Journal articles on the topic 'Sensor Instrumentation'
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Lee, Woojin, Won-Je Lee, Sang-Bae Lee, and Rodrigo Salgado. "Measurement of pile load transfer using the Fiber Bragg Grating sensor system." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 41, no. 6 (December 1, 2004): 1222–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t04-059.
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A series of laboratory and field tests were performed to evaluate the applicability of an optical fiber sensor system in the instrumentation of piles. A multiplexed sensor system, constructed by arranging several Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors along a single line of optical fiber, is capable of measuring local axial strains as a function of wavelength shifts. The distributions of axial load in three model piles and a field test pile evaluated from the strains measured by FBG sensors are found to be comparable, in terms of both magnitude and trend, with those obtained from conventional strain gauges. This suggests that the FBG sensor system is an effective tool for the analysis of the axial load transfer in piles. The successful instrumentation of a soilcement injected precast (SIP) pile using FBG sensors suggests that the use of these sensors in drilled shafts and other types of cast in situ concrete piles is feasible. With the rapid advance of optical fiber sensor technology, the economics of the use of optical fiber sensors in this type of instrumentation is expected to improve significantly in coming years.Key words: pile foundation, load transfer, fiber optic sensor, Fiber Bragg Grating sensor.
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Harper, Christofer M., Daniel Tran, and Edward Jaselskis. "Exploring Instrumentation and Sensor Technologies for Highway Design and Construction Projects." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 9 (July 12, 2020): 593–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120930718.
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With the infusion of emerging technologies into highway construction practices, state departments of transportation (DOTs) can make better informed decisions that positively influence cost, schedule, quality, and safety. DOTs are increasingly using instrumentation and sensor technologies for delivering highway projects across the U.S.A. Instrumentation devices and sensors include such technologies as remote sensing, real-time kinematics, global positioning systems, digital handheld devices, ground penetrating radar, and intelligent compaction/thermal profiling. These technologies are becoming commonplace in highway construction because of their capabilities to improve the construction process by making activities more efficient and more productive. However, the practices in using instrumentation and sensor technologies for highway construction vary among state DOTs. Therefore, this study investigates how DOTs employ the use of instrumentation and sensor technologies for highway construction. This study engaged a research methodology that included an extensive literature review, survey questionnaire, and case studies of state DOTs. Results show that 31 state DOTs use instrumentation and sensor technologies for monitoring work progress, conducting quality control and quality assurance, performing construction inspections, identifying optimal conditions and recording the placement of work, and locating utilities. The main barriers to using instrumentation and sensor technologies include analyzing the large amount of data, verifying the accuracy of the data, ensuring staff have the skills and knowledge to use the technologies efficiently, and assisting smaller contractors to gain the knowledge to use these technologies. The findings from this study provide recommendations and strategies for DOTs to implement instrumentation and sensor technologies effectively for highway construction.
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Arco, Laura De, María Jose Pontes, Marcelo Eduardo Viera Segatto, Maxwell E. Monteiro, Carlos A. Cifuentes, and Camilo A. R. Díaz. "Pressure and Angle Sensors with Optical Fiber for Instrumentation of the PrHand Hand Prosthesis." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2407, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2407/1/012010.
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Abstract The principal cause of upper limb amputations is due to traumatism. The prosthesis is an assistive device to help in the activities of daily for the amputee person. However, one of the latest reports shows that in developing countries there are around 30 million people without assistive devices. This work presents the development of two kinds of sensors for the PrHand, an upper limb prosthesis based on compliant mechanism and soft-robotics. The sensors are made with polymeric optical fiber (POF), due to their flexibility and low cost, and the working principle is based on intensity variation. The angle sensors are used for monitoring the interphalangeal joint of the fingers, and for the assessment were made cycles of closing and opening each finger. On the other hand, the force sensors are located at the tip of three fingers to track the force made over the objects. Before encoring the sensors were evaluated making five cycles of compressing and decompressing each sensor. The results show a linear behavior between the angle and the voltage variation, one most remarkable angle sensor result was with a sensibility of 0.0357 V/° and an R2 of 99 % closing and 0.0483 V/° opening. In the case of the force sensor, a polynomial relation was found between the voltage changes and the pressure over the sensor; in some cases, the relation between voltage changes and pressure could be linear but that depends on the construction of the sensor. Regarding the obtained R2 of 99 %, its sensibility was 0.0361 V/N compression and 0.0368 V/N decompression. In conclusion, was successfully developed two kinds of sensors for the instrumentation of PrHand prosthesis. It is expected to use angle and sensor variables as input in algorithms of Machine Learning to improve the detection of objects. One aspect to improve is to control in a better way the sensor construction parameters due to the considerable influence over the sensor behavior.
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Webster, John G. "Biomedical Instrumentation." International Journal of Systems Biology and Biomedical Technologies 3, no. 1 (January 2015): 20–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsbbt.2015010102.
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This paper covers the measurement of biopotentials for diagnosis: the electrical voltages that can be measured from electrodes placed on the skin or within the body. Biopotentials include: the electrocardiogram (ECG), electroencephalogram (EEG), electrocortogram (ECoG), electromyogram (EMG), electroneurogram (ENG), electrogastrogram (EGG), action potential (AP), electroretinogram (ERG), electro-oculogram (EOG). This paper also covers skin conductance, pulse oximeters, urology, wearable systems and important therapeutic devices such as: the artificial cardiac pacemaker, defibrillator, cochlear implant, hemodialysis, lithotripsy, ventilator, anesthesia machine, heart-lung machine, infant incubator, infusion pumps, electrosurgery, tissue ablation, and medical imaging. It concludes by covering electrical safety. It provides future subjects for research such as a blood glucose sensor and a permanently implanted intracranial pressure sensor.
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Darmoyono, Aditya Gautama, Asrizal Deri Futra, Sumantri R. K, K. Kamarudin, and Muhammad Syafei Gozali. "Desain Prototipe Instrumentation Amplifier untuk Sensor SKU SEN0257 pada Kit Couple Tank." Journal of Applied Electrical Engineering 6, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30871/jaee.v6i2.4828.
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Analog sensors are devices used in the process industry. These sensors can be used to measure the pressure, flow, temperature, and level of a fluid in a tank. A sensor is an important part of a feedback control system that is commonly used in the process industry. In this research, an analog sensor was used to measure water pressure on a couple tank kit, which was SKU SEN0257. This pressure was converted to the depth of the water in the tank. A problem occurred when the dimension of the tank was small, then the depth change of water could not be read by a controller that connected to the sensor. Therefore, a prototype of instrumentation amplifier using IC OP027 was designed. This amplifier was used to increase the output voltage from the sensor so that it could be read by controller. The circuit that has been designed, managed to produce voltage around the desirable value 0-5V. Problem that arise from this research is the fluctuation in the amplified voltage value that need further improvement on the circuit design.
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Kim, Chi Yeop, Il Bum Kwon, and Dae Cheol Seo. "Wireless Instrumentation for Monitoring of Smart Structures." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 192–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.192.
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Smart structures needs lots of sensor installation to sense their status and also the external environmental change. Wireless technique can give a good solution to install sensors without heavy cables. So, in this work, a wireless device was developed to transmit static strain and elastic wave propagation of structures. The specification of this device was as follows: 2.4 GHz of transmitted frequency, 8 channels, 57,600 bps of the transmitted speed, and 10 mW of the transmitted power. In order to confirm the wireless device’s feasibility, a beam test was performed with five optical fiber strain sensors and two piezo-ceramic sensors with the wireless instrumentation.
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Guo, Yixuan, and Gaoyang Liang. "Perceptual Feedback Mechanism Sensor Technology in e-Commerce IoT Application Research." Journal of Sensors 2021 (September 28, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3840103.
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With the development of sensor technology and the Internet of Things (IoT) technology, the trend of miniaturization of sensors has prompted the inclusion of more sensors in IoT, and the perceptual feedback mechanism among these sensors has become particularly important, thus promoting the development of multiple sensor data fusion technologies. This paper deeply analyzes and summarizes the characteristics of sensory data and the new problems faced by the processing of sensory data under the new trend of IoT, deeply studies the acquisition, storage, and query of sensory data from the sensors of IoT in e-commerce, and proposes a ubiquitous storage method for massive sensory data by combining the sensory feedback mechanism of sensors, which makes full use of the storage resources of IoT storage network elements and maximally meets the massive. In this paper, we propose a ubiquitous storage method for massive sensing data, which makes full use of the storage resources of IoT storage network elements to maximize the storage requirements of massive sensing data and achieve load-balanced data storage. In this paper, starting from the overall development of IoT in recent years, the weak link of intelligent information processing is reinforced based on the sensory feedback mechanism of sensor technology.
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Kieslinger, D., S. Draxler, K. Trznadel, and M. E. Lippitsch. "Lifetime-based capillary waveguide sensor instrumentation." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 39, no. 1-3 (March 1997): 300–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-4005(97)80223-7.
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Kochanski, Adam, Aimé Fournier, and Jan Mandel. "Experimental Design of a Prescribed Burn Instrumentation." Atmosphere 9, no. 8 (July 29, 2018): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9080296.
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Observational data collected during experiments, such as the planned Fire and Smoke Model Evaluation Experiment (FASMEE), are critical for evaluating and transitioning coupled fire-atmosphere models like WRF-SFIRE and WRF-SFIRE-CHEM into operational use. Historical meteorological data, representing typical weather conditions for the anticipated burn locations and times, have been processed to initialize and run a set of simulations representing the planned experimental burns. Based on an analysis of these numerical simulations, this paper provides recommendations on the experimental setup such as size and duration of the burns, and optimal sensor placement. New techniques are developed to initialize coupled fire-atmosphere simulations with weather conditions typical of the planned burn locations and times. The variation and sensitivity analysis of the simulation design to model parameters performed by repeated Latin Hypercube Sampling is used to assess the locations of the sensors. The simulations provide the locations for the measurements that maximize the expected variation of the sensor outputs with varying the model parameters.
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Bouakkaz, Fatima, Wided Ali, and Makhlouf Derdour. "Forest Fire Detection Using Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks and Image Compression." Instrumentation Mesure Métrologie 20, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/i2m.200108.
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Recently, the issue of multimedia sensors received considerable critical attention, that led to the apparition of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) WMSN that different from wireless sensor networks (WSN) by using multimedia sensors that can process video, audio, image data besides scalar data and send it to station base (SB). Multimedia data have a big volume bigger than scalar data and need more resources and consumed more energy. The ideal solution to solve the problems of WMSN (big volume, energy consumption) is data compression. Forest plays a critical role in our daily life we can summarize the importance of forests in human life. Among the most dangerous events the forest fires that happen because of natural or Man-made. Many methods used to detect forest fires the newest are: wireless multimedia sensor networks. Our system of detecting forest fire has been developed using a wireless multimedia senor network with two types of sensors (scalar, images). In the first phase when the scalar sensors detected a high temperature its announced alarm to activate the image sensors. In the second phase for detecting fire the image sensors, we used image processing tools. When the zone of fire in the image captured was detected the phase of compression started using the down sampling method. the final phase is transmission data to the station base using the grid chain transmission protocol technique, which allows a critical optimization of energy consumption. So, maximizing network life. The competence of the proposed system is achieved by minimizing size of image transmitted with grid chain routing protocol.
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Ji, Junjie, Jianfeng Qu, Yi Chai, Yuming Zhou, Qiu Tang, and Hao Ren. "An algorithm for sensor fault diagnosis with EEMD-SVM." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 40, no. 6 (February 1, 2017): 1746–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331217690579.
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Based on ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) and the support vector machine (SVM), an algorithm used in the sensor fault detection and classification is put forward in this paper. Using this method and through EEMD, the sensor signal is decomposed into several segments, including the original signals, several intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) and the residual signals. Moreover, as features of the sensor fault, their variance, mean, entropy and the slope of the original signal are calculated in accordance with the characteristics of different fault types and the inherent physical meanings of each IMF. Subsequently, the feature vectors are inputted into the SVM, which is used to classify the detection and identification of sensor faults. Finally, the simulation results of the fault diagnosis of a carbon dioxide sensor indicate that this method may not only be effectively applied to fault diagnosis of carbon dioxide sensors but also provides a reference for that of other sensors.
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Zhang, Zhou Q., Xue L. Zhang, Guang S. Xu, Xue J. Liu, Q. Guo, Z. Feng, Jiang T. Jia, and Peng T. Ku. "Fabrication of polydimethylsiloxane/graphene flexible strain sensors by using the scraping and coating method." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 6 (June 1, 2022): 065001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0089849.
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Production of flexible strain sensors is complex, time-consuming, and expensive. In this study, a novel fabrication method of polydimethylsiloxane/graphene nanocomposite conductive materials was proposed by using the scraping and coating method for manufacturing sandwich-shape flexible strain sensors. A ZQ-60B tensile testing machine was employed to test the mechanical properties of flexible sensors with 1%, 3%, and 5% graphene content. The results revealed that the stress and strain of the flexible strain sensor exhibited a linear relationship, and the linear correlation coefficients were 0.99706, 0.99819, and 0.99826, respectively. The concentration of graphene was 1%, 3%, and 5%, and the gauge factors (GFs) of the sensor were 24, 6, and 3, respectively. With the increase in the graphene content, the GF decreased gradually. This phenomenon could be attributed to tunneling, which increased the number of conductive pathways with an increase in the graphene content. Furthermore, the sensor exhibited excellent stability after 100 cycles of stretching/scaling. The finger joint bending test revealed that the flexible strain sensor is reproducible and exhibits excellent application prospects in monitoring human movement and health.
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Jones, Thomas P., and Marc D. Porter. "An Optical Sensor Based on Infrared Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 43, no. 6 (August 1989): 908–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702894203822.
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A thin-film pH sensor based on vibrational spectroscopy has been developed. The sensor was constructed by the immobilization of Congo Red at a base-hydrolyzed cellulose acetate film that had been coated onto a ZnSe internal reflection element. The protonation of the azo groups of Congo Red was monitored as a function of pH with infrared internal reflection spectroscopy. The response characteristics of this sensor demonstrate the potential utility of applying infrared spectroscopy to detect the response of thin film sensors. Opportunities to design sensors based on the molecular specificity of infrared spectroscopy are briefly discussed.
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Saihi, Marwa, Ahmed Zouinkhi, Boumedyen Boussaid, Mohamed Naceur Abdelkarim, and Guillaume Andrieux. "Hidden Gaussian Markov model for distributed fault detection in wireless sensor networks." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 40, no. 6 (March 15, 2017): 1788–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331217691334.
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Wireless sensor networks are based on a large number of sensor nodes used to measure information like temperature, acceleration, displacement, or pressure. The measurements are used to estimate the state of the monitored system or area. However, the quality of the measurements must be guaranteed to ensure the reliability of the estimated state of the system. Actually, sensors can be used in a hostile environment such as, on a battle field in the presence of fires, floods, earthquakes. In these environments as well as in normal operation, sensors can fail. The failure of sensor nodes can also be caused by other factors like: the failure of a module (such as the sensing module) due to the fabrication process models, loss of battery power and so on. A wireless sensor network must be able to identify faulty nodes. Therefore, we propose a probabilistic approach based on the Hidden Markov Model to identify faulty sensor nodes. Our proposed approach predicts the future state of each node from its actual state, so the fault could be detected before it occurs. We use an aided judgment of neighbour sensor nodes in the network. The algorithm analyses the correlation of the sensors’ data with respect to its neighbourhood. A systematic approach to divide a network on cliques is proposed to fully draw the neighbourhood of each node in the network. After drawing the neighbourhood of each node (cliques), damaged cliques are identified using the Gaussian distribution theorem. Finally, we use the Hidden Markov Model to identify faulty nodes in the identified damaged cliques by calculating the probability of each node to stay in its normal state. Simulation results demonstrate our algorithm is efficient even for a huge wireless sensor network unlike previous approaches.
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Fowler, Kim. "Sensor survey: Part 2 sensors and sensor networks in five years [Sensor Survey Results]." IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 12, no. 2 (April 2009): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mim.2009.4811137.
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Martín, Francisco Ferrero, Marta Valledor Llopis, Juan C. Campo Rodríguez, Alberto López Martínez, Ana Soldado Cabezuelo, María T. Fernández-Arguelles, and José M. Costa-Fernández. "Optoelectronic Instrumentation and Measurement Strategies for Optical Chemical (Bio)Sensing." Applied Sciences 11, no. 17 (August 26, 2021): 7849. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11177849.
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There is a growing interest in the development of sensitive, portable, and low-cost instrumentation for optical chemical (bio)sensing. Such instrumentation can allow real-time decision-making for industry, farmers, and researchers. The combination of optical fiber schemes, luminescence spectroscopy techniques, and new materials for sensor immobilization has allowed the growth of optical sensors. This article focuses on the development of low-cost optoelectronic instrumentation and measurement strategies for optical chemical (bio)sensing. Most of the articles in this field have focused on the chemical sensors themselves, although few have covered the design process for optoelectronic instrumentation. This article tries to fill this gap by presenting designs for real applications, as carried out by the authors. We also offer an introduction to the optical devices and optical measurement techniques used in this field to allow a full understanding of the applications.
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Kneas, Kristi A., J. N. Demas, B. A. DeGraff, and Ammasi Periasamy. "Fluorescence Microscopy Study of Heterogeneity in Polymer-supported Luminescence-based Oxygen Sensors." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, no. 6 (November 2000): 551–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100050010052.
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AbstractDespite the great potential of fluorescence microscopy, its application to date has largely been in the study of biological specimens. It will be shown that conventional fluorescence microscopy provides an invaluable tool with which to study the photophysics of polymer-supported luminescence-based oxygen sensors. The design of the imaging system, the measurement methods, and the data analysis used in the investigation of sensor systems are described. Fluorescence microscopic images of sensor films in which microheterogeneous regions exhibiting enhanced luminescence intensity and poorer oxygen quenching relative to the bulk response are shown. This is the first direct evidence that sensor molecules in various domains of the polymer support can exhibit different oxygen quenching properties. It will be shown that μ- and nano-crystallization of the sensor molecule are the probable source of both the observed heterogeneous microscopic responses and the microscopic and macroscopic nonlinear Stern-Volmer plots. The implications of these results in the rational design of luminescence-based oxygen sensors are discussed.
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Pelgrims, Patrick, Michel De Cooman, and Robert Puers. "Sensor and Instrumentation for Cable Tension Quantification." Procedia Engineering 87 (2014): 1473–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.11.728.
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Trettnak, Wolfgang, Wolfgang Gruber, Franz Reininger, and Ingo Klimant. "Recent progress in optical oxygen sensor instrumentation." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 29, no. 1-3 (October 1995): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-4005(95)01686-4.
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Zhu, Chu, Frank V. Bright, and Gary M. Hieftje. "Simultaneous Determination of Br− and I− with a Multiple Fiber-Optic Fluorescence Sensor." Applied Spectroscopy 44, no. 1 (January 1990): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702904085813.
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A dual fiber-optic sensor for the simultaneous determination of bromide and iodide is successfully demonstrated. The device is based upon the dependence of quenching effects on individual fluorophores (quinine and harmane) and quenchers (bromide and iodide). From the point of view of practical application, n unknown analyte species should be able to be determined with a sensor array which contains n sensor elements on which n fluorophores are immobilized. The relative error of the new sensors for the determination of bromide and iodide is less than 5%. The sensor combination is reversible and exhibits an overall response time of 2 minutes. The interference of several ions on the sensors has been studied.
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Gong, Yandong, Ke Li, and Zhuo Zhang. "Investigation on Low Cost Optical Fiber Sensor Interrogator." Instruments and Experimental Techniques 64, no. 5 (September 2021): 765–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s002044122106004x.
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Abstract— Optical fiber sensor is attracting more attention in the structural health monitoring of civil applications. A general interrogator which can be used for both SOFO and fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors has been proposed, it has a lower cost with a much simpler design. Its accuracy can reach up to ~2.5 με, it has a niche market where it can compete with the conventional sensors.
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Hagemeier, Sebastian, Markus Schake, and Peter Lehmann. "Sensor characterization by comparative measurements using a multi-sensor measuring system." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 8, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-111-2019.
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Abstract. Typical 3-D topography sensors for the measurement of surface structures in the micro- and nanometre range are atomic force microscopes (AFMs), tactile stylus instruments, confocal microscopes and white-light interferometers. Each sensor shows its own transfer behaviour. In order to investigate transfer characteristics as well as systematic measurement effects, a multi-sensor measuring system is presented. With this measurement system comparative measurements using five different topography sensors are performed under identical conditions in a single set-up. In addition to the concept of the multi-sensor measuring system and an overview of the sensors used, surface profiles obtained from a fine chirp calibration standard are presented to show the difficulties of an exact reconstruction of the surface structure as well as the necessity of comparative measurements conducted with different topography sensors. Furthermore, the suitability of the AFM as reference sensor for high-precision measurements is shown by measuring the surface structure of a blank Blu-ray disc.
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Kumar, Navjot, and Rahul Prajesh. "Selectivity enhancement for metal oxide (MOX) based gas sensor using thermally modulated datasets coupled with golden section optimization and chemometric techniques." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 6 (June 1, 2022): 064702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0083061.
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The ever-increasing demand for smart sensors for internet of things applications drove the change in outlook toward smart sensor system design. This paper focuses on using low-cost gas sensors [Metal Oxide (MOX)] for detection of more than one gas, which is otherwise complex due to poor selectivity of MOX sensors. In this work, detection of two gases, namely, ammonia (NH3) and carbon monoxide (CO), using a single metal oxide (pristine tin oxide) sensor is demonstrated. Furthermore, chemometric based algorithms have been used to classify and quantify both gases. The present investigation uses the temperature modulated gas sensor response obtained at different concentrations for the mentioned gases. The golden section based optimization technique has been employed to obtain two different ranges of temperatures for both gases. After applying certain pre-processing techniques, the acquired data from the sensors were fed to various classification techniques, such as partial least squares (PLS) discriminant analysis, k-means, and soft independent modeling by class analogy, and 100% classification results were obtained. Furthermore, PLS regression (PLS-R) was used to perform quantitative analysis on the data using the optimized temperature ranges for both gases, and R2 regression coefficients, 0.999 25 for NH3 and 0.9399 for CO, were obtained. The results obtained from both the qualitative and quantitative analyses make our approach low-cost and smart to mitigate the cross-selectivity of metal oxide semiconductor based smart sensor design.
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Suranthiran, Sugathevan, and Suhada Jayasuriya. "Signal Conditioning With Memory-Less Nonlinear Sensors." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 126, no. 2 (June 1, 2004): 284–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1766030.
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Proposed in this paper is an off-line signal conditioning scheme for memoryless nonlinear sensors. In most sensor designs, a linear input-output response is desired. However, nonlinearity is present in one form or another in almost all real sensors and therefore it is very difficult if not impossible to achieve a truly linear relationship. Often sensor nonlinearity is considered a disadvantage in sensory systems because it introduces distortion into the system. Due to the lack of efficient techniques to deal with the issues of sensor nonlinearity, primarily nonlinear sensors tend to be ignored. In this paper, it is shown that there are certain advantages of using nonlinear sensors and nonlinear distortion caused by sensor nonlinearity may be effectively compensated. A recursive algorithm utilizing certain characteristics of nonlinear sensor functions is proposed for the compensation of nonlinear distortion and sensor noise removal. A signal recovery algorithm that implements this idea is developed. Not having an accurate sensor model will result in errors and it is shown that the error can be minimized with a proper choice of a convergence accelerator whereby stability of the developed algorithm is established.
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Dong, Wentao, Lin Xiao, Wei Hu, Chen Zhu, YongAn Huang, and Zhouping Yin. "Wearable human–machine interface based on PVDF piezoelectric sensor." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 39, no. 4 (October 26, 2016): 398–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331216672918.
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Flexible and stretchable electronics technologies have been attracting increasing attention owing to their potential applications in personal consumed electronics, wearable human–machine interfaces (HMI) and the Internet of Things (IoTs). This paper proposes an HMI based on a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) sensor and laminated it onto the surface of the skin for signal classification and controlling the motion of a mobile robot. The PVDF sensor with ultra-thin stretchable substrate can make conformal contact with the surface of the skin for more accurate measurement of the electrophysiological signal and to provide more accurate control of the actuators. Microelectro-mechanical system (MEMS) technologies and transfer printing processes are adopted for fabrication of the epidermal PVDF sensor. Sensors placed on two wrists would generate two different signals with the fist clenched and loosened. It can be classified into four signals with a combination of the signals from both wrists, i.e. four control modes. Experiments demonstrated that PVDF sensors may be used as an HMI to control the motion of a mobile robot remotely.
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Hu, Chaofang, Zelong Zhang, Xianpeng Zhou, and Na Wang. "Command filter-based fuzzy adaptive nonlinear sensor-fault tolerant control for a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 42, no. 2 (August 9, 2019): 198–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331219865377.
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In this paper, a novel asymptotic fuzzy adaptive nonlinear fault tolerant control (FTC) scheme is presented for the under-actuated dynamics of a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) subject to diverse sensor faults. The proposed FTC approach can deal with both additive sensor faults (bias, drift, loss of accuracy) and multiplicative sensor fault (loss of effectiveness). The overall dynamics is separated into position loop and attitude loop for FTC controllers design. Combining uncertain parameters and external disturbances, the four types of faults occurring in velocity sensors and Euler angle rate sensors are transformed equivalently into the unknown nonlinear function vectors and uncertain control gains. Fuzzy logic systems are used to approximate the lumped nonlinear functions, and adaptive parameters are estimated online. Nussbaum technique is introduced to deal with the unknown control gains. For both control loops, FTC controllers are designed via command filter-based backstepping approach, in which sliding mode control is introduced to establish asymptotic stability. All tracking error signals of the closed-loop control system are proved to converge to zero asymptotically. Finally, simulation comparisons with other methods demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed FTC approach for quadrotor UAV with sensor faults.
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Xia, Hua, Doug Byrd, Sachin Dekate, and Boon Lee. "High-Density Fiber Optical Sensor and Instrumentation for Gas Turbine Operation Condition Monitoring." Journal of Sensors 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/206738.
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Gas turbine operation control is normally based on thermocouple-measured exhaust temperatures. Due to radiation shielding and bulky package, it is difficult to provide high spatial resolution for measuring can-to-can combustion temperature profile at the exhaust duct. This paper has demonstrated that wavelength-division-multiplexing-based fiber Bragg grating sensors could provide high spatial resolution steady and dynamic temperature measurements. A robust sensor package can be designed with either circumferential sensing cable or radial sensing rake for quasi-distributing multiple fiber sensors in the gas turbine environment. The field validations have demonstrated that quasi-distributed fiber sensors have not only demonstrated its temperature measurement accuracy compared to existing thermocouple sensors but also shown its unique dynamic response amplitude and power spectra that could be utilized for gas turbine transient operation condition monitoring and diagnostics.
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Yang, Ruiping, Hongpeng Wang, Huan Liu, Wang Luo, Jian Ge, and Haobin Dong. "A new digital single-axis fluxgate magnetometer according to the cobalt-based amorphous effects." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 035104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0084376.
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Fluxgate sensors are currently widely used for weak magnetic field measurement because of their relatively great performance, such as resolution, power consumption, and measurement of vector magnetic fields directly. Since the analog fluxgate sensor has some drawbacks, e.g., it would be influenced by the noise of the analog circuit. Hence, in recent years, the analog circuit is gradually inclined to be realized by digital processing in which the software parameter adjustment is employed to replace the analog components, which can greatly improve the flexibility of the design. This paper proposes a digital single-axis fluxgate sensor according to the cobalt-based amorphous effect. To be specific, the analog signal output by the fluxgate is sampled directly by an analog-to-digital converter to obtain the signal waveform in digital form after amplification. The demodulation, filtering, and integration of the signal are all solved by mathematical algorithms. Based on the working principle of the fluxgate sensor, the selection of the magnetic core material and coil winding method of the fluxgate sensor probe is introduced in detail. The design and function of the excitation circuit and preamplifier circuit, as well as the specific realization of digital signal processing, are described. Finally, the performance test of the digital fluxgate sensor was performed under laboratory conditions, and the magnetic anomaly detection comparison experiment was performed outdoors with commercial fluxgate sensors. To sum up, the linearity of the digital single-axis fluxgate sensor is better than 1 × 10−5, and the root mean square noise value is below 0.1 nT. At the same time, it has good magnetic field tracking performance and is extremely sensitive to the magnetic field of the measurement area.
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Varnavas, Kosta. "Advanced Wireless Sensor Nodes - MSFC." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2017, DPC (January 1, 2017): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2017dpc-ta3_presentation4.
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IMAPS Device Packaging Conference 2017 Engineered Micro Systems & Devices Track Advanced Wireless Sensor Nodes - MSFC Abstract Kosta Varnavas NASA / Marshall Space Flight Center NASA field center Marshall Space Flight Center (Huntsville, AL), has invested in advanced wireless sensor technology development. Developments for a wireless microcontroller back-end were primarily focused on the commercial Synapse Wireless family of devices. These devices have many useful features for NASA applications, good characteristics and the ability to be programmed Over-The-Air (OTA). The effort has focused on two widely used sensor types, mechanical strain gauges and thermal sensors. Mechanical strain gauges are used extensively in NASA structural testing and even on vehicle instrumentation systems. Additionally, thermal monitoring with many types of sensors is extensively used. These thermal sensors include thermocouples of all types, resistive temperature devices (RTDs), diodes and other thermal sensor types. The wireless thermal board will accommodate all of these types of sensor inputs to an analog front end. The analog front end on each of the sensors interfaces to the Synapse wireless microcontroller, based on the Atmel Atmega128 device. Once the analog sensor output data is digitized by the onboard analog to digital converter (A/D), the data is available for analysis, computation or transmission. Various hardware features allow custom embedded software to manage battery power to enhance battery life. This technology development fits nicely into using numerous additional sensor front ends, including some of the low-cost printed circuit board capacitive moisture content sensors currently being developed at Auburn University.
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Liu, Jinrun, He Huang, Chuan Wu, and Shuo Yang. "Dual-mode acceleration sensor of downhole drilling tools based on triboelectric nanogenerator." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 125001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0121965.
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Downhole vibration is important for the judgment of the drilling tool conditions and the formulation of drilling technology. To meet the demand of downhole drilling tools acceleration measurement, this research proposes a self-powered acceleration sensor with two working modes based on the triboelectric nanogenerator, namely, mode A, which is based on the voltage response acceleration trend and mode B, which judges the acceleration based on the output pulses. Test results show that the acceleration measurement range is 0–11 m/s2, the maximum output voltage amplitude can reach 15.3 V, the working environment temperature is less than 250 °C, the working environment humidity is less than 90%, and long-time working has almost no effect on the output voltage of the sensor. In addition, since the sensor will generate electrical energy during the vibration process, the power generation performance of the sensor has been tested. And the results show that the maximum output power of the sensor is 0.18 µW when a 1000 MΩ load is connected in series. Compared to traditional downhole sensors, the sensor is more flexible, because it can work normally at high temperatures and has the potential for being self-powered.
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KV, Santhosh, and Swetha Rao. "Capacitance pressure sensor with S-type electrode for improved sensitivity." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 43, no. 11 (April 25, 2021): 2577–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01423312211008001.
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This paper aims at designing a differential pressure sensor. The objective of the work is to design and fabricate the electrodes of a capacitive pressure sensor, so as to measure absolute and differential pressure accurately with improved sensitivity. In place of conventional parallel plate diaphragm, S-type electrodes are proposed in the present work. The work comprises of study of the proposed design in terms of a mathematical model, input-output behavior along with detailed analysis of pressure distribution pattern. Output capacitance obtained for changes in pressure is converted to voltage with the suitable signal conditioning circuit and data acquisition system to acquire the signal on to a PC. A neural network model is designed to compensate the nonlinearities present in the sensor output. Input-output characteristics of the designed sensor shows an improved response as compared with existing pressure sensors.
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Maniam, Govind, Jahariah Sampe, Rosmina Jaafar, Azrul Azlan Hamzah, and Noraziah Mohamad Zin. "Bio-FET Sensor Interface Module for COVID-19 Monitoring Using IoT." International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE) 18, no. 12 (September 14, 2022): 70–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v18i12.31877.
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Rapid transmission of the coronavirus disease via droplets and particles has led to a global pandemic. Expeditious detection of SARS-Cov-2 RNA in the environment is attainable by using Bio-FET sensors. This work proposes a Bio-FET sensor interface module with IoT implementation to amplify signals from a Bio-FET for SARS-Cov-2 detection and monitoring. The sensor interface module was programmed to read the signals using a micro-controller and process information to determine the presence of SARS-Cov-2. The proposed Bio-FET sensor interface module was also set to transmit data to the Cloud via W-Fi to be stored and displayed on a dashboard. The prototype Bio-FET sensor interface module was simulated in PSpice for signal amplification, and hardware implementation has been done by using low-cost components for data transmission to the Cloud. The hardware consists of an AD620 instrumentation amplifier module, voltage sensor module, Neo-6m GPS sensor module, an OLED display, and an ESP8266-32 bit micro-controller. The results of both the simulation and the hardware implementation are similar. The emulated negative and positive Bio-FET signal outputs were successfully amplified from 15.9mV and 45.8mV to 1.59V and 4.58V, respectively, using an AD620 instrumentation amplifier. The gathered location, time, date, output voltage, and SARS-Cov-2 presence results were successfully stored and displayed on the Cloud dashboard.
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Maxit, J. O., P. W. Reittinger, J. Wang, and R. J. Kostelnicek. "Downhole Instrumentation for the Measurement of Three-Phase Volume Fractions and Phase Velocities in Horizontal Wells." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 122, no. 2 (March 31, 2000): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.483162.
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This paper discusses a new downhole logging instrument that measures three-phase flow in horizontal and highly deviated wells. The focus is on the instrument design features, and the measurement techniques that produce the three-phase holdup and velocity measurements. Signals from a two dimensional array of capacitive sensors are measured, and subsequent processing determines the volume fraction and velocity of each component of the borehole flow. The design incorporates an array of capacitive sensors that span the wellbore. Since two orthogonal electrical signals are used to excite local fluid elements, it is possible to determine the fluid capacitance or the volume fraction of conductive fluid in the vicinity of each sensor. Holdups are calculated from these sensor outputs. Velocities are calculated by correlating outputs from adjacent sensors. Measurement concepts and instrument characterization are demonstrated with flow loop data. [S0195-0738(00)00802-5]
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Adriansyah, A., and F. Rahman. "DEVELOPMENT OF INTEGRATED GAS INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM IN DIRECT REDUCTION PLANT." International Journal of Innovation in Mechanical Engineering and Advanced Materials 2, no. 1 (August 10, 2016): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/ijimeam.2016.1.007.
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<p class="TRANSAffiliation">Direct reduction is the removal of oxygen from iron without melting process. In direct reduction process, the presence of mixture gas in accordance levels largely determines the performance of the iron produced. Therefore, it needs gas sensors system which has high accuracy and reliability in this process. Unfortunately, there are some things that cause decreasing in the accuracy and reliability of the gas sensor in this process. This paper aims to offer a system that can preserve the accuracy and reliability of the gas measurement system called as Integrated Gas Instrumentation System. The system tends to integrate gas sensor component using Specific Gravity (SG) with other components, such as water trap, filter regulator and monitor gas flow rate. The values of Specific Gravity Meter based on process that display in DCS system are compared with lab results for three type of experiments. Based on experiment results it can be said that the proposed system is able to improve the accuracy and reliability of direct reduction process.</p>
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Titus, J. B., M. E. Griswold, E. M. Granstedt, R. M. Magee, N. Charkhesht, J. H. Schroeder, M. Meekins, and I. Allfrey. "Fiber Bragg grating sensor array for detecting heat flux in vacuum." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 083504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0100498.
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In TAE Technologies’ current experimental device, C-2W (also called “Norman”), record-breaking, advanced beam-driven field-reversed configuration plasmas are produced and sustained in steady state utilizing variable energy neutral beams, advanced divertors, edge-biasing electrodes, and an active plasma control system [Gota et al., Nucl. Fusion 61, 106039 (2021)]. A novel diagnostic has been developed by TAE Technologies to leverage an industrial fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor array to detect heat flux along the wall of the vacuum vessel from a plasma discharge. The system consists of an optical fiber with FBG sensors distributed along its length, housed in a pressurized steel sheath. Each FBG sensor is constructed to reflect a different wavelength, the exact value of which is sensitive to the strain and temperature at the location of the grating in the fiber. The fiber is illuminated with broadband light, and the data acquisition system analyzes the spectrum of reflected light to determine the temperature at the location of each FBG. We have installed four of these vacuum-rated FBG sensor arrays on the C-2W experiment, each with 30 individual FBG sensors spaced at 0.15 m intervals along the 5 m fiber, with a 100 Hz acquisition rate. The measurement of temperature change due to a plasma discharge provides a single data point at each sensor location, creating a 120-point heat map of the vacuum vessel.
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Jevtic, Nenad, and Vujo Drndarevic. "Design and Implementation of Plug-And-Play Analog Resistance Temperature Sensor." Metrology and Measurement Systems 20, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 565–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mms-2013-0048.
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Abstract In this paper the design and implementation of a plug-and-play analog resistance temperature sensor is presented. The smart temperature sensor consists of an analog sensor element with transducer electronic data sheet (TEDS) memory device and a network- capable application processor (NCAP) connected through a mixedmode interface (MMI). The mixed-mode interface and NCAP front-end electronic support have been implemented by the use of a standard 8-bit microcontroller. NCAP's application processing and network communication functions are implemented based on the concept of virtual instrumentation using a PC. The implemented NCAP can also be used as a plug-and-play stand-alone data acquisition system or as development system for plug-and-play sensors compliant with the IEEE 1451.4 standard. Details of sensor implementation and test results are included in the paper.
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Telagam, Nagarjuna, Nehru Kandasamy, Menakadevi Nanjundan, and Arulanandth TS. "Smart Sensor Network based Industrial Parameters Monitoring in IOT Environment using Virtual Instrumentation Server." International Journal of Online Engineering (iJOE) 13, no. 11 (November 22, 2017): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v13i11.7630.
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A remote monitoring and control are one of the most important criteria for maximizing the production in any industry. With the development of modern industry the requirement for industrial monitoring system is getting higher. This project explains the real time scenario of monitoring temperature and humidity in industries. National Instruments my RIO is used and results are observed on Lab VIEW and VI Server. The server VI program and client VI program is developed in block diagram for the two sensor data. This proposed system develops a sensor interface device essential for sensor data acquisition of industrial Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) in Internet of Things (IOT) environment. By detecting the values of sensors like temperature, humidity present in the industrial area. The results are displayed on the web page. The data can be accessed with admin name and password. After logging into the web page the index of files is displayed. After restarting the mine RIO kit and initiate the deploying process the nations will display log.csv file. By double clicking the file the excel sheet will appear on the computer. This VI server is tested for its working, using a data acquisition web application using a standard web browser. The critical situation can be avoided and preventive measures are successfully implemented.
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Chen, Tzung-Shi, Jen-Jee Chen, Xiang-You Gao, and Tzung-Cheng Chen. "Mobile Charging Strategy for Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Networks." Sensors 22, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22010359.
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In a wireless sensor network, the sensing and data transmission for sensors will cause energy depletion, which will lead to the inability to complete the tasks. To solve this problem, wireless rechargeable sensor networks (WRSNs) have been developed to extend the lifetime of the entire network. In WRSNs, a mobile charging robot (MR) is responsible for wireless charging each sensor battery and collecting sensory data from the sensor simultaneously. Thereby, MR needs to traverse along a designed path for all sensors in the WRSNs. In this paper, dual-side charging strategies are proposed for MR traversal planning, which minimize the MR traversal path length, energy consumption, and completion time. Based on MR dual-side charging, neighboring sensors in both sides of a designated path can be wirelessly charged by MR and sensory data sent to MR simultaneously. The constructed path is based on the power diagram according to the remaining power of sensors and distances among sensors in a WRSN. While the power diagram is built, charging strategies with dual-side charging capability are determined accordingly. In addition, a clustering-based approach is proposed to improve minimizing MR moving total distance, saving charging energy and total completion time in a round. Moreover, integrated strategies that apply a clustering-based approach on the dual-side charging strategies are presented in WRSNs. The simulation results show that, no matter with or without clustering, the performances of proposed strategies outperform the baseline strategies in three respects, energy saving, total distance reduced, and completion time reduced for MR in WSRNs.
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Stieber, M. E., E. Petriu, and G. Vukovich. "Instrumentation architecture and sensor fusion for systems control." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 47, no. 1 (1998): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/19.728801.
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McGhee, Joseph, Ian A. Henderson, and Peter H. Sydenham. "Sensor science – essentials for instrumentation and measurement technology." Measurement 25, no. 2 (March 1999): 89–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0263-2241(98)00070-0.
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Lumley, D. "On-line instrument confirmation: how can we check that our instruments are working?" Water Science and Technology 45, no. 4-5 (February 1, 2002): 469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0651.
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As on-line instrumentation becomes increasingly important for operating modern wastewater treatment plants it is necessary to have diagnostic methods that can indicate sensor deviation at an early stage. Examples of on-line diagnosis methods used at the Rya WWTP (Göteborg, Sweden) are presented. These include on-line mass balance calculations and soft sensors, which make indirect parameter estimates. By comparing the estimates with the corresponding on-line sensors it is possible to make control decisions and to chose alternative strategies. These comparative methods are often useful for process monitoring and diagnosis as well. Some other soft sensor applications using exponential filters are also presented.
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Lawson, N. J., R. Correia, S. W. James, J. E. Gautrey, G. Invers Rubio, S. E. Staines, M. Partridge, and R. P. Tatam. "Development of the Cranfield University Bulldog flight test facility." Aeronautical Journal 121, no. 1238 (March 27, 2017): 533–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aer.2017.7.
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ABSTRACTCranfield University's National Flying Laboratory Centre (NFLC) has developed a Bulldog light aircraft into a flight test facility. The facility is being used to research advanced in-flight instrumentation including fibre optic pressure and strain sensors. During the development of the test bed, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been used to assist the flight test design process, including the sensor requirements. This paper describes the development of the Bulldog flight test facility, including an overview of the design and certification process, the in-flight data taken using the installed fibre optic sensor systems and lessons learned from the development programme, including potential further applications of the sensors.
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König, A., and K. Thongpull. "Lab-on-Spoon – a 3-D integrated hand-held multi-sensor system for low-cost food quality, safety, and processing monitoring in assisted-living systems." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 4, no. 1 (February 13, 2015): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-63-2015.
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Abstract. Distributed integrated sensory systems enjoy increasing impact leveraged by the surging advance of sensor, communication, and integration technology in, e.g., the Internet of Things, cyber-physical systems, Industry 4.0, and ambient intelligence/assisted-living applications. Smart kitchens and "white goods" in general have become an active field of R&D. The goal of our research is to provide assistance for unskilled or challenged consumers by efficient sensory feedback or context on ingredient quality and cooking step results, which explicitly includes decay and contamination detection. As one front end of such a culinary-assistance system, an integrated, multi-sensor, low-cost, autonomous, smart spoon device, denoted as Lab-on-Spoon (LoS), has been conceived. The first realized instance presented here features temperature, color, and impedance spectroscopy sensing in a 3-D-printed spoon package. Acquired LoS data are subject to sensor fusion and decision making on the host system. LoS was successfully applied to liquid ingredient recognition and quality assessment, including contamination detection, in several applications, e.g., for glycerol detection in wine. In future work, improvement to sensors, electronics, and algorithms will be pursued to achieve an even more robust, dependable and self-sufficient LoS system.
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Irmak, Rafet, Gökan Bicer, and Ahsen Irmak. "Design of a Single Mechanical Joint for Multitype Angular Position Sensors Used in Gait Analysis." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2, no. 11_suppl3 (November 1, 2014): 2325967114S0028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967114s00288.
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Objectives: Gait and motion analysis are important tools in assessment of athletic performance and clinical evaluation. Wearable sensor based solutions have advantages over video based systems by their prices and ease. Resistive, magnetic or optic Encoders, flexible resistors and accelerometers are common sensor types unsed in gait analysis systems used in rehabilitation. All these sensors have similar mounting and electronic instrumentation approach but all have separate mechanical joint design. The purpose of this study is to develop a single mechanical joint for multitype angular position sensors used in gait analysis. Methods: Single turn analog encoder, flexible resistor and 3 axis accelerometer was used as angular position sensor. Constant voltage source (7805) was used for instrumentation of analog encoder and 3 axis accelerometer driver circuit. A voltage divider was used for flexible resistor driver circuit. Mechanical design was made to obtain small and light mechanical joint where all sensors can be mounted. Results: Flexible sensor and encoder was mounded on the center of mechanical joint. Encoder is mounted outside and flexible sensor was mounted in side of the mechanical joint center. Accelerometer was mounted on lower (movable) arm of mechanical joint. Encoder has direct connection with upper and lower arms of mechanical joint. Root of flexible sensor is mounted on one side o the mechanical joint and driven by a mechanical dial on the other arm. Range of motion for analog encoder is 0-360 degree in a single plane, flexible is 0-180 degree for single plane and accelerometer is 0-360 degree for tree planes. Conclusion: Most difficult part of the design was to obtain highest range for flexible resistor. This sensor have 3 inclenght and changes its restinte related to its bending angle. It’s possible to obtain measurement by directly paste it on skin and it’s also easy to have measurement on mechanical joints in narrow angles. For a conventional mechanical joint the range can not be lower then 180 degrees. The length of resistor limits the range. This design problem was solved by adding a secondary mechanical shaft to joint center, winding the sensor over it a mechanical dial. This design can be used in training and research purpose where double check is needed. Future studies may focus on adding contless sensors and integrated circuit type angular sensors to mechanical joint.
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Affolder, K., A. Ciocio, E. Cornell, V. Fadeyev, Z. Luce, J. Gunnell, F. Martinez-McKinney, et al. "Automated visual inspection and defect detection of large-scale silicon strip sensors." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 03 (March 1, 2022): P03026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/03/p03026.
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Abstract For the Phase-II Upgrade of the ATLAS Detector, the Inner Detector will be replaced with the Inner Tracker (ITk), consisting of a pixel and a strip tracker. The 17,888 silicon strip detector modules comprising the ITk strip tracker will be assembled from silicon strip sensors and flexes with readout chips in a manual assembly process performed at 20 module assembly sites in a complex distribution chain, which requires quality control steps to be performed after each distribution and assembly step. Sensor quality control requires a visual inspection of the full sensor area (about 100 cm2) of each sensor to detect and log any defects (e.g. scratches, breakdown areas or chipped corners) or contamination. Since manual surveys of full sensor areas for several thousand sensors are both time-consuming and prone to errors, alternative methods were investigated to automate the process and improve its reliability. This paper presents a setup developed to take high-resolution images of full silicon strip sensors with high repeatability quickly and an algorithm developed for the automated detection of defects, built using functions and filters from popular open-source visual processing packages OpenCV and Scikit-image. Methods were developed both for small-scale high-resolution images and full-size sensor images with lower resolution — both are presented here.
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Hagemeier, Sebastian, Stanislav Tereschenko, and Peter Lehmann. "High-speed laser interferometric distance sensor with reference mirror oscillating at ultrasonic frequencies." tm - Technisches Messen 86, no. 3 (March 26, 2019): 164–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/teme-2019-0012.
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AbstractOptical measurement systems are an important part of the portfolio of 3D topography sensors. By precise, contactless and rapid measurements these sensors constitute an alternative to tactile instruments. In this contribution the principle of a laser interferometric distance sensor is presented, which in combination with lateral scan axes acts as a topography sensor and also as distance sensor for the compensation of vibrations in a coherence scanning Linnik interferometer. An advantage of this distance sensor is its high acquisition rate of height values, which in case of working as a topography sensor enables high scan velocities as it is demonstrated at a chirp standard measured with a scan velocity of 80 mm/s. This is much higher than the scan velocity of tactile instruments, which are typically limited up to 1 mm/s. In addition, the compensation of vibration disturbances demonstrates the capability of the fast distance measurement.In contrast to other existing high-speed point sensors the relevant components are mass products. This keeps the costs of the sensor setup in a limited range. Furthermore, the sensor shows potential of much higher measurement rates than 116 kHz provided by the sensor used here.
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Anderlini, Lucio, Marco Bellini, Chiara Corsi, Stefano Lagomarsino, Chiara Lucarelli, Giovanni Passaleva, Silvio Sciortino, and Michele Veltri. "Fabrication and First Full Characterisation of Timing Properties of 3D Diamond Detectors." Instruments 5, no. 4 (December 19, 2021): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments5040039.
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Tracking detectors at future high luminosity hadron colliders are expected to be able to stand unprecedented levels of radiation as well as to efficiently reconstruct a huge number of tracks and primary vertices. To face the challenges posed by the radiation damage, new extremely radiation hard materials and sensor designs will be needed, while the track and vertex reconstruction problem can be significantly mitigated by the introduction of detectors with excellent timing capabilities. Indeed, the time coordinate provides extremely powerful information to disentangle overlapping tracks and hits in the harsh hadronic collision environment. Diamond 3D pixel sensors optimised for timing applications provide an appealing solution to the above problems as the 3D geometry enhances the already outstanding radiation hardness and allows to exploit the excellent timing properties of diamond. We report here the first full timing characterisation of 3D diamond sensors fabricated by electrode laser graphitisation in Florence. Results from a 270MeV pion beam test of a first prototype and from tests with a β source on a recently fabricated 55×55μm2 pitch sensor are discussed. First results on sensor simulation are also presented.
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Ebersberger, L., and G. Fischerauer. "Influence of the substrate on the overall sensor impedance of planar H<sub>2</sub> sensors involving TiO<sub>2</sub>–SnO<sub>2</sub> interfaces." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 4, no. 1 (February 23, 2015): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-85-2015.
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Abstract. To date, very little has been written about the influence of the substrate layer on the overall sensor impedance of single- and multilayer planar sensors (e.g., metal-oxide sensors). However, the substrate is an elementary part of the sensor element. Through the selection of a substrate, the sensor performance can be manipulated. The current contribution reports on the substrate influence in multilayer metal-oxide chemical sensors. Measurements of the impedance are used to discuss the sensor performance with quartz substrates, (laboratory) glass substrates and substrates covered by silicon-dioxide insulating layers. Numerical experiments based on previous measurement results show that inexpensive glass substrates contribute up to 97% to the overall sensor responses. With an isolating layer of 200 nm SiO2, the glass substrate contribution is reduced to about 25%.
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Ehlenbröker, Jan-Friedrich, Uwe Mönks, and Volker Lohweg. "Sensor defect detection in multisensor information fusion." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 5, no. 2 (October 18, 2016): 337–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-5-337-2016.
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Abstract. In industrial processes a vast variety of different sensors is increasingly used to measure and control processes, machines, and logistics. One way to handle the resulting large amount of data created by hundreds or even thousands of different sensors in an application is to employ information fusion systems. Information fusion systems, e.g. for condition monitoring, combine different sources of information, like sensors, to generate the state of a complex system. The result of such an information fusion process is regarded as a health indicator of a complex system. Therefore, information fusion approaches are applied to, e.g., automatically inform one about a reduction in production quality, or detect possibly dangerous situations. Considering the importance of sensors in the previously described information fusion systems and in industrial processes in general, a defective sensor has several negative consequences. It may lead to machine failure, e.g. when wear and tear of a machine is not detected sufficiently in advance. In this contribution we present a method to detect faulty sensors by computing the consistency between sensor values. The proposed sensor defect detection algorithm exemplarily utilises the structure of a multilayered group-based sensor fusion algorithm. Defect detection results of the proposed method for different test cases and the method's capability to detect a number of typical sensor defects are shown.
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Sequeira, Gerald Joy, Robert Lugner, Ulrich Jumar, and Thomas Brandmeier. "A validation sensor based on carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic for early activation of automotive occupant restraint systems." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 8, no. 1 (January 10, 2019): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-19-2019.
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Abstract. In the automotive industry, sensors and sensor systems are one of the most important components in upcoming challenges like highly automated and autonomous driving. Forward-looking sensors (radar, lidar and cameras) have the technical capability to already provide important (pre-)crash information, such as the position of contact, relative crash velocity and overlap (width of contact) before the crash occurs. Future safety systems can improve crash mitigation with sophisticated vehicle safety strategies based on this information. One such strategy is an early activation of restraint systems compared with conventional passive safety systems. These integrated safety systems consist of a combination of predictive forward-looking sensors and occupant restraint systems (airbags, belt tensioners, etc.) to provide the best occupant safety in inevitable crash situations. The activation of the restraint systems is the most critical decision process and requires a very robust validation system to avoid false activation. Hence, the information provided by the forward-looking sensor needs to be highly reliable. A validation sensor is required to check the plausibility of crucial information from forward-looking sensors used in integrated safety systems for safe automated and autonomous driving. This work presents a CFRP-based (carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic) validation sensor working on the principle of change in electrical resistance when a contact occurs. This sensor detects the first contact, gives information on impact position (where the contact occurs) and provides information on the overlap. The aim is to activate the vehicle restraint systems at near T0 (time of first contact). Prototypes of the sensor were manufactured in house and manually and were evaluated. At first, the sensor and its working principle were tested with a pendulum apparatus. In the next stage, the sensor was tested in a real crash test. The comparison of the signals from the CFRP-based sensor with presently used crash sensors in the vehicle highlights its advantages. The crash event can be identified at 0.1 ms after the initial contact. The sensor also provides information on impact position at 1.2 ms and enables a validation of the overlap development. Finally, a possible algorithm for the vehicle safety system using forward-looking sensors with a validation sensor is described.