in order to ensure robust measurement performance.
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Petrović, Davor, and Željko Barač. "Different Sensor Systems for the Application of Variable Rate Technology in Permanent Crops." Tehnički glasnik 12, no. 3 (September 25, 2018): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31803/tg-20180213125928.
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The paper presents a review of different sensory systems for trees’ characterization and detection in permanent crops and the detection of plant health status in crop conditions for the purpose of applying the variable application rate. The use of new technologies enables the use of variable inputs in production with the aim of increasing the economic profit and reducing the negative impact on the environment. World trends increasingly emphasize the use of various sensor systems to achieve precision agriculture and apply the following: ultrasonic sensors for the detection of permanent crops; LIDAR (optical) sensors for treetop detection and characterization; infrared sensors with similar characteristics of optical sensors, but with very low cost prices and N - sensors for variable nitric fertilization. The daily development of sensor systems applied in agricultural production improves the performance and quality of the machines they are installed on. With a more intensive use of sensors in agricultural mechanization, their price becomes more acceptable for widespread use by achieving high quality work with respect to the ecological principles of sustainable production.
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Biro, Istvan, and Peter Kinnell. "Performance Evaluation of a Robot-Mounted Interferometer for an Industrial Environment." Sensors 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20010257.
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High value manufacturing requires production-integrated, fast, multi-sensor and multi-scale inspection. To meet this need, the robotic deployment of sensors within the factory environment is becoming increasingly popular. For microscale measurement applications, robot-mountable versions of high-resolution instruments, that are traditionally deployed in a laboratory environment, are now becoming available. However, standard methodologies for the evaluation of these instruments, particularly when mounted to a robot, have yet to be fully defined, and therefore, there is limited independent evaluation data to describe the potential performance of these systems. In this paper, a detailed evaluation approach is presented for light-weight robot mountable scanning interferometric sensors. Traditional evaluation approaches are considered and extended to account for robotic sensor deployment within industrial environments. The applicability and value of proposed evaluation is demonstrated through the comprehensive characterization of a Heliotis H6 interferometric sensors. The results indicate the performance of the sensor, in comparison to a traditional laboratory-based system, and demonstrate the limits of the sensor capability. Based-on the evaluation an effective strategy for robotic deployment of the sensor is demonstrated.
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Jiao, Tong, Chuhong Pu, Wenjing Xing, Tao Lv, Yuan Li, Huaping Wang, and Jianping He. "Characterization of Engineering-Suitable Optical Fiber Sensors Packaged with Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymers." Symmetry 14, no. 5 (May 10, 2022): 973. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14050973.
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Glass fiber-reinforced polymer- (GFRP-) packaged optical fiber (OF) sensors are considered a promising engineering-suitable sensor for structural health monitoring. To date, some critical characteristics of the GFRP-packaged OF (GFRP-OF) sensors have not yet been thoroughly studied. This study aimed to systematically characterize the properties of the GFRP-OF sensors. Firstly, we proposed a dimension optimization method for GFRP-OF sensors by strain transfer theory, which is based on a symmetrical three-layered cylindrical model. Then, we experimentally investigated the properties of the GFRP-packaged fiber Bragg grating sensor and GFRP-packaged distributed optical fiber sensor, including their mechanical properties, strain/temperature sensing performance, fatigue resistance, and corrosion resistance. The experimental results showed that the shear bearing capacity of GFRP-OF sensors was more than 120 times larger than that of the other three coated OF sensors, indicating that GFRP dramatically enhanced the robustness of the OF sensor. The GFRP–OF sensors also feature excellent strain and temperature sensing performance with high linearity and repeatability. The results also demonstrated that the GFRP–OF sensors have good fatigue properties with absolute fluctuations of strain sensitivity coefficients throughout the fatigue cycles within 0.02 pm/με; repeatability error did not exceed 0.5%, and nonlinear errors were less than 2%. A case study presented in the last section also illustrates the effectiveness of the GFRP-OF sensor in a field application.
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Waldmann, C., M. Tamburri, R. D. Prien, and P. Fietzek. "Assessment of sensor performance." Ocean Science Discussions 6, no. 2 (July 31, 2009): 1687–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-6-1687-2009.
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Abstract. There is an international commitment to develop a comprehensive, coordinated, and sustained ocean observation system. However, a foundation for any observing, monitoring, or research effort is effective and reliable in situ sensor technologies that accurately measure key environmental parameters. Ultimately, the data used for modeling efforts, management decisions, and rapid responses to ocean hazards are only as good as the instruments that collect them. There is also a compelling need to develop and incorporate new or novel technologies to improve all aspects of existing observing systems and meet various emerging challenges. Assessment of Sensor Performance was a cross-cutting issues session at the international OceanSensor08 workshop in Warnemünde, Germany. The discussions were focused on how best to classify and validate the instruments required for effective and reliable ocean observations and research. The following is a summary of the discussions and conclusions drawn from this workshop, which specifically addresses the characterization of sensor systems, technology readiness levels, verification of sensor performance, and quality management of sensor systems.
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Kodukula, Venkatesh, Saad Katrawala, Britton Jones, Carole-Jean Wu, and Robert LiKamWa. "Dynamic Temperature Management of Near-Sensor Processing for Energy-Efficient High-Fidelity Imaging." Sensors 21, no. 3 (January 30, 2021): 926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030926.
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Vision processing on traditional architectures is inefficient due to energy-expensive off-chip data movement. Many researchers advocate pushing processing close to the sensor to substantially reduce data movement. However, continuous near-sensor processing raises sensor temperature, impairing imaging/vision fidelity. We characterize the thermal implications of using 3D stacked image sensors with near-sensor vision processing units. Our characterization reveals that near-sensor processing reduces system power but degrades image quality. For reasonable image fidelity, the sensor temperature needs to stay below a threshold, situationally determined by application needs. Fortunately, our characterization also identifies opportunities—unique to the needs of near-sensor processing—to regulate temperature based on dynamic visual task requirements and rapidly increase capture quality on demand. Based on our characterization, we propose and investigate two thermal management strategies—stop-capture-go and seasonal migration—for imaging-aware thermal management. For our evaluated tasks, our policies save up to 53% of system power with negligible performance impact and sustained image fidelity.
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da Cunha, W. F., N. C. Ribeiro, N. S. Pereira, G. L. Sandri, and A. M. Ceschin. "Humin based ammonia sensor: characterization and performance analysis." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 27, no. 3 (November 28, 2015): 3039–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10854-015-4127-4.
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Schwenck, Adrian, Thomas Guenther, and André Zimmermann. "Characterization and Benchmark of a Novel Capacitive and Fluidic Inclination Sensor." Sensors 21, no. 23 (December 1, 2021): 8030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21238030.
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In this paper, a fluidic capacitive inclination sensor is presented and compared to three types of silicon-based microelectromechanical system (MEMS) accelerometers. MEMS accelerometers are commonly used for tilt measurement. They can only be manufactured by large companies with clean-room technology due to the high requirements during assembly. In contrast, the fluidic sensor can be produced by small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) as well, since only surface mount technologies (SMT) are required. Three different variants of the fluidic sensor were investigated. Two variants using stacked printed circuit boards (PCBs) and one variant with 3D-molded interconnect devices (MIDs) to form the sensor element are presented. Allan deviation, non-repeatability, hysteresis, and offset temperature stability were measured to compare the sensors. Within the fluidic sensors, the PCB variant with two sensor cavities performed best regarding all the measurement results except non-repeatability. Regarding bias stability, white noise, which was determined from the Allan deviation, and hysteresis, the fluidic sensors outperformed the MEMS-based sensors. The accelerometer Analog Devices ADXL355 offers slightly better results regarding offset temperature stability and non-repeatability. The MEMS sensors Bosch BMA280 and TDK InvenSense MPU6500 do not match the performance of fluidic sensors in any category. Their advantages are the favorable price and the smaller package. From the investigations, it can be concluded that the fluidic sensor is competitive in the targeted price range, especially for applications with extended requirements regarding bias stability, noise, and hysteresis.
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McCluskey, Patrick, Chandradip Patel, and David Lemus. "Performance and Reliability of MEMS Gyroscopes and Packaging at High Temperatures." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2010, HITEC (January 1, 2010): 000359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/hitec-pmccluskey-tha22.
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Elevated temperatures can significantly affect the performance and reliability of MEMS gyroscope sensors. A MEMS vibrating resonant gyroscope measures angular velocity via a displacement measurement which can be on the order on nanometers. High sensitivity to small changes in displacement causes the MEMS Gyroscope sensor to be strongly affected by changes in temperature which can affect the displacement of the sensor due to thermal expansion and thermomechanical stresses. Analyzing the effect of temperature on MEMS gyroscope sensor measurements is essential in mission critical high temperature applications, such as inertial tracking of the movement of a fire fighter in a smoke filled indoor environment where GPS tracking is not possible. In this paper, we will discuss the development of the high temperature package for the tracking application, including the characterization of the temperature effects on the performance of a MEMS gyroscope. Both stationary and rotary tests were performed at room and at elevated temperatures on 10 individual single axis MEMS gyroscope sensors.
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Frantlovic, Milos, Ivana Jokic, Zarko Lazic, Branko Vukelic, Marko Obradov, Dana Vasiljevic-Radovic, and Srdjan Stankovic. "Temperature measurement performance of silicon piezoresistive MEMS pressure sensors for industrial applications." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 28, no. 1 (2015): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee1501123f.
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Temperature and pressure are the most common parameters to be measured and monitored not only in industrial processes but in many other fields from vehicles and healthcare to household appliances. Silicon microelectromechanical (MEMS) piezoresistive pressure sensors are the first and the most successful MEMS sensors, offering high sensitivity, solid-state reliability and small dimensions at a low cost achieved by mass production. The inherent temperature dependence of the output signal of such sensors adversely affects their pressure measurement performance, necessitating the use of correction methods in a majority of cases. However, the same effect can be utilized for temperature measurement, thus enabling new sensor applications. In this paper we perform characterization of MEMS piezoresistive pressure sensors for temperature measurement, propose a sensor correction method, and demonstrate that the measurement error as low as ? 0.3?C can be achieved.
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Deng, Xiao, Shengbo Sang, Pengwei Li, Gang Li, Fanqin Gao, Yongjiao Sun, Wendong Zhang, and Jie Hu. "Preparation, Characterization, and Mechanistic Understanding of Pd-Decorated ZnO Nanowires for Ethanol Sensing." Journal of Nanomaterials 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/297676.
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ZnO nanowires (ZnO-NWs) and Pd-decorated ZnO nanowires (Pd-ZnO-NWs) were prepared by hydrothermal growth and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). When used for gas sensing, both types of nanowires showed a good selectivity to ethanol but a higher sensitivity and lower operating temperature were found with Pd-ZnO-NWs sensors comparing to those of ZnO-NWs sensor. When exposed to 200 ppm ethanol, our ZnO-NWs sensor showed a sensitivity of about 2.69 at 425°C whereas 1.3 at. % Pd-ZnO-NWs sensor provided a 57% more detection sensibility at 325°C. In addition, both response and recovery times of Pd-ZnO-NWs sensors were significantly reduced (9 s) comparing to the ZnO-NWs. Finally, Pd-ZnO-NWs sensor also showed a much lower detection limit of about 1 ppm. The sensing mechanism of Pd-ZnO-NWs sensors has also been clarified, thereby providing a new perspective for further improvement of the sensing performance of ethanol sensors.
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Jofrehei, A., M. Backhaus, P. Baertschi, F. Canelli, F. Glessgen, W. Jin, B. Kilminster, et al. "Characterization of irradiated RD53A pixel modules with passive CMOS sensors." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 09 (September 1, 2022): C09004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/09/c09004.
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Abstract We are investigating the feasibility of using CMOS foundries to fabricate silicon detectors, both for pixels and for large-area strip sensors. The availability of multi-layer routing will provide the freedom to optimize the sensor geometry and the performance, with biasing structures in poly-silicon layers and MIM-capacitors allowing for AC coupling. A prototyping production of strip test-structures and RD53A compatible pixel sensors was recently completed at LFoundry in a 150 nm CMOS process. This paper will focus on the characterization of irradiated and non-irradiated pixel modules, composed by a CMOS passive sensor interconnected to a RD53A chip. The sensors are designed with a pixel cell of 25 × 100 μm2 in case of DC coupled devices and 50 × 50 μm2 for the AC coupled ones. Their performance in terms of charge collection, position resolution, and hit efficiency was studied with measurements performed in the laboratory and with beam tests. The RD53A modules with LFoundry silicon sensors were irradiated to fluences up to 1.0 × 1 0 16 n eq c m 2 .
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Wu, Lei, Muneesh Maheshwari, Yaowen Yang, and Wensheng Xiao. "Selection and Characterization of Packaged FBG Sensors for Offshore Applications." Sensors 18, no. 11 (November 15, 2018): 3963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18113963.
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With the development in the exploitation of maritime resources, the structural health monitoring (SHM) of offshore structures becomes necessary. This study focuses on addressing the practical issues of application of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors for the SHM of offshore structures, in particular an FPSO (floating, production, storage, and offloading unit) vessel. Due to the harsh marine environment and tough working conditions, the FBG sensors must have sufficient protection and good repeatability for long-term monitoring. Thorough research has been conducted to identify the most suitable, commercially available protection packaging for FBG sensors for offshore applications. Further, the performance of the selected FBG sensor packaging is tested under conditions of strong sunlight, heavy rain, and salty water in order to emulate the marine environment. Moreover, the installation method of the packaged FBG sensors is equally important, as it ensures the repeatability and durability of the sensors for their long-term performance. It is shown that the packaged FBG sensors can be installed using resin-based epoxy to maintain the repeatability of the sensor over the long-term. Further, the packaged FBG sensors are installed and tested on a simple FPSO model. The experimental results under full load and ballast draft conditions show that the proposed FBG sensors are competent for the SHM of offshore structures.
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Pascu, Razvan, Gheorghe Pristavu, Gheorghe Brezeanu, Florin Draghici, Marian Badila, Ion Rusu, and Florea Craciunoiu. "Electrical Characterization of Ni-Silicide Schottky Contacts on SiC for High Performance Temperature Sensor." Materials Science Forum 821-823 (June 2015): 436–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.821-823.436.
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The electrical behavior and stability of a temperature sensor based on 4H-SiC Schottky diodes using Ni2Si as Schottky contact, are investigated. The ideality factor and the barrier height were found to be strongly dependent on the post-annealing temperature of the Ni contact (which lead to the formation of Ni2Si). A nearly ideal Schottky device, with the barrier height approaching the high value of1.7eV, and a slight temperature dependence, was obtained after an annealing atTA=800°C.This high barrier height proves that Ni2Si is suitable as Schottky contact for temperature sensors, able to reliably operate up to450°C. Sensor sensitivity levels between1.00mV/°Cand2.70 mV/°Chave been achieved.
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Cheng, Xiaoying, Chunxin Gu, Weiting Liu, and Xin Fu. "A Mechatronic Platform for Calibration and Performance Test of Extrinsic Tactile Sensor on Prosthesis Hand." International Journal of Humanoid Robotics 12, no. 02 (May 27, 2015): 1550005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021984361550005x.
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This paper presents a mechatronic platform consists of a stimulator and a prosthesis hand holder, which aims at extrinsic flexible tactile sensor calibration and performance test for prosthesis hand application. The former is driven by a linear motor and the latter is driven by the combination of one 3 dimensions of freedom (DoF) motion stage and two rotation stages. A procedure is developed to calibrate flexible tactile sensors attached on the anthropomorphic prosthetic hand, whose surface is curved. Although the flexible tactile sensors can be easily integrated on to the mentioned curved surface due to its flexibility and compliance, they are usually flat fabricated and characterized under the working of flat situation. Curved surface sensor characterization is not directly available from the manufacturer. Furthermore, when tactile sensors are applied, there would be an elastic layer covered on top for protection and improvement of grasping ability. This elastic material essentially deteriorates the characteristics of the sensor under it, which is another important reason for establishing a platform to re-calibrate tactile sensor mounted on prosthetic hand. In this paper, two kinds of commercial tactile sensors are involved which are force sensing resistor (FSR) representing static measurement sensor and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) sensor representing dynamic measurement sensor where a rigid rod with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) covered imitates prosthetic finger. The methodology of calibration compares the measured data obtained from tactile sensor with the one from a load cell fixed on the stimulator. The procedure of receptive-field measurement for tactile sensor on the prosthetic hand is shown and the equation for estimating the position and amplitude of surface load on top of elastic cover is established. Different combinations of tactile sensors are implemented on the rigid substance and two motion patterns of stimulator are performed on them, which are indentation and sliding. The performance of developed platform is also analyzed and it shows the ability of testing flexible tactile sensor for prosthesis hand.
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Ziebold, Ralf, Daniel Medina, Michailas Romanovas, Christoph Lass, and Stefan Gewies. "Performance Characterization of GNSS/IMU/DVL Integration under Real Maritime Jamming Conditions." Sensors 18, no. 9 (September 5, 2018): 2954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18092954.
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Currently Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) are the primary source for the determination of absolute position, navigation, and time (PNT) for merchant vessel navigation. Nevertheless, the performance of GNSSs can strongly degrade due to space weather events, jamming, and spoofing. Especially the increasing availability and adoption of low cost jammers lead to the question of how a continuous provision of PNT data can be realized in the vicinity of these devices. In general, three possible solutions for that challenge can be seen: (i) a jamming-resistant GNSS receiver; (ii) the usage of a terrestrial backup system; or (iii) the integration of GNSS with other onboard navigation sensors such as a speed log, a gyrocompass, and inertial sensors (inertial measurement unit—IMU). The present paper focuses on the third option by augmenting a classical IMU/GNSS sensor fusion scheme with a Doppler velocity log. Although the benefits of integrated IMU/GNSS navigation system have been already demonstrated for marine applications, a performance evaluation of such a multi-sensor system under real jamming conditions on a vessel seems to be still missing. The paper evaluates both loosely and tightly coupled fusion strategies implemented using an unscented Kalman filter (UKF). The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated using the civilian maritime jamming testbed in the Baltic Sea.
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Yan, Yaping, Tae-yil Eom, Shiyu Xu, Pil J. Yoo, Changzeng Yan, Joon-Shik Park, and Hoo-Jeong Lee. "Development of Co(OH)xF2−x Nanosheets for Acetone Gas Sensor Applications: Material Characterization and Sensor Performance Evaluation." Crystals 10, no. 11 (October 26, 2020): 968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10110968.
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This study reports the employment of Co(OH)xF2−x nanosheets, a new material in the sensor field, for gas sensor applications. We synthesize Co(OH)xF2−x nanosheets via a hydrothermal route using SiO2 sphere templates. Our material characterization confirms that the material is a densely clustered Co(OH)xF2−x nanosheet with an amorphous microstructure with some short-range ordering. Sensors based on the nanosheets demonstrate a high response of 269% toward 4.5 ppm of acetone gas at an operation temperature of 200 °C and a very low minimum detection limit of 40 ppb. It functions effectively up to a temperature below 300 °C, above which F is found to start to evaporate. Our discussion suggests that an excellent sensor performance arises from the high catalytic function of F incorporated in a high concentration in the material as well as the high specific surface area due to the morphology of densely clustered nanosheets.
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Gené-Mola, Jordi, Jordi Llorens, Joan R. Rosell-Polo, Eduard Gregorio, Jaume Arnó, Francesc Solanelles, José A. Martínez-Casasnovas, and Alexandre Escolà. "Assessing the Performance of RGB-D Sensors for 3D Fruit Crop Canopy Characterization under Different Operating and Lighting Conditions." Sensors 20, no. 24 (December 10, 2020): 7072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20247072.
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The use of 3D sensors combined with appropriate data processing and analysis has provided tools to optimise agricultural management through the application of precision agriculture. The recent development of low-cost RGB-Depth cameras has presented an opportunity to introduce 3D sensors into the agricultural community. However, due to the sensitivity of these sensors to highly illuminated environments, it is necessary to know under which conditions RGB-D sensors are capable of operating. This work presents a methodology to evaluate the performance of RGB-D sensors under different lighting and distance conditions, considering both geometrical and spectral (colour and NIR) features. The methodology was applied to evaluate the performance of the Microsoft Kinect v2 sensor in an apple orchard. The results show that sensor resolution and precision decreased significantly under middle to high ambient illuminance (>2000 lx). However, this effect was minimised when measurements were conducted closer to the target. In contrast, illuminance levels below 50 lx affected the quality of colour data and may require the use of artificial lighting. The methodology was useful for characterizing sensor performance throughout the full range of ambient conditions in commercial orchards. Although Kinect v2 was originally developed for indoor conditions, it performed well under a range of outdoor conditions.
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Xu, Chen-Yan, Kang-Ping Ning, Zheng Wang, Yao Yao, Qin Xu, and Xiao-Ya Hu. "Flexible Electrochemical Platform Coupled with In Situ Prepared Synthetic Receptors for Sensitive Detection of Bisphenol A." Biosensors 12, no. 12 (November 25, 2022): 1076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12121076.
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A flexible electrochemical sensor based on the carbon felt (CF) functionalized with Bisphenol A (BPA) synthetic receptors was developed. The artificial Bisphenol A receptors were grafted on the CF by a simple thermal polymerization molecular imprinting process. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical characterizations were used to analyze the receptors. Characterization results demonstrated that the Bisphenol A synthetic receptors successfully formed on the CFs surface. Because the synthetic receptor and the porous CFs were successfully combined, the sensor displayed a better current response once Bisphenol A was identified. The sensor’s linear range was determined to be from 0.5 to 8.0 nM and 10.0 to 300.0 nM, with a detection limit of 0.36 nM. Even after being bent and stretched repeatedly, the electrode’s performance was unaffected, demonstrating the robustness, adaptability and viability of installing the sensor on flat or curved surfaces for on-site detection. The designed electrochemical sensor has been used successfully to identify Bisphenol A in milk samples with satisfactory results. This work provided a promising platform for the design of implantable, portable and miniaturized sensors.
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Lin, Liang, Jin, and Wang. "Dual-Polarized Fiber Laser Sensor for Photoacoustic Microscopy." Sensors 19, no. 21 (October 24, 2019): 4632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19214632.
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Optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) provides high-resolution, label-free and non-invasive functional imaging for broad biomedical applications. Dual-polarized fiber laser sensors have high sensitivity, low noise, a miniature size, and excellent stability; thus, they have been used in acoustic detection in OR-PAM. Here, we review recent progress in fiber-laser-based ultrasound sensors for photoacoustic microscopy, especially the dual-polarized fiber laser sensor with high sensitivity. The principle, characterization and sensitivity optimization of this type of sensor are presented. In vivo experiments demonstrate its excellent performance in the detection of photoacoustic (PA) signals in OR-PAM. This review summarizes representative applications of fiber laser sensors in OR-PAM and discusses their further improvements.
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Servi, Michaela, Elisa Mussi, Andrea Profili, Rocco Furferi, Yary Volpe, Lapo Governi, and Francesco Buonamici. "Metrological Characterization and Comparison of D415, D455, L515 RealSense Devices in the Close Range." Sensors 21, no. 22 (November 22, 2021): 7770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21227770.
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RGB-D cameras are employed in several research fields and application scenarios. Choosing the most appropriate sensor has been made more difficult by the increasing offer of available products. Due to the novelty of RGB-D technologies, there was a lack of tools to measure and compare performances of this type of sensor from a metrological perspective. The recent ISO 10360-13:2021 represents the most advanced international standard regulating metrological characterization of coordinate measuring systems. Part 13, specifically, considers 3D optical sensors. This paper applies the methodology of ISO 10360-13 for the characterization and comparison of three RGB-D cameras produced by Intel® RealSense™ (D415, D455, L515) in the close range (100–1500 mm). ISO 10360-13 procedures, which focus on metrological performances, are integrated with additional tests to evaluate systematic errors (acquisition of flat objects, 3D reconstruction of objects). The present paper proposes an off-the-shelf comparison which considers the performance of the sensors throughout their acquisition volume. Results have exposed the strengths and weaknesses of each device. The D415 device showed better reconstruction quality on tests strictly related to the short range. The L515 device performed better on systematic depth errors; finally, the D455 device achieved better results on tests related to the standard.
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Heller, R., C. Madrid, A. Apresyan, W. K. Brooks, W. Chen, G. D'Amen, G. Giacomini, et al. "Characterization of BNL and HPK AC-LGAD sensors with a 120 GeV proton beam." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 05 (May 1, 2022): P05001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/05/p05001.
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Abstract We present measurements of AC-LGADs performed at the Fermilab's test beam facility using 120 GeV protons. We studied the performance of various strip and pad AC-LGAD sensors that were produced by BNL and HPK. The measurements are performed with our upgraded test beam setup that utilizes a high precision telescope tracker, and a simultaneous readout of up to 7 channels per sensor, which allows detailed studies of signal sharing characteristics. These measurements allow us to assess the differences in designs between different manufacturers, and optimize them based on experimental performance. We then study several reconstruction algorithms to optimize position and time resolutions that utilize the signal sharing properties of each sensor. We present a world's first demonstration of silicon sensors in a test beam that simultaneously achieve better than 6–10 μm position and 30 ps time resolution. This represents a substantial improvement to the spatial resolution than would be obtained with binary readout of sensors with similar pitch.
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Sepunaru, Lior, and Connor Davis. "Impedance Characterization of OECT Behavior in Enzyme-Embedded Conductive Polymer Matrix." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 52 (July 7, 2022): 2151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01522151mtgabs.
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Latest generation glucose sensors use small-form wearables which provide continuous data. These devices represent the commercial forefront aiming towards personalized and real-time point-of-care biomedical applications. Currently, device lifetimes are limited due to unknown failure mechanisms and ex-situ calibration strategies. Creating a method for in-situ sensor diagnostics will allow a bottom-up approach for designing enzyme-supporting matrixes and calibration strategies inherent to biosensors. To this end, this work seeks to enhance the understanding of performance, stability, and failure mechanisms of biologically based electrochemical transistors using impedimetric measurements. Here, we reveal the fundamental interplay between glucose oxidase loading and the electronic properties of a commonly used PEDOT:PSS matrix as an encapsulating medium. Fundamental to these studies was the discovery of conductivity enhancing strategies compatible with preserving enzyme activity. The enzyme-embedded conductive polymer matrix was used in an organic electrochemical transistor probed via electrochemical impedance (EI) to determine the causes of performance loss over sensor lifetimes. Supporting spectroscopies aided in detailing film morphology and electrical property changes associated with sensor behavior.
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Cheng, Yunping, Wenge Wu, Lijuan Liu, Yuntao Zhang, Zhenyu He, and Ding Song. "Fabrication, Performance, Characterization and Experimental Calibration of Embedded Thin-Film Sensor for Tool Cutting Force Measurement." Micromachines 13, no. 2 (February 17, 2022): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13020310.
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Thin-film strain sensors are widely used because of their small volume, fast strain response and high measurement accuracy. Among them, the thin-film material and preparation process of thin-film strain sensors for force measurement are important aspects. In this paper, the preparation process parameters of the transition layer, insulating layer and Ni-Cr alloy layer in a thin-film strain sensor are analyzed and optimized, and the influence of each process parameter on the properties of the thin film are discussed. The surface microstructure of the insulating layer with Al2O3 or Si3N4 transition layers and the film without transition layer were observed by atomic force microscopy. It is analyzed that adding a transition layer between the stainless steel substrate and insulation layer can improve the adhesion and flatness of the insulation layer. The effects of process parameters on elastic modulus, nanohardness and strain sensitivity coefficient of the Ni-Cr resistance layer are discussed, and electrical parameters such as the resistance strain coefficient are analyzed and characterized. The static calibration of the thin-film strain sensor is carried out, and the relationship between the strain value and the output voltage is obtained. The results show that the thin-film strain sensor can obtain the strain generated by the cutting tool and transform it into an electrical signal with good linearity through the bridge, accurately measuring the cutting force.
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Bracken, Bethany K., Noa Palmon, David Koelle, and Mike Farry. "A Toolkit to Assist Researchers to More Efficiently Conduct Experiments Assessing Human State." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 2032–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601986.
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For teams to perform effectively, individuals must focus on their own tasks, while simultaneously maintaining awareness of other team members. Researchers studying and attempting to optimize performance of teams as well as individual team members use assessments of behavioral, neurophysiological, and physiological signals that correlate with individual and team performance. However, synchronizing data from multiple sensor devices can be difficult, and building and using models to assess human states of interest can be time-consuming and non-intuitive. To assist researchers, we built an Adaptable Toolkit for the Assessment and Augmentation of Performance by Teams in Real Time (ADAPTER), which provides a framework that flexibly integrates sensors and fuses sensor data to assess performance. ADAPTER flexibly integrates current and emerging sensors; assists researchers in creating and implementing models that support research on performance and the development of augmentation strategies; and enables comprehensive and holistic characterization of team member performance during real-time experimental protocols.
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Ceccarelli, Marco, and Cuauhtemoc Morales-Cruz. "A prototype characterization of ExoFinger, a finger exoskeleton." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 18, no. 3 (May 1, 2021): 172988142110248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17298814211024880.
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This article presents an experimental characterization of ExoFinger, a finger exoskeleton for finger motion assistance. The exoskeletal device is analyzed in experimental lab activities that have been conducted with different users to characterize the operation performance and to demonstrate the adaptability of the proposed device. The behavior of this device is characterized in detail using sensors to measure finger motion and power consumption. Sensor measures also demonstrate the given motion assistance performance in terms of an electrical finger response and finger temperature by resulting in an efficient solution with a large motion range of a finger in assistance of recovering finger motion.
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Lara Hernandez, Gemima, Alfredo Cruz-Orea, Ernesto Suaste Gomez, and Jose Jesus Agustin Flores Cuautle. "Comparative Performance of PLZT and PVDF Pyroelectric Sensors Used to the Thermal Characterization of Liquid Samples." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/281279.
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Among the photothermal methods, the photopyroelectric (PPE) technique is a suitable method to determine thermal properties of different kinds of samples ranging from solids to liquids and gases. Polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) is one of the most frequently used pyroelectric sensors in PPE technique but has the disadvantage that it can be easily deformed by the sample weight. This deformation could add a piezoelectric effect to the thermal parameters assessment; also PVDF has a narrow temperature operation range when compared with ceramic pyroelectric sensors. In order to minimize possible piezoelectric effects due to sensor deformation, a ceramic of lanthanum modified lead zirconate (PLZT) was used as pyroelectric sensor in the PPE technique. Then, thermal diffusivity of some liquid samples was measured, by using the PPE configuration that denominated the thermal wave resonator cavity (TWRC), with a PLZT ceramic as pyroelectric detector. The performance obtained with the proposed ceramic in the TWRC configuration was compared with that obtained with PVDF by using the same configuration.
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Maier, Georg, Florian Pfaff, Florian Becker, Christoph Pieper, Robin Gruna, Benjamin Noack, Harald Kruggel-Emden, et al. "Motion-based material characterization in sensor-based sorting." tm - Technisches Messen 85, no. 3 (March 26, 2018): 202–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/teme-2017-0063.
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Abstract Sensor-based sorting provides state-of-the-art solutions for sorting cohesive, granular materials. Typically, involved sensors, illumination, implementation of data analysis and other components are designed and chosen according to the sorting task at hand. A common property of conventional systems is the utilization of scanning sensors. However, the usage of area-scan cameras has recently been proposed. When observing objects at multiple time points, the corresponding paths can be reconstructed by using multiobject tracking. This in turn allows to accurately estimate the point in time and position at which any object will reach the separation stage of the optical sorter and hence contributes to decreasing the error in physical separation. In this paper, it is proposed to further exploit motion information for the purpose of material characterization. By deriving suitable features from the motion information, we show that high classification performance is obtained for an exemplary classification task. The approach therefore contributes towards decreasing the detection error of sorting systems.
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Vivek, A., K. Shambavi, and Zachariah C. Alex. "A review: metamaterial sensors for material characterization." Sensor Review 39, no. 3 (May 20, 2019): 417–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-06-2018-0152.
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Purpose This paper aims to focus on research work related to metamaterial-based sensors for material characterization that have been developed for past ten years. A decade of research on metamaterial for sensing application has led to the advancement of compact and improved sensors. Design/methodology/approach In this study, relevant research papers on metamaterial sensors for material characterization published in reputed journals during the period 2007-2018 were reviewed, particularly focusing on shape, size and nature of materials characterized. Each sensor with its design and performance parameters have been summarized and discussed here. Findings As metamaterial structures are excited by electromagnetic wave interaction, sensing application throughout electromagnetic spectrum is possible. Recent advancement in fabrication techniques and improvement in metamaterial structures have led to the development of compact, label free and reversible sensors with high sensitivity. Originality/value The paper provides useful information on the development of metamaterial sensors for material characterization.
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Canada, T. Andrew, David B. Beach, and Zi-Ling Xue. "Optical Sensors for the Determination of Concentrated Hydroxide. Characterization of the Sensor Materials and Evaluation of the Sensor Performance." Analytical Chemistry 77, no. 9 (May 2005): 2842–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac0485839.
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Salman, Rahmi, Thorsten Schultze, and Ingolf Willms. "Performance Enhancement of UWB Material Characterization and Object Recognition for Security Robots." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2010 (2010): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/314695.
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By means of UWB Radar sensors the tasks of material characterisation and object recognition can be performed on the basis of a previous imaging of the whole environment. A UWB version of the microwave ellipsometry method is applied for estimating the permittivity of homogenous objects. The object recognition task is performed using bistatic sensor nodes on the basis of Radar measurements. The simulation-based performance evaluations show a very robust behavior due to suitable preprocessing of Radar data. The applications comprise the detection of fire sources, the detection of metallic object hidden under clothing, and the recognition of building structures.
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Nair, Uchit, Peter P. Ling, and Heping Zhu. "Improved Canopy Characterization with Laser Scanning Sensor for Greenhouse Spray Applications." Transactions of the ASABE 64, no. 6 (2021): 2125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.14290.
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HighlightsAn algorithm was developed to process laser sensor data to make more accurate measurements of canopy dimensions.The algorithm isolated individual canopies, removed distortion, and estimated the occluded portions of the dataset.The algorithm reduced measured error by 46% in terms of root mean square error (RMSE).The RMSE was higher for sensor heights below and above a calculated optimal sensor height.Abstract. Laser-guided intelligent spray technology for greenhouse applications requires sensors that can accurately measure plant dimensions. This study proposed a new method to overcome current limitations by introducing a processing algorithm that manipulates the noisy dataset and determines the optimal sensor height to produce better measurements of the canopy width. The processing algorithm involves a combination of registration, clustering, and mirroring. Registration aligns multiple scans of the same scene to improve resolution. Clustering isolates individual plant canopies from the dataset to enable further processing. Mirroring is used to resolve the problems of distortion and occlusion and predict missing information in the dataset. The performance of the processing algorithm was evaluated by calculating the root mean square error (RMSE) in the canopy width measurements. Its results were compared with the measurements reported in earlier research, where there was limited processing of the laser sensor data. The processing algorithm reduced RMSE values by 46% compared to the earlier research, and the largest improvements were seen for objects placed beyond 1.5 m from the sensor. The sensor height was observed to be inversely proportional to the RMSE values. The average RMSE of the processing algorithm was 25 mm, compared to 47 mm in the earlier research when the laser sensor was at a height of 1 m. Another experimental setup was used to test the limits of the relationship between sensor height and algorithm performance while using objects that were more representative of plant canopy shapes. The accuracy of the processing algorithm decreased when the sensor height was either above or below the optimal sensor height, which was derived from calculations made in earlier research. The processing algorithm has potential to improve spray efficiencies. Keywords: Automation, Clustering, LiDAR, Point cloud data processing, Variable-rate spray.
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Haq, Tanveerul, and Slawomir Koziel. "Rapid Design Optimization and Calibration of Microwave Sensors Based on Equivalent Complementary Resonators for High Sensitivity and Low Fabrication Tolerance." Sensors 23, no. 2 (January 16, 2023): 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23021044.
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This paper presents the design, optimization, and calibration of multivariable resonators for microwave dielectric sensors. An optimization technique for the circular complementary split ring resonator (CC-SRR) and square complementary split ring resonator (SC-SRR) is presented to achieve the required transmission response in a precise manner. The optimized resonators are manufactured using a standard photolithographic technique and measured for fabrication tolerance. The fabricated sensor is presented for the high-resolution characterization of dielectric substrates and oil samples. A three-dimensional dielectric container is attached to the sensor and acts as a pool for the sample under test (SUT). In the presented technique, the dielectric substrates and oil samples can interact directly with the electromagnetic (EM) field emitted from the resonator. For the sake of sensor calibration, a relation between the relative permittivity of the dielectric samples and the resonant frequency of the sensor is established in the form of an inverse regression model. Comparisons with state-of-the-art sensors indicate the superiority of the presented design in terms of oil characterization reliability. The significant technical contributions of this work include the employment of the rigorous optimization of geometry parameters of the sensor, leading to its superior performance, and the development and application of the inverse-model-based calibration procedure.
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Misrak, Abel, Tushar Chauhan, Rabin Bhandari, A. S. M. Raufur Chowdhury, Akshay Lakshminarayana, Fahad Mirza, B. Gholami Bazehhour, Milena Vujosevic, and Dereje Agonafer. "Impact of Die Attach Sample Preparation on Its Measured Mechanical Properties for MEMS Sensor Applications." Journal of Microelectronics and Electronic Packaging 18, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/imaps.1234982.
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Abstract Computational modeling is often leveraged to design and optimize electronic packages for both performance and reliability purposes. One of the factors that affect the accuracy of computational models is the accuracy of the material properties. Microelectromechanical system sensors, in particular, are usually extremely sensitive to slightest material property changes in the package. Therefore, even small measurement variations in material characterization due to different sample preparation methods or different testing techniques can impact accuracy of computational models that are leveraged for designing or analyzing sensor performance. The challenge in material characterization is even greater for materials that require curing. Die attach polymers, for example, have strict curing profile requirements that are used during the manufacturing process. Such curing conditions are usually hard to duplicate in laboratories, and the samples used for material characterization may not necessarily be representative of the actual component in the final product. In this study, the effect of parameters such as temperature curing profile, application of pressure during curing, and sample preparation technique on temperature-dependent thermomechanical properties of two types of die attach elastomers is investigated. The mechanical properties, including the elastic modulus (E), coefficient of thermal expansion, and glass transition temperature of the die attach material, are measured using a suite of techniques such as dynamic mechanical analysis and thermomechanical analysis. The analysis is performed for a wide temperature range corresponding to typical sensor applications. It is shown that sample preparation and characterization techniques have a considerable impact on the measurements, which results in different MEMS sensor performance predictions through computational modeling.
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Grima, Adrian, Mario Di Castro, Alessandro Masi, and Nicholas Sammut. "Frequency response characterization of ironless inductive position sensors with long cables." MATEC Web of Conferences 208 (2018): 03007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820803007.
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The two linear position sensors used to determine the position of the European Organization for Nuclear Research; Large Hadron Collider collimator’s jaws with respect to the beam are the linear variable differential transformer and the ironless inductive position sensor. The latter was designed as an alternative to the former since the linear variable differential transformer exhibits a position error in magnetic environments. The ironless inductive position sensor is an air cored, high-precision linear position sensor, which is by design immune to external DC or slowly varying magnetic fields. Since the ironless inductive position sensor is required to have no on-board electronics, the raw signal has to be carried through long cable lengths and this may lead to performance degradation. This paper focuses on a set of experimental measurements conducted to assess the ironless inductive position sensor’s sensitivity at different frequencies with long cable lengths. This is critical for the sensor`s correct operation in the Large Hadron Collider`s collimators. Furthermore, to gain a better understanding, the ironless inductive position sensor’s frequency response is compared with a commercial off-the-shelf linear variable differential transformer.
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Adla, Soham, Neeraj Kumar Rai, Sri Harsha Karumanchi, Shivam Tripathi, Markus Disse, and Saket Pande. "Laboratory Calibration and Performance Evaluation of Low-Cost Capacitive and Very Low-Cost Resistive Soil Moisture Sensors." Sensors 20, no. 2 (January 8, 2020): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20020363.
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Soil volumetric water content ( V W C ) is a vital parameter to understand several ecohydrological and environmental processes. Its cost-effective measurement can potentially drive various technological tools to promote data-driven sustainable agriculture through supplemental irrigation solutions, the lack of which has contributed to severe agricultural distress, particularly for smallholder farmers. The cost of commercially available V W C sensors varies over four orders of magnitude. A laboratory study characterizing and testing sensors from this wide range of cost categories, which is a prerequisite to explore their applicability for irrigation management, has not been conducted. Within this context, two low-cost capacitive sensors—SMEC300 and SM100—manufactured by Spectrum Technologies Inc. (Aurora, IL, USA), and two very low-cost resistive sensors—the Soil Hygrometer Detection Module Soil Moisture Sensor (YL100) by Electronicfans and the Generic Soil Moisture Sensor Module (YL69) by KitsGuru—were tested for performance in laboratory conditions. Each sensor was calibrated in different repacked soils, and tested to evaluate accuracy, precision and sensitivity to variations in temperature and salinity. The capacitive sensors were additionally tested for their performance in liquids of known dielectric constants, and a comparative analysis of the calibration equations developed in-house and provided by the manufacturer was carried out. The value for money of the sensors is reflected in their precision performance, i.e., the precision performance largely follows sensor costs. The other aspects of sensor performance do not necessarily follow sensor costs. The low-cost capacitive sensors were more accurate than manufacturer specifications, and could match the performance of the secondary standard sensor, after soil specific calibration. SMEC300 is accurate ( M A E , R M S E , and R A E of 2.12%, 2.88% and 0.28 respectively), precise, and performed well considering its price as well as multi-purpose sensing capabilities. The less-expensive SM100 sensor had a better accuracy ( M A E , R M S E , and R A E of 1.67%, 2.36% and 0.21 respectively) but poorer precision than the SMEC300. However, it was established as a robust, field ready, low-cost sensor due to its more consistent performance in soils (particularly the field soil) and superior performance in fluids. Both the capacitive sensors responded reasonably to variations in temperature and salinity conditions. Though the resistive sensors were less accurate and precise compared to the capacitive sensors, they performed well considering their cost category. The YL100 was more accurate ( M A E , R M S E , and R A E of 3.51%, 5.21% and 0.37 respectively) than YL69 ( M A E , R M S E , and R A E of 4.13%, 5.54%, and 0.41, respectively). However, YL69 outperformed YL100 in terms of precision, and response to temperature and salinity variations, to emerge as a more robust resistive sensor. These very low-cost sensors may be used in combination with more accurate sensors to better characterize the spatiotemporal variability of field scale soil moisture. The laboratory characterization conducted in this study is a prerequisite to estimate the effect of low- and very low-cost sensor measurements on the efficiency of soil moisture based irrigation scheduling systems.
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Cao, Zhou, Liao, Yang, Pan, Li, Pang, Zhou, and Su. "A Spray-on, Nanocomposite-Based Sensor Network for in-Situ Active Structural Health Monitoring." Sensors 19, no. 9 (May 4, 2019): 2077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19092077.
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A new breed of nanocomposite-based spray-on sensor is developed for in-situ active structural health monitoring (SHM). The novel nanocomposite sensor is rigorously designed with graphene as the nanofiller and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as the matrix, fabricated using a simple spray deposition process. Electrical analysis, as well as morphological characterization of the spray-on sensor, was conducted to investigate percolation characteristic, in which the optimal threshold (~0.91%) of the graphene/PVP sensor was determined. Owing to the uniform and stable conductive network formed by well-dispersed graphene nanosheets in the PVP matrix, the tailor-made spray-on sensor exhibited excellent piezoresistive performance. By virtue of the tunneling effect of the conductive network, the sensor was proven to be capable of perceiving signals of guided ultrasonic waves (GUWs) with ultrahigh frequency up to 500 kHz. Lightweight and flexible, the spray-on nanocomposite sensor demonstrated superior sensitivity, high fidelity, and high signal-to-noise ratio under dynamic strain with ultralow magnitude (of the order of micro-strain) that is comparable with commercial lead zirconate titanate (PZT) wafers. The sensors were further networked to perform damage characterization, and the results indicate significant application potential of the spray-on nanocomposite-based sensor for in-situ active GUW-based SHM.
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Markham, B. L., J. C. Storey, M. M. Crawford, D. Goodenough, and J. R. Irons. "Foreword to the Special Issue on Landsat Sensor Performance Characterization." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 42, no. 12 (December 2004): 2687–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2004.841174.
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Ruales, Mary, and Kinzy Jones. "Characterization of silicate sensors on Low Temperature Cofire Ceramic (LTCC) substrates using DSC and XRD techniques." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2012, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 000598–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2012-wa31.
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Characterization of Silicate sensors using Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron microscopy (SEM) is presented. These silicate sensors are based on three primary materials: Li2SiO3, K2SiO3, and CaSiO3. Silicate powders were transform into adequate inks that were added to a Low Temperature Cofire Ceramic (LTCC) substrates with thick film technology using screen printing which continues to offer innovative and cost effective solutions to the increasing demands for higher circuit densities. These silicate sensors are low power-high temperature heated ceramic sensors to detect halogen gases. Every sensor responded to the gas showing stability and reproducibility. Phase diagrams for these silicates were used to produce different combinations. The use of the eutectoid point in the phase diagrams was critical to reduce the operating temperature. Testing and characterization of these silicate sensors is presented. The impact of various parameters (e.g. materials design, structure, properties, performance and processing) for the sensors including their relationships for electronic packaging was reviewed and it was found critical to determine the microelectronics packaging reliability and integrity. The fundamentals of the sensor behavior including the sensitivity as well as response and recovery times were also determined.
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Lin, Chiu-Feng, A. Galip Ulsoy, and David J. LeBlanc. "Lane Geometry Perception and the Characterization of Its Associated Uncertainty." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 121, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2802437.
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This paper addresses the reconstruction of down-range road geometry from imaging sensors for application to motor vehicle active safety systems. This study assumes measurements of lane marker locations in the previewed scene are available from an imaging sensor. An algorithm is developed to extend the perception range of a single-far-field sensor to alleviate the field of view problem. Two steady-state Kalman filters and a least square curve fitting scheme are developed to compute estimates of the road geometry. Simulations are used to compare the performance of the different road modeling schemes for different roadway scenarios, providing insights useful for selecting model-based road geometry estimation techniques. Finally, an algorithm to characterize the uncertainty in road geometry perception is proposed and validated.
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Yang, Bin, Jianzhong Xiao, and Chao Wang. "Effects of WO 3 electrode microstructure on NO 2 -sensing properties for a potentiometric sensor." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 7 (July 2019): 190526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190526.
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Planar potentiometric NO 2 sensors based on 8YSZ (8 mol% Y 2 O 3 -doped ZrO 2 ) were prepared with WO 3 sensing electrode material. The various electrode microstructures prepared by different sintering temperatures were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the microstructure influences on the sensors' performances were investigated. The sensor sintered at 800°C, with the most reaction sites, moderate adsorption sites and appropriate electrode thickness, exhibits the highest NO 2 voltage response. While the sensor sintered at 750°C exhibits the lowest NO 2 sensitivity because of the strongest gas-phase catalytic consumption in the WO 3 sensing electrode. Based on the results of SEM characterization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests, the difference in NO 2 -sensing performance was attributed to different amounts of electrochemical reaction sites at three-phase boundary, adsorption sites and different degrees of gas-phase catalysis.
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Golabzaei, Sabereh, Ramin Khajavi, Heydar Ali Shayanfar, Mohammad Esmail Yazdanshenas, and Nemat Talebi. "Fabrication and characterization of a flexible capacitive sensor on PET fabric." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 30, no. 5 (September 3, 2018): 687–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-08-2017-0125.
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Purpose There is a developing interest in flexible sensors, especially in the new and intelligent generation of textiles. The purpose of this paper is to fabricate a flexible capacitive sensor on a PET fabric and to investigate some affecting factor on its performance. Design/methodology/approach PET fabric, coated with graphite or with graphite/PEDOT:PSS, was applied as electrodes. Two types of electrospun nanoweb layers from polyamide and polyvinyl alcohol polymers were used as dielectrics. Some factors including electrode area, fabric conductivity, fabric roughness, dielectric thickness, dielectric insulation type and vertical pressure were considered as independent variables. The capacity of the sensor and its detection threshold considered as the outcome (response) variables. Control samples were fabricated by using aluminum plates and cellulosic layer as electrodes and dielectric, respectively. Findings Results showed that post-coating with PEDOT:PSS would improve the conductivity of electrodes up to 300 Ω in comparison with just graphite-coated samples. It was also found that either by improving the conductivity or increasing the area of electrode plates the sensitivity of sample would be increased in pressure stimulating tests. Originality/value The fabric sensor showed remarkable response toward pressure with a lower detection threshold of 30mN/cm2 (obtained capacity ~ 4×104 pF) in comparison with aluminum electrode sensors.
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Moro, Giulia, Davide Cristofori, Fabio Bottari, Elti Cattaruzza, Karolien De Wael, and Ligia Maria Moretto. "Redesigning an Electrochemical MIP Sensor for PFOS: Practicalities and Pitfalls." Sensors 19, no. 20 (October 13, 2019): 4433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19204433.
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There is a growing interest in the technological transfer of highly performing electrochemical sensors within portable analytical devices for the in situ monitoring of environmental contaminants, such as perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). In the redesign of biomimetic sensors, many parameters should be taken into account from the working conditions to the electrode surface roughness. A complete characterization of the surface modifiers can help to avoid time-consuming optimizations and better interpret the sensor responses. In the present study, a molecularly imprinted polymer electrochemical sensor (MIP) for PFOS optimized on gold disk electrodes was redesigned on commercial gold screen-printed electrodes. However, its performance investigated by differential pulse voltammetry was found to be poor. Before proceeding with further optimization, a morphological study of the bare and modified electrode surfaces was carried out by scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM–EDS), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and profilometry revealing an heterogeneous distribution of the polymer strongly influenced by the electrode roughness. The high content of fluorine of the target-template molecule allowed to map the distribution of the molecularly imprinted polymer before the template removal and to define a characterization protocol. This case study shows the importance of a multi-analytical characterization approach and identify significant parameters to be considered in similar redesigning studies.
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Veeraselvam, Aruna, Gulam Nabi Alsath Mohammed, Kirubaveni Savarimuthu, Jaume Anguera, Jessica Constance Paul, and Ram Kumar Krishnan. "Refractive Index-Based Terahertz Sensor Using Graphene for Material Characterization." Sensors 21, no. 23 (December 6, 2021): 8151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21238151.
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In this paper, a graphene-based THz metamaterial has been designed and characterized for use in sensing various refractive index profiles. The proposed single-band THz sensor was constructed using a graphene-metal hybridized periodic metamaterial wherein the unit cell had a footprint of 1.395λeff × 1.395λeff and resonated at 4.4754 THz. The realized peak absorption was 98.88% at 4.4754 THz. The sensitivity of the proposed metamaterial sensor was estimated using the absorption characteristics of the unit cell. The performance of the sensor was analyzed under two different categories, viz. the random dielectric loading and chemical analytes, based on the refractive index. The proposed THz sensor offered a peak sensitivity of 22.75 GHz/Refractive Index Unit (RIU) for the various sample loadings. In addition, the effect of the sample thickness on the sensor performance was analyzed and the results were presented. From the results, it can be inferred that the proposed metamaterial THz sensor that was based on a refractive index is suitable for THz sensing applications.